Erythrina Senegalensis – En Medisinplante Fra Mali Undersøkelse Av Antifungale Komponenter Etnofarmakologiske Studier

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Erythrina Senegalensis – En Medisinplante Fra Mali Undersøkelse Av Antifungale Komponenter Etnofarmakologiske Studier Hovedfagsoppgave i farmakognosi for graden cand.pharm. Erythrina Senegalensis – En medisinplante fra Mali Undersøkelse av antifungale komponenter Etnofarmakologiske studier Annette Theis Avdeling for farmasøytisk kjemi Farmasøytisk Institutt Det matematisk-naturvitenskaplige fakultet Universitetet i Oslo 2006 Erythrina Senegalensis – En medisinplante fra Mali Undersøkelse av antifungale komponenter Etnofarmakologiske studier Hovedfagsoppgave i farmakognosi Utført ved Avdeling for farmasøytisk kjemi Farmasøytisk Institutt Det matematisk-naturvitenskaplige fakultet Universitetet i Oslo Av Annette Theis Veiledere Professor Berit Smestad Paulsen Professor Karl Egil Malterud Professor Drissa Diallo Oslo 2006 - II - Forord FORORD Denne hovedfagsoppgaven i farmakognosi er utført ved avdeling for farmasøytisk kjemi, Farmasøytisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo i perioden november 2005 til august 2006. Først vil jeg rette en stor takk til Karl Egil Malterud, for god veiledning og hjelp gjennom arbeidet med oppgaven. Jeg vil også takke Berit Smestad Paulsen for veiledning og støtte underveis, og ikke minst for stor fleksibilitet, slik at et lengre opphold i Mali kunne gjennomføres. Jeg vil også gjerne få takke Drissa Diallo, som la alt til rette for gjennomføring av feltarbeid og laboratoriearbeid i Mali. Ellers vil jeg takke: Anders Vik på kjemisk institutt, for hjelp til måling av optisk aktivitet. Anne-Lise Rishovd, Ewa Jaroszewicz og Ida K. Hegna ved avdeling for farmasøytiske biovitenskaper, Farmasøytisk Institutt for tilretteleggelse og hjelp i forbindelse med utføring av antifungaltesting. Dominique Arama, Maiga Ababacar og alle andre ansatte og studenter ved DMT for god hjelp og støtte under oppholdet i Mali. Reisefølget mitt i Mali, Kristin Sagberg og Anders Rusten, for hyggelig selskap. Tilslutt vil jeg takke alle ansatte ved avdelingen for godt selskap og stor hjelpsomhet gjennom hele hovedfagsåret. Klepp, 15.juli 2006 Annette Theis - III - Innhold INNHOLD 1 SAMMENDRAG.....................................................................................1 2 FORKORTELSER..................................................................................5 3 HENSIKT MED OPPGAVEN ..............................................................7 4 BAKGRUNN...........................................................................................8 4.1 ERYTHRINA SENELGALENSIS DC ...........................................................................8 4.1.1 Systematikk .................................................................................................................8 4.1.2 Nomenklatur ................................................................................................................8 4.1.3 Lokale navn ..................................................................................................................9 4.1.4 Botaniske forhold .......................................................................................................9 4.1.5 Tidligere funn.............................................................................................................11 4.1.5.1 Kjemiske forbindelser isolert fra Erythrina senegalensis ................11 4.1.5.2 Biologisk aktivitet ...........................................................................................12 4.1.5.3 Tradisjonell bruk .............................................................................................15 4.2 MYKOSER -SOPPSYKDOMMER................................................................................16 4.2.1 Soppbiologi.................................................................................................................16 4.2.2 Gjærsopp.....................................................................................................................16 4.2.3 Candida albicans ......................................................................................................17 4.2.4 Kandidiasis..................................................................................................................18 4.2.4.1 Kandidiasis i Mali ............................................................................................20 4.2.5 Dermatofytter............................................................................................................20 4.2.6 Antimykotika -legemidler mot sopp..................................................................20 4.2.6.1 Amfotericin B....................................................................................................20 4.2.6.2 Imidazol- og triazol derivater ....................................................................21 4.2.6.3 Caspofungin......................................................................................................21 4.2.6.4 Terbinafin...........................................................................................................21 4.2.6.5 Amorolfin ...........................................................................................................21 4.2.6.6 Nystatin..............................................................................................................22 4.2.6.7 Ciklopiroksolamin ...........................................................................................22 4.2.6.8 Andre midler.....................................................................................................22 5 EKSPERIMENTELT............................................................................23 5.1 MATERIALER.....................................................................................................................23 5.1.1 Reagenser ...................................................................................................................23 5.1.2 Apparatur ....................................................................................................................25 5.2 METODER............................................................................................................................28 GENERELLE METODER 5.2.1 Innveiing .....................................................................................................................28 5.2.2 Volumreduksjon........................................................................................................28 5.2.3 Fjerning av løsemiddelrester ...............................................................................29 5.2.4 Fremkalling av flekker på tynnsjiktsplate.......................................................29 5.2.4.1 UV-lys..................................................................................................................29 5.2.4.2 Dragendorff reagens .....................................................................................29 5.2.4.3 Godin reagens..................................................................................................30 - IV - Innhold 5.2.4.4 Ceric reagens ...................................................................................................30 5.2.5 Analytisk tynnsjiktskromatografi .......................................................................30 5.2.5.1 Tynnsjiktseluering av metanol- og diklormetan råekstrakter fra rotbark og stammebark av E.senegalensis ..................................................................32 5.2.5.2 Tynnsjiktseluering av fraksjoner fra diklormetan-ekstrakt av rotbark (DR) etter kolonnekromatografi.......................................................................32 FRAKSJONERINGSMETODER 5.2.6 Ekstraksjon av plantemateriale ..........................................................................33 5.2.7 Silika kolonneseparasjon.......................................................................................34 5.2.7.1 Fraksjonering av diklormetanekstrakt fra rotbark.............................35 5.2.7.2 Fraksjonering av fraksjon XIV +XV .........................................................35 5.2.7.3 Fraksjonering av fraksjon XVIII+XIX .....................................................36 5.2.8 VersaFlash kolonneseparasjon............................................................................37 5.2.8.1 Fraksjonering av fraksjonene XX, 2VI og 4I-4III...............................37 5.2.9 Sentrifugalt akselerert TLC (CA-TLC)...............................................................39 5.2.9.1 Fraksjonering av fraksjon 5I-5II-5III .....................................................39 METODER FOR STRUKTUROPPKLARING 5.2.10 NMR spektroskopi ....................................................................................................40 5.2.11 Måling av optisk aktivitet......................................................................................42 BIOLOGISK TESTING 5.2.12 Test av antifungal aktivitet ..................................................................................44 5.2.13 DPPH scavenging......................................................................................................49 5.2.14 Hemming av 15-lipoksygenase...........................................................................51 6 RESULTATER OG DISKUSJON......................................................55 6.1 EKSTRAKSJON AV ERYTHRINA SENEGALENSIS ROTBARK ...................55 6.2 EKSTRAKSJON AV ERYTHRINA SENEGALENSIS STAMMEBARK..........55 6.3 NMR SPEKTRUM AV RÅEKSTRAKTENE...............................................................55 6.3.1 1H-NMR av MR...........................................................................................................55
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