DOCSLIB.ORG

Body-Characteristics-That-Cannot-Be-Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Body-Characteristics-That-Cannot-Be-Change 1 Body-Characteristics-That-Cannot-Be-Change Trauma is a body wound or shock produced by sudden physical injury, as from violence or accident, 42 or, more simply put, is a physical wound or injury, such as a fracture or blow. Semi-permanent but inconspicuous or invisible traits are vaccination and laser hair removal. A correlation between fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation has been suggested to be responsible for up to 15 percent of homosexuality. Today, although Lamarckism is generally discredited, there is still debate on whether some acquired characteristics in organisms are actually inheritable. 13 With de novo mutations and division errors, the relationship between the offspring s altered genes and gene inheritance from the parents is technically spurious. He says poor diet in the early years of life leads to stunted growth. Injury Edit. Physical acquired characteristics can stem from various environmental influences such as disease, modification, injury, and regular or infrequent use of body parts. This is typically thought to be due to an injury to the linguistic center of the brain causing speech impairment that just happens to sound like a persons non-native language. This happens, with human infants and kittens being some well-known examples, because the eyes of the baby, just like the rest of its body, are still developing. For instance, people can develop gout, which is known to cause permanent or near permanent changes to the human body, 39 because of diet, inherited genetic predisposition, as a secondary condition from other diseases, or as an unintended side effect of certain medications. Mental traits are acquired by learning and adapting native traits to the environment of the individual. Violence is defined by the WHO as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself or others that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. The definitions of inherited and acquired characteristics leave a gray area for trauma, pre-existing and gestational maternal conditions that affect the fetus, as well as chemical and pathogen exposures and trauma that happen before and while an organism is born, such as AIDS, syphilis, Hepatitis B, chickenpox, rubella, unregulated gestational diabetes, and fetal alcohol syndrome. Eye color Edit. This is thought to be the reasoning behind the urban legend where someone wakes from a coma or surgery and suddenly speaks a new language. Perms, tattoos, scars, and amputations are semi-permanent and highly visible. Disorders that are partially genetic, such as ALS and allergies, mean the organism has inherited a predisposition to develop a certain condition but that inherited increased likelihood can be reduced or further increased depending on acquired characteristics of the organism. They are not passed on to offspring through reproduction. Wholly genetic disorders, such as Huntingtons, are inherited from parents genes and are present before birth but the symptoms that develop after birth are delayed manifestations of the inherited trait. 35 36 See hygiene hypothesis. The changes that constitute acquired characteristics can have many manifestations and degrees of visibility, but they all have one thing in common. There is also the rare condition called Foreign Accent Syndrome in which someone who has suffered a brain injury will appear to speak in a new language or dialect. Immunological diseases, such as eczema and asthma, are on the increase in westernized society and represent a major challenge for 21st century medicine. The miniaturization of bonsai plants through careful cultivation techniques. Mental Edit. 27 It is hypothesized to have something to do with changes induced in the mother s body when gestating a boy that affects subsequent sons, possibly an in-utero maternal immune response. Body modification is the deliberate altering of the human body for any non-medical reason, such as aesthetics, sexual enhancement, a rite of passage, religious reasons, to display group membership or affiliation, to create body art, shock value, or self-expression. A complete explanation of how environmental factors play a role in autoimmune diseases has still not been proposed. Conversely, this hypothesis was denounced by other renowned theorists such as Charles Darwin. Today, according to the World Food Programme, one in every three children in North Korea remains chronically malnourished or stunted , meaning they are too short for their age. 13 These genetic errors can affect the mind as well as the body and can result in schizophrenia, 14 15 autism, 11 bi-polar disorder, 16 and cognitive 17 disabilities. The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Certain genetic conditions Edit. 18 Most infections won t affect a fetus if the pregnant mother contracts it, but some can be transmitted to babies via the placenta or during birth, and others cause more severe symptoms in pregnant women or can cause complications to the pregnancy. Head trauma Edit. Accidental injuries, most of which can be predicted and thus prevented, are the unintentional negative outcomes of unforeseen or unplanned events or circumstances which may have been avoided or prevented if reasonable measures had been taken or if the risks involving the circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized and acted upon minimized. Chemicals are substances with distinct molecular compositions that are produced by or used in a chemical process. Ap- plying makeup, nail polish, dying one s hair, applying henna to the skin, and tooth whitening are not examples of acquired traits. Food and what happens in the first two years of life is actually critical for people s height later, he says. New mutations, often somatic, spontaneous and sporadic , not inherited from either parent are called de novo mutations. Martin Bloem is head of nutrition at the World Food Programme, which has been providing food aid to North Korea since 1995. The World Food Program and UNICEF reported last year that chronic malnutrition had left 42 percent of North Korean children stunted meaning their growth was seriously impaired, most likely permanently. G rowing up on a farm directly affects the regulation of the immune system and causes a reduction in the immunological responses to food proteins, 38 which not only means less severe reactions to food allergies, lactose intolerance, gluten sensitivity, etc. Permanent but inconspicuous or invisible ones are corrective eye surgery and organ transplant or removal. Battery is a criminal offense involving the use of force against another that results in harmful or offensive contact. They change a facet of a living organism s function or structure after birth. Early life exposure to microbes i. There have also been documented cases of a person s personality changing more drastically, the best-known case being Phineas Gage, who in 1848 who survived a 1. Even though this change happens after birth, it is strictly as result of genes. Sentiments are the result of the compounding of primary emotions, being bound up with knowledge and ideas. Mutations and meiotic errors can be considered inherited since the organism is born with them in its genes , but they can also be seen as prenatal acquired characteristics since they are not actually inherited from its parents. Diseases can arise from infection, environmental conditions, accidents, and inherited diseases. There are four main types of disease pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. The babies of mothers exposed to farms have more and better functioning regulatory T cells. Though this definition includes injuries, it will not be discussed here. De novo mutations Edit. Hormones are chemicals released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Head trauma in the form of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, drug or alcohol abuse, and infection have been known in some cases to cause changes to a person s mental 2 processes, the most common being amnesia, ability to deal with stress and changes in aggression. agencies warned that there was strong evidence that physical stunting could be accompanied by intellectual impairment. , 35 have helped to establish the link between parasitic infestation and autoimmune disease development, in other words, exposure to parasites reduces incidence of an autoimmune disease developing. Physical Edit. However epidemiological studies, such as the meta analysis by Leonardi-Bee, et al. , but reductions in the likelihood of developing them in the first place. However, it is debatable whether changes in bodily functions due to disorders that are partly or wholly genetic in origin are actually acquired. Worth noting is the importance of prenatal nutrition to proper mental and physical development. Acquired traits are synonymous with acquired characteristics. Congenital disorders, or birth defects, are conditions present at birth. Chemical exposure Edit. 20 Acquired characteristics do not necessarily affect the health of an organism, a scar, suntan, or perm but examples that do are often the first that come to mind when thinking of acquired characteristics since they are the easiest to observe and the ones that we, ourselves, are most familiar with. Maternal conditions during gestation Edit. Acquired characteristic. Childhood Edit. 21 Only through vast experience in the natural world can humans learn to recognize objects in all of the various orientations in which we encounter them on a day-to-day basis. Environmental factors may include exposure to chemicals, infections, or physical trauma. , germs is an important deter- minant of adulthood sensitivity to allergic and autoimmune diseases such as hay fever, asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. The loss of a limb due to an injury. These cells, it is now believed, act to suppress immune responses and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis to contribute to healthy immune development.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mapping the Past, Present and Future Research Landscape of Paternal Effects Joanna Rutkowska1,2* , Malgorzata Lagisz2 , Russell Bonduriansky2 and Shinichi Nakagawa2
    Rutkowska et al. BMC Biology (2020) 18:183 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00892-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mapping the past, present and future research landscape of paternal effects Joanna Rutkowska1,2* , Malgorzata Lagisz2 , Russell Bonduriansky2 and Shinichi Nakagawa2 Abstract Background: Although in all sexually reproducing organisms an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last 5 years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Here, we provide an overview of this field using synthesis of evidence (systematic map) and influence (bibliometric analyses). Results: We find that motivations for studies into paternal effects are diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as diet or trauma, influence offspring health. Toxicologists look at the effects of toxins. We compare how these three research guilds design experiments in relation to objects of their studies: fathers, mothers and offspring. We highlight examples of research gaps, which, in turn, lead to future avenues of research. Conclusions: The literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Our study helps in
    [Show full text]
  • Contextual Factors Affecting
    University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADOLESCENTS’ RISK FOR HIV/AIDS INFECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg 2004 University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADOLESCENTS’ RISK FOR HIV/AIDS INFECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION by Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: MASTER OF EDUCATION In the Faculty of Education, School of Educational Studies Department of Curriculum Studies University of Pretoria Promoter: Professor Doctor Linda van Rooyen University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N DECLARATION I, Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg, declare that this dissertation is my own work. It is submitted for the Degree of the Master of Education at the University of Pretoria. This dissertation has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. _______________ D.N. van den Berg 2004-10-28 University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my parents Dirk and Beryl van den Berg, my wife Helga van den Berg and two children, Marianné and Dirk. Your encouragement, sacrifice and love made the completion of this study possible. University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my heavenly Father for the opportunity, courage, strength and guidance that made this study possible. My sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following people that made the successful completion of this study possible: My promoter, Professor Doctor Linda van Rooyen, who guided me with positive criticism, persistent motivation, and endless patience towards producing high quality work.
    [Show full text]
  • ALEXITHYMIA FORMATION AS an ADAPTATION to EVERYDAY STRESS IS DETERMINED by the PROPERTIES of the NERVOUS SYSTEM 10.36740/Wlek202011123
    © Aluna Publishing Wiadomości Lekarskie, VOLUME LXXIII, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ALEXITHYMIA FORMATION AS AN ADAPTATION TO EVERYDAY STRESS IS DETERMINED BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 10.36740/WLek202011123 Sergii V. Tukaiev1, Tetiana V. Vasheka2, Olena M. Dolgova2, Svitlana V. Fedorchuk1, Borys I. Palamar3 1 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS, RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KYIV, UKRAINE 2 NATIONAL AVIATION UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL COMMUNICATION, AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT, KYIV, UKRAINE 3 BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH, KYIV, UKRAINE ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the psychological nature and mechanisms of alexithymia formation by way of the analysis of its relation to the properties of the nervous system, mental states, and characteristics of the emotional sphere of the personality. Materials and methods: In the process of the study, for the diagnostics of alexithymia, we used the 26-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) developed by G.J. Taylor and a block of psycho-diagnostic methods aimed at the diagnostics of properties of the nervous systems, the emotional sphere and mental states of respondents. The relationships were evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The main factors related to alexithymia were weak nervous system, low stress resistance and such characteristics of the emotional sphere as marked extraversion, high level of trait anxiety, neuroticism, indirect verbal aggression, low levels of aggressiveness. The emotional exhaustion and reduction of personal achievements, the Resistance Phase, chronic fatigue and depression were the most pronounced within the alexithymia group.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Representations of Homosexuality
    Medijske podobehomoseksualnosti roman kuhar roman isbn 961-6455-10-9 9 789616 455107 MEDIJSKE PODOBE HOMOSEKSUALNOSTI Analiza slovenskih tiskanih medijev od 1970 do 2000 1970–2000 An Analysis of the Print Media in Slovenia, in Media Print the of Analysis An of HOMOSEXUALITY REPRESENTATIONS MEDIA MEDIA 9 789616 455107 789616 9 isbn 961-6455-10-9 isbn roman kuhar Media Representations of Homosexuality naslovka.indd 1 1.7.2003, 12:23:22 naslovka.indd 2 naslovka.indd 1.7.2003, 12:23:24 1.7.2003, other titles in the mediawatch series marjeta doupona horvat, nasilje in Mediji jef verschueren, igor þ. þagar petrovec dragan The rhetoric of refugee policies in Slovenia Njena (re)kreacija Njena breda luthar skumavc urša legan, jerca vendramin, valerija The Politics of Tele-tabloids drglin, zalka vidmar, h. ksenija hrþenjak, majda darren purcell neodgovornosti Svoboda The Slovenian State on the Internet bervar gojko tonèi a. kuzmaniæ servis javni ali Drþavni Hate-Speech in Slovenia hrvatin b. sandra karmen erjavec, sandra b. hrvatin, devetdesetih v Sloveniji v politika Medijska barbara kelbl milosavljeviæ marko hrvatin, b. sandra We About the Roma Mit o zmagi levice zmagi o Mit matevþ krivic, simona zatler kuèiæ j. lenart hrvatin, b. sandra Freedom of the Press and Personal Rights velikonja, mitja dragoš, sreèo breda luthar, tonèi a. kuzmaniæ, a. tonèi luthar, breda breda luthar, tonèi a. kuzmaniæ, sreèo dragoš, mitja velikonja, posameznika pravice in tiska Svoboda sandra b. hrvatin, lenart j. kuèiæ zatler simona krivic, matevþ The Victory of the Imaginary Left Mi o Romih o Mi sandra b. hrvatin, marko milosavljeviæ kelbl barbara Media Policy in Slovenia in the 1990s hrvatin, b.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holistic Approach of Evolutionary Medicine: an Epistemological Analysis
    Institute of Advanced Insights Study TheThe HolisticHolistic ApproachApproach ofof EvolutionaryEvolutionary Medicine:Medicine: AnAn EpistemologicalEpistemological AnalysisAnalysis Fabio Zampieri Volume 5 2012 Number 2 ISSN 1756-2074 Institute of Advanced Study Insights About Insights Insights captures the ideas and work-in-progress of the Fellows of the Institute of Advanced Study at Durham University. Up to twenty distinguished and ‘fast-track’ Fellows reside at the IAS in any academic year. They are world-class scholars who come to Durham to participate in a variety of events around a core inter-disciplinary theme, which changes from year to year. Each theme inspires a new series of Insights, and these are listed in the inside back cover of each issue. These short papers take the form of thought experiments, summaries of research findings, theoretical statements, original reviews, and occasionally more fully worked treatises. Every fellow who visits the IAS is asked to write for this series. The Directors of the IAS – Veronica Strang, Stuart Elden, Barbara Graziosi and Martin Ward – also invite submissions from others involved in the themes, events and activities of the IAS. Insights is edited for the IAS by Barbara Graziosi. Previous editors of Insights were Professor Susan Smith (2006–2009) and Professor Michael O’Neill (2009–2012). About the Institute of Advanced Study The Institute of Advanced Study, launched in October 2006 to commemorate Durham University’s 175th Anniversary, is a flagship project reaffirming the value of ideas and the public role of universities. The Institute aims to cultivate new thinking on ideas that might change the world, through unconstrained dialogue between the disciplines as well as interaction between scholars, intellectuals and public figures of world standing from a variety of backgrounds and countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Ipsc-Derived Microglia Assume a Primary Microglia-Like State After Transplantation Into the Neonatal Mouse Brain
    Human iPSC-derived microglia assume a primary microglia-like state after transplantation into the neonatal mouse brain Devon S. Svobodaa, M. Inmaculada Barrasaa,b, Jian Shua,c, Rosalie Rietjensa, Shupei Zhanga, Maya Mitalipovaa, Peter Berubec, Dongdong Fua, Leonard D. Shultzd, George W. Bella,b, and Rudolf Jaenischa,e,1 aWhitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; bBioinformatics and Research Computing, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; cBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142; dThe Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609; and eDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 Contributed by Rudolf Jaenisch, October 16, 2019 (sent for review August 8, 2019; reviewed by Valentina Fossati and Helmut Kettenmann) Microglia are essential for maintenance of normal brain function, Despite these innovations, there are important limitations to with dysregulation contributing to numerous neurological dis- modeling human disease with hiPSC-derived iMGs. As immune eases. Protocols have been developed to derive microglia-like cells cells, microglia are prone to activation and highly sensitive to from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, in vitro culture, which introduces impediments in extending re- primary microglia display major differences in morphology and sults obtained with cultured cells to disease states. This is high- gene expression when grown in culture, including down- lighted by recent studies showing that primary microglia directly regulation of signature microglial genes. Thus, in vitro differenti- isolated from the brain exhibit significant changes in gene ex- ated microglia may not accurately represent resting primary pression when grown in culture for as little as 6 h (26, 27).
    [Show full text]
  • Enterococcal Resistance – an Overview
    Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2005) 23 (4):214-9 Review Article ENTEROCOCCAL RESISTANCE – AN OVERVIEW *YA Marothi, H Agnihotri, D Dubey Abstract Nosocomial acquisition of microorganisms resistant to multiple antibiotics represents a threat to patient safety. Here, we review the antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus, which makes it important nosocomial pathogen. The emergence of enterococci with acquired resistance to vancomycin has been particularly problematic as it often occurs in enterococci that are also highly resistant to ampicillin and aminoglycoside thereby associated with devastating therapeutic consequences. Multiple factors contribute to colonization and infection with vancomycin resistant enterococci ultimately leading to environmental contamination and cross infection. Decreasing the prevalence of these resistant strains by multiple control efforts therefore, is of paramount importance. Key words: Enterococci, antimicrobial resistance, therapeutic options, control efforts Enterococci, though commensals in adult faeces are environment of heavy antibiotics. Indeed, it is the resistance important nosocomial pathogens.1-3 Their emergence in past of these organisms to multiple antimicrobial agents that makes two decades is in many respects attributable to their resistance them such feared opponents. Antimicrobial resistance in to many commonly used antimicrobial agents enterococci is of two types: inherent/ intrinsic resistance and (aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, aztreonam, semisynthetic acquired resistance. Intrinsic resistance is species penicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole)4,5 and ease with characteristics and thus present in all members of species and which they appear to attain and transfer resistant genes,6 thus is chromosomally mediated. Enterococci exhibits intrinsic giving rise to enterococci with high level aminoglycoside resistance to penicillinase susceptible penicillin (low level), resistance (HLAR), β-lactamase production and glycopeptide penicillinase resistant penicillins, cephalosporins, resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Kammerer's Experiments on Salamanders (1903- 1912) [1]
    Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Paul Kammerer's Experiments on Salamanders (1903- 1912) [1] By: Turriziani Colonna, Federica In the early twentieth century, Paul Kammerer conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that organisms could transmit characteristics acquired in their lifetimes to their offspring. In his 1809 publication, zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck had hypothesized that living beings can inherit features their parents or ancestors acquired throughout life. By breeding salamanders, as well as frogs and other organisms, Kammerer tested Lamarck's hypothesis in an attempt to provide evidence for Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. In particular, Kammerer argued that the inheritance of acquired characteristics caused species to evolve, and he claimed that his results provided an explanation for evolutionary processes through developmental phenomena. Between 1903 and 1907, Kammerer conducted series of experiments on fire salamanders (Salamandra maculosa [2]) and alpine salamanders (Salamandra atra [3]). Kammerer worked at the Vivarium, a research institute located in Vienna, Austria, under the supervision of Hans Przibram, the director and founder of the Vivarium. The Vivarium housed the Institute of Experimental Biology and was equipped with heating and cooling systems to control the laboratories' temperatures. With these tools, researchers could experiment on organisms that required particular environmental conditions, and they could manipulate those environmental conditions. Kammerer's first series of experiments focused on the reproductive habits of fire salamanders. The fire salamander [4] is black with yellow spots and inhabits humid woods in Europe. Female fire salamanders typically bear about fifty young that live in the water and that do not resemble the adult form during the first few months.
    [Show full text]
  • Seattle Public Schools Educators' Perceptions of the Efficacy Of
    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Scripps Senior Theses Scripps Student Scholarship 2014 Seattle Public choS ols Educators' Perceptions of the Efficacy of Autism Inclusion Programs Roslyn Clare Hower Scripps College Recommended Citation Hower, Roslyn Clare, "Seattle ubP lic Schools Educators' Perceptions of the Efficacy of Autism Inclusion Programs" (2014). Scripps Senior Theses. Paper 380. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/380 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Scripps Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scripps Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEATTLE PUBLIC SCHOOLS EDUCATORS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFICACY OF AUTISM INCLUSION PROGRAMS BY ROSLYN HOWER THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCRIPPS COLLEGE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY FIRST READER: PROFESSOR PHIL ZUCKERMAN SECOND READER: PROFESSOR JULIA E. LISS SCRIPPS COLLEGE APRIL 25, 2014 Hower 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………3 ABSTRACT………………………………………….……………………………………4 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...5 LITERATURE REVIEW…...…………………………………………………………….6 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………………30 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………..33 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………43 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH………………………..………..45 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..…47 APPENDICES….…………………………………………………………………..……49 Appendix A: In-depth Interview Guide ………………………………………..…49 Appendix B: List of Informants ………………………………..………………....50 Hower 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who helped make my senior thesis possible. First, I would like to thank my first reader and Major Advisor, Professor Phil Zuckerman, for his guidance and support in helping me craft my thesis. Second, I would like to thank my second thesis reader and Scripps Advisor, Professor Julie Liss, who helped me stay on track to meet my deadlines.
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Biological and Genetic Processes
    23 Dec 2004 19:46 AR AR231-PS56-10.tex AR231-PS56-10.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IKH 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070208 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:263–86 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070208 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on July 21, 2004 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Biological and Genetic Processes Irving I. Gottesman Department of Psychiatry and Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454; email: [email protected] Daniel R. Hanson Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Veterans Administration Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417; email: [email protected] KeyWords adaptive systems, endophenotypes, CNS plasticity, schizophrenia, autism ■ Abstract Adaptation is a central organizing principle throughout biology, whether we are studying species, populations, or individuals. Adaptation in biological systems occurs in response to molar and molecular environments. Thus, we would predict that genetic systems and nervous systems would be dynamic (cybernetic) in contrast to pre- vious conceptualizations with genes and brains fixed in form and function. Questions of nature versus nurture are meaningless, and we must turn to epigenetics—the way in which biology and experience work together to enhance adaptation throughout thick and thin. Defining endophenotypes—road markers that bring us closer to the biolog- ical origins of the developmental journey—facilitates our understanding of adaptive or maladaptive processes. For human behavioral disorders such as schizophrenia and autism, the inherent plasticity of the nervous system requires a systems approach to incorporate all of the myriad epigenetic factors that can influence such outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Immunology and Genetics of Resistance of Sheep to Teladorsagia Circumcincta', Veterinary Research Communications, Vol
    Edinburgh Research Explorer The immunology and genetics of resistance of sheep to Teladorsagia circumcincta Citation for published version: Venturina, VM, Gossner, AG & Hopkins, J 2013, 'The immunology and genetics of resistance of sheep to Teladorsagia circumcincta', Veterinary Research Communications, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-013-9559-9 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s11259-013-9559-9 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Veterinary Research Communications Publisher Rights Statement: This is an unedited but peer-reviewed version of the paper. The final version is available at: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11259-013-9559-9 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 The immunology and genetics of resistance of sheep to Teladorsagia circumcincta Virginia M. Venturina Anton G. Gossner John Hopkins The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG.UK Email: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Knowledge
    1. Introduction This thesis will argue that there exists a unit of cultural knowledge that is analogous to the gene of biological evolution. This unit has been referred to as a "meme" by Richard Dawkins (1976). Both genes and memes vary and these variations survive differentially. The consequence of this differential survival is evolution. Further, this thesis will argue that there is only a single process underlying both gene and meme multiplication. Yet, because the units of knowledge, genes and memes, operate in distinctly different environments (the physical environment surrounding an organism and the mental environment of a meme), there appear to some people to be two distinct processes operating. Central to this single process is the work of Charles Darwin (1859). Darwin borrowed from the economic theories of Malthus: Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometric ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio. A slight acquaintance with numbers will shew the immensity of the first power in comparison of the second. By that law of our nature which makes food necessary to the life of man, the effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal. This implies a strong and constantly operating check on population from the difficulty of subsistence. This difficulty must fall somewhere; and must necessarily be severely felt by a large proportion of mankind (Malthus 1798:14). Malthus realised that there is a struggle for existence, a point not lost on Darwin who argued similarly: As many more individuals of each species are born than can possible survive; and as, consequently there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected (1859:68).
    [Show full text]