11.KöycegizǦDalyanSpeciallyProtectedArea()  Section1.BasicfeaturesofKöycegizͲDalyanSpeciallyProtectedArea   KöycegizͲDalyan SPA is located in the Province of Mugla and at the southern AegeancoastofTurkey(Figure1).ItisoneofthefirstthreeSPAsdeclaredinJuly1988, asaconsequenceoftheGenoaDeclaration(1985)oftheMediterraneanActionPlan. 

  Figure1:LocationofKöycegiz–SpeciallyProtectedArea  Köycegiz–DalyanSPAisoneoftherelativelysmallerSPAsofTurkeywithasurface area461.5km2andcontainingveryimportantnaturalfeaturesincludingafreshwater lake(KöycegizLake),rivers(DalyanChannelandseveralcreeks),agorgeousdeltawith lagoons and wetlands, sandy beaches (DalyanagziͲIztuzu Beach and Ekincik Beach), slopinghillscoveredwithbasicallypineforest(Figure2).ThecoordinatesoftheSPA territory are given in Table 2.Although four towns (Köycegiz, Toparlar, Dalyan and BeyobasŦ)andseveralvillagesarehousedwithintheSPA,amajorityoftheareaisstill highlyvaluablepristinesites.ThemainpartoftheSPAislandͲbased,includingasmall marinepartwithacoastlineofabout12kilometers.However,thefreshandbrackish waterbodiesincludingtheKöycegizLake,DalyanChannelandthedeltacomprisevery importantfeaturesoftheSPA.KöyceŒizͲDalyanSPAismoreorlesssurroundedbya mountainousterrainwithelevationsvaryingfrom50mtomorethan1,450m.  OnecanidentifyrichecotonesofdifferentecosystemsallovertheSPA’sdryandwet areas.The sand spit that serves as the divider between the sea and the system of estuary,lagoonsandwetlandsoneofthetopnestingbeachesoftheloggerheadturtle 350   (caretta caretta) in the whole Mediterranean.Protection of this flagship marine species is of international concern and has been a major activity under the MediterraneanActionPlansincetheearly1980s.                                                          Figure2:MainfeaturesandbordersofKöycegizͲDalyanSpeciallyProtectedArea

 351      Table1.CoordinatesoftheKöycegizͲDalyanSPAboundaries.   3RLQW1R /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH 3RLQW1R /RQJLWXGH /DWLWXGH  r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   r  r   In fact, thenesting of the loggerhead turtle was the main the reason for the start of the process that lead to deceleration of the site as one of the first three SpeciallyProtectedAreas(SPAs)ofTurkeyinJuly1988inaccordancewiththeGenoa Declaration(1985)oftheMediterranean ActionPlan.Oneendofthebeachwherethe IztuzuLakeislocatedhadbeenleasedtoaninternationalconsortiumforandextensive tourismdevelopmentproject.Theoppositiontothisprojectthatcontinuedforovera year(fromApril1987toJuly1988)andledtocancellationofthedevelopmentproject is recognized as a milestone for coastal management concerns and the growth of environmentalisminTurkey(Özhan,1990).  A special public agency (Agency for Specially Protected Areas) was created in 1989formanagementofSPAsasacentralorganisationlocatedintheCapitalCityof Ankara.Some years later, as the number of SPAs increased, a few field offices, one being in Köycegiz, were opened.However, since there were four municipalities and several villages within the SPA, a hybrid type of management system had to be adopted.  Section2.CoastalIssues  2.1Themaincoastalissuesconsidered  Water quality management: Köycegiz Lake and Dalyan Lagoon are highly enclosed water systems receiving significant amounts of nutrients from natural and

 352   anthropogenicsources.Thesystemisclosetobeingeutrophic.  Climate change impacts:The delta and the land areas surrounding the river andthelakearealllowͲlayingareas.AsignificantpartoftheareacoveredbytheCase andtherichecosystemwillbeseriouslyaffectedbytheclimate change.  ManagementofrecreationalactivitiesandboattrafficintheDelta:Thearea attractslargenumberofdailyvisitorsfromthenearbytourismcentres(like) insummermonths.ManytouristboatscarrythevisitorsdailyfromtheTownofDalyan totheturtlebeachthroughtheriverand thedelta.Thiscreatesasignificantpressure ontheecosystem(juvenilefish)andthesurroundinglands(bankerosion).  Nature conservation: The area that is still largely pristine presents a congregationofseveralecosystems(marine,estuarine,freshwaterlake,forestedhills, agriculturalland).Theattractivelandandseascapesandrichecosystemscall forhigh degreesofnatureandlandscapeconservation.  Management of habitats of endangered species (marine turtles): The five kilometreslongsandspitbetweenthedeltaandtheseaisoneofthemostimportant breedinggroundsofloggerhead(carettacaretta)marineturtlesintheMediterranean. Turtlenestingalongthespit hasbeenregularlymonitored(since1986)andmanaged collaborativelybyexpertsandtheDalyanMunicipality.Theonlymarineturtlerescue centreinTurkeyislocatedatoneendofthebeach.  Fisheries:Thesystemoflake,riverandlagoonssupportsthemostproductive fishery along the Aegean coast of Turkey.Theannual catch is about 300 tons.The fisheryismanagedbyacooperativeformedbytheresidentsofDalyanandKöycegiz towns.Better fisheries management will contribute to nature conservation on one handandwillproducegreaterincomestothelocalsontheother.  Urbansprawl:ResidentialdevelopmentatnonͲurbanareasposesserious threatstonatureconservationandagriculturallands.   2.2Thesocial,political,environmentalandeconomicalrelevanceoftheidentified  coastalissues  KöycegizͲDalyanSPAisauniquecoastalsystemhavingdifferentsubͲunitssuch asthesea;freshwaterlake;estuary,lagoonsandwetlands;sandspit;agriculturalland, hills and forest.One can identify rich ecotones of different ecosystems all over the

 353   SPA’sdryandwetareas.Thesandspitthatservesasthedividerbetweentheseaand the estuary, lagoon and wetland system is one of the top nesting beaches of the loggerhead turtle (caretta caretta) in the whole Mediterranean.Protection of this flagshipmarinespeciesisofinternationalconcernandhasbeenamajoractivityunder the Mediterranean Action Plan since the early 1980s.Therefore, it is not only and ecologicalissue,apoliticaloneaswell.  Tourism,fisheriesandagriculturearethemajoreconomicactivitiesintheSPA. All of the identified issues are significant for productivity and sustainability of these sectors.   Section3.RelationsbetweencoastalissuesandICZMProtocoland principles  3.1HowdotheselectedcoastalissuesrelatetotheICZMprinciplesandprotocol?  Whenpossibleandappropriate,refertotherelevantArticlesoftheProtocol.  The following GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT(listedinArticle6oftheProtocol)arerelevantfortheworkcarriedout in ourCASE.  (b) Allelementsrelatingtohydrological,geomorphological,climatic,ecological,socioͲ economic and cultural systems shall be taken into account in an integrated manner, so as not to exceed the carrying capacity of the coastal zone and to preventthenegativeeffectsofnaturaldisastersandofdevelopment. (d)  Appropriate governance allowing adequate and timely participation in a transparentdecisionͲmakingprocessbylocalpopulationsandstakeholdersincivil societyconcernedwithcoastalzonesshallbeensured. (h) Theallocationofusesthroughouttheentirecoastalzoneshouldbebalancedand unnecessaryconcentrationandurbansprawlshouldbeavoided. e(j) Damag  to the coastal environment shall be prevented and, where it occurs, appropriaterestorationshallbeeffected.  Also, the following articles of the Protocol are related to the coastal issues and the projectworkcarriedoutinourCASE:  Article9 :Economicactivities

 354   Article10 :Specialcoastalecosystems Article14 :Participation Article15 :Awarenessraising, Article22 :NaturalHazards   Section4.PolicyissuesandICZMprinciplesandapproaches  4.1Sofar,howhavebeenthecoastalissuesaddressedbythelocal/regional/national government?  Thereexistsdetailednationallegislationforaddressingwaterpollution.TheAgency for Special Protection Areas (now the General Directorate for Protection of Natural Assets), Min. of Environment and Urbanism have been conducting systematic water qualitymonitoringatnumberofstationsoverthewatersystem(KöycegizLake,Dalyan Canal, lagoons, recreational waters in front of beaches).Köycegiz and Dalyan Municipalitiesaretheenforcingauthoritiesfortherelatedlegislation.  Aspecificsetofregulationslikethetypeandsizeofboats,maximumspeedetc.exists forboattrafficinwaterareasfromKöycegizLaketotheAegeanSea.Thislegislation wasenactedby theregional(provincial)administrationinthe1990s.Theenforcement of this legislation is also with the municipal authorities and this has not been much effective. The number of commercially operating tourist boats has increased considerably over the last 20 years. The number of boats licensed by Köycegiz and Dalyan Municipalities in 2013 is nearly five hundred.Enforcement of this type of protectivelegislationisnoteffectivelypracticedinTurkey.  The 5 km long Dalyan spit, being an important nesting beach for loggerhead marineturtlesattheMediterraneanscale,hasbeenmonitoredandmanagedsincelate 1980s.Duetogeographicalsetting,the levelofmanagementattheDalyanspit,which isalsousedasarecreationalbeach,hasbeenratherhighandeffective.Monitoringof the nests and hatchlings has been sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanismonyearlyprojectbasissince1988andthemonitoringiscarriedoutbyteams belongingtoUniversitiesorspecializedcompanies.Managementoftherecreational useofthebeachhasbeencarriedoutbyDalyanMunicipalitythroughaspecialperiod leasingfromtheMinistry.  Fisheries at Dalyan canals and lagoons have been managed by a public cooperativesince1970s.Mostofthenativesof DalyanTownandsomeofthosefrom the Köycegiz Town are share holders of the Fisheries Cooperative called DALKO and

 355   they receive a share from then annual income. Protection of the water areas from poaching has been effectively carried out by the cooperative patrols.However, industrialutilizationofthefishcaughtandmarketingaretheareaswheresignificant progresscanbemadeforincreasingtheyearlyprofit.Theannualfishcatchsha been ratherstableuntil2009.Inthisyear,theannualcatchalmosttripled.Thecooperative hastofollowthenationalfisherieslegislation.  Nature conservation is a management issue that needs significant improvement.AlthoughanaturemanagementplanfortheSPAwaspreparedaftera comprehensivestudyandpublishedattheendof2007(CinarMuhendislik,2007),the plan is not enforced due to several reasons.Consequently, there are not special enforcementeffortsotherthanthosethatcomefromnationallegislation.Thereisnot aspecializedauthorityfornatureconservationtolookafterenforcementofrulesand regulations.Inthesummer of2012,theAgencyforSpeciallyProtectedAreas,which wasanindependentinstitutionundertheMinistryofEnvironment,wasdissolvedand theunitwasplacedwithintheGeneralDirectorateforProtectionofNaturalWealth. This was a serious blow to the management efforts that existed for the specially protectedareas.  Urbansprawlisacriticalissueduetotworeasons.Oneoftheseisthelarge residential populations and therefore extensive land areas being taken by the town developmentplans.Inmid1980s,thenumberofDalyanresidentswasjustover2000 people.Thetowndevelopmentplanthatwaspreparedin1986envisagedaresidential populationof19600people.After26years,thepopulationgrewtolessthan5000 people.TheTownofDalyanhasbeendevelopingatdispersedmannerduetothesize of the town development plan of 1986.Another problem is construction of houses over agriculturalland,whichismuchcheapertobuycomparedtotheresidentialplots withinthetownplans.Accordingtoalawthataimstoprotectagriculturalland,one cannotoccupymorethan5percent(thisisfurtherdecreasedbyarecentlaw)ofthe agriculturallandbybuildings,assumingthat95percentwillcontinuetobeusedfor agricultural practices.However, what actually occurs is that 5 per cent is used for buildingavillaandtherest ofthelandisfor alawn,for growingexotictrees,fora swimmingpoolandforplaygrounds.   4.2. Atwhichspatialscale?  RegionalorlocallegislationisveryscarceinTurkey.Allbasiclegislationisat nationalscale.However,thepractice ofmanagement,as itwasdescribed inearlier paragraphs,isusuallyatlocallevelwithinputsfromtheregionalandnationallevels.

 356     4.3.OnthebasisoftheICZMprinciples(astheyareexpressedbytheProtocol),doyou thinkthatthecoastalissueswereaddressedwithanintegratedapproach(intermsof organization,politics,sectors/thematic,tools,etc)?  No. There exist good national legislation addressing coastal sectors but their interactive functioning tis no  usually the practice. At the concluding chapter of a comprehensive report devoted to coastal area management in Turkey (Özhan, E., 2005),CoastalAreaManagementinTurkey,AreportpublishedbyUNEPMAP,PAPRAC, 2005,Split,Croatia,69pages),thefollowingfindingsandopinionsarepresented:  THEFUTUREOFAMIC  “ThereviewofcoastalmanagementinTurkeypresentedintheearlierpartsof this report reveals the accruement of a significant level of experience in coastal management in Turkey, particularly over the last 20 years. Several tools and instruments that are generally utilised in the process of coastal management have been in use for a significant period of time. The following findings present the importantfeaturesoftheprevailingsituation:  a. A comprehensive legal framework has been in force since the 1980s to address important coastal issues. This legal system however is sectorially structured. Although interaction between ministries with different (sometimes conflicting) interestsinthedevelopmentofthecoastalareasisrequiredinsomeofthelaws, thisisusuallythroughaweakmechanismsuchasaskingforan“opinion”orthe “consent”oftherelevantinstitutions(ministries).Thepresentmechanismhasnot achieved sufficient levels of discussion and negotiation in the past among the partiesinvolved,levelswhichareessentialtointegratedmanagement.  b. Althoughnumerouspublicinstitutionsareinvolvedinthemanagementofcoastal areas from their own perspective, institutionalised coordination mechanisms for theintegrationofmanagementeffortsbydifferentorganisationsdonotexist. c. Following the traditional administrative structure  of Turkey, the management systemforcoastalareashasbeenhighlycentralised.Theexistingsystemdoesnot provide many opportunities for local management (e.g. management by local authorities)andforpublicparticipation. d. The development of a single sector (i.e. tourism) has overshadowed that of the othersinthecoastalareas oftheAegeanandthewesternMediterraneansincethe midͲ1980s.Althoughthistrendhaslostitsmomentumtosomeextentinrecent

 357   years,theextremelyfavourableenvironmentprovidedbytheTourismIncentives Lawhastriggeredtherapiddevelopmentoftourismsectorsinextensivecoastal areasthatweredesignatedas“tourismareas”or“tourismcentres”.Thisprocess has curbed and slowed down the development of the integrated management concept. In several cases, the rapid  development of coastal tourism has been accompaniedbytheinsufficientcareandprotectionofnaturalandculturalwealth in these areas, and has thus caused significant damage to natural and cultural resources. e. Several important tools and instruments such as land use planning, sectoral development planning, environmental impact assessment, specially protected areas, The Shore Law, and restrictions and penalties brought by other sectoral legislationhavebeenutilisedinTurkeyintandemwithcoastalmanagementfora considerableperiod.However,theeffectivenessinapplyingtheseinstrumentsin practiceneedstobeimprovedinordertoreapexpectedresultsandbenefits. f. Theconceptanduseof“managementplans”forguidingcoastalmanagementin Turkey is relatively new. This very important instrument does not yet have widespreadandefficientapplication. g. The available data and information about physical and ecological coastal processes, and the natural and cultural resources present in coastal areas is not sufficient to support rational managerial decisions. Research programmes on coastalissuesandthemonitoringoftheimpactsofanthropogenicactivitiesonthe coastal environment and resources are not yet given sufficient importance and priority.”   4.4.IsthereanonͲgoingNationalICZMStrategyinyourcountry?  No.Acallfortenderswasissuedandproposalswerecollectedforpreparation ofNationalStrategyandActionPlanforICZMinlinewiththeICZMProtocolforthe Mediterraneanfirstinearly2011.Attheendof thetenderevaluationprocesshowever, it was decided to postpone the project to the following year. However, there was a significant reorganisation of the ministries in late 2011 following the national parliamentaryelections.ThenewcallfortenderscouldbeissuedinMay2012andthis secondeffortwasalsonot successful.Thedurationoftheprojectwassetas140days net.Lookingattheprojectdocuments,itlooksthatthevisionoftheprojecthighlights “integratedplanning”ratherthan“integratedmanagement”.  Section5.PEGASOinrelationtoICZMprocesses&initiatives 5.1DoyouthinkyourworkisrelevantfortheICZMprocessofyourcountry?Whyand how?

 358    There have been several ICZM projects carried out by different teams for varioussegmentsoftheTurkishcoast.OneoftheseistheGökovaICZMProject(2006Ͳ 08)financiallysupportedbytheSMAPscheme(3rdcycle)oftheEuropeanUnion.This was an ICZM implementation project at a pilot site and the goal was to arrive at recommendationsforgovernanceatnationallevel.Sincemid2000s,integratedcoastal area planning and management projects for important coastal segments have been preparedbyplanningcompaniesthatwonthemthroughbiddingprocesscalledbythe relevant ministry (currently the Ministry of Environment and Urbanism). These projects are still ongoing.Finally, bidding for a project entitled “Integrated Coastal AreaManagementStrategyandActionPlan”hasbeenopenedtwicebytheMinistryof EnvironmentandUrbanism.Thisproject,whichhasnotyetstarted,wasinitiatedto complywiththeICZMProtocolfortheMediterranean.  Asit isclearfromtheaboveparagraph,therehasbeensignificantinterestin Turkey over the last years in integrated coastal management.However, the real processforsettingupthegovernancesystemthatwillensure“integration”ofcoastal managementisyettobeseen.Inthisclimate,thePEGASOworkinKöycegizͲDalyan CASEwillcontributetoprogressoftheICZMintwoways:  a. byillustratingtheapproachestocopewithimportantcoastalissuesthataredealt inourcase; b. byillustratingtwoimportanttoolsforICM,e.g.publicparticipationandtheuseof indicatorsformonitoringthestateofcoastalenvironmentandresourcesonone hand,andtheprocessofcoastalmanagementontheother.   Section6.Stakeholdersinvolvement  Severalindividualacquaintancemeetingswiththekeystakeholdershavebeen organized.ThepurposeandthescopeofPEGASOProjectandtherelatedcasestudyin KöycegizͲDalyan region have been introduced in detail. After all individual acquaintance meetings with the stakeholders, the first general stakeholders meeting for KöycegizͲDalyan CASE took place on 19 January 2012, the second general stakeholder meeting was organised on 20 February 2013, and the last stakeholders meetingwasorganisedon6November2013.ThelistofkeystakeholdersfortheCASE and the representative participants to the meetings are presented in the following tables(Table2,Table3andTable4).Fromthesetables,itisreadilyobservedthatthe governmental representatives showed limited interest to the meetings, where the participation of NGOs were satisfactory. Although fisheries and boat transport

 359   cooperativesareindirecteconomicalandecologicalinteractionwiththeregion,they didnotparticipateatthemeetings.Authorityvs.Interestplotforthissituationwould revealatypicalpatternillustratingaproblemcommonlyencounteredinparticipatory methods for ICZM implementation, i.e. those having authority for making decision haveverylittle ornointerestintheprocessofparticipation,andviceversa.Therecent outcomesofourCASEstudy,whichwillbepresentedthroughthefollowingpagesof thisreport,weresharedduringthesecondandthethird(last)meetingandfeedbacks wereaskedfromthestakeholders. Table2. The key stakeholders in KöycegizͲDalyan SPA and the representatives participatedinthefirststakeholdermeetingon19.01.2012.  Institute/Organization Participants 1 GovernorateofMuglaProvinceͲ 2 SubgovernorateofKöycegizͲ 3 SubgovernorateofDalyanͲ 4 KöycegizMunicipality Themayor Thepresidentand2membersofthecity 5 DalyanMunicipality council ProvincialDirectorateoftheMinistry DepartmentalchiefofKöycegizͲDalyan 6 EnvironmentandUrbanism SpeciallyProtectedArea 7 RectorateofMuglaUniversity ViceRector MuglaSŦtkŦKoçmanUniversity,Faculty TheheadofdepartmentofCivil 8 ofEngineering Engineeringand3professors MuglaSŦtkŦKoçmanUniversity,Faculty 9 2professors ofFisheries PamukkaleUniversity,Departmentof 10 1professor Biology TurkishMarineEnvironmentProtection 11 rep. Association SeaTurtleResearch,Rescueand 12 2members RehabilitationCentre 13 DALKOͲDalyanFisheriesCooperativeͲ DalyanMotorBoatTransport 14 Ͳ Cooperative 15 DalyanAssociation Thepresidentand1member KöycegizNatureandEnvironment 16 2members ConservationAssociation 17 KöycegizCultureSolidarityAssociation 1member NatureandAnimalProtection 18 3members Association 19 KöycegizAmateurAnglingAssociation 1member 20 ÖzalpJuniorHotel Themanager 21 MandalinnHotel Themanager 

 360     Table3. The key stakeholders in KöycegizͲDalyan SPA and the representatives participatedinthesecondstakeholdermeetingon20.02.2013.  Institute/Organization Participants 1 GovernorateofMuglaProvinceͲ 2 SubgovernorateofKöycegizͲ 3 SubgovernorateofDalyanͲ 4 KöycegizMunicipalityͲ Themayorand3membersofthe 5 DalyanMunicipality citycouncil Projectcoordinatorandproject 6 GeneralDirectorateofNatureConservation fieldexpert 7 RectorateofMuglaUniversityͲ MuglaSŦtkŦKoçmanUniversity,Facultyof 8 1professor Engineering MuglaSŦtkŦKoçmanUniversity,Facultyof Headofthedepartmentof 9 Fisheries fisheriesengineering MuglaSŦtkŦKoçmanUniversity,Ortaca 10 Director VocationalSchool 11 PamukkaleUniversity,DepartmentofBiologyͲ TurkishMarineEnvironmentProtection 12 Ͳ Association SeaTurtleResearch,Rescueand 13 3members RehabilitationCentre 14 DALKOͲDalyanFisheriesCooperativeͲ 15 DalyanMotorBoatTransportCooperativeͲ 16 DalyanAssociation 1member KöycegizDalyanEnvironmentalProtection 17 2members Association KöycegizNatureandEnvironment 18 Ͳ ConservationAssociation 19 KöycegizCultureSolidarityAssociationͲ 20 NatureandAnimalProtectionAssociation 1member 21 KöycegizAmateurAnglingAssociationͲ 22 ÖzalpJuniorHotel Themanager 23 KeskinHotel Themanager 24 GöcekPortAuthority Expert 25 TurkishRadioandTelevisionCorporation Reporter   Table4. The key stakeholders in KöycegizͲDalyan SPA and the representatives participatedinthethirdstakeholdermeetingon06.11.2013. 

 361   Institute/Organization Participants 1 GovernorateofMuglaProvinceͲ 2 SubgovernorateofKöycegizͲ 3 SubgovernorateofDalyanͲ 4 KöycegizMunicipalityͲ 3membersofthecitycouncil, 5 DalyanMunicipality 1environmentalengineer,1 officer ProvincialDirectorateoftheMinistry 6 Ͳ EnvironmentandUrbanism 7 UNDPͲ 8 GöcekPortAuthorityͲ 9 RectorateofMuglaUniversityͲ TurkishMarineEnvironmentProtection 10 Ortacarep. Association SeaTurtleResearch,RescueandRehabilitation 11 Ͳ Centre 12 KaptanJuneSeaTurtleConversationFoundation 3members 13 DALKOͲDalyanFisheriesCooperativeͲ 14 DalyanMotorBoatTransportCooperativeͲ 15 DalyanAssociation Thepresidentand2member 16 NatureandAnimalProtectionAssociation 3members 17 MediterraneanDevelopmentAssociation Thepresident 18 EnvironmentandTourismAssociation Thepresident 1hotelowner,3hotel 19 Privatesector managers 20 LocalMedia 1member 21 Localpeople 15localpeople   Stakestakeholdermeetingswerecoveredsatisfactorilybythelocal/provincial media.Thereports(inTurkish)aboutthefirstmeetingcanbefoundatthefollowing websites:  http://www.sondakika.com/haberͲkoycegizͲdalyanͲdaͲalanͲcalismasiͲbasliyorͲ3279801/ http://www.egeͲhaberleri.com/haber/siraͲkoycegizͲdalyanͲda_34324399 http://www.haber3.com/koycegizͲdalyandaͲalanͲcalismasiͲbasliyorͲ1155150h.htm http://www.azhaberler.com/haber/koycegizͲdalyanͲalanͲcalismasi_34329673 http://www.kayserihaberim.com/mugla/koycegizͲdalyanͲͲdaͲalanͲcalismasiͲbasliyorͲͲ h18343.html    

 362   Thereports(inTurkish)aboutthesecondmeetingcanbefoundatthefollowing addresses:  http://dalamangazetesi.com/tr/akdenizͲkiyiͲvakfindanͲdegerlendirmeͲtoplantisi.html http://www.gazete5.com/haber/dalyanͲkanaliͲtekneͲtrafigiͲizleniyorͲ294745.htm http://www.mugladevrim.com.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14 526:dalyanͲkanalͲtekneͲtrafiiͲizleniyorͲ&catid=1:sonͲhaberler http://dalamangazetesi.com/tr/dalyanͲkanalindaͲtekneͲtrafigiͲcokͲyuksek.html http://www.gundemgazetesi.net/dalyanͲkanaliͲtekneͲtrafigiͲizleniyorͲakdenizͲkiyiͲ vakfiͲbaskaniͲprofͲdrͲozhanͲtͲ11621h.htm http://www.haberler.com/dalyanͲkanaliͲtekneͲtrafigiͲizleniyorͲ4356028Ͳhaberi/ http://www.marmarismanset.com/haber/marmaris_1/ͲdalyanͲkanaliͲtekneͲtrafigiͲ izleniyor/17331.html http://www.marmarismanset.com/haber/marmaris_1/ͲakdenizͲkiyiͲvakfindanͲ degerlendirmeͲtoplantisiͲdalyanda/16682.html   Thereports(inTurkish)aboutthethirdmeetingcanbefoundatthefollowing addresses:  http://dalyanhaber.net/haberͲ1576ͲdalyanͲveͲkoycegizͲsularͲaltindaͲkalabilir.html http://www.guneyege.net/?Fid=3&Id=1487&gy=1&cat=1&subcat=4&Pagex=0 http://www.guneyege.net/bdf%5Cegazete%5CguneyegeͲ31.pdf http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/dalyanͲkanaliͲtehlikeͲ altinda/gundem/detay/1790053/default.htm http://www.gazetesah.com/2013/12/20/dalyanͲkanallariniͲkorumaͲcalismalari/ http://dalamangazetesi.com/tr/dalyanͲkanallariniͲkorumaͲcalismalari.html http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/Yasam/2013/12/18/dalyanͲtehlikeͲaltinda http://www.sondakika.com/haber/haberͲdalyanͲkanaliͲtehlikeͲaltindaͲ5442366/ http://www.haber365.com/Video/Dalyan_Kanali_Tehlike_Altinda/   BayesianBeliefNetwork(BBN)ExerciseMeetings  In addition to the stakeholder meetings Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) for Koycegiz–DalyanCASEwiththethemeofPreservingandEnhancingNaturalCapital hasbeencarriedoutinDalyan.Threeworkshopswereorganizedwiththestakeholders fortheBBNstudy.ThefirstBBN meetingtookplaceon6November2013inDalyanand it was attended by 38 local stakeholders. The second meeting was organised on 17 December 2013 with 19 stakeholders and local media members and the last on 7 January2014.TheaffiliationsoftheparticipantsofthethreeBBNworkshops arelisted intheTable5.  

 363    Table5:ParticipantsofBBNworkshops   Participants Participants Participants Institute/Organization (06.11.2013) (17.12.2013) (07.01.2014) Ͳ Ͳ GovernorateofMuglaProvince Ͳ   Ͳ Ͳ SubgovernorateofKöycegiz Ͳ   Ͳ Ͳ SubgovernorateofDalyan Ͳ   Ͳ Ͳ KöycegizMunicipality Ͳ   3membersofthecity 1municipal DalyanMunicipality council,1environmental Ͳ securityofficer engineer,1officer ProvincialDirectorateofthe Ͳ MinistryEnvironmentand Ͳ Ͳ  Urbanism Ͳ Fieldsupervisor UNDP Ͳ   Ͳ 1officer GöcekPortAuthority 1officer   Ͳ Ͳ RectorateofMuglaUniversity Ͳ   TurkishMarineEnvironment Ͳ Ortacarepresentative Ͳ ProtectionAssociation  SeaTurtleResearch,Rescueand Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ RehabilitationCentre   KaptanJuneSeaTurtle 3members Thepresident 1member ConversationFoundation and3member DALKOͲDalyanFisheries Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Cooperative   DalyanMotorBoatTransport Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Cooperative   Thepresidentand2 Ͳ DalyanAssociation 1member member  NatureandAnimalProtection 1member 3members 2member Association  MediterraneanDevelopment Thepresident ThepresidentͲ Association DalamanEnvironmentand Thepresident Thepresident Thepresident TourismAssociation TheTurkishFoundationfor CombatingSoilErosionfor Muglaprovince Ͳ Ͳ ReforestationandtheProtection representative ofNaturalHabitats 1hotelowner,3hotel Ͳ Privatesector 1hotelowner managers  LocalMedia 1member 3members Ͳ Localpeople 15localpeople 7localpeople 4localpeople 

 364    Table6:ElementscontributingtoNaturalCapital,impacts,andvariables  Elementscontributingto Impacts Variables NaturalCapital x Improperuseoffertilizers x Excessiveuseofchemicals x Wildirrigation x Deteriorationofthe x Conservationpoliciesofthe qualityofagricultural Stateandlegalregulations AgriculturalLands lands x Urbansprawlonagricultural x Decreaseinthe land agriculturallandquantity x Increaseoftourismactivities x Educationallevelof agriculturalworkers Sea x Waterquality x Existenceoffishfarm Lagoon deterioration x BoattrafficalongtheCanal Wetland x Damageonecosystems x Agriculturalactivities DalyanCanal x Degradationoflandscapes x Urbangrowth KöycegizLake x Areallosses x Recreationaluse Fishery x Waterqualitydeterioration Fauna x Decreaseinabundance x Overfishing Vegetation x Speciesloss x BoattrafficalongtheCanal Endemicspecies x Presenceofinvasivespecies x Excessiverecreationaluse x Decreaseinnumberof x Efficiencyofspatial Thebeach seaturtlenests management Turtles x Damageonthebeach x Conservationpoliciesofthe ecosystem Stateandlegalregulations x Agriculturalactivities x Urbangrowth x Waterquality x Boattrafficandother Cleanair deterioration recreationaluses Cleanwater x Increaseofairpollution x Heatingofbuildingsinwinter x Industrialfacilities x Climatechange x Urbangrowth  x Forestfires Forests x Shrinkingofforestareas x Othernaturaldisasters Landscape x Degradationoflandscape x Climatechange  x Conservationpoliciesofthe Stateandlegalregulations x Hydroelectricpowerplants x Agriculturalactivities x Urbangrowth x Waterpollution Groundwatersources x Climatechange x Decreaseinwateryield x Industrialfacilities x Conservationpoliciesofthe Stateandlegalregulations 

 365   InthefirstBBNsessiontheelementscontributingthenaturalcapitalofKöycegiz –DalyanSPAwereidentifiedbytheparticipantsthroughacollaborativeapproachand this was followed by identifying the negative impacts on the elements and the variablesthatcausethem.Asthefirststep,participantswereaskedto suggesthowthe impacts and variables were related. At this part of the meeting, causal relationships werediscussedandidentifiedbetweenthevariablesandtheimpacts(Table6).  TheBBNquestionnairewasintroducedtotheparticipantsinthesecondsession of the BBN Workshop and they were asked to provide their individual inputs. The questionnairewasdesignedbyusingtheelementsofnaturalcapital,negativeimpacts andthevariablesthatwerealreadyidentifiedduringthefirstBBNmeeting.  The final meeting was the culmination of the BBN workshops that allowed participantstoviewthepredictionsunderdifferentscenarios.TheBBNwas builtusing thefreeversionoftheNETICASoftware.AcomplexBBNcouldnotbeprepareddueto limitations of the free version which allows only 15 nodes. For that reason, BBN structurewascreatedseparatelyforeachnaturalcapitalelement.  Theparticipantswereabletoviewtheuseof BBNtocreatedifferentscenarios through the presentation of the two BBN examples based on the causal networks prepared in the previous BBN session (Figure 4 and Figure 5). The software also providedabetterunderstandingfortheparticipantstoseetheresultsinstantly.The participants were very interested with the results as they instantly came out by changingthelevelofthenegativeimpacts.  Attheendofthesession,anewquestionnairewasgiventotheparticipantsfor theimprovementoftheBBNofKöycegiz–DalyanCasearea.Thequestionnairewas alsosenttoallstakeholderswho werenotabletoparticipateatthesession.Atotalof 17responseswerereceived.Accordingtotheresultsofthequestionnaireresponses, participants believe that most of the elements contributing to the natural capital of Dalyanandenvironscarryveryhighsignificance(Figure6).Thesea,wetlands,lagoons, Dalyan Channel,KöycegizLake,DalyanagzŦandIztuzubeach,groundwaterresources, cleanwater,cleanairareseentohavebeenpickedupbyallrespondentsasbeingvery significant.Fisheriespotential,naturalscenery,ecoͲagrotourismpotentialandclimatic featuresaregivenlessimportancecomparedtotheotherelements.  For the question related to the negative impacts (Figure 7), high significance indicatesthegreatestnegativeimpacts.Themostimportantimpactsidentifiedwere: “wrongagriculturalpractices”and“illegalpracticesoftheadministrators”sinceallof the participants chose them as much significant for their negative impact on the

 366   naturalcapitalofDalyanandenvirons.FishfarmingpracticesinSulungurLagoonhas thelowestsignificance.ThecontributionoffisheriespotentialonNaturalCapitalwas alsoidentifiedaslesssignificantamongothers.Thegapbetweenadministratorsand thescientificcommunitywasidentifiedasofmediumsignificance.

 367  



 368  

 Figure3:DiscussionsandquestionnaireexerciseintheBBNworkshops.  

 Figure4:BBNforagriculturallandinKöycegiz–DalyanCASE 

 369  



 Figure5:BBNafterchangingthevaluesoftheinfluences. 

 370  

0XFKVLJQLILFDQW 0HGLXPVLJQLILFDQW /LWWOHVLJQLILFDQW   Figure6:ThelevelofsignificanceofelementsthatconstitutetheNaturalCapitalofDalyanandenvirons

 371  

0XFKVLJQLILFDQW 0HGLXPVLJQLILFDQW /LWWOHVLJQLILFDQW  Figure 7: Indication of the significance levels of the human activities, natural processes and administrative weknesses that negatively impactthenaturalcapitalofDalyanandenvirons.  372   AlthoughthetimeavailablewaslimitedforpractisingandorganizingtheBBN workshops, it proved to be an important experience as a participatory method for increasing the awareness of the stakeholders and for leading people to focus on particular issues in an interactive way. Influence diagrams and questionnaires (or an alternativeywa  for data gathering) prepared with further studies will be helpful to providemorereliablescenariosfromBBNwhichcouldbeausefulvehiclefordecision makingandgatheringstakeholderstodiscussaboutthefuture.   NationalWorkshoponICM  A national workshop entitled “Coastal Management in Turkey: Recent Developments”,  was organized during 25Ͳ26 April 2013 in Marmaris, Turkey as an activity of the Pegaso project. This workshop provided an important occasion to disseminate the results and experience gained during our CASE, including the assessmentofthestakeholders’involvementandpublicparticipation.Apresentation wasmadeonthePEGASOProjectandtheKoycegiz–DalyanSPACASE.35participants representing the Ministries, Regional Governmental Offices, the hostMunicipality (Marmaris),universities,researchinstitutes,planningcompaniesandNGOsreviewed thePEGASOprojectandotherrecentresearchanddevelopmentprojectsdealingwith coastalmanagementinTurkey.   InternationalCongressonICM  GlobalCongressonICM:LessonsLearnedtoAddressNewChallenges,thejoint meeting of the Eleventh biͲannual MEDCOAST Conference and the Tenth EMECS Conference,wasorganizedduring30October–3NovemberinMarmaris,Turkey.More than 300 people participated from 40 countries of Europe, North Africa, Asia, North America, andAustralia.ThereweretwospecialsessionsdedicatedtoPEGASOproject wherepartnerspresentedtheresultsofthePEGASOProject.Oneoralandoneposter presentationsweremadeontheKoycegiz–DalyanSPAwiththefollowingtitles:  x MonitoringofBoatNavigationintheDalyanChannel.NesrinTufekci,UlasAvsar, ErdalOzhan x ManagementIssuesofKoycegizͲDalyanSPA(Turkey).ErdalOzhan,UlasAvsar, NesrinTufekci,SerdarOzuslu,SinemOnder,DenizKonakli,NurdanKanl. 

 373   

  Figure8:Poster presentation of Köycegiz – Dalyan SPA CASE in Global Congress on ICM.    374     Section7.Tools  Two“PEGASOtools”,indicatorsandparticipatorymethods,havebeenusedfor KöycegizͲDalyanSPACASE.Asmentionedintheprevioussection,publicparticipation is one of our main goals. Three stakeholder meeting and three BBN workshops revealedthetypicalconstraintintermsofauthorityvs.interestrelationwheretheones having authority for decision making do not show enough interest for participation. According to the consensus at the stakeholders meetings, increasing the public awarenessandparticipationwouldbecrucialinachievingsuccessfulmanagementof KöycegizͲDalyan SPA. Within this context, during this second phase, preliminary preparations have been carried out to increase the interest of the decision making stakeholders. In order to convince such stakeholders (like the Governorate of Mugla Province), it looks that it is first necessary to highlight the coastal issues based on scientificevidence.Thisisalsousefulforincreasingpublicandmediaawarenessaswe have experienced during and after the second consultation meeting. For enhancing public participation, it is aimed to establishing a webͲbased forum as a part of the Turkish version of our web site about the coastal management issues of KöycegizͲ DalyanSPA.   Section8.MainresultsoftheCASE  8.1Publicparticipation  The achievements regarding the stakeholders meeting were mentioned in Section5.Thediscussionshavehighlyleadedustoproceedthroughtheevaluationof coastalissues.  Theminutesofthestakeholdersmeetingscanbesummarizedasfollows;  x The control and regulation of the motor boat traffic should be immediately improvedintheDalyanchannel. x Protection of sea turtles and their natural living space should be continued and improved.Therearetwomaincrucialproblemstobesolved;1)injuryofseaturtles bymotorboatsexceedingthespeedlimit,2)localpeopleandtouristsfeedturtles, which resultsinchangesoffeedingbehaviouroftheturtles.

 375    x AwebͲbasedforumwillbedesignedandavailabletothepublicinordertoincrease the participation and contribution of any parties, who are interested in the managementofKöycegizͲDalyanSpeciallyProtectedArea. x Participation of some key stakeholders who did not attend the meeting (e.g. governmental representatives, fisheries and motor boat transport cooperatives) shouldbehighlyencouraged. Inthelightofthesestatements,thedatacollectionandcompilationhavebeen carried out to evaluate nature conservation and climate change impacts under the followingmaintitles:  GIS Applications: Aerial photographs of the region, which were taken in 2004, 1992 and1974,werecompiled.Basedonthesephotographs,itisevaluatedwhetherthereis asignificantspatialchangeintheextentofreedsinDalyanLagoonthroughtimeornot. Inaddition,mapsshowingthebuildingsoutofthetownplanshavebeencreatedin order to evaluate the urban  sprawl in terms of both the number and spatial distribution of buildings in KöycegizͲDalyan SPA through time. Shuttle Radar TopographyMission(SRTM)imagesoftheregionareusedtoevaluatethefloodingrisk incaseofsealevelriseduetoclimatechange.  Motor Boat Traffic: Motor boat traffic  creates a significant level of pressure on the ecosystem in the region. In order to evaluate the mode and level of boat traffic, a securitycamerasystemwassetuplookingattheDalyanChannelandacomputercode waswrittentoautomaticallycounttheboatspassingthroughthechannel.  Fisheries: In KöycegizͲDalyan SPA, evaluation of fisheries production data is another importantdutyinordertoassessthesustainabledevelopmentandintegratedcoastal zonemanagementapplicationsintheregion.Fishingactivitiesaremainlycarriedout bySSDALKOFisheryProductsCooperativewhichwasestablishedin1971.Presently, thecooperative provideddatacoveringtheperiodof2003Ͳ2012.  Water Quality: Water quality monitoring has been carried out in the SPA for some yearsbytheexͲAuthorityforSPAs.Waterqualitydatacoveringtheyearsof2006to 2012wereobtainedfromtheGeneralDirectorateofProtectionofNatural Asses(Min. ofEnvironmentandUrbanism)andanalysed.  SeaTurtleNesting:Monitoringofthenestsandhatchlingshasbeensponsoredbythe Ministry of Environment and Urbanism on yearly project basis since 1988 and the monitoringiscarriedoutbyteamsbelongingtoUniversitiesorspecializedcompanies.    376    8.2. GIS Applications for changes in the natural system and housing development in ruralareas  InFigure9,ageneralGoogleEarthviewofKöycegizͲDalyanSpeciallyProtectedArea is presented. The locations of security camera system and the water quality measurementstationsareshownontheimage. 

  Figure9. Google Earth 2004 image of KöycegizͲDalyan SPA. The locations of the security camera and the water quality measurement stations are shown. ThelocationsofFigure8aand8bcanalsobeseenaswhiterectangles.  8.2.1ArealExtendofReedsintheLagoon

 377     Figure 10 illustrates two locations in Dalyan lagoon; where there are slight changesinthearealextendofreedsbetween1974and2004.Intherestofthelagoon, nosignificantarealchangeisdetected.

 378   

 Figure10.ExamplesofchangesinthearealextendofreedsinDalyanLagoon.  379  

  Figure11:a)Numberofbuildingsoutofthetownplansandruralsettlementsbasedonaerialphotographstakenin1974,1992and2004,  andthepopulationin1975,1990and2004.b)Correlationbetweennumberofbuildingsandthepopulation.

 380    8.2.2HousingDevelopmentinRuralAreas  GIStechniqueswerealsoemployedtoevaluatehousingdevelopmentinrural areasthatdonothaveanurbandevelopmentplan.Figure11ashowsthecomparison between the change in the number of new buildings in rural areas and the total populationoftheregion. Thenumberofbuildingsseemstoincreaseproportionalto the total population (Figure 11b). The spatial distribution of the buildings based on their construction period is illustrated in Figure 12. The distribution of buildings detectedin1974,1992and2004arepresentedinFigure13,14and15,respectively. Spatialdistributionof1855buildingsconstructedbetween1974and1992,and2102 buildings constructed between 1992 and 2004 are presented in Figure 16 and 17, respectively.

  Figure12:Spatialdistributionofbuildingsasof2004basedontheirconstruction periods. 381    

  Figure13: Spatial distribution of buildings out of the town plans and rural settlements,basedonaerialphotographstakenin1974. 



 





 382    

  Figure14: Spatial distribution of buildings out of the town plans and rural settlements,basedonaerialphotographstakenin1992.        

383     

  Figure15: Spatial distribution of buildings out of the town plans and rural settlements,basedonGoogleEarthimagestakenin2004.           384     

  Figure16:Spatialdistributionof1855buildingsconstructedbetween1974and1992.            385     

  Figure17:Spatialdistributionof2102buildingsconstructedbetween1992and2004.   8.2.3ClimateChangeImpactsandAssessmentofFloodingduetoSeaLevelRise  GIStechniqueswerealsoemployedtoevaluatethepossibleconsequencesof sea level rise resulting from the climate change. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)imageswereusedtoobtainspatialdistributionoffloodingriskresultingfrom thesealevelrisesof0.25,0.50,0.75and1.00meters(Figure18).Accordingly,thearea aroundtheoutletofKöycegizLake,theDalyanLagoonand7ztuzuBeacharefoundto be highly sensitive to sea level rise. CloseͲup views of these areas are presented in Figure19.Itclearlyshowsthateventhesealevelriseof25cmwillfloodagoodpart 386    ofthewetlandsinthedeltaandmostoftheareawillbefloodedifthesealevelrises about50cm.  

  Figure18: Areas expected to be flooded when 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 meter sea level rise occur. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is based on Shuttle Radar Topograph Mission (SRTM) images. Please note that the lagoon and the areasaroundtheoutletofKöycegizLakeseemtobemostsusceptibleto flooding.     387      

  Figure19: CloseͲup views of flooding risk at the outlet of Köycegiz Lake, Dalyan Lagoonand7ztuzuBeach.     388      ThefloodingriskpresentedinFigure18and19isonlyaphysicalimpactofsea levelriseduetoclimatechange.OtherprobableimpactsofclimatechangeatKöycegizͲ DalyanSPAcanbelistedasfollows:  1)FloodingofurbanareasduringsouthͲwesterlystormsduetoboth sealevelriseand increasedstormintensity, 2) Impact of temperature rise to nesting of marine turtles (sex distribution of hatchlings), 3) Impactsoftemperatureriseonspeciesandecosystem, 4) Impact of temperature rise on fisheries (impacts on commercial species, introductionofnewalienspecies), 5)Impactsoncoastalagriculture (crops,yield), 6)Impactsontourism(toohotsummersandtouristlosses),and 7) Salinization of groundwater aquifers due to sea level rise and increased water consumptionduetoincreasedairtemperature.   8.3Motorboattraffic  Monitoring of the motor boat traffic at Dalyan channel is a crucial issue for evaluatingthepressureexertedbythisactivityonthedeltaicͲlagoonalecosystem. A total of 491 motor boats are officially licensed through Köycegiz and Dalyan MunicipalitiesfornavigatinginthewaterbodyfromKöycegizLaketotheAegeanSea. Majority of these (373 of 491) are the soͲcalled commercial  boats that transport visitorsandtouristsbetweentheTownsofKoycegizorDalyanandthesandͲspitbeach at the end of the delta. There are only 4 licensed fishing boats that are used for catchingfishintheseaasfishinginthelagoonbythethirdpartiesis notallowed.The remaining114boatsareprivate(nonͲcommercial)boats.  Theongoingandreturnroutesfollowedbythemotorboatsinthelagoonare indicatedinFigure20.Alonganimportantpartofthedesignatedroute,twoͲdirection navigationisallowed.Themotorboatsusedifferentongoingandreturnchannelsin theheartofthedeltasince2011.Thisdecisionwastakentodecreasethepressureon theecosystemononehandandtopreventmotorboatsfromaccidentsduetoheavy traffic on the other. In order to monitor the boat traffic, MEDCOAST has installed a security cam (bluet do  in Figure 20) and developed a script for counting in an

389    automatedmannerthenumberofboatspassingthroughthechannelinfrontofthe formerofficeofMEDCOAST.  

  Figure20:TheroutetakenbymotorboatsinDalyanLagoon. 390      Theboattrafficmonitoringisarrangedonhourlybasisanditcaptures5frames per second. The logic behind the boat counting script is similar to moving object algorithms.Accordingly,eachframe,whichisinRGBformat(Figure21A)isconverted togreyscaleandtheareaoutofinterestis masked(Figure21B).Thenthedifference betweentwoconsecutivemaskedgreyscaleimagesisobtainedandtheresultingimage isconvertedtotwoͲvaluedimage(binaryimage),wherenoͲmotionandmotionpixels havevalueof“0”and“1”respectively.Afterwards,morphologicalclosingisperformed on the binary image to connect disconnected neighbourhood pixels and form the approximate shape of the moving object (Figure 21C). Next, the mean of the pixel valuesfallingwithinareferencerectangleiscalculatedforeachframeandtheresults areplottedagainsttime(Figure21D).Eachpeakwithacertainmeanvaluethreshold corresponds to a  boat. Hence, the number of peaks above this threshold gives the numberofboats.  

  Figure21: Themainprocedureoftheboatcountingalgorithm.A)TheRGBimageofa

391    single frame. B) Masked greyscale image. C) Binarized image with a morphological closing. The red rectangle is the area of interest, within whichmeanvaluesarecalculated.D)Theplotofmeanvalueswithrespect totime.  The results of boat counting presented in this report covers the period of 03 March 2012 to 30 September 2013. First of all, eye count was performed on videos coveringtotalof112hoursand8days.Eyecountvaluesarethencomparedwiththe imageprocessingcountsinordertoevaluatetheaccuracyoftheautomatedcounting system(Figure22).Basedoncount/hour values,thescattering ismostlywithin10% errorrange(Figure22a)wherecount/daybasedscatteringisevenlessthan5%(Figure 22b). 

 

392   

  Figure22:Theaccuracyofimageprocessingcounts.   Between03March2012and30September2013correspondingtodurationof 577 days, 202033 boats were detected passing through the Dalyan channel.This number provides the average of 350,1 counts per day.Figure 23 provides the time seriesofthedaily countsduringtheobservationperiod.Accordingly,thetrafficinthe channelduringthelowtourismseason(NovemberͲMarch)isabout50Ͳ150boatsper day.JulyandAugustarethebusiestmonths,whenthereareapproximately700counts perday.AttheendofApril2013,thenumberofthe boatsstartincreasingrapidlyagain duringthehightourismseasonandtheboatnumbersin2013areverysimilartothose in 2012 with more or less the same cycle. The religious and national holidays correspond to distinct peaks, with the one in the high tourism season reaching the maximumof1006countsperdayon9August2013.Assumingthataboatiscounted twicewhilegoingineitherdirectionduringaday,1026countscorrespondto513boats navigatingthroughthechannelandthedeltaduringasingleday.Recallingthatthe totalnumberoflicensedboatsusingthe systemis491,theboatsdetectednavigating on9August2013correspondto104%ofalllicensedboats.Figure24ispreparedto findoutifcertaindaysofaweekarebusierthantheothers.Duringthelowtourism season,theboatcountsforSaturdayandSundayareslightlyhigherthantherestofthe week. This is mainly due to the recreational use of the delta by the local residents. Duringthehighseasonhowever,boattrafficisalmostevenlydistributedthroughout thewholeweekdays.Figure25providesthepreferencefornavigationastothetimeof theday.Itappearsthatthebusiesthoursofthedayare10:00Ͳ11:00,13:00Ͳ15:00and

393    16:00Ͳ17:00.OneshouldpointoutthattheboatcountsinFigure23containboatsboat going to or coming from the beach.The peak between 10:00 and 11:00 is due to transferoftouristsandvisitorsfromKöycegizͲDalyanTownstothebeach.Thetraffic between13:00and15:00couldbeduetoboatsmovingineitherdirection(e.g.toand fromthebeach).Theboatsreturningfromthebeachbacktothetownsprovidethe peakobservedbetween16:00Ͳ18:00. 

394   



  Figure23:Plotofnumberofboatsperdayfrom1April2012to30September2013. 

 395  

   Figure24:Thenumberofaveragedailyboatcountperthedaysofweek.

396   

  

 Figure25:Thenumberofaveragehourlyboatcountperhoursofaday.  

397   

  Figure26:ThehourlyboatcountperdirectiontoIztuzuBeachandtoDalyan. 398    Thevideoimagesof9August2013,whenwehadthehighestnumberofboat counts (1026 boat counts), were visually studied to separate the boats going to the beachorgoingtothetowns(Dalyan).TheresultsarepresentedinFigure26astwo plots, one corresponding to boats navigating in the direction of the beach and the otherinthedirectionoftheTownofDalyan.Twographsclearlytellusthattouristsare carriedtothebeachinthemorningfrom9:00to13:00,andalsoinsmallernumbers after the lunch break.A part of the tourists  return back to the town early in the afternoon(at14:00hours)andtheremaininglargerpartreturnslaterintheafternoon during16:00and18:00.  Water quality impacts, species disturbanceand bank erosion are three major adverse impacts of heavy boat traffic in the channel and the lagoons. Figure 27 illustrates the scale of bank erosion caused by the turbulence generated by boat engines.Obviously,thisisasignificantthreatinthelongrunforthelagoonecosystem.  

  Figure27:Bankerosioncausedbythewatermotiongeneratedbypropellers (October2013)  

399     8.4Fisheries  Accordingtodatarecordsofthefisheriescooperativeovertheperiod2003to2013, the annual fish catch and mariculture showed variations (Figure 28). The total fish landingsandproduction(wildcatchandmariculture)wasaround200tonsduring2005 Ͳ2008.Theannualtotallandingsandproductionincreasedfrom232tonsin2008to 589 tons in 2009, and peaked at 633 tons in 2010.The reason for this sharp, remarkable increase is not known. In the following three years, the annual tonnage dropped,butremainedhigherthanthefiguresfor2004Ͳ2008.Graymulletisthemain commercialfishcaught.lEe hasalsobeenanimportantfishspeciescaughtuntilrecent years.Thecooperativealsoproducesandsellscaviarofgraymullet.Thecooperative utilizespondsplacedintheSulungurlagoonformariculturingseabreamandseabass atmediumscales.  Duringtheperiodbetween2003and2013,thegreat majorityofthefishcaught wasgraymullet.Seabream,seabassandeelaretheotherspecies,butinmuchless quantities(Figure29).In2013,392.9tonsofgraymullet,0.4tonsofseabream,1.7 tonsofseabass,5.4tonsofjuvenileseabream,0.6tons ofstripedseabreamand0.8 tonsofotherspecieswerecaught(Table7).Eelcatchwasrealizedonly11kgin2013 dueproblemsofmarketing.Atotalof38.4tonsofmariculturedfishwereproducedin net cages (12.8 tons sea bass and 25.7 tons of sea bream) (Figure  30). Caviar productionwas424kgin2013. Table7.Theannualtonnagesofwildcatchandculturedfishspeciesin2013.  Species Annualcatch/production(tons) Graymullet 392.9 Seabass(Maricultured) 12.8 Seabream(Maricultures) 25.7 JuvenileSeabream(wild 5.4 Stripedseabream(wildcatch) 0.6 Seabass(Wildcatch) 1.7 Seabream(Wildcatch) 0.4 Caviar 0.4 Otherspecies 0.8

400   

  Figure28.Theannualwildcatch+maricultureproductionoffishduring(2003Ͳ2013).

 401  

 

 Figure29.Annualwildcatchandmaricultureproductionaccordingtofishspecies(20032013).

 402  

 Figure30:Wildcatchandmaricultureproductionofseabassandseabream(2003Ͳ2013).

 403    The 11Ͳyear long annual fish statistics(2003Ͳ2013) of Dalko indicates that the fisheryinthedeltaͲlagoonsystemisratherstable,withpositivesurprisesintheyears of2009and2010.   8.5Waterquality  Several water quality parameters have been systematically monitored by a privatecompanycommissionedbye th SPAAgencystartingwith2006.Themonitoring stationsaredistributedtoKöyceŒizLake,DalyanChannel,thedeltalagoonsystemand thesea.Theparametersmonitoredcomprisedissolvedoxygen,salinity,totalN,totalP, total coliform, temperature, pH, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and Secchi depth. Measurementsofeach parameteratallstationswereplottedastimeseriesinseparate graphstofindoutboththetemporalandspatialchanges.  ThewaterqualitymeasurementresultsarepresentedthroughtheFigures31Ͳ 42. The measurements comprise Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity, total N, total P,  total Coliform,temperature,pH,fecalColiform,fecal StreptococciandSecchidepth.After theincreasedcontrolsonboatsandtheindustrialfacilitiesinthecatchmentstarting from the end of 2009, water quality seems to be improved in terms of increased dissolvedoxygenanddecreasedtotalandfecalColiform.However,asharpincreaseof coliformcountin2013is observed.Thereasonforthisincreaseisnotknown.  As an indicator of water quality, variation of dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements at monitoring locations within the lake, channel and the lagoons are showninFigure31.WateroftheKöycegizLakeisbasicallyfreshwhereasthewaterin the lagoons and the channel is brackish with salinity decreasing from the sea water valueof38%oatthemouthofthedeltato1to2%oatjunctionwiththeKöycegiz Lake.Themonitoringlocationsaremarkedontheinsertmap.  Thedissolvedoxygenisseentoshowfluctuationsbasicallyduetoseasonaland climatologic changes as well as the intensity of human activities (most importantly agriculture).One cannot detect a pronounced spatial difference, indicating homogeneityofwaterqualityinthesystem.Formostofthetime,theDOlevelisfrom 7to8mg/ltandoccasionallydropswbelo 6mg/lt.Inwintermonths,whenthefresh waterrunoff from thecreeks discharging into Köycegiz Lake is high and the scale of agriculturalactivityislow,theDOlevelsincrease.  As a measure of pressure from human activities, the temporal and spatial

 404    changes of total coliform bacteria concentration are displaced in Figure 35. For this parameter, spatial changes are more pronounced and we see significantly larger coliform concentrations at the monitoring station in front of the Town of KöyceŒiz (stationKYYS035).Intheperiodfrom2006to2010,thecoliformlevelis seentoexceed many times the limit for bathing water standards.Towards the end of 2009, sharp decreasesofcoliformconcentrationsareobservedforallstations.Onemayguessthat this could be the result of the sewage collection system and the treatment facility. However,thewastewatermanagementfacilitieshad alreadybeeninuseforseveral yearsbefore2009andthusthereasonforthesharpdecreaseisnotavailable.  Inconclusion,thewaterqualityoftheKöycegizͲDalyanwatersystemcouldbe classifiedasvulnerableduetothehighlevelofenclosureness(Özhan,1988),butnot verycritical.Thesummerseasonisperiodicallyseentobeofhigherconcern.   

 405   

 Figure31:Dissolvedoxygenvariationofinlandwaters. 406  

 Figure32:Salinityvariationofinlandwaters. 407  

  Figure33:Totalnitrogenvariationofinlandwaters.  408  

Figure34:Totalphosphorusvariationofinlandwaters.

409  

 Figure35:Totalcoliformvariationofinlandwaters. 410  

 Figure36:Temperaturevariationofinlandwaters. 411  

 Figure37:pHvariationofinlandwaters. 412  

 Figure38:Dissolvedoxygenvariationofshorewaters. 413  

 Figure39:pHvariationofshorewaters. 414  

 Figure40:Fecalcoliformvariationofshorewaters.

415  

 Figure41:Fecalstreptococcivariationofshorewaters. 416  

 Figure42:Secchidepthmeasurementsinshorewaters.

417     8.6SeaTurtleMonitoring  The seasonal monitoring of the nesting turtles and hatchlings has been sponsoredbytheMinistryofEnvironmentandUrbanismonyearlyprojectbasissince 1988 and the monitoring is carried out by teams belonging to Universities or specializedcompanies.Figure43presentstheannualnumberofase turtlenestssince 1988.Itisobservedthat,duringtherecentyears,thenumberofnestshasbeenslightly increased and getting more regular within sequential years. In 2013 there is a rapid increaseobservedintheDalyan/IztuzuBeach.Theseareprobablyduetotheincreased seaturtlepopulation asaconsequenceoflongͲtermconservationefforts.Moreover,it isseenthatthenumberofhatchlingswhocanreachtheseahasalsobeenincreasing during the recent years and the success on reaching the sea has been increased to 85%.(Figure44).

418   

 Figure43:TotalnumberofseaturtlenestsatDalyanagzi/7ztuzuBeachsince1988.Protectioneffortsseemtoresultinincreasednumber  ofnests.

 419  

                          Figure44:Totalnumberofseaturtleeggslaidinnestsandthehatchlingsreachingthesea.

 420     8.7NatureConservation  KöyceŒiz–DalyanSPAwasdesignatedinJuly1988andtheareahastheprotection statusundertheDecreeforEstablishmentoftheAgencyforSpeciallyProtectedAreas(no: 383,dated:19/10/1989).SeveralpartsoftheSPAhashadotherprotectionstatuspriorto the SPA designation.These are; forest areas,sweetgum –liquidamber oriantalisͲ woods, natural site, wildlife protection and enhancement areas.The water areas such as the KöyceŒizLake,DalyanChannel,deltaandwetlands,coveringover8000hectares,havethe statusofImportantBirdHabitat(no:24)duetothelargenumberof winteringwaterbirds (Cinar Muhendislik, 2007).Several types of Endangered Habitats defined by the Bern ConventionalsoexistwithintheboundariesoftheSPA.  AcomprehensivestudywasconductedintheSPAduring2006Ͳ07onthebiological wealthoftheSPAwiththepurposeofpreparingamanagementplan. Theprojectreport (CinarMuhendislik,2007)containsawealthofinformationaboutthestatusoftheSPA.The landͲusepatteroftheSPAattheendof2007isdescribedinFigure45.Itisreadilyobserved that three dominant land uses in the SPA are forestry, agriculture and urbanization.Four municipalities –Köycegiz, Toparlar, Dalyan and Beyobasi – and several villages are located withintheSPA.  ThesiteswithdifferentprotectionstatusaredescribedinFigure46.Onecanseethat there are a number of archaeological sites () within the SPA in addition to nature conservationareasandvarioushabitats.Themapalsoindicatesasizableproposedzoneas “naturalsite”.Thiszonecoversthedelta,lagoonsandwetlands,thesandspit–beachͲand the surrounding areas.Finally, the protection zones proposed by the study of Cinar Muhendislik(2007)aredescribedbyFigure47.Itisseenthatthe protectionzonelabelledas A1requiresstrictprotectionandcoverstheshoresoftheKöycegizLakeandapartofthe Delta.TheprotectionszonedesignatedasA2coversamuchlargerarea.“Limited”human intervention is allowed in A2 zone.B1 and B2 are designated as the active management zones. B1 labelled small areas are the “active habitat management” zones and far more extensiveB2areasare“activespeciesmanagementareas”.Therearebufferzonesnextto thenatureprotectionzonesA1andA2.  Due to several reasons, the nature protection map and the soͲcalled management planforAtheSP havenotbeenenforceduptodate.Extensiveinformationprovidedbythe studywithinthereportandtheannexeshasbeenusedasasourceofreferencebytheSPA Agencyintheirdecisionmaking.Oneimportantreasonforthefailureofimplementingthe managementplanstemsfromthe processofthepreparationoftheplan.Thedevelopment of the management plan was not carried out as a collective work involving all agencies,

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  publicadministrationunitsandotherstakeholders.Consequently,theplandidnotreflectthe consensus of all actors involved in or affected by the management plan.Secondly, the planningprocessdidnotfollowtheroutinewhichisrequiredbylaw.Therefore,thefinal natureprotectionplan(status,zones,etc.)fortheSPA couldnothavethelegitimacy.Finally, therewasnoleadagencyforimplementationofthemanagementplansincetheSPAAgency wasnotdesignedasanimplementinginstitutionanddidnothavetherequiredcapacity.

422

   

 Figure45:Landusemap(CinarMuhendislik,2007)

423    

 Figure46:Theexistingandproposedprotectionstatus(CinarMuhendislik,2007)

424    

 Figure47:Protectionzonesproposed(CinarMuhendislik,2007)

425    Section9.LessonsLearnt  ThefollowingissueswereengagedduringtheworkdoneinKöycegizͲDalyanSPACASE.  a. Effectiveandcomprehensiveparticipationisnotaneasilyachievabletargetinasociety whereauthoritysharingandcollectivedecisionmakingarenotinherentinculture. b. Consensus atallthreestakeholdersmeetingstwastha increasingpublicawarenessand participation is crucial in achieving successful management of KöycegizͲDalyan SPA. However,stakeholdermeetingsrevealedthetypicalconstraintintermsofauthorityvs. interest relation where the ones having authority for decision making do not show enoughinterestforparticipation. c. Theinterestoflocaland regionalmediaonmanagementoftheKöycegizͲDalyanSPAisat highlevels. d. TheBBNtoolcouldbeusedasaninteractiveparticipatorymethod.InͲdepthanalysisin BBNapproachandinputsintegratedwiththequantitativedatawouldbemorehelpfulto createaBBNtouseindecisionmakingrtoolfo thestakeholders. e. TheexistingcapacityamonglocalNGOsandconcernedpeopleisratherhighforguiding future coastal management practices.This capacity will be elaborated by the MediterraneanCoastalFoundationinthepostͲPEGASOperiod. f. ThePEGASOCASEeffortsinKöycegizͲDalyanSPAhasbeenafruitfulstartfor “integrated” management.However, the diffusion of integrated coastal management practices at nationwidescalewillrequireamuchlongertimeframe.   EPILOGUE  An ironic event is taking place nowadays in association with turtle conservation.The scientistinchargeofthefirsteverturtlerehabilitationcentreinTurkey,whohasbeenoperating attemporalfacilitiesnexttothe7ztuzuLake,hasbeenpursuingaprojectfordevelopingamajor turtleresearchandrehabilitationcentreonthepremisesoftheexistingtemporalfacilities.The projectinvolvesbuildingahugesteelstructure(400sq.m.baseareaandtwostoriesreachingthe height of 7.5 m.), in the shape of a loggerhead turtle. The environmental NGOs (including MediterraneanCoastalFoundation)andthepeopleofDalyanarepresentlyfightingagainstthis projectforsavingthenestingturtlesfromtheturtlerehabilitationfacility,astrugglesimilartothe onein1987and88againstthehotelcomplexinthesamearea.ThiscollaborativeeffortofNGOs andconcernedpeopleforproperSPAmanagementhasnodoubtbeenenrichedbytheteachings ofthePEGASOproject. 

426     References  Cinar Muhendislik (2007). “KoycegizͲDalyan Specially Protected Area – Investigations on the BiologicalWealthandPreparationoftheManagementPlan”,FinalReport,Preparedfor the Agency for Specially Protected Areas, 498 pages + annexes, December 2007 (In Turkish)  Özhan,E.(1988),“Flowregimesanddynamicequilibriumofcoastalchanges at Köycegiz Lake Inlet,Turkey”,JournalofCoastalEngineering,Elsevier,12(2), 109Ͳ1032.  Özhan,E.(1990),“DalyançeliƔkisi:geçmiƔ,Ɣimdivegelecek”,TurizmveÇevre KonferansŦ, TürkiyeÇevreVakfŦ,KasŦm1990,Çesme,117Ͳ204.(inTurkish).  Özhan, E. (2005), Coastal Area Management in  Turkey, Mediterranean Action Plan Priority ActionsProgrammeRegionalActivityCentre(PAP/RAC),Split,Croatia,69p.  Özhan, E., Avsar, U., Tufekci, N., Özuslu, S., Önder, S., KonaklŦ, D. and Kan, N. (2013),  “Management Issues of Köycegiz – Dalyan SPA, Turkey”,In: Özhan, E (Ed.),  Proceedings of the Global Congress on ICM: Lessons Learned to Address New  Challenges,EMECS10ͲMEDCOAST2013 Joint Conference, 30 Oct – 03 Nov,  Marmaris,Turkey,71Ͳ80.  Tüfekçi,N.,AvƔar,U.andÖzhan,E.(2013),“MonitoringofBoatNavigationinthe Dalyan Channel”,In:Özhan,E(Ed.),ProceedingsoftheGlobalCongresson ICM:LessonsLearnedto AddressNewChallenges,EMECS10ͲMEDCOAST 2013 Joint Conference, 30 Oct – 03 Nov, Marmaris,Turkey,81Ͳ92. 

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