Ancient Coastal Landscape of the Marine Protected Area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): Recent Research Technical Pa Per Technical

doi:10.3723/ut.30.207 International Journal of the Society for Underwater Technology, Vol 30, No 4, pp 207–215, 2012

Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research Technical Pa per Technical

C Alfonso*1, R Auriemma1, T Scarano1, G Mastronuzzi2, L Calcagnile3, G Quarta3 and M Di Bartolo1 1Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, via Birago n 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali, Campus Universitario, Università degli Studi ‘Aldo Moro’, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy 3Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Center for Dating and Diagnostics (CEDAD), Università del Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy

Abstract with undefined approximation, positions and ages In the Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy) coastal area, submerged of past sea level stands. and semi-submerged archaeological evidence has been Later, collaboration with archaeologists allowed uncovered by recent preliminary surveys carried out in them to reduce the error bar of chronological attri- close collaboration with the local marine protected area bution and to determine, with precision, the func- (MPA): (a) a navis lapidaria wreck of the Roman imperial tional elevation of anthropological remains above age; (b) various scattered and decontextualised finds; (c) a or below sea level (Sivan et al., 2001; Antonioli beached wreck, probably medieval; (d) some submerged et al., 2007). More recently, the need to standardise built-structures that are part of the Bronze Age Scalo di the use of archaeological markers in sea level Furno settlement; and (e) remains of structures (walls, build- change history led to the paper by Auriemma and ings, burial areas). The last three pieces of evidence allow Solinas (2009) in which every archaeological marker for the hypothesis of a significantly different ancient coastal is considered in relation to its functional elevation landscape than that of the present and a ‘dynamic’ scenario over the centuries. on the relative past sea level. From a chronological point of view, the archaeo- Keywords: coastal landscape archaeology, geo-archaeology, logical approach is absolutely precise in dating sea level changes, Bronze Age and Roman settlements, Porto some man-made artefacts like pottery or metallic Cesareo objects. Furthermore, written historic chronicles – when available – permit large constructions, like harbours or built structures, to be dated. On the 1. Premise other hand, classical archaeological study has limi- The reconstruction of the ancient landscape and tations in the age attribution of wood structures or organisation of the environmental system requires objects (pile holes, ships, fire remains), or organic a multidisciplinary approach. Archaeologists, geol- remains (skeletons, paintings, clothes). In this case ogists, geochemists and physicists must contribute the opportunity to use a geochemical approach to surveys and data elaboration, with the aim to cor- with C14 techniques is especially invaluable when relate their results in a reliable view of the relations carrying out an evaluation. between cultural evolution and environmental dynamics (Leveau et al., 2000). 2. Background Since the 1970s, archaeological data have been largely used to reconstruct sea level change during The presence of extensive archaeological remains the Late Holocene (Schiemdt, 1972; Pirazzoli, in the inlet of Porto Cesareo has been known of since 1976; Flemming, 1979–1980; Antonioli and Leoni, the 1960s. In particular, the area attracted the atten- 1998; Scicchitano et al., 2007; Sivan, 2007). Gener- tion of researchers through the presence of the ally, the data have been employed in one way: by protohistoric site of Scalo di Furno and the Roman geomorphologists and/or geographers to identify, wreck of a navis lapidaria, with a cargo of monu- mental marble columns from Greece (Auriemma, * Contact author. E-mail address: [email protected] 2004a).

207 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research

Previous papers have aimed to describe these New data, based on new finds, have given research- emergences, but have not attempted to insert them ers the opportunity to attempt a reconstruction of into a cultural-environmental context. The present the paleolandscape. paper, instead, focuses on the numerous archaeological remains found along the shore which could

provide – directly or indirectly – data for the recon- 3. Geomorphological setting struction of human history in relation to environ- The coast of Porto Cesareo is an example of a gen- mental dynamics. tly sloping rocky coast (Mastronuzzi et al., 1994; Various submerged and semi-submerged remains Mastronuzzi et al., 2002) shaped by a sequence of have been detected by some recent notifications and Mesozoic limestone over-capped by Pleistocenic preliminary surveys in the Marine Protected Area: calcarenite belonging to the Upper Pleistocene (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2002). Unfortunately, this • scattered and decontextualised finds; last deposit did not show any evidence – paleonto- • a beached wreck; logical or geo-chronological – that would permit • submerged structures, located between the local- allocating a precise age to it. ity called Scalo di Furno and the islet opposite it; The only chronological attribution seems to be • remains of structures (walls, buildings, burial derived by the nearby Strombus bubonius, which areas) and findings of the Roman age (Fig 1). remains at about 4m above present sea level (APSL) The evidence has allowed researchers to hypothesise near Gallipoli (Hearty and Dai Pra, 1992). Another a significantly different ancient coastal landscape attribution may be derived by a beach level at to that of the present and a dynamic environment 6m APSL near cape Santa Maria di Leuca. This is over the centuries. allocated to the marine isotope stage (MIS) 5.5 by The historical and archaeological capabilities means of U/Th age determinations (Mastronuzzi inside the Marine Protected Area of Porto Cesareo et al., 2007), so that the calcareous outcropping in have been uncovered by a series of recent prelimi- the Porto Cesareo bay can be categorised to a nary surveys. Old and new recoveries, measurements generic MIS 5 but without the possibility of differ- and reports concern isolated or decontextualised entiating between the possible sub-stages. finds, such as anchors, amphorae, lamps, tableware From the tectonic point of view, the first conse- and cooking pottery, fishing equipment and ship quence is that this area can be considered to be elements (Congedo, 1984; Borricelli and Zaccaria, more or less stable, characterised by a vertical dis- 1995; Auriemma, 2004a) (Fig 1). All these remains placement ranging from -0.03 and +0.02mm/yr testify to an intense inhabitation of this area in (Ferranti et al., 2006). The problems facing the ancient times, both along the fishing and coastal recognition of the environment in which fossils routes. have been found means that researchers cannot be

Fig 1: Archaeological map of recoveries in Proto Cesareo 40° 16′ 10″ N 17° 52′ 45″ E

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absolutely certain in identifying the sedimentation depth as a consequence of the past sea level elevation. Therefore the chronological attribution and the tectonic assessment are still questionable. However, here the local geological sequence has been partly submerged by the Holocene transgression which occurred in the last 20ky. At that time, the sea level was 150m below its present position (Lambeck et al., 2004a) and only 6ky BP stopped its fast rise to a few metres below its current level (e.g. Lambeck et al., 2004a,b; Auriemma et al., 2004b; Auriemma et al., 2005; Antonioli et al., 2009). The last 6ky were characterised by a slower rise in sea level that reached the present zero, inducing the Fig 2: Submerged wall in Scalo di Furno (photo inland migration of dune belts (Mastronuzzi and by G Piccioli) Sansò, 2002; Mastronuzzi and Romaniello, 2008) conditioning the development, and perhaps the hypothesis is to consider this submerged structure permanence, of human settlements. to be a part of that protohistoric enceinte. The second piece of evidence documented con- 4. Archaeological data cerns a large area (about 2000m²) paved with a flagstone floor lying on the bedrock and preserving 4.1. Scalo di Furno archaeological soil with hundreds of local hand- The Bronze Age site of Scalo di Furno is a proto- made impasto sherds and many animal bone frag- historic, coastal, long-term settlement occupied ments (Fig 3). The pottery sampled (mostly handles almost without interruption from the early middle and rims) can be seen to derive from some incom- Bronze Age (17th–18th c. BC) to the late Iron Age plete close- and open-shaped containers (cups, dip- (5th–6th c. BC). The archaeological investigations, pers, bowls, small jars, dolia and biconical vases) directed by the Superintendence of Archaeological dating mainly to the local middle Bronze Age archae- Heritage of Apulia between 1969 and 1977, high- ological facies (late proto-Apennine and Apennine) lighted the importance of the fortified Bronze Age (Scarano, 2011). settlement. Both pieces of evidence lie about 3.5m under During the excavation of the inhabited area, a the actual sea level and mark a deep change in the great quantity and variety of local handmade coastal geography of this area that probably began impasto pottery was unearthed in a good state of during the first half of thend 2 millennium BC preservation, along with some Aegean-type sherds (Scarano et al., 2008). Some archaeological evi- (LH IIIA–IIIC) and bronze objects (Lo Porto, dence suggests that both the submerged structures 1990). Many of these artefacts, a large number of (as well as the fortification wall above the sea level) bones and stone tools, and faunal, malacological could date back to the early phase of occupation of and botanical remains were often identified in the middle Bronze Age settlement of Scalo di Furno. their functional position on the floor of the dwelling structures. Furthermore, the remains of a large dry-stone fortification wall, running northwest to southeast along the isthmus and possess- ing a gate located on the southeast side of the inhabited area, were identified during the archaeological excavations in the late 1960s. The wall, possibly dating almost to the end of the 2nd millennium BC, probably marked the settlement boundary on the landward side and defended the inhabited area. The underwater archaeological survey of the area between Scalo di Furno and the islet produced two important results. First, a submerged wall (about 17m long, 5m wide and 1m high) was found about 100m southwest of the southern remains of the Fig 3: The area paved with a flagstone floor lying on the Bronze Age fortification wall (Fig 2). A reasonable bedrock in Scalo di Furno (photo by C Alfonso)

209 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research

In the present day, the Bronze Age settlement preserved, only 30cm above sea level and attributa- of Scalo di Furno is a small peninsula about 1ha ble with caution to the 4th–5th c. AD. wide, and the marine erosion produced by the sea Other burials partially submerged, together with level rise has heavily modified the morphology of the remains of at least three individuals, are visible the ancient site. in a simple grave cut into the rock near the sarcophagi. The bones are stuck to the bedrock because they 4.2. Torre Chianca were lying at sea level. The lack of grave goods does Along the stretch of coast between the Torre not allow researchers to date them more precisely, Chianca headland and the narrow peninsula imme- but the burials could belong to the same phase of diately to the west, the continuous receding of the the late imperial sarcophagi. With regard to the coastline has brought to light many ancient remains chronological horizon, the few diagnostic materials that attest to intense human activity in the area, scattered in this area seem to indicate a range of especially in the Roman age. A few of these pieces periods from the late Republic to late Antiquity. of evidence were already known and had been examined by the research group of the Unità Oper- 4.3. Medieval wreck ativa di Topografia Antica, Dipartimento di Beni The navis lapidaria wreck lies on a bed of silt-clay Culturali. In the 1980s the group carried out some sediments of very compact texture. It is oriented surveys both on the Torre Chianca headland and 330° N with the bow facing north and is perfectly on the islet near to it. In the area black gloss, grey parallel to the shoreline (Fig 4). The boat, in fact, gloss, African red slip and dolia sherds, net weights, pertains to the category of beached wrecks fre- nails, hooks, besides relevant quantities of mala- quently found along the coasts of Salento. Their cological remains (murices), were detected. The presence could be considered as a marker of sig- marine shells found were actually of a small size nificant variations of sea level in the Late Holocene and not related to purple dye working process. (Mastronuzzi and Auriemma, 2007). Only an archaeological excavation could verify the When determining how this vessel became a existence of specimina used for this purpose (Guai- beached wreck, it is important to calculate the toli, 1997; Valchera and Zampolini Faustini, 1997). vessel draft. In particular, the gross tonnage of the There were also dozens of artificial holes, aligned vessel (based on Colbert’s formula on mutual rela- and of various diameters, that probably were associ- tions of length, width and height: 15 × 5 × 1.8m, in ated with a sort of pile structure and could be this case), is estimated at about 20 tonnes. Then, related to the protohistoric phase. using a diagram reference that connects tonnage The whole promontory of the tower known as to water displacement according to Archimedes’ Torre Chianca and the small western peninsula, principle (Charlin et al., 1978), the vessel draft can which has an archaeological deposit up to 1m above be estimated (although completely approximately) the present sea level in the preserved part, has a at about 1.5m. This is in line with the estimated corroded border from the action of the sea. Numer- drafts of boats of similar size and shape, and espe- ous pottery fragments (belonging to amphorae, tiles cially contemporary ones, such as Serce Limani and coarse ware), together with remains of fauna, 11th c. AD (Steffy, 1994). can be observed in the section clearly evident behind This draft explains the dynamics of how the the bare rocky bench of the intertidal stretch. wreck came to be stranded. Encountering haz- These ceramic sherds are associated with local late- ardous conditions, probably as a result of a storm, republican amphorae, flat-bottomed amphorae (Forlimpopoli type, end of 1st–2nd c. AD) and common ware. There is also one lamp presumably related to the high imperial age. Net weights and nails by naval carpentry have been discovered also. There are remains of wall foundations and a double curtain of limestone blocks. Two structures located near the tip of headland are particularly significant; they are perpendicular to each other and define a large room. Other archaeologicalevidence, such as remains of limestone sarcophagi, have been detected along the western side, near the dunes which stretch to the north. They are represented by a double slope lid with corner acroteri, which is frag- mented and eroded, and other remains partially Fig 4: The medieval wreck (photo by C Alfonso)

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the boat was dragged into a body of water (now at the sea level in the recent past. The archaeological 2m deep) similar to Porto Cesareo bay. In the structures that can be taken into consideration are 10th c. AD, it is estimated this body of water would as follows: harbour infrastructure (quays, piers, navy have been about 1m deep, which would have pre- yards); fishponds; residential units villae( maritimae); vented the vessel’s draft and therefore probably caves (nymphaea); private and public buildings, or remained aground. town quarters (foundations, floorings, roads and It is unusual to come across a beached wreck of pavements); thermal baths; plumbing installations this type because of its unusual naval architecture. (wells, aqueducts, cisterns, sewers, drains, gullies); In fact, because of its chronological attribution, it tombs; pre- and protohistorical settlements; quar- has only been possible to compare it to the ship- ries; caves; beach rock; beached wrecks; and wreck of Tantura Lagoon in Israel (Kahanov and anchorages (Kraft et al., 1985; Auriemma et al., Royal, 2000). An interesting parallel can be found 2003; Auriemma and Solinas 2009). with that shipwreck: it concerns the rabbet (receiv- It is necessary to collect the archaeological data ing groove of the first planking). In both cases directly from the field (documenting which typology there is a ‘lip’ that projects outward (1cm in Porto of evidence, the constructive technique, presumed Cesareo wreck and 3cm in Tantura B wreck) on dating, functional elements). In addition, the both sides of the upper face of the keel. It is likely geologic/geomorphological data (beach/dunes to be the wreck of a medium-sized cargo vessel, suit- deposits, beach rock, bioconstruction or biocon- able for a long coastal navigation and similar to the crection, inner margin, wave cut platform, trottoir, Yenikapi vessels (Ward, 2010), coming from the notch, cave, speleothem) should also be recorded, Syro-Palestinian or the Aegean area. although with different levels of approximation Wood samples of the floor timber in the Porto (Ferranti et al., 2006). This will assist in correlating Cesareo wrecks were radiocarbon dated by accelera- them and determining the period of construction, tor mass spectrometry (AMS). Conventional radio- the chronological range of usage/frequentation, carbon ages (Stuiver et al., 1986) were then measured and the dynamics of its abandonment/destruc- by using the AMS beamline installed at the 3MV tion/obliteration. This is possible only after a series Tandetron accelerator of CEDAD (Calcagnile et al., of surveys ranging from the prospecting of the 2005). The selected wood sample was dated to 1128 area, to the sampling of the chronological indica- ± 45 BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon age). The age tors (ceramic finds), and the detection and - (par was then calibrated to calendar years by using the tial) excavation of part of the structure (sample). INTACAL04 calibration curve to 770–1020cal AD The surveys carried out in the area for the present with a probability of 95.4% (Fig 5). study did not permit the discovery of any geological or geomorphological markers that would permit direct correlation to past sea level stands with 5. Methods precision. Unluckily, widespread dune belt and The coastal archaeological evidence can be corre- wave cut platforms together were not enough to lated to geological data to determine changes in indicate more than a transgressive tendency which has occurred in the last 6ky; their analysis did not Atmospheric data from Reimer et al (2004); supply data about the age and position of past sea OxCal v3.10 Bronk Ramsey (2005); cub r:5 sd:12 prob usp[chron] level. 1500BP LTL4757B : 1128±45BP On the contrary, archaeological evidence indi- 1400BP 68.2% probability 870AD (68.2%) 990AD cates an age when the area was frequented and, 1300BP 95.4% probability consequently if submerged, an age ex-ante when 1200BP 770AD (95.4%) 1020AD the sea level was lower than it is today. It is prob- 1100BP lematic to attribute the functional elevation that 1000BP corresponds to the height at which the structure 900BP Radiocarbon determinatio n worked without directly receiving breaking waves 800BP or extensive aerosol effects. Together, they would not have permitted human settlement. Therefore two parameters characteristic of the coastal landscape must be determined: the gradient of the 600Cal AD 800Cal AD 1000Cal AD 1200Cal AD submerged/emerged slope; and the wave-climate Calibrated date feature. The first set of data can be easily derived by Fig 5: Conventional radiocarbon ages, which were converted the analysis of the present landscape in an area in to calendar ages by using the INTACAL calibration curve and which geological sequence and physical geography the OxCal software (fetch and wind exposition) are about the same; in

211 Alfonso et al. Ancient coastal landscape of the marine protected area of Porto Cesareo (Lecce, Italy): recent research

the case of the Porto Cesareo area, a slope of no Together these constraints need to consider a more than 5° can be given confidently. functional elevation of at least 1.5m (Table 1). It is more difficult to hypothesise the past wave- climate feature. Obviously, it is a function of the past climate; however, since there is no record of 6. Results and discussion the past winds and consequent waves, the only way Considering the constraints adopted and explained to approximate this is to consider the present waves in the previous sections – age and functional as representative of the waves of 3500 years BP (the elevation – the present study attempted to recon- submerged pavement), 1500 years BP (the tombs) struct the sea level change by building a sea level and 1000 BP (the wreck). Of course this approxi- curve of the past 5000 years. Ages and elevations of mation excludes any possibility of considering the surveyed remains have been reported on the most occasional extreme events, such as an exceptional recent curves elaborated, according to the model storm or a tsunami, whose impact is evident not far produced by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011) (Fig 6). away (Mastronuzzi and Sansò, 2000). The horizontal error bar indicates the supposed

Table 1: Measurement data and inferred sea levels for archaeological site in Porto Cesareo Site name Survey date Type, and Age yrs BP Corrected Functional s.l. (yyyy/mm/ measured height height (m) change dd, h) height (m) (m) (m) 1 Flagstone 2011/10/01 h Walking 3400 ± 100 -3.85 1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 floor ofScalo 11.30 GMT surface of di Furno flagstone floor- 3.55 2 Roman grave 2011/02/16 h grave cut 1600 ± 100 -0.55 1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 Torre Chianca 14.00 GMT into the rock -0.00 3 Medieval 2011/05/10 h beached 1128 ± 45 -2.77 -1.5 a.m.s.l. ± 0.60 beached 12:00 GMT wreck (14C uncalibrated) wreck -2,47 1117 ± 125 (14C calibrated data)

Fig 6: Ubication of the archaeological data derived from Porto Cesareo with respect to the known curve by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011)

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age, and the vertical error bar indicates the func- different between the last 2000 years and the previ- tional elevation on the correlated sea level for ous time. 1 and 2. In the case of site 3, it indicates the depth of the beam for the medieval wreck. As evident, the data from Porto Cesareo fit only 7. Conclusions in part with previous curves from the two models The understanding of the ancient coastal land- produced by Lambeck et al. (2004a; 2011). The scape helps researchers to determine the particular present position of the wreck and the Roman human choices connected to the exploitation of remains below and above (respectively) the present the ancient resources and the settlement in the mean sea level are in acceptable agreement with ancient environment. these curves. Both of them permit researchers to At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the estimate the position of the sea level 2000 years ago coastal areas of southern Apulia saw extensive at about 1.5m below the present one, and a mean growth in human settlements in the first centuries. sea level rise of about 0.75mm/y can be calculated. Frequently they were characterised by dry stone for- This data explains the transgression recognised on tifications and walls built at the top of morphologi- the basis of morphological markers, such as wave cally elevated areas, useful in the recognition and cut platforms and dune belts. control of the surrounding landscape both seaward Conflicting scenarios were derived from the study and inland. This choice indicates the need to be in of the protohistoric submerged wall and flagstone control of the nearby food and water resources from floor. In the absence of more precise data, their the network of rivers, swamps and woodland. Both the chronological attribution seems to range from the geographical and temporal extensions confer upon 18th c. BC to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. this phenomenon the dignity of a cultural evolution Considering the former, in relation to modelled with historic foundations (Scarano, 2010). curves and if the yellow line is correct, it is neces- Regarding the successive phase of occupation, sary to invoke an anomalous subsiding behaviour the geoarchaeological data render the image of of the land, which could be connected to the tec- settlement form to be completely different. Some tonic. No other possibility can be hypothesised, coastal farmsteads/small holdings or manufactur- since a sediment load-induced subsidence and/or ing villages (vici), specialising in the exploitation of a sinkhole-like modelling are not supported by geo- the maritime resources and probably related to logical or geomorphological evidence. Therefore, more extensive landed properties, appear in the it is necessary to suppose a tectonic subsidence esti- Roman age near the shore. They were inhabited mated at 0.2/0.5mm/y, even though it is absolutely only by small groups of people living on fishing and in disagreement with the local geological back- its proceeds, though probably only seasonally. ground. In fact, the tectonic behaviour of the entire Given recent research, this settlement pattern Italian peninsula as suggested by the elevation of seems to recur along the Salento coast from the late raised marine deposits indicates tectonic stability in Republic, and particularly in the imperial age and in the area around Porto Cesareo, with a possible down- late Antiquity, when it reaches a significant develop- lift estimated at about 0.03/0.01mm/y and 10 order ment. Examples can been found in the well-known of magnitude bigger (Ferranti et al., 2006). and investigated case studies of S. Foca, Frascone – A different scenario is derived from a different Palude del Capitano, S. Maria al Bagno – and also in chronological attribution of the submerged wall less well documented case studies, such as Saturo, and flagstone floor. An age of 3800 years BP tends Torre Ovo and Punta Prosciutto (Auriemma, 2004a). to overlap the curves of Lambeck et al. (2004b) and Furthermore, the process of reconstruction of is closer, but it is still far from those of 2011. It is the ancient coastline, by the reading of the archae- evident that the chronological attribution of the ological data, is determined by the analysis of single protohistoric remains cannot be conditioned by a sites. This confers great importance on each geophysical model, no matter how thorough and archaeological site, along with the need to improve tested it may be. On the contrary, a model must be our scientific knowledge of it. In addition, accurate verified by local data. At this stage it is evident that archaeological information has to be supported by it is not possible to calibrate the geophysical model areal geologic and biological investigations in using archaeological data, since the precision of order to better define in extension the reconstruc- the chronological attribution needs improvement. tion of the ancient coastline and landscapes. In general, the present study could affirm that in The particular coastal conformation of Porto the Porto Cesareo area archaeological data seem to Cesareo and its numerous archaeological sites, confirm the long-term tectonic downlift and the covering a large chronological span of time, allow transgressive trend of the sea level, but are quite researchers to be able to further conduct studies

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