Course 107A : Infancy and Early Childhood Fall 2017 NY Psychoanalytic Society/Institute Instructor: Wendy Olesker, Ph.D [email protected]

Course Goals and Objectives

The core of this course lies in the classical psychoanalytic conceptualization of the mind of the infant and young child. During the past forty years or so new ideas have emerged that constitute a change in perspective from the traditional point of view about the mind of the developing child. What is the nature of these ideas, and how do we understand them in terms of the classical psychoanalytic understanding of mental functioning and the quality of the infantile experiences?

Accordingly, we will start with an introduction to the traditional psychoanalytic conceptualization of the developing mind of the child with reference to the ideas of Freud, , and Spitz. Mahler’s developmental account of separation- will provide a clinical backdrop for exploring ideas about aggression, defenses, the parent-child relationship, intrapsychic conflict, identification and gender identity formation. We will update and look at the looser and broader understanding of psychosexuality in considering sexual development, which permits more room for the expression of uncertainty and fluidity, but retaining and enhancing the place of the body.

We will then show how current theories of the nature of the child’s mind have evolved from this base starting with a shift to an object relations focus primarily within the British school stemming originally from the work of Klein (followed by Bion, Fairbairn, Guntrip, Winnicott). But it was Bowlby who subsequently took the object relations line of development even further by insisting on a research-based with an ethological perspective on mental function. We will study and the clinical practices that have evolved from it. In that regard, we will look at how the need for safety has become more central for scaffolding in the regulation of anxiety and other affects

The interest in research attracted the academic world and within a few decades developmental psychologists provided a vast array of experimental studies that added a further perspective to the conceptualization of the mind of the infant and young child. We will touch upon some of these studies citing the work of Beebe, Stern, Tronick by focusing on studies of mother-child interaction and the shift in thinking that led to a two-person intersubjectivity clinical approach. A series of questions will be asked about the impact of these studies on clinical understanding and practice, including incorporating the child’s subjective experience with a view from outside, the nature of the family system, nontraditional families, and the use of to aid in picking up potential unconscious communications.

1 To complete this course we will use clinical material to discuss the developmental passage to the oedipal phase and point out the threads of continuity between early infantile disturbances and later adult psychopathology, as well as views of discontinuity, complex systems, and nonlinear development. We will touch on motivations and domains outside of intrapsychic conflict (deficits), the difference between developmental delay pathology and intrapsychic conflict, and that not all early difficulties result in pathology—a look at resiliency and self righting tendencies.

This course is designed to achieve the following goals:

1. To familiarize candidates with the classical psychoanalytic understanding of the structure and psychic development of the mind of the infant and young child. 2. To further understanding about the emergence and early development of internalization and identification, intrapsychic conflict, defense, compromise formation, object relations, and gender. 3. To familiarize candidates with contemporary clinical and research perspectives that have evolved regarding the mind of the infant and young child and the type of problems that evolve outside of intrapsychic conflict though likely become intertwined with it. 4. To examine the clinical implications and differences between these viewpoints. 5. To examine the links between early development and later adult pathology.

Week 1: Nov 1, 2017 Introduction – The classical psychoanalytic view of the mind of the infant and young child and the developmental point of view

Freud, S. (1905). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Essay #2, S.E. 7: 173-206.

Settlage, C. (1980). Psychoanalytic theory and understanding of psychic development in the second and third years of life. In: The Course of Life; vol.1 , Infancy and Early Childhood, (Eds.) S. Greenspan & G.H. Pollach, NIMH, pp. 523 – 540.

Eagle, M. (2011). From classical to Contemporary . Routledge, , pp.15-19 The basic paradigm; pp. 30-32 Ego functions. (Skim).

Optional Kris, E. (1956) The Recovery of Childhood Memories in Psychoanalysis, PSC, 11:54- 88 (especially 60-65; 72-77).

Freud, A. (1966). The Writings of Anna Freud: the Ego and Mechanisms of Defense.

2 IUP, vol.2. Chapter 1 (pp.3-10); Chapter 4 (pp.42-53); Chapter 5 (pp. 54-65).

Fraiberg, S. (1982). Pathological defenses in infancy, Psychoanal. Quarterly. pp612-635. (skim).

Green, V. & Joyce, A. (2016). Revised Diagnostic Profile 2016:Revisions, Rational and Further Thoughts, Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, vol 16, No. 2, 138-148.

Week 2: Nov 8, 2017 Margaret Mahler: The Separation-Indivduation Process, The Basic Film— Object Constancy

Mahler, M.S. (l972). On the First Three Subphases of the Separation-Individuation Process, Int. J. Psychoanal. , 53: 333-338, l972.

Pine, F. (l979). On the Pathology of the Separation-Individuation Process as Manifested In Later Clinical Work. Int. J. Psychoanal. , 60: 335-34.

Optional: (Role of the Parents During Early Development):

Mahler, M.& Bergman, A. (l970). The Mother's Reaction to Her Toddler’s Drive for Individuation. In Parenthood, Its Psychology and Psychopathology, eds. J. Anthony & T. Benedek. Boston: Little , Brown & Co., pp. 257-275.

Ross, J. (1979) Fathering: A Review of Some Psychoanalytic Contributions on Paternity. Int. J. Psychoanal., 60,pp. 317-328, l979.

Week 3 Nov 15, 2017 Processes of Internalization (Incorporation, Introjection, Identification) and the Emergence of Intrapsychic Conflict

Ritvo, S. and Solnit, A. (1958). Influences of early mother-child interaction on Identification processes. Psychoanal. Study of Child, 13: 64-91.

McDevitt, J. (1971). Preoedipal Determinants of an Infantile Neurosis. In: Separation Individuation: Essays in Honor of Margaret S. Mahler, eds. J.B. McDevitt and C.F. Settlage. New York: IUP, pp 201-226.

______(1980). Object constancy, Individuality, and Internalization. In: Course of Life, In: S. Greenspan & G.H. Pollach (Eds), Vol.1, NIMH, pp. 407-424.

Optional: (Clinical Examples) McDevitt, J. (l997). The continuity of conflict and compromise formation from infancy to adulthood. A twenty-five year follow-up, JAPA, 45:105-126.

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Olesker, W. (1998). Conflict and compromise in gender identity formation: a longitudinal study. Psychoanal. Study of Child, vol.53. pp. 212-230.

Week 4 Nov 28, 2017 The Kleinian view of infant development: points of contact and divergence from the classical view.

Shuttleworth, J. (2002). Psychoanalytic theory and infant development. In: Closely Observed Infants, (Eds.) L. Miller, M. Rustin, Judy Shttleworth, Duckworth, Gr. Britain, pp. 22-51. Clinical Examples Pick, I (1992).the emergence of early object relations in the psychoanalytic setting. In: Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion, (Ed.), E.Spillius, Tavistock/Routledge, London,New York, pp.24-27.

Mitchell, S., & Black, M. (1995). and contemporary theory. In: Freud and Beyond, Basic Books, New York, pp. 85-111. (skim).

Optional: (If we have time) Gender Identity Development/Gender Dysphoria Olesker, W. Sex differences During the Early Separation -Individuation process: Implications for Gender Identity Formation, JAPA,38:2, 325-346, l990.

Harris, A. (2000) Gender as a Soft Assembly, Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 1(3):223-250.

Coates, S., Friedman, R. & Wolfe, S. (l991). Aetiology of Boyhood Gender Disorder: Model for Integrating Temperment, Development, and , Psy- choanalytic Dialogues, Vol.I, Issue 4, 481-523.

McDevitt, J. (1995). Preoedipal Determinants of an Infantile Gender Disorder, Psychoanalytic Study Child, Vol. 50.

Saketopoulou, A. (2014). Mourning the body as bedrock: development considerations in treating transsexual patients analytically, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Asssociation, 62(5), 773-805.

Tyson, P. (l986) Female Psychological Development, Ann.Psychoanal.l4:357-373,

------(l986)Male gender identity: Early developmental roots. Psychoanal. Rev., 73:405-425.

Week 5: Dec 6, 2017 Microanalytic Research: Dr. Beebe will present Infant-mother interaction studies.

Beebe, B. (2012). The origins of disorganized attachmentand internal working

4 models: Paper II. An empirical microanalysis of a 4-month mother-infant interaction. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, Routledge, London, pp. 253-273.

Beebe, B. (2014). My journey in infant research and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, Amer. Psychological Association, pp. 4-25.

Week 6: Dec 13, 2017 Dr. Pat Nachman will present the microanalytic research of Dan Stern. Can a microanalytic view of the parent child relationship contribute to our understanding of psychoanalysis and our work with patients?

Stern, D. (1995). The infant’s representations viewed clinically. In: The Motherhood Constellation. Basic Books, chapter 6, pp.98-110. Stern, D. (1995). The parents’ representational world. In: The Motherhood Constellation. New York: Basic Books, pp. 18-40.

Stern, D. (2000). The relevance of empirical infant research to psychoanalytic theory and practice. In: Clinical and observational psychoanalytic Research: Roots of a Controversy, (Eds.) J. Sandler, A.M. Samdler. & R.Davies, Karnac. Chapt. 5, pp.73-90. (Skim).

Week 7: Dec 20, 2017 Attachment Theory

Karen, Becoming Attached. In: Atlantic Monthy, (Feb. 1990) pp. 35-70.

Steele. M., Bate, J., Nikitiades, A., Buhl-Nielson, B. (2015). Attachment in adolescence and borderline personality disorder, J. of Infant , Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14:1, pp. 16-32.

Slade, A. (June 2002). Keeping the baby in mind: A critical factor in perinatal mental health, In: Zero to Three, pp.10-16. (Mentalization in the clinical setting).

Optional Fonagy,P., Steele, M., Moran, G., Higitt, A. (1993). Measuring the ghost in the nursery: An empirical study of the relation between parents’ representations of childhood experiences and their infants’ security of attachment. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assoc.41: pp. 957-989. (The role of reflective function).

Week 8: Jan 3, 2018 Oedipal phase development. Review and conclusion of course.

5 Nagera, H. (1980). The four to six year stage. In: The Course of Life, vol. 1. Infancy and Childhood, (Eds.) S. Greenspan & G.H. Pollach, NIMH, pp.553-561. (skim).

Freud, S. (1924). The dissolution of the Oedius Complex. S.E. 19: pp.73-79.

Balsam, R. (2015). Oedipus Rex: Where are we going especially with Females. Psychoanal. Quart. Vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 555-588.

Optional: Kulish, N. (2011) Obstacles to Oedipal Passion, Psycho Quart. LXXX#1, 3-33.

Freud, S. (l912) On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love, SE. 11, 177-90.

Simon, B. Is the Oedipus Complex Still the Cornerstone of Psychoanalysis? Three Obstacles to Answering the Question, JAPA, 39: 3, 641-669.

SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS A few suggestions from a vast literature

Classical Psychoanalysis

Freud, S. (1905). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, S.E., 7: pp. 173-205.

Freud, (1908). Character and Anal Eroticism. S.E., 9, pp. 169-175.

Freud, S. (1924). The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex. S.E. , 19, pp. 173-179.

Abraham, K. (1923). Contributions to the theory of the anal character, Int. J. Psycho- Anal., 4: pp. 400-418.

Nagera, H. (1966). Childhood Disturbances, the Infantile Neurosis and Adult Disturbances. New York: IUP, pp. 48-62.

Arlow, J. (1982). Problems of the superego concept. Psychoanal. Study Child, 37, pp. 229-244.

Pine, F. (1979). On the pathology of the separation-individuation process as manifested in later clinical work. Internat. J. of Psychoanal. Vol. 60, pp.335-342.

6 Attachment

Bowlby, J. (1969). .Vol 1. Attachment,New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, vol.2, Separation: Anxiery and Anger. New York: Basic Books.

Bretherton, I., Origins of attachment theory: In: Attachment Theory, Social Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, Goldberg, Muir, & Carr (Eds.). pp.45-70.

Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self, New York: Other Books.

Fonagy, P. Playing with reality , (1996).: Theroy of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. Int. J. of Psychoanal.. 77. 217--233

Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Leigh, t., Kennedy, R.,, Mattoon, G., Target, M., (1995). Attachment, the reflective self , and borderline states: the predictive specificity of the Adult Attachment Interview and pathological emotional development. In: S. Goldberg, R. Muir , J. Kerr, AttachmentTheory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives, New York: Analytic Press, pp. 233-278.

Karen, Robert, (1998). Becoming Attached, New York, Oxford Univ. Press.

Main, M, (200). The organized categories of infant, child, and adult attachment: Flexible vs. inflexible attention under attachment-related stress, JAPA, , v.48, pp. 1055-1096.

Separation-Individuation Mahler, M., Pine, F., Bergman, A, (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant New York: Basic Books. McDevitt, J. (1979). The role of internalization in the development of object relations during the separation-individuation phase. JAPA, 27, (2),: pp 327-343. McDevitt, J. (1975). Separation-Individuation and object constancy, JAPA, 23:pp.713- 742. Olesker, W. (1998). Conflict and compromise in gender identity formation: A longitudinal study, Psychoanal.Study Child, vol.53, pp.212-230.

McDevitt, J. (1971) Pre-oedipal determinants of an infantile neurosis.

7 Separation-Individualtion Essays in Honor of Margaret Mahler, J.McDevitt, C. Settlage, (Eds). IUP, pp. 201-226.

Cohen,D. (1993). A child analysis., J. of Clinical Psychoanalysis, vol.2, #1, pp. 63-88.

Kennedy, H. & Yorke, C. (1982). Steps from outer to inner conflict viewed as superego precursors. Psychoanal. Study Child. 37, pp.221- 228.

Lyons-Ruth (1991). Rapproachement or approchement: Mahler’s theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships, Psychoanal. Psychol. 8(1), pp.1-23.

Infant Research

Boston Change Process Study Group (2010). Chapt.1. Non-interpretative mechanisms in psychoanalytic psychotherapy; something more than interpretation. Change in Psychotherapy: A unifying Paradigm. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stern, D. (2004). The intersubjective matrix. The Present Moment. New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 75-96.

Stern, D. (1985). The Interpersonal World of the Infant: A view from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology, New York: Basic Books.

Tronick, E. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants, American Psychologist, 44, (2), 112-119.

Stern, D. (1971). A microanalysis of mother-infant interaction: Behavior regulating social contact between a mother and her 3 1/2 –month-old twins. J. of the American Academy of Child ,10, 501-517.

Contributions from neuroscience and genetics

Schore, A. (2001), the effects of a secure attachment on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health, Infant Mental Health Journal, vol.22, pp.7-66.

Plomin, R. (Jan/Feb 2013). Child development and molechular genetics: 14 years Later. Child Development, vol.84, no. 1, pp.104-120.

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