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Handbook on White Matter: Structure, Function and Changes Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge HANDBOOK ON WHITE MATTER: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH AT THE LEADING EDGE Handbook on White Matter: Structure, Function and Changes Timothy B. Westland and Robert N. Calton 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60692-375-7 Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge HANDBOOK ON WHITE MATTER: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGES TIMOTHY B. WESTLAND AND ROBERT N. CALTON EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook on white matter : structure, function, and changes / [edited by] Timothy B. Westland and Robert N. Calton. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61668-975-9 (E-Book) 1. Brain--Histology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Westland, Timothy B. II. Calton, Robert N. [DNLM: 1. Central Nervous System--physiopathology. 2. Central Nervous System--anatomy & histology. 3. Central Nervous System--physiology. 4. Nervous System Diseases--physiopathology. WL 300 H2366 2009] QP376.H275 2009 612.8'2--dc22 2009000172 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Ô New York Contents Preface ix Research and Review Studies 1 Chapter I Interhemispheric Connectivity: The Evolution and Nature of the Corpus Callosum 3 Sarah B. Johnson and Manuel F. Casanova Chapter II White Matter Lesions: From Present to Future 17 R.P.W. Rouhl, R.J. van Oostenbrugge and J. Lodder Chapter III White Matter Lesions and Aging in HIV Infection: Implications for Development of Cognitive Decline and Dementia 29 Aaron M. McMurtray, Beau Nakamoto Kalpana Kallianpur and Erin P. Saito Chapter IV White Matter Changes in Drug Abuse and in HIV-1 Infection 43 Andreas Büttner, Jeremias Wohlschaeger Ida C. Llenos and Serge Weis Chapter V White Matter Changes in Critical Illness and Delirium 71 Max L. Gunther, Carlos Faraco and Alessandro Morandi Chapter VI White Matter Involvement in Neuromuscular Disorders 89 Petr Vondracek, Marketa Hermanova, Kristina Vodickova, Lenka Fajkusova, Eva Brichtová and Jarmila Skotakova Chapter VII White Matter Hyperintensities in Psychiatric Disorders and Their Association with Suicide Risk 111 Maurizio Pompili, Gianluca Serafini, Silvia Rigucci, Andrea Romano, Marco Innamorati, Antonio Del Casale, Daniela Di Cosimo, Roberto Tatarelli and David Lester Chapter VIII A Quantitative Study of the Pathological Changes in the Cortical White Matter in Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) 133 Richard A. Armstrong vi Contents Chapter IX Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 147 Endre Pál Chapter X Remyelination Failure in Multiple Sclerosis and Vulnerability of Oligodendrocytes to Repeated Insults 165 Catherine Fressinaud Chapter XI Endoscopic Anatomy of the Thecal Sac Using a Flexible Steerable Endoscope 187 Jan Peter Warnke Chapter XII White Matter Abnormalities in the Diabetic-Hypertensive Brain 203 Natalia Rincon and Cory Toth Chapter XIII Brain Tissue Segmentation Based on Multi-Channel Diffusion Tensor Imaging Data 229 Tianming Liu and Stephen T.C. Wong Chapter XIV Three-Dimensional Microstructural Analysis of Human Brain Tissue by Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomographs 247 Ryuta Mizutani, Akihisa Takeuchi, Kentaro Uesugi, Susumu Takekoshi, R. Yoshiyuki Osamura and Yoshio Suzuki Chapter XV Origin and Function of Amoeboid Microgliai Cells in the Periventricular White Matter in the Developing Brain 279 C. Kaur and E.A. Ling Chapter XVI Diffusion Tensor Imaging is More Sensitive than Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Demonstrating White Matter Abnormalities in Susac's Syndrome 299 Ilka Kleffner, Michael Deppe, Siawoosh Mohammadi, Philip Van Damme, Stefan Sunaert, Wolfram Schwindt Jens Sommer, Peter Young and E.B. Ringelstein Chapter XVII Organisation of the Node of Ranvier in Myelinated Central Axons 317 James J.P. Alix Chapter XVIII Organizing Principles of Projections of the Long Descending Reticulospinal Pathways and Their Targets’ Spinal Commissural Neurons: With Special Reference to the Locomotor Function 335 Kiyoji Matsuyama and Kaoru Takakusaki Commentaries 357 Short Communication Diffusion Tensor MRI Data Acquisition Methods for White Matter and Clinical Applications: Non Echo-Planar Imaging 359 Masaaki Hori Contents vii Commentary The Dimensions of the Sacral Spinal Canal in Thecaloscopy. A Morphometric MRI Study 375 S. Mourgela, A. Sakellaropoulos, S. Anagnostopoulou and J.P.Warnke Index 381 Preface White matter is one of the three main solid components of the central nervous system. White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears white to the naked eye because of being composed largely of lipid. The other two components of the brain are gray matter and substantia nigra. This new handbook presents the latest research in the field. Chapter I –The classical neurological notion of a dominant hemisphere responsible for language abilities and objective processing coupled with a non-dominant hemisphere prevailing for nonverbal, spatial, and intuitive tasks has been upheld by several studies, though this dichotomy is not seen with the brains of nonhuman mammals. Still, no matter how simple the task, no operation involves exclusively one hemisphere without the other; we are constantly switching between dominant and non-dominant functions, mandating an ample channel of communication between the two hemispheres. Along with the evolutionarily older anterior commissure, the corpus callosum has evolved to be one of the two major inter- hemispheric connectors in mammals. Chapter II - White matter lesions are caused by cerebral small vessel disease, particularly by arteriolosclerosis. Arteriolosclerosis consists of a hyaline wall thickening with consequent narrowing of the arteriolar vessel lumen and tissue ischemia. Arteriolosclerosis relates to hypertension, and to other cerebral ischemic lesions (lacunar infarcts, symptomatic as well as asymptomatic). The instigating factors in the pathogenesis of arteriolosclerosis and therefore of white matter lesions, however, remain elusive. Most accepted of current theories is disruption of the blood brain barrier caused by endothelial dysfunction. New imaging modalities, like molecular imaging, and new insights in endothelial biology could therefore provide further insight into the pathogenesis of arteriolosclerosis. In the present chapter the authors will discuss these emerging issues, their potential pitfalls, and their possibility to eventually increase therapeutic options for the vascular pathology which underlies white matter lesions. Chapter III - The widespread availability of highly active anti-retroviral therapy has lead to long-term survival for many individuals living with HIV infection. With advancing age, many older individuals living with HIV infection are beginning to develop aging-related changes in the brain structure, including white matter lesions. Given the known effect of white matter lesions in the general population, these lesions are also likely to have important effects in aging HIV-seropositive individuals
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