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Long-Term Microstructure and Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Without Neurological Manifestations
The Journal of Clinical Investigation CLINICAL MEDICINE Long-term microstructure and cerebral blood flow changes in patients recovered from COVID-19 without neurological manifestations Yuanyuan Qin,1 Jinfeng Wu,2 Tao Chen,3 Jia Li,1 Guiling Zhang,1 Di Wu,1 Yiran Zhou,1 Ning Zheng,2 Aoling Cai,2 Qin Ning,3 Anne Manyande,4 Fuqiang Xu,2,5 Jie Wang,2,5 and Wenzhen Zhu1 1Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. 2State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. 3Institute and Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. 4School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Middlesex, United Kingdom. 5University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. BACKGROUND. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly progressed to a global pandemic. Although some patients totally recover from COVID-19 pneumonia, the disease’s long-term effects on the brain still need to be explored. METHODS. We recruited 51 patients with 2 subtypes of COVID-19 (19 mild and 32 severe) with no specific neurological manifestations at the acute stage and no obvious lesions on the conventional MRI 3 months after discharge. Changes in gray matter morphometry, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and white matter (WM) microstructure were investigated using MRI. The relationship between brain imaging measurements and inflammation markers was further analyzed. -
Handbook on White Matter: Structure, Function and Changes
Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge HANDBOOK ON WHITE MATTER: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. NEUROANATOMY RESEARCH AT THE LEADING EDGE Handbook on White Matter: Structure, Function and Changes Timothy B. Westland and Robert N. Calton 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60692-375-7 Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge HANDBOOK ON WHITE MATTER: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND CHANGES TIMOTHY B. WESTLAND AND ROBERT N. CALTON EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Apparent Atypical Callosal Dysgenesis: Analysis of MR Findings in Six Cases and Their Relationship to Holoprosencephaly
333 Apparent Atypical Callosal Dysgenesis: Analysis of MR Findings in Six Cases and Their Relationship to Holoprosencephaly A. James Barkovich 1 The MR scans of six pediatric patients with apparent atypical callosal dysgenesis (presence of the dorsal corpus callosum in the absence of a rostral corpus callosum) were critically analyzed and correlated with developmental information in order to assess the anatomic, embryologic, and developmental implications of this unusual anomaly. Four patients had semilobar holoprosencephaly; the dorsal interhemispheric commis sure in these four infants resembled a true callosal splenium. All patients in this group had severe developmental delay. The other two patients had complete callosal agenesis with an enlarged hippocampal commissure mimicking a callosal splenium; both were developmentally and neurologically normal. The embryologic implications of the pres ence of these atypical interhemispheric connections are discussed. Differentiation between semilobar holoprosencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum with enlarged hippocampal commissure-two types of apparent atypical callosal dysgenesis-can be made by obtaining coronal, short TR/TE MR images through the frontal lobes. Such differentiation has critical prognostic implications. AJNR 11:333-339, March{Apri11990 Abnormalities of the corpus callosum are frequently seen in patients with con genital brain malformations [1-5); a recent publication [5) reports an incidence of 47%. The corpus callosum normally develops in an anterior to posterior direction. The genu forms first, followed by the body, splenium, and rostrum. Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is manifested by the presence of the earlier-formed segments (genu , body) and absence of the later-formed segments (splenium, rostrum) [4-6]. We have recently encountered six patients with findings suggestive of atypical callosal dysgenesis in whom there was apparent formation of the callosal splenium in the absence of the genu and body. -
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Subcortical Gray Structures
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas: Subcortical Gray Structures Manual Tracing for Hippocampus, Amygdala, Caudate, and Putamen Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Tracing is done in a combination of the three orthogonal planes, as specified in the detailed methods that follow. B) Each region of interest was originally defined in the right hemisphere. The labels were then reflected onto the left hemisphere and all borders checked and adjusted manually when necessary. C) For the initial parcellation, the user used the “paint over function” of IRIS/SNAP on the T1 template of the atlas. I. Hippocampus Major Boundaries Superior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn in the majority of slices. At its most lateral extent (subiculum) the superior boundary is white matter. The inferior boundary is white matter. The anterior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn and the amygdala; the posterior boundary is lateral ventricle or white matter. The medial boundary is CSF at the center of the brain in all but the most posterior slices (where the medial boundary is white matter). The lateral boundary is white matter. The hippocampal trace includes dentate gyrus, the CA3 through CA1 regions of the hippocamopus, subiculum, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Tracing A) Tracing is done primarily in the sagittal plane, working lateral to medial a. Locate the most lateral extent of the subiculum, which is bounded on all sides by white matter, and trace. b. As you page medially, tracing the hippocampus in each slice, the superior, anterior, and posterior boundaries of the hippocampus become the lateral ventricle/temporal horn. c. Even further medially, the anterior boundary becomes amygdala and the posterior boundary white matter. -
The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1935 The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat James K. L. Choy Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Choy, James K. L., "The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat" (1935). Master's Theses. 22. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/22 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1935 James K. L. Choy LOYOLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOl, OF MEDICINE THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY of the GRADUATE SCHOOL of LOYOLA UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE by James K.L. Choy, B.S.M. 1935 THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. I. PREFACE Before entering upon a discussion of the problem itself, I would lil{e to take this opportunity to acknowledge the assis tance and encouragement I received in the preparation of this paper. To Dr. R. M. Strong, who suggested the problem, I am deeply obligated for his encouragement, practical guidance, and helpful suggestions in the procedure of this work. -
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Anterior Commissure Through the Anterior
J Surg Med. 2020;4(10):853-856. Research article DOI: 10.28982/josam.813998 Araştırma makalesi Microsurgical anatomy of the anterior commissure through the anterior interhemispheric transcallosal approach to the third ventricle: An anatomical and morphological study Üçüncü ventriküle anterior interhemisferik transkallozal yaklaşım yoluyla anterior komissürün mikrocerrahi anatomisi: Anatomik ve morfolojik bir çalışma Seçkin Aydın 1, Ayşegül Esen Aydın 2, Necmettin Tanrıöver 3 1 University of Health Sciences, Okmeydani Abstract Training and Research Hospital, Department of Aim: The third ventricle is a funnel-shaped cavity located deep in the brain and difficult to access with surgical approach. The anterior Neurosurgery, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey commissure is an anatomical structure located on the anterior wall of the third ventricle. This study aimed to demonstrate the use of the 2 University of Health Sciences, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital anterior interhemispheric transcallosal approaches to access the third ventricle, evaluate the microsurgical anatomy of the anterior for Psychiatric, Neurologic and Neurosurgical commissure and investigate the morphological features of this region. Diseases, Department of Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy, Methods: Eleven cadaveric brain specimens were dissected using microsurgical tools. Different anterior interhemispheric routes to the Istanbul, Turkey third ventricle were demonstrated, and stepwise dissections were performed to expose the limbs of the anterior commissure. 3 -
A Pan-Mammalian Map of Interhemispheric Brain Connections Predates the Evolution of the Corpus Callosum
A pan-mammalian map of interhemispheric brain connections predates the evolution of the corpus callosum Rodrigo Suáreza,1, Annalisa Paolinoa, Laura R. Fenlona, Laura R. Morcoma, Peter Kozulina, Nyoman D. Kurniawanb, and Linda J. Richardsa,c,1 aQueensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia; bCentre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia; and cSchool of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4070, Australia Edited by Jon H. Kaas, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, and approved August 1, 2018 (received for review May 14, 2018) The brain of mammals differs from that of all other vertebrates, in embryonic astroglia (13), which is exclusively present in euthe- having a six-layered neocortex that is extensively interconnected rians (14). The evolution of the corpus callosum as a distinct within and between hemispheres. Interhemispheric connections are tract allowed a significant expansion of the number of inter- conveyed through the anterior commissure in egg-laying mono- hemispheric neocortical connections in species with large brains tremes and marsupials, whereas eutherians evolved a separate (15). The corpus callosum carries fibers topographically arranged commissural tract, the corpus callosum. Although the pattern of according to the position of their cell bodies (16–18) and con- interhemispheric connectivity via the corpus callosum is broadly nects mostly similar (homotopic) but also different (heterotopic) shared across eutherian species, it is not known whether this pattern regions in each hemisphere (Fig. 1B). However, although the arose as a consequence of callosal evolution or instead corresponds map of callosal fibers in eutherians is well-established, and in- to a more ancient feature of mammalian brain organization. -
Detection of Synchronous Brain Activity in White Matter Tracts at Rest and Under Functional Loading
Detection of synchronous brain activity in white matter tracts at rest and under functional loading Zhaohua Dinga,b,c,1, Yali Huanga,d, Stephen K. Baileye, Yurui Gaoa,c, Laurie E. Cuttinge,f,g, Baxter P. Rogersa,h, Allen T. Newtona,h, and John C. Gorea,c,e,f,h aVanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; bDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; cDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; dCollege of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People’s Republic of China; eVanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; fVanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; gPeabody College of Education and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and hDepartment of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 Edited by Marcus E. Raichle, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, and approved December 5, 2017 (received for review June 28, 2017) Functional MRI based on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) uniform throughout the parenchyma of a resting brain (10). In contrast is well established as a neuroimaging technique for detect- addition, cerebral blood flow-normalized BOLD signal changes in ing neural activity in the cortex of the human brain. While detection response to hypercapnia are found to be largely comparable in WM and characterization of BOLD signals, as well as their electrophysi- and GM (7). Furthermore, it has been observed that BOLD signals ological and hemodynamic/metabolic origins, have been extensively in a resting state exhibit similar temporal and spectral profiles in studied in gray matter (GM), the detection and interpretation of both GM and WM of the human brain (11) and that their relative BOLD signals in white matter (WM) remain controversial. -
Expansion Microscopy of Zebrafish for Neuroscience and Developmental
Expansion microscopy of zebrafish for neuroscience PNAS PLUS and developmental biology studies Limor Freifelda, Iris Odstrcilb, Dominique Försterc, Alyson Ramirezb, James A. Gagnonb, Owen Randlettb, Emma K. Costad, Shoh Asanoa, Orhan T. Celikere, Ruixuan Gaoa,f, Daniel A. Martin-Alarcong, Paul Reginatog,h, Cortni Dicka, Linlin Chena,i, David Schoppikj,k,l, Florian Engertb, Herwig Baierc, and Edward S. Boydena,d,e,f,m,1 aMedia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139; bDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; cDepartment Genes–Circuits–Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany; dDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; eDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; fMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; gDepartment of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139; hDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138; iNeuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481; jDepartment of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; kDepartment of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; lNeuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY 10016; and mCenter for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Lalita Ramakrishnan, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved October 25, 2017 (received for review April 17, 2017) Expansion microscopy (ExM) allows scalable imaging of preserved nections in the intact brain, using circuitry responsible for the 3D biological specimens with nanoscale resolution on fast vestibulo-ocular reflex (11–13) and the escape response (14) as diffraction-limited microscopes. -
IMJ-21-451-En.Pdf
Original Investigation/Orijinal Araştırma İstanbul Med J 2020; 21(6): 451-456 DO I: 10.4274/imj.galenos.2020.09633 Microsurgical and Functional Linguistic Anatomy of Cerebral Basal Ganglia Serebral Bazal Ganglionların Mikrocerrahi Anatomisi ve Dil Üretimi ile İlişkisi Mustafa Güdük1, Musa Çırak2, Baran Bozkurt3, Kaan Yağmurlu3 1Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, İstanbul, Turkey 2University of Health Sciences Turkey, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurosurgery, İstanbul, Turkey 3Virginia University, Department of Neurosurgery, Charlottesville, USA ABSTRACT ÖZ Introduction: The central core of the cerebral hemispheres is Amaç: Serebral hemisferlerin derin santral bölgesi; bazal located on the medial side of the insular cortex. It is made ganglionlar (subkortikal gri maddeler) ve kompleks ak madde up of basal ganglia and white matter tracts. The basal ganglia liflerinden oluşur ve insular korteksin hemen mediyalinde yer and their white matter connections serve important motor, alır. Bazal ganglionlar sahip olduğu ak madde lif bağlantıları sensorial, psychological, endocrinological and cognitive sayesinde motor ve sensöriyal, duygu, endokrin düzenleme, functions. Insular gliomas and other deeply located lesions can kognisyon gibi fonksiyonlarda önemli rol oynar. Özellikle cause severe morbidity by affecting the basal ganglia and their insular gliomalar ve derin yerleşimli lezyonlara bağlı, connections. Hence, a thorough understanding of the anatomy bazal ganglionların ve bağlantılarının zarar görmesi ciddi of that area is needed for surgical planning on the insular area. morbiditeye sebep olur. Bu nedenle bu bölgenin mikrocerrahi Methods: We dissected and photographed the insular cortex anatomisinin iyi bilinmesi, insuler bölgeye yapılacak cerrahinin and basal ganglia in five human cadavers via white matter planlanmasında ve cerrahi stratejide çok büyük öneme sahiptir. -
Fiber Pathway Pathology, Synapse Loss and Decline of Cortical Function in Schizophrenia
Fiber Pathway Pathology, Synapse Loss and Decline of Cortical Function in Schizophrenia Max R. Bennett1,2*, Les Farnell2,3, William G. Gibson2,3 1 The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2 The Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 3 The School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Abstract A quantitative cortical model is developed, based on both computational and simulation approaches, which relates measured changes in cortical activity of gray matter with changes in the integrity of longitudinal fiber pathways. The model consists of modules of up to 5,000 neurons each, 80% excitatory and 20% inhibitory, with these having different degrees of synaptic connectiveness both within a module as well as between modules. It is shown that if the inter-modular synaptic connections are reduced to zero while maintaining the intra-modular synaptic connections constant, then activity in the modules is reduced by about 50%. This agrees with experimental observations in which cortical electrical activity in a region of interest, measured using the rate of oxidative glucose metabolism (CMRglc(ox)), is reduced by about 50% when the cortical region is isolated, either by surgical means or by transient cold block. There is also a 50% decrease in measured cortical activity following inactivation of the nucleus of Meynert and the intra-laminar nuclei of the thalamus, which arise either following appropriate lesions or in sleep. This