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Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Rocky Mountain Forest an&v^ Service )A Forest Range Experiment Station Technical Report RM-8 ieral ^ Forest Service h ! 1975 ch •*w U.S. Department of Agriculture Division oLJf^^fe^f_..._R8search s, Colorado 80521 4 IF / 7 rHE SNOWY rORRENTS: Avalanche Accidents in the Jnited States 1967-71 yKnox Williams Jy Knox Williams Abstract Williams, Knox. 1975. The snowy torrents: Avalanche accidents in the United States 1967-71. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-8, 190 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Fort Collins, Colo. 80521. This compilation of 76 avalanche accident reports teaches by example, both good and bad. Commentaries will help those who spend time in the mountains in winter how to avoid getting caught in an avalanche, or if caught, how to survive. Keywords: Avalanche, avalanche rescue. About the cover: A soft-slab avalanche captured at the instant of release. Having triggered the slide, the skier is desperately trying to keep his balance and ski out to the side. Note the intricate pattern of cracks and the buckling of the slab as it fractures into large angular blocks. Photo by R. Ludwig. USDA Forest Service March 1975 General Technical Report RM-8 THE SNOWY TORRENTS: Avalanche Accidents in the United States 1967 - 71 Knox Williams Alpine Snow and Avalanche Project Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 1 "The snowy torrents are like the deep sea; they seldom return their victims alive." From Kampf iiber die Gletschern (Battle over the Glaciers) by W. Schmidkunz l Central headquarters is maintained at Fort Collins, in cooperation with Colorado State University. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 PREFACE Each winter approximately 10,000 av- Each accident report is concluded with a alanches are observed in the mountains of the commentary. A strong effort has been made to United States. Many times this number fall treat the individuals involved in an but go unobserved. It is an unfortunate but accident—victims, survivors, rescuers immutable fact that man, his structures, and —fairly. Wise and correct decisions and ac- his facilities will be involved in a small per- tions are praised: rash or unproductive ac- centage of these avalanches. The result is tions are criticized with the intent of teaching often terror, death, and destruction. Statistics the necessary safety procedures. Adverse compiled in recent years in the United States criticism is aimed at pointing out lessons to be (based on data provided by the U.S. Forest learned; obviously, there is no intent to em- Service Westwide Avalanche Network) reveal barrass any individual. The commentary sec- that in an average winter 140 persons are tion also serves to discuss some of the con- caught by avalanches, 60 either partly or troversial subjects such as: avalanche zoning; wholly buried, 12 injured, and 7 killed. Also, an "temperature release" avalanches; and hang- average of 30 vehicles are buried with 10 of fire or post-control avalanche releases. these sustaining damage. In addition, 10 build- It is also interesting to note the categories ings, 2 ski lifts, and 7 to 10 miscellaneous within which the 76 accidents of this report structures or facilities are damaged each are classified. Thirty-five accidents occur- winter. Annual property damage by av- red within ski areas: of these, 18 involved ski alanches is roughly $250,000. patrolmen or snow rangers performing their These statistics reveal the current mag- duties; and 17 involved recreational skiers. nitude of the avalanche problem in the United Ski tourers were involved in 12 accidents; States. However, due to the rapid growth of climbers and hikers, in 11 accidents. Also in- winter recreation in this country, it is antici- cluded are four snowmobile-avalanche acci- pated that these figures can only increase as dents and seven accidents involving either time passes. The goal, therefore, is to keep the motorists, highway workers, or other work- annual avalanche toll within a tolerable limit; men. Finally, there are seven accidents which the key to approaching this goal lies in public damaged houses, cabins, or buildings, bring- education. The range of this task begins with ing death to the occupants in several cases. general avalanche awareness for the novice Each accident documented is identified skier or snowmobiler and extends all the way by a number that indicates the year, and the to refining the skills of ski patrolmen and sequential number of the accident within that snow rangers. The Snowy Torrents is pub- year. For example, No. 67-4 designates the lished as a partial fulfillment of this goal and fourth documented accident for 1967. This is is intended for an audience of skiers, clim- the same numbering system used in the bers, snowmobilers, motorists, highway original The Snowy Torrents, and occasional workers, cabin dwellers, mountain rescue references to accidents in that volume are teams, and a wide assortment of other interest made here. Beneath the heading is a statement groups. of the toll of the accident; that is, the number This report is a compilation of 76 av- caught, buried, etc. These terms are defined in alanche accidents that occurred in the United the Glossary, Appendix 1. States from 1967 through 1971. It is a sequel to Photographs and drawings are included The Snowy Torrents, Avalanche Accidents in with as many accident reports as possible. In the United States, 1910-1966 which was edited the drawings, an open circle is used to indicate by Dale Gallagher and documents 63 acci- the final position of persons who escaped the dents. The purpose of publishing these acci- avalanche or who were only partly buried; a of buried dents is to teach by example—both good and solid dot indicates the final position bad. The experiences of many unfortunate victims. avalanche victims can become lessons for us It is hardly instructive to study incom- all. plete or inaccurate accident reports; conse- quently, only well-documented cases appear These reports will be compiled into future in this volume. Anyone involved in an av- volumes of The Snowy Torrents. alanche accident is encouraged to provide At the end of this volume are five appen- thorough and accurate documentation if pos- dixes which include a glossary (Appendix 1); sible. Appendix 5 gives a sample of a complete an explanation of the avalanche classification information form for recording the details of (Appendix 2); recommendations for avoiding an accident. Photos, maps, newspaper arti- and, if caught, surviving avalanches —all cles, and firsthand statements should be in- based on the experiences of avalanche sur- cluded whenever possible. A copy of the re- vivors (Appendix 3); survival statistics for port should be sent to the Alpine Snow and completely buried victims (Appendix 4); and Avalanche Research Project, Rocky Mountain an accident reporting form (Appendix 5). The Forest and Range Experiment Station, 240 W. information contained here should provide Prospect St., Fort Collins, Colorado 80521. valuable guidance to safety-conscious indi- viduals and rescuers alike. ii CONTENTS Page Preface i The Accidents No. 67-1 Jackson Hole, Wyoming January 5, 1967 1 No. 67-2 Smiths Fork Road, Commissary Ridge, Wyoming January 6, 1967 3 No. 67-3 Loveland Pass, Colorado January 7, 1967 4 No. 67-4 Silver Fork Canyon, Utah January 15, 1967 9 No. 67-5 Vail Slide, Alta, Utah January 21, 1967 13 No. 67-6 Twin Lakes Pass, Utah February 11, 1967 17 No. 67-7 Pharoahs Glen, Parley's Canyon, Utah February 12, 1967 19 No. 67-8 Skyline, Idaho February 18, 1967 22 No. 67-9 Baldy Cornice, Alta, Utah April 21, 1967 26 No. 67-10 Arapahoe Basin, Colorado November 26, 1967 29 No. 68-1 Alpental, Washington January 27, 1968 32 No. 68-2 Stevens Pass, Washington February 3, 1968 34 No. 68-3 Alpental, Washington February 8, 1968 36 No. 68-4 Highland Bowl, Aspen Highlands, Colorado February 15, 1968 37 No. 68-5 Rock Canyon, Utah February 19, 1968 39 No. 68-6 Bridger Bowl, Montana February 22, 1968 41 No. 68-7 Leadville, Colorado February 24, 1968 44 No. 68-8 Mission Ridge, Washington March 16, 1968 45 No. 68-9 Mammoth Mt., California March 17, 1968 49 No. 68-10 Stevens Pass, Washington March 30, 1968 54 No. 68-11 Mt. Hood Meadows, Oregon December 8, 1968 55 No. 68-12 Slide Mountain, Nevada December 27, 1968 56 No. 69-1 Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming January 8, 1969 58 No. 69-2 Ketchum, Idaho January 26, 1969 60 No. 69-3 Niwot Ridge, Colorado January 26, 1969 62 No. 69-4 Crystal Mt., Washington January 26, 1969 64 No. 69-5 Loveland Basin, Colorado January 27, 1969 66 No. 69-6 Redcliff, Colorado January 29, 1969 69 No. 69-7 Omak, Washington January 30, 1969 70 No. 69-8 Pinehurst, Idaho February 3, 1969 72 No. 69-9 Panorama Point, Mt. Rainier, Washington February 14, 1969 74 No. 69-10 Mt. Alyeska, Alaska February 21, 1969 75 No. 69-11 Mineral King, California February 24, 1969 77 No. 69-12 Kyle Canyon, Nevada February 25, 1969 79 No. 69-13 Bear Valley, California March 1, 1969 81 No. 69-14 Alpental, Washington March 5, 1969 82 No. 69-15 Panorama Point, Mt. Rainier, Washington March 9, 1969 85 No. 69-16 Blackfoot River, Montana March 16, 1969 88 No. 69-17 Mt. Alyeska, Alaska April 12, 1969 89 No. 69-18 Peruvian Gulch, Alta, Utah April 15, 1969 92 No. 69-19 Crystal Mt., Washington December 13, 1969 94 No.