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The Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster: a Low Cost, Deliverable Project

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The Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster: a Low Cost, Deliverable Project The Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster: A Low Cost, Deliverable Project Summary Report by Progressive Energy Ltd August 2017 Contents PAGE 01 1.0 What is the Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster? PAGE 09 2.0 Project design concept PAGE 14 3.0 Overcoming technical challenges for industry PAGE 15 4.0 Costs and funding mechanisms PAGE 18 5.0 Project risks and timeline PAGE 21 6.0 Key messages 01 1.0 WHAT IS THE LIVERPOOL-MANCHESTER HYDROGEN CLUSTER? 1.1 Background and Context Emissions from natural gas combustion and use are the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the UK. The use of hydrogen in place of natural gas, in principle, offers a potential route to long term widespread decarbonisation of gas distribution networks, as shown by the Leeds City Gate (‘H21’) study1. The purpose of considering conversion to hydrogen is to deliver widespread carbon abatement across the UK at lower cost than alternative decarbonisation strategies. The Government is to finalise and publish the long-awaited ‘Clean Growth Plan’ along with an Industrial Strategy White Paper in Autumn 2017. Conversion from natural gas to hydrogen, potentially on an incremental basis, would likely represent a major opportunity for new industrial growth. This might be through the longer term stability or potential expansion of existing (newly decarbonised) energy intensive industry or through business opportunities and growth created from new technologies developed to facilitate the transition to hydrogen as the UK becomes a global leader and major exporter of equipment and skills. Job creation and the resulting gross value added (GVA) to the economy could therefore be significant in delivery of the goals of the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF). The H21 work recognised the considerable delivery challenges and the need for a programme to deliver a deployment pathway. This study has sought to formulate a first, deliverable project, which is cost effective and provides meaningful emissions reduction. The Project is designed to represent a ‘no regrets’ step and have the potential for extension to allow further decarbonisation of the gas network. At the same time, it might deliver key facilitating infrastructure for wider opportunities; in particular the Project may support decarbonisation of the transport sector, by facilitating the use of hydrogen as a transport fuel, thus alleviating air quality concerns, particularly within major cities. The characteristics required of a deliverable, cost effective, hydrogen conversion project are: 1 Northern Gas Networks (2016) H21 - Leeds City Gate, July 2016 http://www.northerngasnetworks.co.uk/document/h21-leeds-city-gate/ 02 n Low cost, low risk, low carbon hydrogen production Commercially available techniques for bulk hydrogen production involve conversion of fossil fuels. This study considers projects that are predicated on the use of steam methane reformation (SMR) to manufacture hydrogen from gas, as proposed in the H21 study. The carbon dioxide (CO 2) produced must not be released to the atmosphere and hence Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) infrastructure is also necessary. CCS infrastructure is not yet available in the UK and a critical element of the study is to seek to formulate an integrated project approach involving hydrogen production and CCS. This approach would not rely on the separate justification of the CCS infrastructure, but would rely upon sufficient scale being achievable to underpin CCS options that are low cost. n Minimum disruption and cost to end consumers Work has only just begun on the development of domestic appliances to operate on hydrogen and a supply chain has yet to be created. Furthermore, public acceptance of hydrogen use has not yet been tested. Consequently, the focus of this study has been to consider options which do not require any change in domestic gas appliances or consumer behaviour. The study draws upon work to establish hydrogen-gas ‘blends’ with potentially up to 20% by volume (vol.) hydrogen currently underway in the HyDeploy project.2 n The facility to match hydrogen production to network demand, both on a seasonal and daily basis, at low cost The wide difference in gas network demand between summer and winter, largely arising from domestic and commercial users, must be accommodated cost effectively. Daily fluctuations in demand can also be significant and beyond the capability of SMRs to ‘load follow’. Ultimately, for widespread conversion of the network to hydrogen in place of natural gas, substantial hydrogen storage will be essential. As noted in the H21 study, this is feasible but would require the creation of storage facilities in salt caverns, together with the associated injection and recovery facilities. Such hydrogen storage facilities are likely to be very expensive, both in terms of capital for construction and in ongoing operational costs. As a result, for a deliverable first project as proposed in this study, an alternative strategy has been adopted, which does not require hydrogen storage in salt caverns. This strategy is based on the fact that many major process industries operate continuously, thus resulting in little change in demand either daily or annually. This offers the potential to formulate projects which do not exhibit such extreme fluctuations in demand. Both Liverpool-Manchester and the Humberside area are both strong candidates in which to locate an industrial hydrogen conversion project, which follows this approach. Both are industrial areas with a cluster of process industries, both are close to potential offshore CO 2 stores, and both are close to extensive salt deposits already used for natural gas storage enabling the future extension of an initial project. The analysis in the accompanying Technical Report (to this Summary Report) shows that Humberside represents an attractive location (in the national context) for such a project, but that the Liverpool-Manchester area is preferred as the industrial tranche is more extensive, the population density and scale are higher and the costs are lower.3 2 See http://media.nationalgrid.com/press-releases/uk-press-releases/east/boost-for-low- carbon-future-as-national-grid-scoops-11-million-for-ground-breaking-test-projects/ 3 Cadent Gas (2017) The Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster - A Low Cost, Deliverable Project: Technical Report, May 2017 03 1.2 Cluster Area Gas Demand Figure 1.1 presents the specific scope of the geographical area and the associated gas distribution network operated by Cadent Gas Ltd (‘Cadent’), which is considered as the ‘Liverpool-Manchester Hydrogen Cluster’ area (the ‘L-M Cluster’) for the purposes of this study. Figure 1.1: L-M Hydrogen Cluster Area and Existing Cadent Gas Network Note: The area situated to the South West of the Cluster is operated by Wales and West Utilities (WWU) and so the related pipelines are not presented 04 As summarised in Table 1.1, based on data provided by Cadent, total natural gas use by industry (only users with demand > 5.9 GWh/annum) connected to the distribution network within the L-M Cluster was 11,039 GWh in 2015. This represents 21% of the 52,928 GWh consumed by such industrial users across the whole Cadent network and around 11% of the total industrial gas consumption in Great Britain (GB) of 99,729 GWh in 2015.4 Total gas consumption (domestic and non-domestic) in the L-M Cluster area was 47,631 GWh in 2015, which represents 11% of total GB gas consumption (at distribution level) of 495,656 GWh in 2015. Table 1.1: Gas Consumption Data for L-M Cluster Area Natural Gas Consumption Parameter (GWh)1 Industrial (sites >5.9 GWh) gas consumption (2015) 11,039 Commercial gas consumption (2014) 16,331 Domestic gas consumption (2014) 20,261 Total gas consumption (2014) 47,631 Notes: 1. Excludes gas consumption delivered directly from the national transmission system (NTS) and excludes potential future demand from the transport sector 1.3 Consistent Demand from Industrial Gas Users There are many large industrial gas users in the L-M Cluster. For example in 2016, 4,856 GWh was consumed by just 10 companies. This is 10% of the total gas used in the area. The annual demand profile for large users is presented in Figure 1.2, which demonstrates that there does not exist any significant seasonal variation. Figure 1.2: Natural Gas Demand from Large (>5.9 GWh/annum) Users in the L-M Cluster (2016) 4 BEIS (2016) Historical gas data: gas production and consumption and fuel input 1920 to 2015, August 2016 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/historical-gas-data-gas- production-and-consumption-and-fuel-input-1882-to-2011 05 Large industrial gas users exist in several industrial sectors. The major users in the L-M Cluster are within the oil refining, glass manufacturing, ‘food & drink’, chemicals and ‘pulp & paper’ sectors. The main use of gas is for heat production, whether in furnaces, ovens or combined heat and power (CHP) plants for high heat, or in boilers for steam raising and lower heat applications. Figure 1.3 shows the location of some of these major industrial gas users. It is noteworthy that many are close to a corridor which runs parallel to the Manchester Ship Canal. Figure 1.3: Location of 10 Major Industrial Gas Users Source: Map data ©2017 Google 06 1.4 Existing Sources of Hydrogen As presented in Figure 1.4, there are a number of existing sources of hydrogen production within the L-M Cluster, some of which are also major gas users. Two of these sites have already used hydrogen as a fuel for their onsite boilers. In addition, there are also currently two known pipelines transporting hydrogen in the Cluster area: n A pipeline connects Inovyn’s site at Runcorn (where hydrogen is produced as a by-product of chlorine production), with Solvay at Warrington; and n A pipeline connects BOC’s St Helens site to Pilkington Glass (also at St Helens), where hydrogen is supplied to support float glass production.
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