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S Denver Museum of Nature & Science Annals DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE ANNALS DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE & SCIENCE OF NATURE DENVER MUSEUM DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE ANNALS NUMBER 8, DECEMBER 23, 2019 WWW.DMNS.ORG/SCIENCE/PUBLICATIONS/DMNS-ANNALS Denver Museum of Nature & Science Annals (Print) ISSN 1948-9293 2001 Colorado Boulevard Denver, CO 80205, U.S.A. Denver Museum of Nature & Science Annals (Online) ISSN 1948-9307 ANNALS • NUMBER 8 • DECEMBER 23, 2019 23, • NUMBER 8 DECEMBER The Denver Museum of Nature & Science inspires curiosity and excites minds of all ages through scientifi c discovery and the presentation and preservation of the world’s unique treasures. Cover photo: Denver Museum of Nature and Science Curator of Paleoecology Dr. Richard Stucky and students from the 2011 Teen Science Scholars program excavating mammoth bones at Locality 4086 of the Villa Grove Paleontological Site. From left to right: Emily Hoefs; Olivia Verma; Evan Alger-Meyer; Richard Stucky; Ashley Goodfellow; Clara Miller; Orion Hunter. Photo: Steven Holen, July 14, 2011. The Denver Museum of Nature & Science Annals is an Frank Krell, PhD, Editor-in-Chief The Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna open-access, peer-reviewed scientifi c journal publishing and Paleoenvironment of the EDITORIAL BOARD: original papers in the fi elds of anthropology, geology, James Hagadorn, PhD (subject editor, Paleontology and paleontology, botany, zoology, space and planetary Villa Grove Paleontological Site, Geology) sciences, and health sciences. Papers are either authored Colorado Nicole Garneau, PhD (subject editor, Health Sciences) by DMNS staff, associates, or volunteers, deal with DMNS John Demboski, PhD (subject editor, Vertebrate Zoology) specimens or holdings, or have a regional focus on the Steve Lee, PhD (subject editor, Space Sciences) Rocky Mountains/Great Plains ecoregions. Evan Alger-Meyer, Frank Krell, PhD (subject editor, Invertebrate Zoology) Jared Maxwell Beeton, The journal is available online at www.dmns.org/science/ Steve Nash, PhD (subject editor, Anthropology and Richard K. Stucky, and publications/dmns-annals free of charge. Paper copies are Archaeology) Steven R. Holen available for purchase from our print-on-demand publisher Lulu (www.lulu.com). DMNS owns the copyright of the EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION: works published in the Annals, which are published under Frank Krell, PhD: production the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license. Catherine Ohala, BS: copy editor For commercial use of published material contact the Alfred WWW.DMNS.ORG/SCIENCE/PUBLICATIONS/DMNS-ANNALS M. Bailey Library & Archives at [email protected]. DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE ANNALS NUMBER 8, DECEMBER 23, 2019 The Pleistocene Mammalian Fauna and 1 Evan Alger-Meyer Paleoenvironment of the Villa Grove Jared Maxwell Beeton2 Richard K. Stucky3 Paleontological Site, Colorado Steven R. Holen4 ABSTRACT—Excavations of a gravel pit in 2011 and 2012 near the town of Villa Grove in the San Luis Valley of Colorado yielded several Pleis- tocene megafauna and small mammal fossils. We describe and analyze the fauna from the site and illustrate how this assemblage provides insights into Colorado high-altitude basin ecosystems during the Late 1Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Pleistocene. Extant taxa from the site include Brachylagus idahoensis, Museum of Nature & Science, 2001 Cynomys cf. gunnisoni, Lemmiscus curtatus, Lepus sp., cf. Sylvilagus Colorado Boulevard, Denver, Colorado nuttallii, and Urocitellus sp. Extinct taxa recovered include Camelops 80205-5798, U.S.A. sp., Canis dirus, Equus cf. conversidens, and Mammuthus columbi. [email protected] An unidentified species of Bison likely constitutes an extinct species, and Brachylagus idahoensis and Canis dirus are the first fossil occurrences 2Department of Environment and of these taxa in Colorado. The genera Brachylagus, Lemmiscus, and Sustainability, Fort Lewis College,1000 Urocitellus are currently found in northern Colorado but not in the San Rim Drive, Durango, Colorado 81301, Luis Valley. The fossil assemblage suggests that a sagebrush-prevalent U.S.A. plains environment persisted in this region during the Wisconsinan [email protected] glaciation, possibly comparable to that of the Great Basin. 3Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2001 Colorado Boulevard, Denver, Colorado 80205-5798, U.S.A. [email protected] 4Center for American Paleolithic Research, 27930 Cascade Road, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747, U.S.A. [email protected] Alger-Meyer, Beeton, Stucky, Holen The end of the Pleistocene marked a transition from (Hager 1975), Porcupine Cave (1 million to 780,000 the Last Glacial Maximum and the glacial–interglacial- years BP) (Barnosky 2004), and the more recent Weis dominated global climate of the past few million years Gravel Pit Stegomastodon Site (1.2 million years BP) to the warmer and more stable Holocene. This climatic (Meade-Hunter et al. 2012). Material from the middle shift had substantial impacts on ecosystems worldwide, Pleistocene of Colorado is poorly known outside of the some of which continue into the present (Graham et Ziegler Reservoir Fossil Site, which contains deposits al. 1996, Blois & Hadley 2009). Assessing the effect of spanning the end of the middle Pleistocene through climate change and ecosystem alteration in the fossil the early part of the Late Pleistocene (140,000–77,000 record can allow us to understand more fully trends years BP). The remaining, large Colorado Pleistocene in the distributions of modern taxa, and predict how sites are generally Late Pleistocene in age. Cement they are likely to respond to future climatic shifts. It is Creek Cave contains late-Pleistocene fossils deposited therefore important to document a reliable, consistent from 49,800 ± 3,800 years BP to 1,120 ± 40 years BP record of fossil faunas, particularly for sites preceding to the present (Reynard et al. 2015). The Lamb Spring the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. Archaeological Preserve Site represents deposition from Megafaunal extinctions characterized vertebrate 17,850 ± 550 years BP to 14,500 ± 500 years BP (Elias community changes throughout North America during & Toolin 1990), the Selby and Dutton archaeological the Late Pleistocene and through the Pleistocene– localities represent deposition from 13,600 ± 485 to Holocene transition (Faith & Surovell 2009). Smaller 11,710 ± 150 years BP (Stanford & Graham 1985, Holen changes in microvertebrate communities were also 2006), and the Haystack Cave specimens were deposited common and complex (Graham et al. 1996, Schmitt & from 14,935 ± 610 to 12,154 ± 1,700 years BP (Emslie Lupo 2012, 2016). Pleistocene fossil sites are distributed 1986). Individual specimens and smaller sites include throughout North America, with those in California those from the Magna Site, Fairplay locality, Florissant and Florida among the most well-known (Stock 1956, locality, Zapata Mammoth Site, Medano Mammoth Site, Morgan 2002). Sites from the Rocky Mountains and and Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge Sites, among surrounding areas are generally less well studied, others (Wescott et al. 2016, also see review in Murphy et but include important records of biodiversity, such as al. 2015). Of these localities, the Ziegler Reservoir Fossil those from Porcupine Cave, Natural Trap Cave, and the Site, Hansen Bluff Site, Porcupine Cave, Cement Creek Ziegler Reservoir Fossil Site (Martin & Gilbert 1978, Cave, Haystack Cave, Magna Site, Fairplay Site, Floris- Barnosky 2004, Miller et al. 2014, Sertich et al. 2014). sant Site, Zapata Mammoth Site, Medano Mammoth High-elevation paleontological sites are of great inter- Site, and Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge Sites are est because they document more climatically variable found at elevations higher than 2,200 m (Emslie 1986, ecosystems and are less common than lower elevation Elias & Nelson 1989, Rogers et al. 1992, Barnosky 2004, sites (Miller et al. 2014, Sertich et al. 2014). Miller et al. 2014, Sertich et al. 2014, Reynard et al. Pleistocene vertebrate fossil sites have been docu- 2015, Wescott et al. 2016, and also see review in Murphy mented in Colorado for more than one hundred years et al. 2015). and include hundreds of localities (see the review in The Villa Grove Paleontological Site (VGPS) Murphy et al. 2015). Most of these sites contain isolated is a fossiliferous late-Pleistocene gravel pit from the remains scattered throughout the state, although several northern San Luis Valley (Fig. 1) with sediments and more substantial sites have been studied as well. mammoth dentin dated to between 25,600 ± 80 14C Major early-Pleistocene sites from Colorado years BP and 33,405 ± 340 14C years BP. It is a smaller include the Hansen Bluff Site [2.67 million to 670,000 high-elevation site (~2,430 m) that contains several years before present (BP)] (Elias & Nelson 1989), the mammalian megafaunal and microvertebrate remains. Donnelly Ranch Vertebrate Site (2.5 million years BP) It stands out as a site of somewhat unique age for 2 DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE & SCIENCE ANNALS | No. 8, December 23, 2019 Villa Grove Paleontological Site Fossils and Paleoenvironment Materials and Methods The geological context of the VGPS was determined based on soil stratigraphic data such as soil sediment color, texture, structure, mineralogy, carbonate mineralogy, boundary characteristics, horizonation, and depositional environment. Sediments and soils are described using standard procedures and terminology outlined by the Soil Survey Division Staff
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