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ENVISIONING ROBOTS IN SOCIETY – POWER, POLITICS, AND PUBLIC SPACE Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications The book series Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications (FAIA) covers all aspects of theoretical and applied Artificial Intelligence research in the form of monographs, selected doctoral dissertations, handbooks and proceedings volumes. The FAIA series contains several sub-series, including ‘Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases’ and ‘Knowledge-Based Intelligent Engineering Systems’. It also includes the biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) proceedings volumes, and other EurAI (European Association for Artificial Intelligence, formerly ECCAI) sponsored publications. The series has become a highly visible platform for the publication and dissemination of original research in this field. Volumes are selected for inclusion by an international editorial board of well-known scholars in the field of AI. All contributions to the volumes in the series have been peer reviewed. The FAIA series is indexed in ACM Digital Library; DBLP; EI Compendex; Google Scholar; Scopus; Web of Science: Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Science (CPCI-S) and Book Citation Index – Science (BKCI-S); Zentralblatt MATH. Series Editors: J. Breuker, N. Guarino, J.N. Kok, J. Liu, R. López de Mántaras, R. Mizoguchi, M. Musen, S.K. Pal and N. Zhong Volume 311 Recently published in this series Vol. 310. N. Petkov, N. Strisciuglio and C. Travieso-González (Eds.), Applications of Intelligent Systems – Proceedings of the 1st International APPIS Conference 2018 Vol. 309. A.J. Tallón-Ballesteros and K. Li (Eds.), Fuzzy Systems and Data Mining IV – Proceedings of FSDM 2018 Vol. 308. Z. Falomir, K. Gibert and E. Plaza (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence Research and Development – Current Challenges, New Trends and Applications Vol. 307. K. Muischnek and K. Müürisep (Eds.), Human Language Technologies – The Baltic Perspective – Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference Baltic HLT 2018 Vol. 306. S. Borgo, P. Hitzler and O. Kutz (Eds.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems – Proceedings of the 10th International Conference (FOIS 2018) Vol. 305. S. Modgil, K. Budzynska and J. Lawrence (Eds.), Computational Models of Argument – Proceedings of COMMA 2018 Vol. 304. B. Davis, C.M. Keet and A. Wyner (Eds.), Controlled Natural Language – Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop, CNL 2018, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, August 27–28, 2018 Vol. 303. H. Fujita and E. Herrera-Viedma (Eds.), New Trends in Intelligent Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques – Proceedings of the 17th International Conference SoMeT_18 ISSN 0922-6389 (print) ISSN 1879-8314 (online) Envisioning Robots in Society – Power, Politics, and Public Space Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2018 / TRANSOR 2018 February 14–17, 2018, University of Vienna, Austria Edited by Mark Coeckelbergh, Janina Loh, and Michael Funk Chair of Media and Technology, Department of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Austria Johanna Seibt and Marco Nørskov Research Unit for Robophilosophy, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark Third Event in the Robophilosophy Conference Series organized by Research Unit for Robophilosophy, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Denmark Amsterdam • Berlin • Washington, DC © 2018 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-61499-930-0 (print) ISBN 978-1-61499-931-7 (online) Library of Congress Control Number: 2018962273 Publisher IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax: +31 20 687 0019 e-mail: [email protected] For book sales in the USA and Canada: IOS Press, Inc. 6751 Tepper Drive Clifton, VA 20124 USA Tel.: +1 703 830 6300 Fax: +1 703 830 2300 [email protected] LEGAL NOTICE The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS v Preface The five editors of this volume are delighted to present here the Proceedings of the third event in the Robophilosophy Conference Series, held February 14–17, at the University of Vienna, Austria. After the first two events in this series, which took place in Aarhus in 2014 and 2016, this volume collects the results of an intense, exciting and very pro- ductive research exchange that featured close to 100 research presentations and brought together about 250 researchers from all over the world. The Robophilosophy 2018 conference, entitled Envisioning Robots in Society—Pol- itics, Power, and Public Space, prominently focused on societal, economic, and political issues related to social robotics, including the organization of work and labor, policy, education, economics, law, medicine and care, and the arts. Within these and other socio- political domains social robots will appear in ever more intelligent, connectable, and ex- tensive ways, producing artificial agents that function in ever more complex physical and social surroundings, and transform the practices and organizations in which they are em- bedded. This raises a host of difficult and highly complex questions for policy-makers, engineers, and researchers. Which socio-political, socio-cultural, economic, and ethical challenges will we humans be confronted with as social robots are included into a grow- ing number of contexts of everyday life? How can philosophy and other disciplines contribute to asking these questions and addressing these challenges? Our conference was to send yet another signal to researchers, policy makers, engineers, and corporations that this is the time to (pro)actively engage with these issues and realize that they jointly share the burden of responsibility for shaping the course of the “robot revolution”. The papers in this volume address the difficult questions of the impending socio- cultural changes due to the ‘robot revolution’. They ask these questions in different ways, ranging from reflections on the future of the economy and work to ethical questions about responsibility and philosophical discussions about the moral status of artificial agents. The Proceedings offer an interesting spectrum of the questions, answers, and approaches that currently are at the center of both academic and public discussions. We are confident that the short contributions collected here advance the state of the art and are helpful to researchers and policy makers alike, as well as of interest for other stakeholders. As the Robophilosophy Conference Series in general, these Proceedings aim to present philosophical and interdisciplinary humanities research in and on social robotics that can inform and engage with policy making and political agendas—critically and con- structively. During the conference we explored how academia and the private sector can work hand in hand to assess benefits and risks of future production formats and employ- ment conditions. We have talked about how research in the humanities, including art and art research, and research in the social and human sciences can contribute to imagining and envisioning the potentials of future social interactions in the public space. We hope that the contributions in this volume will further discussion and exchange on the difficult yet eminently important questions that arise when we envision the introduction of robots into our societies. This page intentionally left blank vii Acknowledgements We would like to thank all those who made this conference possible, who supported us on the way and who are also present during these days here in Vienna. First and foremost, we want to thank you, the speakers and participants of this conference. We are also very grateful to our excellent team of reviewers, who critically, patiently, and open-mindedly read and evaluated the submitted abstracts. They helped us to ensure and maintain the high academic quality of the event. Particular acknowledgement and praise is due to all those who provided organizational support. We warmly thank our organizational assistants, Agnes Buchberger and Caroline Krecké, who managed to keep an overview of everything that is needed for the organization of such an event, and without whom we would have drowned long ago in unanswered emails and overseen requests. We also thank Søren Schack Andersen, who created the web version of the program and prepared the program book, and Zach Storms, who assisted us in the last stages of preparing the Proceedings. Finally, we do not want to forget the often “invisible hands” of the student assistants, Karoline Paier and her team: Simon Popp, Jesse De Pagter, Maximilian Hohlweg, Eva-Maria Kehrer, Flora Löffelmann, and Lena Starkl, who kept an eye on many matters during these busy days of the conference. The conference was organized throughout as a collaborative project of the Chair for Philosophy of Media and Technology at the Philosophy of Department of the University of Vienna, Austria, and the Research Unit for Robophilosophy at Aarhus University, Denmark, the main organizer of the Robophilosophy Conference Series. The Austrian team stood for the local organization and hosting, the Danish team supplied the organizational tools for review and registration, as well as conference graphics and web pres- ence; both teams collaborated on the academic content, from the first announcement to the submission of this volume. The event was made possible by

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