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Qazaqlīq, Or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs

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Qazaqlīq, Or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs Studies in Persian Cultural History Editors Charles Melville (Cambridge University) Gabrielle van den Berg (Leiden University) Sunil Sharma (Boston University) Volume 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/spch Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia By Joo-Yup Lee LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: A Persian miniature painting. Portrait probably of a Qazaq khan. The inscription identifies him as a “Tatar Khan Padishah of the Qipchaq Steppe (Tātār Khān pādshāh-i Dasht-i Qīpchāq).” Calligraphy on verso. 1550 (circa). Painted in gouache on paper. © The Trustees of the British Museum. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2210-3554 isbn 978-90-04-30648-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30649-3 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Dedicated to my wife, Hee-Jeung Lim ∵ Contents Acknowledgements xi Note on Transliteration and Style xiii List of Figures xv Introduction 1 The Sources 11 The Histories of the Moghuls 11 The Histories of the Uzbeks 12 Ilkhanid Histories 14 Timurid Histories 15 The Histories of the Crimean, Kasimov, and Volga Tatars 16 The Official Chinese Dynastic Histories 17 Mongolian Sources 18 Diplomatic and Ethnographic Materials 18 Part 1 The Socio-Political Phenomenon of Qazaqlïq 1 The Use and Meaning of the Term Qazaq in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia: An Examination of the Qazaqlïq Phenomenon and its Historical Significance 21 The Definitions of the Terms Qazaq and Qazaqlïq 21 The Use and Meaning of the Term Qazaq in Central Asian Histories 26 The Use and Meaning of the Term Qazaq in Oral Epics of the Qipchaq Steppe and Tatar Historical Texts 36 The Use and Meaning of the Term Qazaq in Muscovite and Polish Historical Literature 41 The Emergence of Qazaqlïq as a Unique Custom of Political Vagabondage in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia 45 2 The Quasi-Qazaqlïq Activities and Quasi-Qazaq Groups in Pre-Mongol and Mongol Central Eurasia 51 Quasi-Qazaqlïq Activities in Pre-Mongol Central Eurasia Described in the Chinese Dynastic Histories 51 Fugitive Tribal Leaders and Their Nomad Followers 51 Plundering as a Way of Life 55 viii contents From Small Bands of Fugitives to New Nomadic States and Identities 59 The Quasi-Qazaq Bands that Appeared in the Frontier Regions of Central Eurasia during the Mongol Period 62 The Fragmentation of the Mongol States and the Political Vagabondage of Temür 66 3 The Qazaq, or Cossack, Groups of the Black Sea Steppes 74 The Emergence of the Qazaq, or Cossack, Bands in the Black Sea Steppes during the Post-Mongol Period 74 The Zaporozhian Cossacks or Rūs Ḳazaḳs and their Role in the Formation of the Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and the Modern Ukrainian Nation 81 Ukrainian Adventurers and Fugitives Venturing into the Steppe and the Cossack Phenomenon 81 The Cossack Way of Life in the “Wild Field” and the Black Sea 86 The Formation of the Cossack Hetmanate and Its Impact on Ukrainian Identity 88 part 2 Qazaqlïq and the Formation of the Qazaqs 4 The Qazaqlïq of Two Rival Chinggisid Clans: The Formation of the Qazaqs and the Shibanid Uzbeks 97 A Brief History of the Eastern Dasht-i Qipchāq from the Mid-Fourteenth Century to the Mid-Fifteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of Two Prominent Jochid Lineages 97 Jānībeg Khan and Girāy Khan’s Qazaqlïq 103 Separation from Abū al-Khair Khan’s Uzbek Ulus 103 Jānībeg Khan and Girāy Khan’s Qazaqlïq and the Rise of the Qazaq Uzbek Ulus 107 The Qazaqlïq Days of Muḥammad Shībānī Khan and Maḥmūd Sulṭān 109 Escape from Astrakhan 109 Muḥammad Shībānī Khan’s Political Vagabondage and the Reunification of the Former Ulus of Abū al-Khair Khan 110 The Conquest of the Timurid States and the Revival of the Abū al-Khairid Dynasty 114 The Consolidation of the Two Neo-Uzbek States in the Oases and Steppes of Central Asia 116 Contents ix 5 The Formation of a Separate Qazaq Identity 121 The Origin and Meaning of the Designation Uzbek 121 The Qazaq Uzbeks (Uzbak-i qazāq) and the Shibanid Uzbeks (Uzbak-i Shībān) 124 The Differentiation of the Qazaqs from the Uzbeks 126 The Uniqueness of Qazaq Identity 128 The Designation Turk 129 The Designation Moghul 132 Ulūs-i Jūchī and Toqmaq 136 6 The Legend of Alash Khan and the Genealogy of the Uzbeks 140 The Legend of Alash Khan and the Origin of the Qazaqs 140 Different Versions of the Legend of Alash Khan 141 Who was Alash Khan? 146 A Tale of Qazaqlïq 152 The Genealogy of the Shibanid Uzbeks 154 The Ilkhanid Account of the Chinggisid and Mongol History 154 The Timurid Account of the Chinggisid and Timurid Genealogical History 157 The Uzbek Dynastic Genealogies 158 Conclusion 163 Appendix 1: The Use of the Terms Qazaq and Qazaqlïq in Written and Oral Sources 171 Appendix 2: The Characterization of Qazaq and Qazaqlïq by Modern Historians and Turkologists 183 Bibliography 186 Index 217 Acknowledgements Writing a history of the early Qazaqs and other qazaq-related peoples has meant relying on the assistance of my kind friends and supporters. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Doktorvater, Victor Ostapchuk. I feel truly blessed to have received his mentorship and friendship. I benefited greatly from his seminars and lectures on the steppe empires and Ottoman/Turkish languages. His vast knowledge and expertise were essential to the progress I made in my study. This book is a product of his decade-long support and guidance. I feel greatly privileged to have befriended Professor Stephen Dale, who has always extended a helping hand to me when- ever I needed his advice and support. Without his scholarly contributions, including his biography of Babur, I would not have been able to embark on my research on qazaqlïq. I would also like to express my warmest gratitude to Professor Linda Northrup for her willingness to always help me. She also offered me insights from the perspective of her own field. I am to the highest degree indebted to Professor Maria Eva Subtelny. My book owes its origin to her thoughtful suggestion on the topic of my doctoral dissertation, on which the present study is based. I have relied on her academic guidance and schol- arly contributions. This book is a continuation of her study of qazaqlïq as well as those of Professor Ostapchuk and Professor Dale. I would also like to express my greatest appreciation to my best Korean friend, Professor Sofia An at the Nazarbayev University, for making me a bet- ter historian. Her integrity, thoughtfulness, and outstanding intelligence made possible my trip to the Qipchaq Steppe and Transoxiana, i.e., Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan both physically and intellectually. My sincere appreciation also goes to my colleagues and friends in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto. I am much appreciative of Anna Sousa for the indispensable adminis- trative support and friendship she offered. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Metin Bezikoğlu and Murat Yaşar, my old drinking buddies, who have helped me with difficult Ottoman texts and offered me intellectual compan- ionship, Maryna Kravets, who shared her in-depth knowledge of Ukrainian cossackdom with me and helped me with the bibliography, Parisa Emami, my Iranian friend and neighbor, who has carefully read my manuscript and corrected all my Persian transliteration errors, and finally Shuntu Kuang, my sworn brother and colleague, who has offered me tremendous support and most felicitous advice during my days of hardships and has become my children’s favorite uncle. Without Shuntu’s painstaking proofreading of my xii acknowledgements manuscript with an extremely observant eye, this book would have remained full of flaws. I owe special thanks to the editor of the series, Teddi Dols, for her remark- able leniency and professional advice, and to the two anonymous reviewers for giving me particularly helpful feedback and expressing their approbation of the publication of my book. I am also grateful to Josh Brann for granting me permission to use his masterpiece as an illustration in my book. I am also deeply obliged to my brother-in-law Raymond Young-Jin Cho and my sister, Ji-Yang Lee, for kindly supporting my decision to quit my job and become a historian and helping me adapt to my new academic life in North America about 10 years ago. I am immensely blessed to be a companion of Nasrin Askari, an Iranian Canadian Persianist, who has assisted me in various stages of preparation of this book. Without her kind heart, profound wisdom, thorough knowledge, and sincere friendship, I would not be who I am as a scholar.
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