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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Die Rolle der Cumann na mBan im irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg“ Verfasserin Edda Pietsch, BSc angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im November 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 057 327 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Individuelles Diplomstudium Keltologie Betreuer: Univ. Doz. Dr. Finbarr McLoughlin, MA Danksagung und Vorwort An erster Stelle möchte ich meinem Betreuer, Univ. Doz. Dr. Finbarr McLoughlin, MA, für die hilfreiche und kompetente Unterstützung während der Verfassung meiner Diplomarbeit danken. Auch dass er mir bei der Suche nach einem Thema, und ebenso nach den passenden Forschungsfragen inspirierend zur Seite gestanden hat, war mir eine große Hilfe. Meinem Studienkollegen Mag. Dieter Andreas Reinisch danke ich für die Zurverfügungstellung seiner privaten Literatur. Bei meiner Familie, ganz besonders meiner Mutter und meinen fünf Schwestern, möchte ich mich dafür bedanken, dass sie Verständnis und Respekt für die lange Dauer der Entstehung dieser Arbeit hatten, und dass sie mich ständig daran erinnerten, dass der Rahmen für mein Diplom doch schon gekauft sei… Ein ganz großer Dank sei an dieser Stelle jedoch meinem Freund und Lebenspartner, Mag. Elmar Stahr, entgegenzubringen. Er war es, der mich bis zum Schluss motiviert hat, diese Diplomarbeit überhaupt (noch) zu verfassen, und der mir immer wieder mit Rat und Unterstützung zur Seite gestanden ist. Großen Respekt möchte ich auch jenen Frauen entgegenbringen, die, ob Mitglied bei Cumann na mBan oder nicht, im irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg Widerstand geleistet, und, wissend der Konsequenzen, die Männer der IRA versorgt und unterstützt hatten. Ich hoffe, dass jede(r) Leser(in) dieser Arbeit nachvollziehen kann, was ich bei der Lektüre der Quellen erfahren durfte. Ehrlichkeit, Respekt, Freundlichkeit und der Wunsch nach Frieden können nur sinnvolle Werte einer lebenswerten Gesellschaft sein. ‚Give me a rifle and let me away to the green hills of holy old Ireland. For freedom to win or else fall in the fray on the green hills of holy old Ireland.‘ (WS Nolan, Nan, Dokument I, Index Nr.1441, S. 13) 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Die Fragestellung............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Die Quellen ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.3. Die Methode .................................................................................................................. 10 1.4. Gender Aspekte ............................................................................................................. 17 1.5. Der Aufbau der Arbeit ................................................................................................... 18 2. Der Referenzrahmen dritter Ordnung: ............................................................................. 20 2.1. Irland unter englischer Kolonialmacht .......................................................................... 20 2.3. Die Irish Volunteers (IV) .............................................................................................. 24 2.4. Die Inghinidhe na hÉireann – eine Hinführung zu Cumann na mBan .......................... 29 3. Der Referenzrahmen vierter Ordnung: ............................................................................. 32 3.1. Cumann na mBan .......................................................................................................... 32 3.2. Die Tätigkeiten der Cumann na mBan im irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg – Erinnerungen von Frauen ..................................................................................................... 44 3.3. Die Tätigkeiten der Cumann na mBan im irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg – Erinnerungen der Männer ..................................................................................................... 84 4. Wie schreiben Männer, wie schreiben Frauen? Eine Diskussion zur aktuellen Literaturkritik ..................................................................................................................... 100 5. Die Konsequenzen der Widerstandsarbeit ..................................................................... 107 5.1. Outrages: der Krieg, der an den Frauen betrieben wurde............................................ 107 5.2. Inhaftierungen von Frauen im Unabhängigkeitskrieg ................................................. 111 6. Conclusio ........................................................................................................................ 113 7. Literatur .......................................................................................................................... 117 2 1. Einleitung Um sich politisch und wirtschaftlich von der Kolonialmacht Großbritannien zu trennen, wurde von 1919 bis 1921 ein Guerillakrieg in Irland gegen britische Streitkräfte (Polizei und Armee) geführt. Der so genannte ‚irische Unabhängigkeitskrieg‘ (War of Independence‘ oder ‚Anglo-Irish War‘), wird auf die Zeit zwischen 21. Jänner 1919 und 11. Juli 1921 datiert. Am Tag des Ausbruchs trafen zwei wichtige Ereignisse aufeinander: Dáil Éireann (das selbst ernannte irische Parlament) tagte zum ersten Mal, und in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary, kam es zu einem Überfall auf den Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), bei dem zwei Polizisten starben. Das Ende des Krieges wird mit der Unterzeichnung des Waffenstillstandes zwischen britischen und irischen Vertretern am 11. Juli 1921 um 12 Uhr Mittag festgelegt. Im Kriegsverlauf mussten sich Einheiten der ‚Irish Volunteers‘, auch ‚Irish Republican Army‘ genannt, zu mobilen Gruppierungen (‚Flying Columns‘) umformatieren. Sie waren auf die Hilfe der Bevölkerung angewiesen, da sie zu diesem Zeitpunkt über keinen festen Wohnsitz verfügten. Die Frauengruppe ‚Cumann na mBan‘ (CnamB)1 unterstützte die Guerillakämpfer bei ihrer Arbeit und leistete so im Geheimen Widerstand. 1.1. Die Fragestellung In dieser Diplomarbeit sollen Zeugenaussagen (‚Witness Statements‘) von Zeitzeugen des irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges über die Zeitspanne von Jänner 1919 bis Juli 1921 ausgewertet werden. Die dabei zu Grunde liegende Fragestellung, „welche Rolle spielten die Frauen der CnamB in der Unterstützung der Flying Columns im irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg?“ soll dabei beantwortet werden. Nebenfragen, die besonders beachtet werden sollen, sind: - In welcher Weise haben die Frauen der CnamB die Flying Columns im Unabhängigkeitskrieg unterstützt? 1 Engl. ‚Womens‘ Council‘ 3 - Wie wird das von Seiten der Frauen und andererseits von Seiten der Männer dargestellt bzw. wodurch unterscheiden sich die Aussagen der Frauen von denen der Männer? - Wurden die Frauen in ihrer Arbeit unterschätzt und kann das aus den Aussagen der Männer abgeleitet werden? Die Tätigkeiten der CnamB sollen anhand der Zeugenaussagen und der Darstellung in vorhandener Literatur ausgewertet werden. Erzählungen der IRA-Guerillakämpfer können ebenfalls durch Zeugenaussagen, aber auch durch einen Korpus an Literatur ausgewertet werden, der in der Nachkriegszeit nach dem Bürgerkrieg 1922-23 entstanden ist und publiziert wurde (z.B. Biografien), aber auch durch Witness Statements des Bureaus. 1.2. Die Quellen 1.2.1. Die Zeugenaussagen Die 1947 gegründete irische Behörde ‚Bureau of Military History‘ ließ zwischen 1947 und 1957 im Auftrag der irischen Regierung Erinnerungen über die Zeit von 1913-21 von Zeitzeugen erheben. Dabei wurden u.a. auch Mitglieder der Organisationen ‚Irish Volunteers‘ und CnamB zu ihrem Freiwilligeneinsatz befragt und geschriebene Texte aufgenommen. Die so gewonnenen Primärquellen sollten später eine Aufarbeitung der ‚rebellischen Zeitspanne‘ ermöglichen. Diese Zeugenaussagen wurden zunächst zum Schutz der Persönlichkeitssphäre der Befragten zurückgehalten, und erst am 11. März 2003 auf der Homepage der Behörde http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/ als PDF-Dokumente freigegeben. Das Material wurde von Offizieren der irischen Armee und Freiwilligen mit Unterstützung eines Historikerteams2 in Irland erhoben und ist für jeden frei zugänglich.3 Im Zuge der Erhebung der Quellen ergaben sich folgende statistische Daten: 2 Das Historikerteam bestand aus den Wissenschaftlern Richard Hayes, Robert Dudley-Edwards, G.A. Hayes McCoy und Theodore W. Moody. (http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/about.html 17.12.2013) 3 http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/about.html (30.06.2014) und Aubane Historical Society, Seán Moylan in his Own Words. His Memoir of the Irish War of Independence. (Cork 2009), S.5 4 - 126 Zeugenaussagen auf der Homepage waren von Frauen gegeben worden - 81 dieser Frauen waren Mitglieder von CnamB - Von diesen sprechen 61 Frauen über den irischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg - 42 Witness Statements davon konnten gewinnbringend für die Beantwortung der ersten und der zweiten Forschungsfrage ausgearbeitet werden. Hinsichtlich der Ausarbeitung der Zeugenaussagen der CnamB habe ich mich an zwei Bücher gehalten. Das erste Buch enthielt eine Oral History Studie über weibliche Widerstandskämpferinnen Österreichs im zweiten Weltkrieg.4 Die Berichte der österreichischen und slowenischen Frauen haben mich inhaltlich an die Statements des Bureau für Military History erinnert, und deren Ausarbeitung war mir ein Leitfaden in meiner Arbeit. Das zweite Buch ist eine wissenschaftliche
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