Regional Statistical Profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018
(Including history from 1997 and regional comparisons)
Prepared for the SIR ANDREW AND LADY FAIRLEY FOUNDATION
Prepared by the National Institute of Economic and Industry Research (NIEIR) ABN: 72 006 234 626 Lower Ground, Unit 1, 663 Victoria Street, Abbotsford, Victoria, 3067 Telephone: (03) 9488 8444; Facsimile: (03) 9482 3262 Email: [email protected]
Revised, January 2019
IAN322-Shepparton-revised 240119/Shepparton/2019
While the National Institute endeavours to provide reliable forecasts and believes the material is accurate it will not be liable for any claim by any party acting on such information. Contents
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1. Introduction 1 2. History and geography 3 3. Population growth 5 4. Greater Shepparton: Its parts and its peers 7 5. Demography 10 6. Migration and ethnic composition 16 7. The economic base of Greater Shepparton 23 8. Shepparton’s economic performance: Value added 27 9. Shepparton’s economic performance: Productivity 32 10. Shepparton’s economic performance: Employment and hours worked 34 11. Shepparton’s economic performance: Income from work 46 12. Property income and transfers 48 13. Socio-economic status 52 14. Transport 58 15. Housing 59 16. Education 61 Appendix A: The implications of migration for the evaluation of assistance programs 69 A.1 The outcomes for the initial aged 0-4 population who were always in a region who stay in a region 69 A.2 Population inflows 69 A.3 Younger age population dynamics: Comparison with Ballarat and Bendigo 70 Appendix B: Detailed statistical comparisons 73
List of tables
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3.1 Average annual rate of population growth 5 5.1 Greater Shepparton – residents by residential status in a non-private dwelling 10 5.2 Age structure of the population by residential location 11 5.3 Greater Shepparton – age distribution by suburb 12 5.4 Rates of population growth, 2011-16, by residential location and age group 13 5.5 Age structure of the population – Shepparton and comparison areas 13 5.6 Percentage of parents of dependent children to population aged 15-54 – Shepparton and Victoria, 2016 14 5.7 Distribution of residents by household composition 14 5.8 Households by family composition 15 6.1 Population in 2016 by place of usual residence five years earlier – Shepparton and comparison regions 16 6.2(a) Greater Shepparton and other locations – residents in 2011 by location in 2016 17 6.2(b) Greater Shepparton and other locations – residents in 2016 by location in 2011 17 6.3 Population by birthplace, 2016 20 6.4 Birthplace of Greater Shepparton residents 21 6.5 Indigenous population, 2016 22 6.6 Greater Shepparton – Indigenous status 22 7.1(a) Export share in total sales – Greater Shepparton 24 7.2 Exports from Greater Shepparton by industry, 1997 and 2018 25 7.3 Exports from Greater Shepparton by industry (percentages and rate of growth) 26 8.1 Employment by industry – Greater Shepparton and Victoria 27 8.2 Distribution of employment by industry – Greater Shepparton and Victoria 28 8.3 Employed persons by broad occupation – Greater Shepparton and Victoria 28 8.4 Distribution of employed persons by broad occupation – Greater Shepparton and Victoria 28 8.5(a) Value added per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 29 8.6 Structure of Greater Shepparton industry – selected indicators 31 9.1(a) Productivity – value added per hour worked – Greater Shepparton 33 10.1(a) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 35 10.2(a) Resident employment per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 36 10.3(a) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 36 10.4(a) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 37 10.5 Jobholding rates of residents – all ages, and rate of growth of resident employment – 2011-16 38 10.6(a) Jobholders as a percentage of residents of workforce age, non-indigenous and indigenous 39 10.6(b) Increase in jobholding rates 2011-16, by indigenous status 39
List of tables (cont.)
Page no. 10.7(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 15-19 40 10.7(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 15-19, 2011-16 40 10.8(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 20-24 41 10.8(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 20-24, 2011-16 41 10.9(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 25-54 42 10.9(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 25-54, 2011-16 42 10.10(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 55-64 43 10.10(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 55-64, 2011-16 44 10.11 Residents aged 15 to 64 years by gender and employment status 45 11.1(a) Workplace income from work – Greater Shepparton 46 11.2(a) Resident income from work – Greater Shepparton 47 12.1(a) Total wage incomes – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs 48 12.1(b) Total on-market private income – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs 49 12.1(c) Private income plus social security benefits, less income tax, superannuation contributions and interest – 197, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs 50 12.1(d) ‘Disposable income’ including imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs 50 12.2 Sources of income Greater Shepparton, Victoria and Australia, 2016 51 13.1(a) Growth in median household income – 2011-2016 53 13.1(b) Proportion of households with low equivalised incomes, 2011 and 2016 55 13.2 Percentage of households with equivalised incomes less than $500 per week 56 13.3 Internet access to occupied private dwellings 2016 56 13.4 Greater Shepparton – Dependent children in low income households 56 13.5 Crime recorded incidents – Greater Shepparton 57 15.1 Dwellings by tenure, 2011 and 2016 59 15.2 Greater Shepparton – Tenure of occupied private dwellings 60 16.1 Greater Shepparton – Highest educational qualification of residents aged 15-64 61 16.2 Greater Shepparton – School attainment of residents aged 15-64 62 16.3 Greater Shepparton – Type of educational institution attended, ages 3 to 5 years 62 16.4 Shepparton SA4 – Equivalised household income and participation in pre-school 63 16.5 Australian Early Development Census: Early education of children that attended non-parental education or care – Greater Shepparton 63 16.6 Australian Early Development Census: Greater Shepparton and Victoria – Australian Early Development Index, 2015 64 16.7 Students enrolled in schools in Greater Shepparton by the Index of Community Socio-Economic Advantage (ICSEA) – Indigenous status and non-English speaking background, 2015 and 2017 65 16.8 Distribution of students enrolled in schools in Greater Shepparton by the Index of Community Socio-Economic Advantage (ICSEA) – Indigenous status and non-English speaking background, 2015 and 2017 66 16.9 Average NAPLAN assessment of students attending schools in Greater Shepparton as a percentage of the average all-Australian assessment – 2015 and 2017 68 List of tables (cont.)
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Appendix A: The implications of migration for the evaluation of assistance programs
A.1 Population inflows and outflows – population aged 0 to 19 – Shepparton 71 A.2 Population inflows and outflows – population aged 0 to 19 – Ballarat 72
Appendix B: Detailed statistical comparisons
7.1(a) Export share in total sales – Greater Shepparton 73 7.1(b) Export share in total sales – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 74 7.1(c) Export share in total sales – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 74 7.1(d) Export share in total sales – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 75 7.1(e) Export share in total sales – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 75 7.1(f) Export share in total sales – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 76 8.5(a) Value added per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 77 8.5(b) Value added per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 77 8.5(c) Value added per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 78 8.5(d) Value added per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 78 8.5(e) Value added per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 79 8.5(f) Value added per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 79 9.1(a) Productivity – value added per hour worked – Greater Shepparton 80 9.1(b) Productivity – value added per hour worked – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 80 9.1(c) Productivity – value added per hour worked – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 81 9.1(d) Productivity – value added per hour worked – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 81 9.1(e) Productivity – value added per hour worked – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 82 9.1(f) Productivity – value added per hour worked – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 82
List of tables (cont.)
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10.1(a) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 83 10.1(b) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 83 10.1(c) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 84 10.1(d) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 84 10.1(e) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 85 10.1(f) Workplace employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 85 10.2(a) Resident employment per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 86 10.2(b) Resident employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 86 10.2(c) Resident employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 87 10.2(d) Resident employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 87 10.2(e) Resident employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 88 10.2(f) Resident employment per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 88 10.3(a) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 89 10.3(b) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 89 10.3(c) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 90 10.3(d) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 90 10.3(e) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 91 10.3(f) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 91 10.4(a) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – Greater Shepparton 92 10.4(b) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 92 10.4(c) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 93
List of tables (cont.)
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10.4(d) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 93 10.4(e) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 94 10.4(f) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 94 11.1(a) Workplace income from work – Greater Shepparton 95 11.1(b) Workplace income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 95 11.1(c) Workplace income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 96 11.1(d) Workplace income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 96 11.1(e) Workplace income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 97 11.1(f) Workplace income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 97 11.2(a) Resident income from work – Greater Shepparton 98 11.2(b) Resident income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Griffith 98 11.2(c) Resident income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Leeton 99 11.2(d) Resident income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Ballarat 99 11.2(e) Resident income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Greater Bendigo 100 11.2(f) Resident income from work – ratio of Greater Shepparton to Mildura 100
1. Introduction
This report is a revised version of the text presented to a conference in Shepparton on 3 August 2018. Several tables have been added, replicating those in a previous report to the George Hicks Foundation on the Mornington Peninsula, along with an additional section on preschool and school education. When Victorians speak of the Goulburn Valley they generally mean the country along the Goulburn River from Seymour, where the river leaves the hills for the plains, to the Murray River and state border more or less 130 km north. This region is divided between several local government areas (LGAs), chiefly Moira to the north, Greater Shepparton in the centre and Strathbogie to the south. Shepparton has emerged as the chief urban centre for the Goulburn Valley. Its local government area (LGA) consolidates the Shepparton-Mooroopna urban area and its immediate hinterland under a single Council. However, the commercial hinterland of Shepparton extends further into the rest of the Goulburn Valley, particularly the Shire of Moira but also across the Murray into New South Wales. Greater Shepparton is a City. However, a large part of the LGA (by area, not by population) is rural. This can cause confusion since the word ‘city’ can refer either to the whole LGA or to the Shepparton- Mooroopna urban area. To avoid this confusion, the word city will be used sparingly in this report. The report comprises 15 further short sections, as follows. 2. Basic history and geography. 3. Aggregate population growth since 1945 has more or less followed the average Victorian trajectory, though with a pause in the early part of this century. 4. For analytical purposes, Greater Shepparton has been divided into twelve small districts. The study also compares the LGA as a whole with several of its peers. 5. The population is ageing at a similar rate to that of the peer regions. 6. Shepparton receives more overseas immigrants than the typical non-metropolitan LGA but less than the typical metropolitan area. The indigenous percentage of the population is also higher than Victorian average. Both these groups are spread across the LGA, with some areas of concentration. 7. Despite some recent diversification, Shepparton’s economy is based on agriculture and related food processing. 8. The basic indicator of economic growth – total value added (or Gross Regional Product) has been growing at 1.4 per cent a year per capita of the working-age population. However Shepparton continues to generate a lower proportion of professional jobs, and a higher proportion of labouring jobs, than Victorian state average. 9. Productivity (value added per hour worked) has been growing at 0.6 per cent a year. 10. Hours worked per capita of the working age population have been growing at 0.3 per cent a year. The additional hours have supported a trend to later retirement but have not been sufficient to guarantee the entry of all young people into paid work. 11. Income from work per capita of the working age population has been increasing by 0.7 per cent a year. 12. Income from work is supplemented by property income and social security payments and also (for some purposes) by the imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings; however income tax, social security contributions and interest payments subtract from this total. Disposable income per capita of the whole population has been increasing by around 3 per cent a year.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 1 13. However, the proportion of poor households has increased. 14. Shepparton is heavily auto-dependent for passenger transport. 15. Half of Shepparton households live in wholly-owned dwellings, with the rest divided between renters and households with mortgages. 16. Most children growing up in Shepparton experience pre-school.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 2 2. History and geography
Most of Greater Shepparton is flat and arable, lying between 110 and 120 metres above sea level. There are three exceptions. ■ A fringe of low forested hills in the south-west corner of the LGA, behind Murchison. ■ Mt Major, which rises to 379 metres between Dookie and Dookie College. ■ The Goulburn River, flowing from south to north, bisects the LGA. The river is incised several metres into the plain and flows across a flood-liable strip generally one or two kilometres wide. This flood plain is wooded, with river red gums prominent. Prior to the 19th Century the district would have had a substantial Aboriginal population, though this was reduced early that century by epidemics of introduced diseases. Even so, the indigenous population survives and at the 2016 Census numbered 2100, or 3.6 per cent of the population. The current indigenous population includes people living on, or not far from, their ancestral lands, but also includes people whose ancestral lands are far away. Non-Aboriginal settlement got under way in the 1850s, initially as pastoral properties supplying the nearby goldfields. The town of Murchison and the mansion at Dhurringile date from these times. Closer settlement followed with the railways and towns grew up by the railway stations. The railway from Melbourne reached Shepparton in 1880, opening up the district to grain farming and hence to closer settlement, which bequeathed the LGA with the grid pattern of roads which divides much of it into square-mile blocks. Irrigation followed, initially by pumping from the river but, after the construction of the Waranga Basin (finished 1908) and the Eildon reservoir (1929, enlarged 1955) involving the distribution of water from the Goulburn via irrigation channels. Irrigation now supports intensive agriculture, including horticulture and dairying. Unfortunately, as the millennium drought made clear, this supply is not completely reliable. Shepparton is located on the east bank of the Goulburn 182 rail kilometres north of Melbourne, two kilometres downstream from the confluence of the Broken River, at a point where the Goulburn flows close to the eastern edge of its flood plain. Mooroopna is located on the west bank, five kilometres upstream from Shepparton, at a point where the river flows close to the western edge of its flood plain. The two centres are five kilometres apart, connected by a single road built on an embankment over the flood plain and part of the Midland Highway. The Goulburn Valley Highway passes through Shepparton but not through Mooroopna. A bypass is planned but has not yet been built, so central Shepparton sees heavy truck traffic. By contrast, Tatura lies away from the river three km south of the Midland Highway. Though it is away from the main roads, Tatura grew rapidly in the early twentieth century when its immediate surroundings received irrigation from the Waranga Basin. In the early 20th century Shepparton and Tatura vied for prominence, but the former grew much faster than the latter. The Shepparton urban area now incorporates the separately-founded town of Mooroopna and has also expanded into the surrounding paddocks, in the process incorporating places like Kialla which began as ex-urban villages. The process continues: Shepparton East and Kialla West, recently recognised by the ABS as urban localities, are sufficiently distanced from Shepparton to be considered distinct centres, but are likely to be absorbed into the Shepparton urban area as urban growth continues. In 1966 urban Shepparton extended from the intersection of Maude and High streets approximately 2 km south to the Broken River and approximately 2 km east and 2.5 km north, petering out into orchard blocks. The built-up area of Mooroopna extended from the shopping centre by the river 2.5 km along the Echuca road and 1.5 km along the Midland Highway. The urban area of Tatura was aligned with the grid pattern of local roads and measured approximately 1.5 km x 2 km. All these
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 3 urban areas have grown over the past five decades, but chiefly Shepparton, which now extends roughly 6 km from its centre to its southern boundary, 5 km north and 3 km east. All three towns were founded as rural service centres with added manufacturing, including the processing of rural products and the fabrication of farming equipment. The major commercial centre extends over several blocks in Shepparton and there are supermarkets with large car parks on its outskirts; Tatura and Mooroopna remain as local shopping centres. The commercial hinterland of Shepparton is limited by the presence of competing centres – Melbourne to the south, Bendigo and perhaps Echuca to the west and Wangaratta and perhaps Benalla to the east. Towns to the north – Numurkah, Nathalia and Cobram – are smaller than Shepparton and it is likely that many residents of Moira shire, and perhaps of NSW shires north of the Murray, depend on Shepparton for at least some higher-order commercial services. The major cultural facilities of the LGA and the aquatic centre are close to the riverbank in Shepparton, but sports fields are more widely dispersed and golf clubs are located on the fringe of each of the three towns. From the 1950s on a major hospital was developed on a large site approximately 1.5 km north of the Shepparton city centre, and in 1974 this replaced the former Mooroopna Base Hospital. Primary education is provided in schools scattered across the LGA, including some in purely rural locations. However, secondary students are obliged to travel, either to the state secondary colleges near the centres of Shepparton and Mooroopna, or to one or other of the Catholic or independent colleges, most of which are located in the northern outskirts of Shepparton. The Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE has a campus in central Shepparton and a horticultural school on the northern outskirts and both Melbourne and La Trobe universities offer selected courses from their campuses in Inner North Shepparton.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 4 3. Population growth
In 2016 Greater Shepparton had a population of around 64,000, of whom nearly 50,000 were recorded in Shepparton-Mooroopna (SUA). A further 4,000 lived in Tatura, leaving 10,000 people living in small towns and on rural properties in the rest of the LGA. Around 2,200 of these lived in townships which the ABS in 2016 recognised as urban localities (Murchison, Merrigum, Toolamba, Tallygaroopna, Kialla West and Shepparton East) leaving around 7,800 living in small villages or on rural properties. Since the Second World War Greater Shepparton (as now defined) has experienced similar population growth to Victoria as a whole (Table 3.1). In the post-war period the then City of Shepparton grew more rapidly than the other towns and rural areas and this differential has been maintained since, though there is some evidence that population growth in Shepparton-Mooroopna paused during the 1990 recession. (Local statistics for this period are fuzzy due to the boundary changes imposed during formation of Greater Shepparton.) In total, the population of Greater Shepparton outside the Shepparton-Mooroopna urban area has declined since 2001. This history means that the dwelling stock in Shepparton-Mooroopna (and particularly on the outskirts of the urban area) is newer than elsewhere in the LGA. It also leads us to expect that the demographic composition of Greater Shepparton will be similar to the State of Victoria as a whole, though the population of the rural areas is expected to be older than that of the urban areas.
Table 3.1 Average annual rate of population growth (per cent) Greater Shepparton- Rest of Greater Period Shepparton (total) Mooroopna Shepparton Victoria 1947-91 1.7(a) 2.7(b) 1.0(c) 1.5
1991-96 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1996-2001 1.4 2.3 0.1 1.7 2001-06 0.4 1.6 -0.2 1.4 2006-11 0.3 2.0 -0.3 1.7 2011-16 1.1 1.6 -0.1 2.1 1947-2016 1.4 1.5
Notes: (a) Sum of Shepparton City, Shepparton Shire and Rodney Shire. (b) City of Shepparton; probably underestimates the growth rate for present-day Shepparton-Mooroopna because it does not include spillovers into Rodney and Shepparton Shires: see below. (c) Sum of Shepparton Shire and Rodney Shire; probably overestimates the growth rate for present-day Rest of Greater Shepparton.
The City of Greater Shepparton was created when Victorian local government was reorganised during the early 1990s. It drew together: ■ all of the former City of Shepparton; ■ all of the former Shire of Shepparton; ■ nearly all of the former Rodney Shire (the bits of Rodney not included were the eastern shore of the Waranga Basin, which probably had very few residents, and the outskirts of Kyabram, which would have been semi-urban); ■ a small bit of former Waranga Shire, including the town of Murchison;
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 5 ■ a small bit of former Goulburn Shire, including the township of Murchison East; ■ a bit of former Violet Town Shire, mainly agricultural land; ■ a small bit of former Tungamah Shire, including the township of Katandra West; and ■ a narrow strip of former Euroa Shire, mainly agricultural land.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 6 4. Greater Shepparton: Its parts and its peers
This report is chiefly built on two data sources: ■ the 2011 and 2016 Censuses; and ■ the NIEIR data bank. All of the data from the Census, and many of the data from the NIEIR data bank, are available on the City of Greater Shepparton website. This report accordingly concentrates on commenting on significant aspects of the data, and also provides comparison with other regions which, prima facie, face similar economic constraints and opportunities to Greater Shepparton. Data from the Census are foundational for regional studies, in that the Census is the only source of population statistics at the local level. This allows a focus, when relevant, on small areas, though not on very small areas – data for these are either suppressed or randomly disturbed in the interest of respondent privacy. It also allows the boundaries of larger areas to be drawn as considered relevant for the topic under analysis. The NIEIR data bank does not have this small-area facility; instead, it concentrates on data by LGA. It compensates for this restriction by going well beyond the Census to include sources such as tax, Centrelink and house price data. It includes a system of inference which allows the construction of derived statistics, such as estimates of Gross Regional Product. The Census data in this report is provided for Greater Shepparton LGA as a whole plus four comparison areas, only one of which is a single LGA. This area is Greater Bendigo, which was selected for comparison for several reasons. ■ Both Greater Bendigo and Greater Shepparton comprise a mix of city and country. ■ Both are in Victoria and lie in within 150-200 km of Melbourne. That said, the gold rushes of the 1850s gave Bendigo a head start and it is still ahead of Shepparton in population. Its array of heritage buildings is difficult to beat and its train service to Melbourne is superior, though its road connection is no better. Comparative data are also provided for Albury-Wodonga, defined as the total of the two LGAs. This is likewise a rural city, but it lies further from Melbourne and indeed partly in NSW. Its population is around 40 per cent greater than that of Greater Shepparton. The two remaining Census comparisons are with regions which, like Greater Shepparton, rely for their prosperity on a combination of irrigated agriculture and related manufacturing. These are Mildura- Wentworth-Red Cliffs (defined to include the urban areas plus the surrounding irrigation areas) and the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA), defined as the combination of Griffith and Leeton LGAs. Neither of these regions is as populous as Greater Shepparton and both are further from the capital cities, but their similarity of economic base makes for instructive comparison. Within Greater Shepparton LGA, the Census permits small-area comparisons. For the purposes of this study, nine small areas have been selected, taking into account the rural/urban divide and the way in which the northern and southern residential areas of Shepparton are separated by the business district and the wedge of industrial and commercial land uses to the east of the business district.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 7 The areas are as follows (see Map 4.1). ■ The Southern part of the Shepparton urban area, divided into inner and outer sections. The outer urban area has been defined broadly, to include ex-urban housing semi-detached from the continuously built-up suburbs, including Shepparton East and Kialla West. ■ The Northern part of the Shepparton urban area, likewise divided. (NB: Thanks to the river, Shepparton does not have a western part.) ■ The Mooroopna urban area, likewise divided. ■ Tatura. ■ Four townships – Merrigum, Murchison, Tallygaroopna and Toolamba. (It was at first intended to combine these townships into one entry, but they are sufficiently distinct to warrant separate listing.) ■ Finally, the remainder, listed as the rural area. Census data are used to provide comparisons over the five years 2011-16. These comparisons carry on from the data provided in the Socio-economic Profile of Shepparton prepared for the Fairley Foundation in 2013. Though historical comparisons are confined to these nine areas, additional data for 2016 are provided either for state suburbs as defined by the ABS (excluding state suburbs with very small populations) or, where geographic detail is not significant, for Greater Shepparton as a whole (indeed, for one or two tables for the Shepparton SA4, which comprises much of NE Victoria).
Map 4.1: Shepparton regions
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 8 As noted, the NIEIR data bank does not permit comparison at less than LGA level. Data from this source accordingly relate to Greater Shepparton and the following comparison LGAs: ■ Greater Bendigo (as in the Census data); ■ Ballarat (being a second major provincial city founded, like Bendigo, during the gold rushes, but even closer to Melbourne and with a smaller rural component); ■ Griffith and Leeton separately; and ■ Mildura, defined on a LGA basis and hence different from the Census comparison. (The NIEIR data exclude the irrigation areas on the NSW side of the Murray and include a broad swathe of marginal wheat country.) There are significant differences in scale between these regions. Mildura is of similar size to Shepparton (its working age population is but 16 per cent smaller) but Ballarat is 63 per cent and Bendigo 74 per cent larger. In 2018 Griffith had 51 per cent of Shepparton’s working age population while Leeton had 17 per cent.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 9 5. Demography
Most of the Census data in this report refers to people by their place of usual residence, rather than the place where they happened to be recorded on Census night – in other words, people staying overnight away from home have been classified back to their home locality. The data also exclude people whose usual residence was in Greater Shepparton but was otherwise ‘not stated’ and those whose usual residence was a non-private dwelling. This latter group, comprising 3 per cent of the population, comprised prisoners at Dhurringile and residents of nursing homes, principally in Shepparton, Mooroopna, Tatura and Kialla (Table 5.1).
Table 5.1 Greater Shepparton – residents by residential status in a non-private dwelling, Census 2016 Owner, Guest, proprietor, patient, staff and inmate, other Not family resident Not stated applicable Total Arcadia (Vic.) 0 0 4 215 216 Ardmona 0 34 7 446 491 Bunbartha 0 4 4 273 282 Byrneside 0 5 0 159 163 Congupna 0 11 0 598 604 Dhurringile 0 243 0 199 445 Dookie 0 6 3 322 328 Grahamvale 0 7 3 665 681 Harston 0 0 0 177 177 Katandra West 0 6 3 471 474 Kialla 9 140 30 6637 6819 Kialla East 0 3 3 127 137 Kialla West 0 4 0 427 430 Lemnos 0 7 6 239 245 Merrigum 0 3 5 671 675 Mooroopna 8 174 76 7692 7937 Mooroopna North 0 0 0 127 127 Murchison (Vic.) 6 46 8 863 920 Murchison East 0 0 0 130 132 Orrvale 0 3 0 429 439 Pine Lodge (Vic.) 0 5 0 238 241 Shepparton 22 813 226 30131 31193 Shepparton East 0 10 7 1118 1135 Shepparton North 0 34 5 998 1036 Tallygaroopna 0 7 6 561 579 Tatura 0 135 37 4505 4669 Tatura East 0 3 0 141 147 Toolamba 0 13 7 749 768 Undera 0 7 3 440 443 TOTAL 45 1723 443 59748 61933 Per cent 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.96 1.00
Note: Covers state suburbs as defined by the ABS.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 10 As expected from the history of growth, the age structure of the population of Shepparton-Mooroopna is similar to that of Victoria as a whole, with minor differences: a slightly higher proportion of children, a slightly lower proportion of adults of prime working age and a slightly higher proportion of adults of retirement age (Tables 5.2 and 5.3). Within Shepparton-Mooroopna, the Outer North has a relatively youthful population, but the populations of the Outer South and Outer Mooroopna reflect the efforts of developers to attract retirees. Among the towns and townships, Murchison has a decidedly elderly population, in contrast to Toolamba with its recent influx of young families. The rural area has, on average, an older population than the urban areas but is conspicuously short of residents aged over 69. Presumably ageing farm couples, and even more farm widows and widowers, tend to move into retirement homes or aged care facilities, both of which are abundant in Shepparton-Mooroopna. By comparison with the population of Greater Bendigo, the population of Greater Shepparton as a whole has slightly higher proportions of children and people of working age, balanced chiefly by a lower proportion of people of student age. This could be due to a relative lack of bright lights or might reflect a narrower range of tertiary education opportunities. Greater Shepparton has a smaller proportion of retirees than Mildura-Wentworth. Land developers around Mildura were earlier than those round Shepparton to extol the benefits of retiring from dreary Melbourne into lands of the winter sun, but the difference could also reflect lower underlying growth rates. The age structure of the population of the MIA is similar to Greater Shepparton, save for a higher proportion of children. The main difference in Albury-Wodonga appears to be that that city is a little more attractive to young adults.
Table 5.2 Age structure of the population by residential location, Census 2016 (age groups as a percentage of the total population) Age groups 0-14 15-24 25-54 55-69 70+ Population Shepparton – North – Inner 0.186 0.091 0.391 0.167 0.116 14131 Shepparton – North – Outer 0.230 0.101 0.415 0.150 0.058 4459 Shepparton – South – Inner 0.201 0.111 0.390 0.153 0.102 16208 Shepparton – South – Outer 0.206 0.082 0.366 0.177 0.132 6904 Mooroopna – Inner 0.181 0.098 0.362 0.193 0.131 7197 Mooroopna – Outer 0.185 0.052 0.314 0.254 0.151 735 Shepparton – Rural 0.184 0.102 0.380 0.201 0.063 8363 Merrigum 0.185 0.088 0.405 0.216 0.121 422 Murchison 0.178 0.049 0.282 0.215 0.203 753 Tallygaroopna 0.194 0.084 0.357 0.270 0.049 263 Tatura 0.188 0.079 0.341 0.178 0.150 4042 Toolamba 0.236 0.077 0.405 0.188 0.028 351 Greater Shepparton 0.195 0.096 0.380 0.174 0.108 63828
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 0.193 0.110 0.386 0.172 0.101 89044 Greater – Bendigo 0.189 0.108 0.378 0.184 0.109 110100 Griffith – Leeton 0.206 0.096 0.381 0.161 0.104 36661 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 0.186 0.097 0.373 0.188 0.114 56117
Source: Census 2016.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 11 Table 5.3 Greater Shepparton – age distribution by suburb, Census 2016 Less than 15 15 to 24 25 to 64 65 years and years years years over Total Arcadia (Vic.) 20.6 11.7 51.6 16.1 100 Ardmona 17.2 12.6 55.3 14.8 100 Bunbartha 22.6 8.8 56.6 12 100 Byrneside 13 11.8 58.4 16.8 100 Congupna 23.1 12.2 49.2 15.5 100 Dhurringile 8.8 10.3 73.7 7.2 100 Dookie 25.2 9.7 49.2 15.9 100 Grahamvale 14.3 14.7 56.3 14.7 100 Harston 14.4 11.7 57.8 16.1 100 Katandra West 18.6 12.4 51.4 17.6 100 Kialla 22 11.7 50.3 16 100 Kialla East 9 16.7 66.7 7.6 100 Kialla West 22.8 12.4 52.4 12.4 100 Lemnos 21 10.9 56.3 11.8 100 Merrigum 16.6 10.1 56.7 16.6 100 Mooroopna 18.2 12.1 49 20.7 100 Mooroopna North 25.9 12.5 50 11.6 100 Murchison (Vic.) 18.1 7.5 44.3 30 100 Murchison East 9.7 12.5 50 27.8 100 Orrvale 12.1 16.7 55.6 15.6 100 Pine Lodge (Vic.) 21.3 12.4 50.2 16.1 100 Shepparton 20.2 12.9 49.4 17.5 100 Shepparton East 18.8 12.7 53.4 15.1 100 Shepparton North 28.6 14.4 49.2 7.8 100 Tallygaroopna 22 9.3 55.6 13.2 100 Tatura 18.9 10.7 49 21.4 100 Tatura East 15.7 11.2 61.2 11.9 100 Toolamba 23 9.1 56.3 11.6 100 Undera 18.9 14.3 52.9 14 100 Greater Shepparton 19.9 12.3 50.2 17.6 100 Victoria 18.2 13.0 53.2 15.6 100 Greater Shepparton share of Victoria % 1.1 1 1 1.2 1
Note: Covers state suburbs as defined by the ABS.
As can be expected in a city that is growing by adding to its suburban fringe, the 2011-16 population growth rate was most rapid on the fringes of Shepparton-Mooroopna, balanced by stability or slight decline in the inner areas (Table 5.4). Toolamba grew a bit slower than the outer suburbs while Tatura grew at about the LGA average rate. The population of Merrigum was stable while the rural areas and the other townships lost population. Over the LGA as a whole, as in Victoria at large, the older age groups grew more rapidly than the younger. This effect was accentuated in the Shepparton outer suburbs, perhaps due to the location of new aged care facilities and retirement housing. The pattern of population growth in Greater Shepparton was similar to the comparison regions. It was a little slower than in Albury-Wodonga but faster than in the other three peer regions. All five regions experienced population ageing at similar rates.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 1212 Table 5.4 Rates of population growth, 2011-16, by residential location and age group (per cent per annum) Age groups Total 0-14 15-24 25-54 55-69 70+ Shepparton – North – Inner 0.0 -1.7 -2.2 0.1 2.8 1.0 Shepparton – North – Outer 7.6 7.2 6.4 5.9 10.2 12.7 Shepparton – South – Inner 0.7 -1.1 -1.0 1.0 2.9 2.2 Shepparton – South – Outer 5.9 6.3 2.1 4.8 7.4 16.0 Mooroopna – Inner -0.4 -3.0 -0.8 -2.1 2.9 5.2 Mooroopna – Outer 8.7 16.3 0.5 10.2 4.2 20.9 Shepparton – Rural -0.8 -3.7 2.6 -2.5 0.1 5.5 Merrigum 0.7 4.7 1.1 0.2 1.4 4.5 Murchison -0.4 -2.1 -3.8 -0.4 1.1 1.2 Tallygaroopna -0.5 -2.2 -5.4 -3.1 8.6 16.7 Tatura 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.7 3.1 3.7 Toolamba 3.1 2.3 5.2 0.9 4.1 -100.0 Greater Shepparton 1.6 -0.3 0.0 0.6 3.2 4.6
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 1.9 0.7 -0.1 1.0 4.0 5.1 Greater – Bendigo 0.8 1.5 0.8 1.6 4.1 4.1 Griffith – Leeton 1.2 -1.2 -0.9 0.4 3.5 4.4 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 1.2 -0.8 0.3 0.9 4.2 3.8
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016.
Table 5.5 Age structure of the population – Census 2016 – Shepparton and comparison areas (per cent) Greater Greater Bendigo Mildura- Age group Shepparton LGA LGA Wentworth SUA Victoria 0-14 19.9 19.2 19.0 18.3 15-24 12.4 13.3 12.4 13.0 25-54 37.9 37.1 36.6 41.8 55-69 17.9 18.4 18.8 16.3 70+ 12.0 12.1 12.9 10.7 Total (‘000) 63.8 110.5 50.2 5926.6 Source: ABS Census. Notes: SUA = significant urban area as defined by the ABS. Mildura-Wentworth includes areas on both banks of the Murray but excludes Red Cliffs. LGA = local government area.
Table 5.5 uses a different age classification to raise a simple question: are Shepparton adults more likely to be parents than the Victorian average? This is implied in Table 5.5 by the slightly higher proportion of children in the population of Greater Shepparton, compared to Victoria as a whole, coupled with the lower proportion of parenting-age adults. The answer is yes, though only very mildly so (Table 5.6). However, Shepparton adults are less likely to be couple parents, and significantly more likely to be single parents, than is true for Victorian adults generally. Among the single parents, 18 per cent of are men (similar to the Victorian average). Not only is the incidence of parenthood a little higher than state average, at 1.9 dependent children per family the average size of families is also a little larger than the Victorian average of 1.8 children.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 13 Table 5.6 Percentage of parents of dependent children to population aged 15-54 – Shepparton and Victoria, 2016 Parental group Greater Shepparton Victoria Couple parents 42.7 43.2 Single parents 8.7 7.2 Single parents 51.4 50.4
Source: ABS Census 2016.
Similar conclusions emerge from the alternative classification provided in Table 5.7. Compared to Victoria as a whole, Shepparton has higher proportions of children aged under 15, single parents and lone single people and lower proportions of children aged 15 and over (so many having gone away) and couples without children. It also has a lower proportion of residents of the group households that are often formed by young people facing metropolitan rents. Single parent families include such combinations as a 90-year-old mother living with a 70-year-old daughter or son, a social situation which is rather different from single parent families with children aged under 15. These latter comprise 6 per cent of households in Greater Shepparton compared with 4.5 per cent in Victoria as a whole, and are particularly numerous in Shepparton and Mooroopna state suburbs (Table 5.8).
Table 5.7 Distribution of residents by household composition, Census 2016 Greater Shepparton Victoria Family Couple 34.7 36.2 De facto couple 6.6 7.0 Single Parent 4.6 4.1 Child under 15 18.9 17.6 Dependent student 15-24 4.8 5.3 Non-dependent child 5.5 6.2 Other relative 1.5 2.1
Non-family Unrelated resident in a family household 0.8 1.1 Group household 2.6 3.9 Lone person 10.1 9.1 Visitors and other 9.9 7.3
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 14 Table 5.8 Households by family composition, Census 2016 One One parent parent Couple Couple One parent family family family family family with with with no Couple with with no One parent children children children family children children families under 15 under under with no under under Other Not (% of (% of 15 15 children 15 15 family applicable Total households) households) Arcadia (Vic.) 3 3 28 21 6 0 26 85 7.1 3.5 Ardmona 0 4 39 36 22 0 67 173 2.3 0.0 Bunbartha 3 5 31 23 13 0 21 100 8.0 3.0 Byrneside 0 7 19 11 4 0 18 65 10.8 0.0 Congupna 7 4 61 65 28 4 67 230 4.8 3.0 Dhurringile 0 0 19 16 16 0 29 81 0.0 0.0 Dookie 10 0 35 32 10 3 37 125 8.0 8.0 Grahamvale 4 14 80 45 40 3 67 258 7.0 1.6 Harston 3 0 22 11 13 0 18 69 4.3 4.3 Katandra West 13 3 48 39 26 4 69 195 8.2 6.7 Kialla 99 93 682 672 281 12 642 2479 7.7 4.0 Kialla East 0 0 15 7 12 0 19 55 0.0 0.0 Kialla West 8 4 48 41 20 0 38 157 7.6 5.1 Lemnos 0 3 26 18 15 0 24 91 3.3 0.0 Merrigum 10 10 82 50 28 5 96 284 7.0 3.5 Mooroopna 272 201 807 474 214 26 1580 3572 13.2 7.6 Mooroopna North 6 5 19 5 5 0 13 51 21.6 11.8 Murchison (Vic.) 22 20 111 57 20 0 165 393 10.7 5.6 Murchison East 0 0 13 3 11 0 38 67 0.0 0.0 Orrvale 4 6 53 23 37 0 65 181 5.5 2.2 Pine Lodge (Vic.) 4 0 32 21 8 0 20 84 4.8 4.8 Shepparton 898 712 2851 2244 807 116 5456 13086 12.3 6.9 Shepparton East 10 17 108 92 66 6 119 410 6.6 2.4 Shepparton North 21 10 63 119 25 3 94 335 9.3 6.3 Tallygaroopna 7 9 52 54 28 0 54 203 6.4 2.0 Tatura 93 74 511 338 156 15 755 1935 8.6 4.8 Tatura East 0 5 12 15 7 0 18 51 9.8 0.0 Toolamba 10 7 91 79 23 5 70 282 6.0 3.5 Undera 5 11 42 32 26 0 64 177 9.0 2.8 Greater Shepparton 1509 1227 6000 4643 1967 202 9749 25274 10.8 6.0 Victoria 107497 127102 559717 478964 231005 27800 873599 2405680 9.8 4.5 Greater Shepparton distribution % 6.0 4.9 23.7 18.4 7.8 0.8 38.6 100 Victoria distribution % 4.5 5.3 23.3 19.9 9.6 1.2 36.3 100
Note: Covers state suburbs as defined by the ABS.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 15 6. Migration and ethnic composition
Table 6.1 documents the results of the Census question ‘Where did this person usually live five years ago?’ The answers to this question for Greater Shepparton were similar to those given by other non- metropolitan Australian residents. In 2016 between 6 and 7 per cent were babies and infants who were not yet born in 2011, around 59 per cent were living at the same address as they were in 2011, around 20 per cent had moved within the LGA, around 11 per cent had moved from further afield within Australia and 4 per cent had been overseas. This last proportion lies between the usual non- metropolitan proportion of 2 per cent and the usual metropolitan proportion of more than 8 per cent. In addition to permanent immigrants, those who were overseas five years ago include Australians who returned from overseas postings and temporary immigrants such as students and 457-visa holders. The Census does not record how the people who were overseas in 2011 were split among these categories, though it is a fair bet that students account for much of the metropolitan proportion. It is also probable that internationally-mobile professional people are more prominent in the metropolitan areas than they are in Shepparton, so that immigrants (whether 457 or permanent) form a high proportion of the 4 per cent. At least in relation to non-metropolitan Australia generally, Shepparton retains its claim to be a major destination of overseas immigrants. Data on the age of internal immigrants is not readily available for Greater Shepparton, but has been extracted from the Census for the Hume region, of which Shepparton is a major part. This indicates that the region receives retirement migration: 24 per cent of the region’s internal immigrants from 2011 to 2016 were aged 55 and over, compared to the national average of 14 per cent. The proportion for Greater Shepparton would be less than for the Hume region (which includes some noted retirement locations along the Murray River and in the hills) but would still be above national average. Migration, particularly the departure of young people from the region, has consequences for the proper evaluation of assistance programs for children and young adults. These consequences are addressed in a technical note included as Appendix A.
Table 6.1 Population in 2016 by place of usual residence five years earlier – Shepparton and comparison regions Whereabouts in Greater Australia – rural Australia – 2011 Shepparton VIC Hume region areas metropolitan areas Not yet born 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.9 Same address 58.6 58.8 59.2 52.8 Local move 20.3 21.4 20.0 22.0 Long distance move 10.7 11.2 12.2 9.8 within Australia Overseas 4.0 2.0 1.9 8.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Census 2016; see also NIEIR State of the Regions report 2018-19.
An alternative presentation of the data in Table 6.1 is provided in Table set 6.2. The tables show that 88 per cent of the people who were living in Greater Shepparton in 2011 who had neither died nor emigrated were still living in Greater Shepparton in 2016 (Table 6.2(a)), at which time they comprised 78 per cent of the population of the municipality (Table 6.2(b)).
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 16 Table 6.2(a) Greater Shepparton and other locations – residents in 2011 by location in 2016 (per cent) No usual Greater Rest of address Shepparton (C) Melbourne Victoria Victoria Other State Australia Greater Shepparton (C) 87.6 5.3 5.5 0.1 3.5 100 Melbourne 0 93.8 2.4 0.1 2.7 100 Rest of Victoria 0.2 4.9 91.8 0.1 3.9 100 No usual address Victoria 0.8 29.5 21.1 62.4 1.2 100 Other State 0 0.9 0.3 0 99 100 Overseas 0.2 26.1 1.8 0.1 71.7 100 Not born 0.3 19.1 5.8 0 74.8 100 Australia 0.3 18.9 6.1 0 74.7 100
Source: Census 2016. Tables exclude persons aged under 5 years in 2016 and also exclude persons who were resident in 2011 but have either died or migrated overseas.
Table 6.2(b) Greater Shepparton and other locations – residents in 2016 by location in 2011 (per cent) No usual Greater Rest of address Shepparton (C) Melbourne Victoria Victoria Other State Australia Greater Shepparton (C) 78.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Melbourne 3.0 80.0 6.0 29.0 1.0 16.0 Rest of Victoria 5.0 1.0 82.0 13.0 0.0 5.0 No usual address Victoria 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 Other State 3.0 3.0 4.0 12.0 86.0 65.0 Overseas 4.0 9.0 2.0 18.0 6.0 6.0 Not born 7.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Australia 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Census 2016. Tables exclude persons aged under 5 years in 2016 and also exclude persons who were resident in 2011 but have either died or migrated overseas.
Though Shepparton is still attracting international immigrants, it is probably not doing so as much as it did in the post-war period. The proportion of Greater Shepparton’s current residents born overseas is less than for Albury-Wodonga and about the same as for Greater Bendigo, though more than in the other two comparison regions (Mildura and the MIA). The proportions of the different birthplace groups reflect the history of immigration and are similar not only for Greater Shepparton and the comparison regions, but within Greater Shepparton as well (Tables 6.3 and 6.4). As in regional Victoria generally, the proportion of Shepparton’s population born overseas is less than for the state as a whole, though for two narrowly-defined groups the proportion approaches state average – these are those born in Southern Europe and in the Middle East. The proportion of primary school pupils recorded on the Myschool website as of non-English speaking background provides a more practical indicator than birthplace of the social impact of immigration (Map 6.1). Though such children are spread across the LGA, there appears to be a concentration in Inner Southern Shepparton. It has already been noted that indigenous people comprise 3.7 per cent of the population of Greater Shepparton – significantly greater than Victoria as a whole, or Greater Bendigo, or Albury-Wodonga. However, the proportion is less than in Mildura or the MIA (Tables 6.5 and 6.6). Within Greater Shepparton, the proportion of indigenous residents is above average in Mooroopna and below average in the Outer Southern suburbs. These residents are mainly Aboriginal, but include a small number of people of Torres Strait Islander descent.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 17 According to Myschool, the proportion of indigenous children in primary schools is above average in the small school at Ardmona and in the larger schools of Mooroopna Park and Gowrie Street (in the Inner North). However, only five of Greater Shepparton’s 28 primary schools reported a complete absence of indigenous students, and only one of these (Kialla West) had more than 50 pupils (Map 6.2).
Map 6.1: Non-English speaking background (per cent and number of students)
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 18 Map 6.2: Indigenous students (per cent and number of students)
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 19 Table 6.3 Population by birthplace, 2016 Birthplace (per cent of total population) N Africa and NW S & E Middle E and SE Australia Europe Europe East Asia S Asia Other(a) Shepparton – North – Inner 78.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 6.6 Shepparton – North – Outer 77.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 7.1 Shepparton – South – Inner 78.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 6.8 Shepparton – South – Outer 80.1 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.7 2.3 5.9 Mooroopna – Inner 77.2 2.7 2.7 2.7 5.3 2.7 6.9 Mooroopna – Outer 73.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.2 3.1 8.2 Shepparton – Rural 78.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 6.5 Merrigum 74.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 5.9 2.9 8.4 Murchison 70.8 3.4 3.4 3.4 6.8 3.4 8.7 Tallygaroopna 82.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 4.4 2.2 4.4 Tatura 77.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 5.4 2.7 6.8 Toolamba 70.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 7.4 3.7 7.4 Greater Shepparton 78.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.1 2.5 7.0
For comparison Albury – Wodonga 72.6 3.3 3.3 3.3 6.6 3.3 7.6 Greater Bendigo 78.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 5.3 2.6 6.1 Griffith – Leeton 83.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 3.3 1.7 6.8 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 80.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.5 2.3 6.0
Note: (a) Other includes New Zealand, the Americas and Africa south of the Sahara. Source: Census 2016.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 20 Table 6.4 Birthplace of Greater Shepparton residents, Census 2016 Greater Greater Shepparton Victoria Shepparton Victoria (number) (number) (per cent) (per cent) Oceania and Antarctica, nfd 0 8 0 0 Australia (includes External Territories) 53380 4124480 83.6 69.6 New Zealand 790 100019 1.2 1.7 Melanesia 19 3303 0 0.1 Micronesia 6 414 0 0 Polynesia (excludes Hawaii) 210 22459 0.3 0.4 Antarctica 0 11 0 0 North-West Europe, nfd 0 0 0 0 United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man 1166 224991 1.8 3.8 Ireland 85 16754 0.1 0.3 Western Europe 421 65821 0.7 1.1 Northern Europe 17 6139 0 0.1 Southern and Eastern Europe, nfd 0 0 0 0 Southern Europe 990 101631 1.6 1.7 South Eastern Europe 679 132692 1.1 2.2 Eastern Europe 73 40683 0.1 0.7 North Africa and the Middle East, nfd 4 64 0 0 North Africa 159 25567 0.2 0.4 Middle East 1095 94738 1.7 1.6 South-East Asia, nfd 0 18 0 0 Mainland South-East Asia 152 132515 0.2 2.2 Maritime South-East Asia 740 151175 1.2 2.6 North-East Asia, nfd 0 0 0 0 Chinese Asia (includes Mongolia) 441 207164 0.7 3.5 Japan and the Koreas 43 25012 0.1 0.4 Southern and Central Asia, nfd 0 50 0 0 Southern Asia 1805 284182 2.8 4.8 Central Asia 838 21353 1.3 0.4 Americas, nfd 0 0 0 0 Northern America 142 30850 0.2 0.5 South America 22 27445 0 0.5 Central America 9 5426 0 0.1 Caribbean 9 1009 0 0 Sub-Saharan Africa, nfd 0 0 0 0 Central and West Africa 221 5994 0.3 0.1 Southern and East Africa 291 69255 0.5 1.2 Supplementary codes 26 5398 0 0.1 Total 63831 5926621 100 100
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 21 Table 6.5 Indigenous population, 2016 Number Per cent of total population Shepparton – North – Inner 462 3.6 Shepparton – North – Outer 152 3.6 Shepparton – South – Inner 577 3.9 Shepparton – South – Outer 101 1.6 Mooroopna – Inner 491 7.3 Mooroopna – Outer 31 5.1 Shepparton – Rural 144 1.9 Merrigum 8 2.0 Murchison 23 3.4 Tallygaroopna 14 5.8 Tatura 89 2.4 Toolamba 14 4.2 Greater Shepparton 2106 3.7
For comparison Albury – Wodonga 2428 2.9 Greater Bendigo 1794 1.7 Griffith – Leeton 1894 5.7 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 2630 5.1
Source: Census 2016.
Table 6.6 Greater Shepparton – Indigenous status, Census 2016 Males Females Total Greater Shepparton Total population 31713 32124 63839 % total population 49.7 50.3 100
Non-indigenous 30535 30928 61463 Aboriginal 1103 1136 2239 Torres Strait Islander 37 30 67 Both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 38 29 67 Total indigenous 1178 1195 2373 Indigenous % 3.7 3.7 3.7
Victoria Total population 2908079 3018545 5926624 % total population 49.1 50.9 100
Non-indigenous 2882973 2992897 5875870 Aboriginal 23388 23970 47358 Torres Strait Islander 1103 1048 2151 Both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 614 630 1244 Total indigenous 25105 25648 50753 Indigenous % 0.9 0.8 0.9
Note: Numbers are slightly greater than in Table 6.3 due to the inclusion of persons who could not be allocated to a specific location within Greater Shepparton.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 22 7. The economic base of Greater Shepparton
In modern economies regions specialise in different lines of production and meet their needs by trade, exporting their some of the goods and services which they produce in exchange for cash with which to buy goods and services which they require but do not produce. The economic base of a region can accordingly be identified from its exports. Official data abounds for imports and exports at the national level, not only because customs procedures facilitate the collection of data, but because these data are crucial for Australia’s ability to pay its way in the world and ultimately govern the value of the Australian dollar. However, once an import crosses the border, there is very little information as to where it ends up, and similarly for the places of origin of exports. Though the ABS includes estimates of international trade in its State accounts, these are not by industry, and there are no official estimates at the regional or at the sub- national industry level. The regional import/export position has to be inferred, initially from production patterns by industry. The starting point is value-added by ANZSIC 2-digit industry, which is estimated by NIEIR. These estimates are benchmarked to the ABS National Accounts, including the estimates of value added by 1-digit industry at the state level. State GRP is distributed among LGAs based on wage, salary and mixed income generated by industry, drawn from Tax Statistics and allocated to LGAs of production (as distinct from the LGAs of residence of taxpayers) according to commuting patterns recorded at each Census. (This step does not make much difference in Greater Shepparton due to the low level of interregional commuting.) The corporate profit component of value added in each industry is distributed across LGAs proportionately to wages, salaries and mixed incomes earned by industry, except for LGAs where wages and salaries per employee are significantly above industry average (as they often are in head offices). The profit allocation to these LGAs is reduced in favour of the LGAs where production actually takes place. The next step in the estimation of trade flows is the estimation of input-output tables for each LGA, using the 2-digit ANZSIC classification. These tables are based on the national table, modified for the industries actually present in each LGA, and effectively assume that regional industries mimic the national input-output structure. This assumption is not always realised, particularly when inputs are traded regionally within firms. Regional demand, by industry, comprises the demand for intermediate inputs plus consumption demand. This latter is estimated from the level and distribution of household disposable income, which is generated from the same sources as LGA GRP, distributed across household types using Census information updated by the ABS Labour Force Survey. Consumer demand is estimated at the 2-digit industry level by microsimulation methods using the ABS Household Expenditure Survey. These calculations establish regional demand and supply (including international demand and supply) at the 2-digit industry level. Demands and supplies are then connected using a gravity model to give estimates of trade flows, both between each LGA and other countries and between each LGA and every other LGA within Australia. It is required that net interregional trade flows for the output of each industry tally to zero. These estimates are benchmarked to the balance of payments statistics and checked, where possible, against the ABS estimates of interstate trade flows which are implied in the state accounts. It has also been possible, on a limited basis, to compare estimated interregional trade flows (in dollars, by commodity) with observations of freight flows (in tonnes). NIEIR is well aware of the limitations and approximations inherent in this methodology and would be delighted if better estimates were made available. However, such estimates are likely to require costly data collection, and at present seem to have low official priority. In the meantime, the challenge is to use the data to hand, in full knowledge of their shortcomings.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 23 Table 7.1(a) provides estimates of the export share in total sales for Greater Shepparton. It is the first of a series of tables drawn from the NIEIR data bank, and is supplemented (in Appendix B) by tables for the comparator LGAs. The data are presented as follows. For each indicator the actual value of the indicator is given for Greater Shepparton while in the Appendix B the tables for the peer regions report the ratio of the indicator value for Shepparton to that in the peer region, expressed as a percentage. The aggregate outcome for each indicator is given along with the contribution of each of the 19 one- digit ANZSIC industries towards the aggregate outcome of the indicator. As is conventional, data are presented for all 1-digit industries, even though some of them (such as mining) are inconsequential in Shepparton, while other categories (such as manufacturing) are too broad to be of any use in serious development planning. Among the significant industries of Greater Shepparton, manufacturing (which has been dominated by food processing) is highly export-oriented, though there is some production for local use (for example, by bakeries). Agriculture is less export-oriented than might be expected, simply because so much of its output reaches export markets via the local food processing industry. Other significant export industries are electricity, gas and water and transport, which supply inputs to the other export industries. Accommodation and food services export via the tourist trade, while various other services export by providing education, health care and the like to residents of other LGAs. Among the peer LGAs, only the two MIA LGAs host manufacturing industries which are more export- oriented than Greater Shepparton. In the main, their agriculture depends more on direct exports, rather than indirect exports via manufacturing, though Mildura appears to be an exception. A notable difference between Greater Shepparton and Greater Bendigo is the presence in the latter of an export- oriented finance sector.
Table 7.1(a) Export share in total sales (per cent) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 36 39 33 41 Mining 9 20 10 27 Manufacturing 59 58 68 70 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 60 68 79 76 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 23 25 9 8 Retail Trade 7 10 5 5 Accommodation and Food Services 13 13 35 34 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 37 31 44 37 Information Media and Telecommunications 27 17 23 25 Financial and Insurance Services 5 5 5 5 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1 0 1 0 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 5 5 5 5 Administrative and Support Services 17 22 16 12 Public Administration and Safety 5 5 5 10 Education and Training 32 11 21 25 Health Care and Social Assistance 18 12 19 29 Arts and Recreation Services 5 5 5 5 Other Services 6 26 30 31 Total 31 27 32 33
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 24 Tables 7.2 and 7.3 make it clear that agriculture and manufacturing account for the lion’s share of Greater Shepparton’s exports. Agriculture and food processing are both oriented towards international markets, though over the past two decades food processing has turned to the domestic market. The major growth story in manufacturing, however, is the increase in sales of machinery and equipment (ANZSIC code 24) for the domestic market; this accounted for the very healthy rate of growth of manufactured exports from 1997 to 2018 of around 3.6 per cent a year. The mining boom of 2007-16 brought a lengthy period in which the Australian dollar was over-valued compared to purchasing power parity, an over-valuation which was in no way addressed by the Commonwealth macroeconomic authorities, and this in turn meant that Australia’s trade-exposed agriculture and manufacturing faced tough times. The machinery and equipment industry enabled Shepparton to avoid the worst of this. Given that agriculture and manufacturing account for nearly 90 per cent of Greater Shepparton’s exports, no other industry has much significance in the economic base. For example, following two decades of subdued growth, accommodation (which is the marker-industry for tourism) generated less than 2 per cent of exports in 2018, mostly from the domestic market. Tourism was one of the industries severely affected by the over-valued exchange rate and can be expected to revive, but in Shepparton the revival will be from a low base.
Table 7.2 Exports from Greater Shepparton by industry, 1997 and 2018 ($cvm) International Inter-regional Total 1997 2018 1997 2018 1997 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 71 158 4 9 75 168 Mining 0 0 14 19 14 19 Manufacturing 359 349 202 821 561 1170 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 3 4 1 2 4 6 Construction 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 13 1 3 6 15 7 Retail Trade 2 1 1 1 2 2 Accommodation and Food Services 4 2 24 32 28 34 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 24 13 37 32 61 45 Information Media and Telecommunications 1 0 40 24 41 24 Financial and Insurance Services 0 0 17 9 17 9 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1 3 8 10 9 12 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 0 0 8 28 8 28 Administrative and Support Services 0 0 1 4 1 5 Public Administration and Safety 0 0 1 1 1 1 Education and Training 1 1 1 2 3 3 Health Care and Social Assistance 0 0 5 5 6 5 Arts and Recreation Services 0 0 10 10 10 10 Other Services 0 0 1 2 1 2 Total 479 534 377 1016 856 1549
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 25 Table 7.3 Exports from Greater Shepparton by industry (percentages and rate of growth) Rate of growth Per cent international Per cent of total 1997-2018 1997 2018 1997 2018 (% p.a.) Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 0.94 0.95 0.09 0.11 0.039 Mining 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.015 Manufacturing 0.64 0.30 0.65 0.76 0.036 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 0.72 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.024 Construction 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Wholesale Trade 0.83 0.11 0.02 0.00 -0.037 Retail Trade 0.74 0.33 0.00 0.00 -0.014 Accommodation and Food Services 0.13 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.009 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 0.40 0.28 0.07 0.03 -0.014 Information Media and Telecommunications 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.02 -0.025 Financial and Insurance Services 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 -0.027 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 0.12 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.015 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.063 Administrative and Support Services 0.19 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.086 Public Administration and Safety 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.005 Education and Training 0.50 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.003 Health Care and Social Assistance 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.00 -0.005 Arts and Recreation Services 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 -0.004 Other Services 0.06 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.028 Total 0.56 0.34 1.00 1.00 0.029
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 26 8. Shepparton’s economic performance: Value added
Though the economy of Greater Shepparton is based on agriculture and manufacturing, it includes a wide variety of other industries, most of which depend on the demand generated as the income earned from the export industries is spent. In addition, several industries, such as health services and education, depend heavily if not wholly on government finance. It is customary to gauge the relative importance of each industry by the employment it generates, reported in Tables 8.1 and 8.2. By comparison with Victoria as a whole, for employment Shepparton depends more heavily on agriculture and on manufacturing, both of which are declining, and on health care and social assistance, where employment is increasing. Shepparton lags Victoria as a whole for employment in finance (where total employment is stable) and in professional and scientific services – both high income industries. The occupational structure of the paid work available in Greater Shepparton is similar to that in Victoria as a whole, save that it includes a lower proportion of professional occupations and a higher proportion of labourer occupations (Tables 8.3 and 8.4).
Table 8.1 Employment by industry – Greater Shepparton and Victoria, Census 2016 Greater Shepparton (number) Victoria (number) 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 Agriculture forestry and fishing 2614 2231 2331 65430 58452 63916 Mining 40 52 59 6438 9338 9634 Manufacturing 3500 3396 2824 294760 277793 223248 Electricity gas water and waste services 506 593 726 20553 28256 32339 Construction 1931 2174 2271 176064 216224 239500 Wholesale trade 1069 943 650 115588 116911 92732 Retail trade 3453 3466 3135 270509 280491 293459 Accommodation and food services 1293 1428 1551 135375 157712 189835 Transport postal and warehousing 1072 1121 1140 106646 121165 136517 Information media and telecommunications 323 302 284 51275 51306 54833 Financial and insurance services 569 486 442 94782 107270 112005 Rental hiring and real estate services 245 222 296 31605 35914 45146 Professional scientific and technical services 975 1050 1121 165936 201092 228197 Administrative and support services 705 733 870 76925 85239 97937 Public administration and safety 1035 1127 1221 120092 138292 151482 Education and training 1919 2129 2276 179104 207310 247970 Health care and social assistance 3140 3868 4297 242884 299678 358948 Arts and recreation services 186 207 264 36581 44686 55388 Other services 955 1123 1210 83838 93414 103125 All Industries 25530 26651 26968 2274385 2530543 2736211
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 27 Table 8.2 Distribution of employment by industry – Greater Shepparton and Victoria, Census 2016 Greater Shepparton (per cent) Victoria (per cent) 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 Agriculture forestry and fishing 10.2 8.4 8.6 2.9 2.3 2.3 Mining 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 Manufacturing 13.7 12.7 10.5 13 11 8.2 Electricity gas water and waste services 2 2.2 2.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 Construction 7.6 8.2 8.4 7.7 8.5 8.8 Wholesale trade 4.2 3.5 2.4 5.1 4.6 3.4 Retail trade 13.5 13 11.6 11.9 11.1 10.7 Accommodation and food services 5.1 5.4 5.8 6 6.2 6.9 Transport postal and warehousing 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.8 5 Information media and telecommunications 1.3 1.1 1.1 2.3 2 2 Financial and insurance services 2.2 1.8 1.6 4.2 4.2 4.1 Rental hiring and real estate services 1 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.6 Professional scientific and technical services 3.8 3.9 4.2 7.3 7.9 8.3 Administrative and support services 2.8 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.6 Public administration and safety 4.1 4.2 4.5 5.3 5.5 5.5 Education and training 7.5 8 8.4 7.9 8.2 9.1 Health care and social assistance 12.3 14.5 15.9 10.7 11.8 13.1 Arts and recreation services 0.7 0.8 1 1.6 1.8 2 Other services 3.7 4.2 4.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 All Industries 100 100 100 100 100 100
Table 8.3 Employed persons by broad occupation – Greater Shepparton and Victoria, Census 2016 Greater Shepparton (number) Victoria (number) 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 Managers 4221 4051 3976 312423 340485 376369 Professionals 4034 4541 4689 481722 577615 647324 Technicians and Trades Workers 3559 3844 3746 325560 358730 365033 Community and Personal Service Workers 2080 2426 2868 194278 239716 294418 Clerical and Administrative Workers 3127 3311 3229 344151 372779 369535 Sales Workers 2773 2785 2820 234986 250921 269757 Machinery Operators and Drivers 1861 1842 1836 152222 158064 161943 Labourers 3859 3848 3821 229013 232344 251745 All Occupations 25514 26648 26985 2274355 2530654 2736124
Table 8.4 Distribution of employed persons by broad occupation – Greater Shepparton and Victoria, Census 2016 Greater Shepparton (per cent) Victoria (per cent) 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 Managers 16.5 15.2 14.7 13.7 13.5 13.8 Professionals 15.8 17 17.4 21.2 22.8 23.7 Technicians and Trades Workers 13.9 14.4 13.9 14.3 14.2 13.3 Community and Personal Service Workers 8.2 9.1 10.6 8.5 9.5 10.8 Clerical and Administrative Workers 12.3 12.4 12 15.1 14.7 13.5 Sales Workers 10.9 10.5 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.9 Machinery Operators and Drivers 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.2 5.9 Labourers 15.1 14.4 14.2 10.1 9.2 9.2 All Occupations 100 100 100 100 100 100
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 28 The relative contribution of different industries to the local economy can also be gauged from their contribution to the value added in workplaces within the municipality. Total value added is the most important economic indicator for the region because it strongly influences other core indicators, such as hours worked, employment, incomes, etc. and is dominant in determining gross regional product (GRP). The value added indicator is given in Table 8.5(a), with Greater Shepparton indicator values reported in Table 8.1(a) and comparison regions in Appendix B (Tables 8.5(b) to 8.5(f)). The tables report value added per capita of the working-age population in constant 2015-16 prices calculated using the chain volume measure (cvm) methodology. In 1997 value added by all industries in 2015-16 prices per capita of the working age population was $cvm64,237. By 2018 this had grown to $cvm85,633, implying an average annual growth rate of 1.4 per cent per annum. Individual industry contributions are also given in the table. For example, in 2018 the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry contributed $cvm9,938 per capita of the working age population to total value added, or a contribution of (100 x 9,938/85,633) or 12 per cent of the total. However, it can be seen from Table 8.5(a) that the contribution of the agriculture sector is unstable. Also, the 2018 estimates are based on the half-year to December 2017. To capture trend share it is best to average the data as is done in Table 8.6.
Table 8.5(a) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 6995 9223 6964 9938 Mining 46 208 192 169 Manufacturing 13674 12430 11187 12648 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 6289 7093 8788 8398 Construction 3891 6546 5719 8126 Wholesale Trade 2614 3028 2469 2470 Retail Trade 3246 4362 4692 5052 Accommodation and Food Services 1473 2026 1787 2156 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 2715 3263 3236 3340 Information Media and Telecommunications 1349 1733 1440 1571 Financial and Insurance Services 3702 4158 3470 3629 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1403 1640 1341 1549 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1942 2521 2747 3013 Administrative and Support Services 1535 2270 2003 1990 Public Administration and Safety 2727 2822 3341 3800 Education and Training 4008 4076 4503 4587 Health Care and Social Assistance 4492 6149 9099 10312 Arts and Recreation Services 678 912 1020 902 Other Services 1458 1937 1895 1983 Total 64237 76397 75894 85633 Note: For comparison regions, see Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 29 Table 8.6 indicates that, on average between 2016 and 2018, 10.5 per cent of Greater Shepparton’s value added was generated in the agriculture sector. The mining sector, limited as it is to quarries for road metal, made a negligible contribution but the manufacturing sector contributed 14.8 per cent, 60 per cent of which was from the food processing industry. This means that just under 20 per cent of total Shepparton value added is directly generated in the agriculture and food processing industries. The electricity, gas and water services industry generates 10.6 per cent of total industry value added, with the construction sector’s contribution averaging 8.6 per cent for 2016 to 2018. However, the second largest sector in Shepparton is the health care sector, contributing 12 per cent to total industry value added. Further useful contributions to total industry value added are made by retail trade at 6 per cent, finance services and government services each contributing 4.4 per cent and education and training at 5.6 per cent. According to Table 8.6, from 1997 to 2018 the fastest growing sector was mining, but this was from a negligible base and can be ignored. The next fastest growing industry was health care with an average annual growth rate of 4 per cent per annum. As a result, the health care sector had the largest increase in share of total industry value added between 1997 and 2018. Over the 1997 to 2018 period two sectors had negative average annual growth rates so that value added per capita in 2018 was lower than in 1997. The two industries were manufacturing and wholesale trade. Compared with the peer LGAs, Shepparton generates lower value added per capita than Griffith or Leeton. In 2018 Shepparton was 12 per cent lower than both. From Tables 8.5(b) and 8.5(c) (in Appendix B), a significant reason for this outcome is that the food processing and (more particularly) the beverage industries in Greater Shepparton have been significantly less successful than in the MIA, reducing Shepparton’s manufacturing value added per capita of working age population to approximately half that in Griffith and Leeton. In the 2000s and 2010s the MIA’s decision to concentrate on wine rather than canned products paid off. The comparison with the three selected Victorian LGAs is a little more favourable, in that Shepparton reported higher value added per capita of working age population: 12 per cent higher than Ballarat, 13 per cent higher than Mildura and 23 per cent higher than Bendigo. Despite the unfavourable comparison with the MIA, manufacturing in Shepparton has survived tough times and continues to contribute to Shepparton’s favourable performance vis a vis its Victorian comparators, though it has to be admitted that Shepparton’s advantage has been declining.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 30 Table 8.6 Structure of Greater Shepparton industry – selected indicators Industry hours Industry worked per Industry share of total value capita of industry value added added per working age (per cent) capita Productivity population Average Average Per cent annual annual contribution growth rate growth rate to total Average Average 1997-2018 1997-2018 change 1997- 1997-2006 2016-2018 (per cent) (per cent) 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 11.5 10.5 1.7 2.5 -16 Mining 0.2 0.2 6.4 2.6 1 Manufacturing 18.6 14.8 -0.4 -0.9 9 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 9.5 10.6 1.4 -0.1 5 Construction 7.4 8.6 3.6 0.1 36 Wholesale Trade 4.0 3.1 -0.3 2.4 -12 Retail Trade 5.4 6.0 2.1 2.0 2 Accommodation and Food Services 2.5 2.4 1.8 0.9 5 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 4.3 4.1 1.0 0.5 3 Information Media and Telecommunications 2.2 1.9 0.7 3.3 -4 Financial and Insurance Services 5.6 4.4 -0.1 2.1 -6 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 2.2 1.8 0.5 -1.5 3 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 3.2 3.6 2.1 1.3 5 Administrative and Support Services 2.7 2.5 1.2 -0.6 5 Public Administration and Safety 3.9 4.4 1.6 -0.4 10 Education and Training 5.7 5.6 0.6 -0.2 8 Health Care and Social Assistance 7.6 12.0 4.0 1.5 39 Arts and Recreation Services 1.1 1.2 1.4 -1.0 2 Other Services 2.4 2.4 1.5 0.8 4 Total 100.0 100.0 1.4 0.6 100
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 31 9. Shepparton’s economic performance: Productivity
In Table 9.1(a) productivity is measured by industry value added in constant prices per hour worked. In 2018 the industries with the lowest productivity were: ■ other services; ■ retail trade; and ■ accommodation and food services, each of which generated value added of less than $cvm40 per hour.
In 2018 four industries reported productivity greater than $cvm100 an hour. These were:
■ electricity, gas and water services, ■ information services; ■ financial services; and ■ rental and real estate services.
The large sectors of agriculture and health services had similar productivity of between $cvm52 and $cvm54 per hour while productivity in manufacturing was higher at $CVM72 an hour. From Table 8.6, the mining, agriculture, wholesale trade, retail trade, information services and financial services all had average annual productivity growth rates between 1997 and 2018 in excess of 2 per cent per annum. Productivity growth rates over the same period were negative in manufacturing, rental and real estate services, administrative services, and arts and recreation services. The total productivity growth rate for all industries was 0.6 per cent per annum from 1997 to 2018. Taking all industries together, growth in 2018 productivity was between 20 and 28 per cent lower in Shepparton than in Griffith and Leeton. An important reason for this was the lower growth in manufacturing industry productivity in Shepparton compared to the MIA regions. Across all industries, productivity in Shepparton was 4 per cent lower than in Bendigo in 2018 and approximately the same as in Ballarat and Mildura. (Bendigo benefits from its specialisation in the high-productivity finance industry.)
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 32 Table 9.1(a) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 32 56 42 54 Mining 33 103 62 57 Manufacturing 88 67 80 72 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 210 163 184 206 Construction 54 61 52 55 Wholesale Trade 45 57 70 75 Retail Trade 24 31 37 36 Accommodation and Food Services 29 37 33 35 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 44 53 49 49 Information Media and Telecommunications 61 91 99 121 Financial and Insurance Services 115 148 172 179 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 141 124 106 102 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 40 49 51 53 Administrative and Support Services 63 66 55 56 Public Administration and Safety 70 59 57 64 Education and Training 48 45 47 45 Health Care and Social Assistance 38 45 52 52 Arts and Recreation Services 93 93 93 75 Other Services 25 35 34 30 Total 52 59 59 60
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 33 10. Shepparton’s economic performance: Employment and hours worked
Of themselves, having productive, value-adding industries within their LGA of little benefit to local people unless the industries generate local incomes, which can be via employment or the profits of locally-owned businesses. The profits of corporate businesses contribute to value added but, since they are pooled and distributed to shareholders all over the country and overseas, they do not add directly to local incomes. Employment is fundamental to the generation of local income from value added, since it yields not only wage and salary incomes but the mixed work-plus-profit income of working proprietors (defined as gross income including depreciation). Tables 10.1(a) to 10.4(a) provide data for Greater Shepparton on the extent to which each ANZSIC one-digit industry yields employment, measured first by the number of jobs and second by hours worked. Two alternative measures are given. ■ Workplace employment hours (or hours worked) represent employment within the LGA boundaries, whether performed by residents or by people who live elsewhere. These estimates can be related directly to value added, and are used in the productivity measures. ■ Resident employment (or hours worked) represent jobs held by residents whether or not their work is located within the LGA boundaries. The estimates, which derive from the Journey to Work data collected each Census, are similar, because there is not much commuting in and out of Greater Shepparton. For the record, it is estimated that net outbound commuting in 1997 gave way to net inbound commuting in 2006 (compare totals in Tables 10.1(a) and 10.2(a)). The balance differs a little industry by industry, and the industry balances vary over time. Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population, reported in Table 10.3(a) is product of value added per capita of working age population and the reciprocal of productivity. Total hours worked per capita of working age population in Greater Shepparton were more or less stable for 1997, 2006 and 2016 but had increased significantly by 2018, mainly due to increased hours worked in agriculture and manufacturing. This indicates that unemployment rates have fallen. Indeed, for 2018 the effective unemployment rate appears to be lower in Shepparton than the other regions as their hours worked per capita of working age population are lower than Shepparton’s. If the measure of employment is switched from hours worked to number of jobs, without any distinction between part-time and full-time, much of this advantage disappears (Table 10.1(a)). Though in 2018 the Shepparton indicator remains 14 per cent higher than that for Bendigo and 8 per cent higher than for Leeton, the other regions’ outcomes were the same or greater than for Shepparton. Combined, the data in Tables 10.2(a) and 10.3(a) indicate that hours worked per person employed are generally higher in Shepparton than in the other regions. This is a good outcome.
As reported in Table 10.2(a), the fastest growth rate in hours worked was for health services, in line with trends in industry value added. At the other extreme, hours worked (per capita of working age population) fell between 1997 and 2018 in four industries:
■ agriculture, forestry and fishing (-15 per cent); ■ wholesale trade (-43 per cent); ■ information media (-41 per cent); and ■ financial services (-37 per cent).
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 34 As reported in Table 8.2(a), between 1997 and 2018 the health services industry supplied 39 per cent of the total increase in hours worked per capita of the working age population. Ten per cent was generated in public administration and 36 per cent by the construction sector. These three industries supplied over four-fifths of the total increase in hours worked. To summarise the economic data presented thus far, between 1997 and 2018 Greater Shepparton’s exports grew by 2.9 per cent a year, but price trends were unfavourable and it is also possible that the multiplier connecting exports to local demand fell. Value added accordingly grew less rapidly, at 1.4 per cent a year, and productivity more slowly again, at 0.6 per cent a year. Employment measured in jobs grew more slowly than value added, at 0.7 per cent a year. The incidence of part-time work increased, so that hours worked increased more slowly than job numbers, and also more slowly than productivity, at 0.3 per cent a year.
Table 10.1(a) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 93 73 81 82 Mining 1 2 1 1 Manufacturing 85 108 80 86 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 16 23 23 25 Construction 37 60 56 74 Wholesale Trade 33 33 27 26 Retail Trade 83 107 82 82 Accommodation and Food Services 33 35 38 39 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 30 33 48 29 Information Media and Telecommunications 14 11 11 9 Financial and Insurance Services 19 20 12 12 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 6 10 8 8 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 26 29 33 32 Administrative and Support Services 14 18 21 21 Public Administration and Safety 23 30 33 34 Education and Training 48 51 59 65 Health Care and Social Assistance 74 89 114 118 Arts and Recreation Services 5 7 8 7 Other Services 31 28 32 44 Total 669 766 767 795
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 35 Table 10.2(a) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 98 72 84 84 Mining 1 2 2 2 Manufacturing 94 111 84 83 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 13 18 18 21 Construction 39 57 56 75 Wholesale Trade 37 34 27 27 Retail Trade 87 104 77 74 Accommodation and Food Services 34 34 37 37 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 31 31 47 27 Information Media and Telecommunications 13 9 10 8 Financial and Insurance Services 19 19 11 10 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 6 10 8 7 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 27 29 34 32 Administrative and Support Services 12 18 21 21 Public Administration and Safety 23 28 29 28 Education and Training 52 50 55 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 68 82 100 103 Arts and Recreation Services 4 7 7 6 Other Services 32 27 31 42 Total 691 746 735 749
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Table 10.3(a) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 219 165 167 185 Mining 1 2 3 3 Manufacturing 156 187 140 175 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 30 44 48 41 Construction 72 107 110 147 Wholesale Trade 58 53 35 33 Retail Trade 135 142 127 140 Accommodation and Food Services 51 55 55 62 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 61 62 67 68 Information Media and Telecommunications 22 19 15 13 Financial and Insurance Services 32 28 20 20 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 10 13 13 15 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 48 51 54 57 Administrative and Support Services 24 34 36 35 Public Administration and Safety 39 48 59 60 Education and Training 84 90 96 101 Health Care and Social Assistance 117 137 175 197 Arts and Recreation Services 7 10 11 12 Other Services 58 55 56 66 Total 1227 1302 1286 1430
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 36 Table 10.4(a) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 229 161 170 187 Mining 2 3 5 5 Manufacturing 173 196 148 172 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 25 35 38 35 Construction 76 102 110 148 Wholesale Trade 66 56 36 34 Retail Trade 142 138 121 128 Accommodation and Food Services 53 55 54 59 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 65 60 63 64 Information Media and Telecommunications 21 17 14 12 Financial and Insurance Services 32 29 19 19 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 10 13 13 14 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 50 52 56 60 Administrative and Support Services 21 35 37 36 Public Administration and Safety 40 47 52 50 Education and Training 93 90 93 97 Health Care and Social Assistance 109 130 160 177 Arts and Recreation Services 7 9 10 10 Other Services 62 53 54 62 Total 1275 1283 1251 1367
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
We now leave the fortunes of the various industries and turn to the two most recent Censuses to consider recent trends in employment growth within Greater Shepparton. In 2016, 37 per cent of residents of workforce age were employed full-time, 20 per cent were employed part-time and the remaining 43 per cent were not in in paid employment. The full-time employment rate was highest in Shepparton Outer North and lowest in Murchison; it was close to, or a little below, LGA average in the rest of Shepparton-Mooroopna. The proportion working part-time was low in Outer Mooroopna and in Merrigum but above average in the Outer North, Toolamba and Tallygaroopna. Taking full-time and part-time work together, the proportion of the working-age population without a paid job was highest in Murchison, followed by Merrigum. It was a little above LGA average in the inner parts of Shepparton and Mooroopna and in Tatura, but well below LGA average in the outer suburbs and such townships as Toolamba. These patterns relate in part to the age structure of the working-age population, which will be discussed below, but may also reflect employment opportunity. In 2016 the proportions of the population of workforce age in full-time and part-time employment in Greater Shepparton were very similar to Mildura. The proportion working full time was a little higher than in Greater Bendigo but definitely lower than in the MIA; however the proportion working part- time was higher in Bendigo. Over the five years 2011-16 the number of full-time jobs was stable but the availability of part-time work increased. At around 1.0 per cent a year, the rate of growth of total employment was 0.5 percentage points lower than in Bendigo and Albury-Wodonga, but was similar to that in Mildura and the MIA.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 37 In Greater Shepparton, as well as in the comparator regions, indigenous people had significantly lower jobholding rates than non-indigenous (Table 10.6(a)). Within Greater Shepparton the gap was greatest in the rural areas. In the comparator areas, the gap was less in Greater Bendigo, about the same in Albury-Wodonga and the MIA, and significantly greater in Mildura. However, between 2011 and 2016 the gap declined, due to a combination of increased indigenous jobholding and reduced non- indigenous jobholding (Table 10.6(b)). Within Greater Shepparton the greatest reduction in the gap occurred in the Outer Northern suburbs. Though significant, the reduction in the gap in Greater Shepparton was less than that in Albury-Wodonga or Greater Bendigo. It was about the same as in Mildura and larger than occurred in the MIA. The discussion so far has been in terms of jobholding rates for residents of workforce age broadly defined. In the course of their lives people, in general, undergo two transitions: from education to work and from work to retirement. These transitions are sometimes abrupt but can also be tapered. The meaning of ‘no job’ also changes – in younger age groups it is often undesired unemployment; in middle age groups it may involve traditional home-making, and in retirement it becomes one’s usual, expected status. This report therefore provides data for the main jobholding age group (25-54), for two age groups involved in the education-work transition and for the age group involved in the retirement transition.
Table 10.5 Jobholding rates of residents – all ages (Census 2016), and rate of growth of resident employment – 2011-16 (Censuses 2011-16) Rate of growth per cent per annum Population Full Part of time time No job workforce per per per Resident Full Part No age cent cent cent employment time time job Shepparton – North – Inner 9680 36 20 44 -0.5 -1.7 0.4 0.2 Shepparton – North – Outer 2996 47 24 29 6.8 5.5 8.4 7.8 Shepparton – South – Inner 10941 34 18 48 0.3 -0.7 -0.6 1.3 Shepparton – South – Outer 4694 38 21 41 6.2 4.2 0.7 8.5 Mooroopna – Inner 5062 34 20 46 0.3 -1.2 1.7 0.9 Mooroopna – Outer 442 34 13 53 5.5 11.7 2.2 3.2 Shepparton – Rural 5727 44 22 35 -1.1 -2.1 0.5 -0.7 Merrigum 315 37 13 50 1.5 0.9 1.0 2.2 Murchison 500 28 17 55 0.4 -1.6 -0.5 1.9 Tallygaroopna 198 46 28 26 1.3 1.6 12.2 -6.0 Tatura 2716 34 19 47 0.9 -0.1 1.3 1.5 Toolamba 230 46 25 29 2.6 2.9 -3.7 10.3 Greater Shepparton 43501 37 20 43 1.0 -0.1 1.5 1.7
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 62441 39 22 40 1.5 0.3 2.6 2.0 Greater – Bendigo 77427 35 23 42 1.6 0.5 2.6 2.0 Griffith – Leeton 24314 44 19 37 0.9 0.9 1.7 0.5 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 38210 36 20 45 0.9 0.4 2.1 0.8
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016. Excludes persons employed but not stating whether part or full time.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 38 Table 10.6(a) Jobholders as a percentage of residents of workforce age, non-indigenous and indigenous, Census 2016 Non-indigenous Indigenous Total Shepparton – North – Inner 57 40 56 Shepparton – North – Outer 72 51 71 Shepparton – South – Inner 53 42 53 Shepparton – South – Outer 61 51 60 Mooroopna – Inner 55 37 54 Mooroopna – Outer 51 Ln 48 Shepparton – Rural 66 39 65 Merrigum 51 Ln 50 Murchison 46 Ln 47 Tallygaroopna 74 Ln 74 Tatura 55 42 54 Toolamba 73 Ln 72 Greater Shepparton 60 43 59
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 61 46 61 Greater – Bendigo 59 51 59 Griffith – Leeton 64 48 63 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 57 34 56
Source: Census 2016. Ln = low numbers = less than 15 indigenous people employed.
Table 10.6(b) Increase in jobholding rates 2011-16, by indigenous status Non-indigenous Indigenous Total Shepparton – North – Inner -2 3 -2 Shepparton – North – Outer -2 23 -2 Shepparton – South – Inner -3 7 -2 Shepparton – South – Outer -3 8 -3 Mooroopna – Inner -3 -1 -3 Mooroopna – Outer 4 ln 4 Shepparton – Rural -1 1 -1 Merrigum -3 ln -3 Murchison -3 ln -1 Tallygaroopna 6 ln 5 Tatura -1 ln -2 Toolamba -6 ln -8 Greater Shepparton -1 10 -1
For comparison Albury – Wodonga -1 15 -1 Greater Bendigo -1 13 -1 Griffith – Leeton 0 7 0 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 0 10 0
Note: ln = low numbers (less than 30 Aboriginal employed persons in 2016). Source: Census 2016.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 39 Table 10.7(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 15-19, Census 2016 Total residents Full-time Part-time No job (number) (per cent) (per cent) (per cent) Shepparton – North – Inner 849 7 33 59 Shepparton – North – Outer 345 9 37 50 Shepparton – South – Inner 1062 6 28 65 Shepparton – South – Outer 385 11 36 51 Mooroopna – Inner 438 9 29 58 Mooroopna – Outer 19 0 37 63 Shepparton – Rural 579 10 31 56 Merrigum 13 31 0 69 Murchison 26 19 31 31 Tallygaroopna 23 35 13 52 Tatura 196 10 24 64 Toolamba 22 14 32 55 Greater Shepparton 3957 8 31 59
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 5224 14 35 49 Greater – Bendigo 6266 7 35 56 Griffith – Leeton 2244 14 27 55 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 3305 9 33 56
Source: Census 2016, excluding uncodable responses.
Table 10.7(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 15-19, 2011-16 (per cent a year) Full time Part time No job Residents Greater Shepparton 5.6 -1.1 -2.6 1.9
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 4.8 -1.1 -2.6 1.9 Greater – Bendigo 15.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 Griffith – Leeton 7.2 0.9 -0.6 1.8 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 3.8 -0.9 -1.0 0.8
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016 adjusted for the increase in uncodable replies.
Between 2011 and 2016 the proportion of Greater Shepparton residents aged 15-19 who were employed full time rose, balanced by a fall in the proportion employed part-time or not at all (Table 10.7(b)). Similar trends occurred in the comparator regions. This could be due to a reduction in educational participation, either among resident youth or because more are leaving the region to pursue studies elsewhere, but is more likely to be due to a reduction in unemployment, whether measured as such or hidden by withdrawal from the labour force. Though the rate of growth of full-time employment exceeded that of part-time employment for this age group, it remained that the great majority of those employed were working part-time, whether or not they were also studying. Within Greater Shepparton, the youth jobholding rate was higher in the outer suburbs than in the inner suburbs. It varied across the townships and was particularly low in Murchison.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 40 Table 10.8(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 20-24, Census 2016 Total residents Full-time Part-time No job (number) (per cent) (per cent) (per cent) Shepparton – North – Inner 741 44 20 32 Shepparton – North – Outer 234 54 24 21 Shepparton – South – Inner 959 37 21 37 Shepparton – South – Outer 260 52 17 27 Mooroopna – Inner 396 39 29 28 Mooroopna – Outer 30 70 0 20 Shepparton – Rural 315 60 18 17 Merrigum 19 47 0 53 Murchison 23 43 0 57 Tallygaroopna 12 67 0 33 Tatura 170 51 19 24 Toolamba 12 75 25 0 Greater Shepparton 3171 45 21 30
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 5500 47 27 24 Greater – Bendigo 6785 38 33 27 Griffith – Leeton 1791 58 19 21 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 2736 43 25 29
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016. Excludes persons employed but not stating whether part or full time.
Table 10.8(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 20-24, 2011-16 (per cent a year) Full time Part time No job Residents Greater Shepparton 1.8 2.5 0.9 1.0
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga -1.4 2.5 0.9 1.0 Greater – Bendigo -1.6 5.9 0.4 0.4 Griffith – Leeton 0.3 2.3 -3.0 -0.8 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs -0.6 0.5 -0.1 0.4
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016 adjusted for the increase in uncodable replies.
Among the 20-24 age group, in 2016 the proportion employed full-time in Greater Shepparton was 45 per cent, less than in the MIA, not much different from Albury-Wodonga and more than in Greater Bendigo (Table 10.8(a)). The proportion employed part time was 21 per cent, about the same as in the MIA and less than in the other comparison regions, especially Bendigo. Adding the two, 70 per cent of Greater Shepparton residents in this age group were employed, about the same as in Mildura but less than in the other three comparison regions. The proportion employed full-time was in general less than for the older ‘prime working age’ group, and the proportion non-employed was greater, raising the question of whether this was due to continuing education or (more alarmingly) to difficulty in making the transition into the labour market.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 41 Whatever the answer to this question, at least recent trends were favourable. The proportion of residents aged 20-24 employed full-time, and even more the number employed part-time, increased between 2011 and 2016 (Table 10.8(b)). In the comparison regions growth in full-time employment for this age group was less than in Shepparton. Growth in part-time employment was more rapid in Bendigo, about the same in Albury-Wodonga and the MIA, and less in Mildura. Within Greater Shepparton, the proportion of residents aged 20-24 who were not employed was well below LGA average in the rural areas, was below LGA average in the outer suburbs and Tatura, around or above LGA average in the inner suburbs and well above LGA average (though involving small numbers) in Merrigum and Murchison. The question may be asked whether these jobholding rates are affected by job accessibility. This is certainly arguable for Merrigum and Murchison.
Table 10.9(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 25-54, Censuses 2016 and 2011 Census 2016 Census 2011 Full- Part- No Full- Part- Total time time job Total time time No job residents per per per residents per per per number cent cent cent number cent cent cent Shepparton – North – Inner 4669 51 22 25 5017 53 21 22 Shepparton – North – Outer 1711 60 25 12 1252 63 22 11 Shepparton – South – Inner 5450 47 20 30 5433 48 22 27 Shepparton – South – Outer 2246 56 26 15 1762 57 22 17 Mooroopna – Inner 2254 50 23 22 2555 51 21 24 Mooroopna – Outer 179 56 21 23 117 47 21 29 Shepparton – Rural 2852 55 22 20 3333 56 19 20 Merrigum 149 53 19 26 148 52 18 24 Murchison 185 53 25 20 203 50 25 25 Tallygaroopna 90 58 38 0 111 59 22 12 Tatura 1220 53 26 17 1194 56 21 20 Toolamba 125 60 24 16 130 50 33 17 Greater Shepparton 21130 52 22 23 21255 53 21 22
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 30358 55 24 18 29517 56 22 18 Greater – Bendigo 37024 52 25 19 35274 54 24 19 Griffith – Leeton 12103 58 22 17 12037 57 21 18 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 17837 52 22 23 18081 52 21 23
Source: Census 2016. Excludes persons employed but not stating whether part or full time.
Table 10.9(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 25-54, 2011-16 (per cent a year) Full time Part time No job Residents Greater Shepparton 0.1 1.7 1.2 0.5
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 0.7 2.6 1.3 1.1 Greater – Bendigo 1.0 2.3 1.7 1.5 Griffith – Leeton 1.0 0.8 -0.2 0.6 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 0.4 1.3 -0.4 0.4
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016 adjusted for the increase in uncodable replies.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 42 Turning to people of ‘prime working age’ (24-54), in 2016 53 per cent of Greater Shepparton residents in this broad age group held full-time jobs, about the same as in Greater Bendigo and Mildura but a little less than in Albury-Wodonga and the MIA (Table 10.9(a)). The proportion holding part-time jobs was 21 per cent, similar to Albury-Wodonga, the MIA and Mildura but less than in Greater Bendigo. Adding full and part time, the jobholding rate for prime-age residents in Greater Shepparton was 78 per cent, similar to Mildura but lower than in the other three comparison regions. Between 2011 and 2016, the proportion of residents in this age group with full-time jobs declined (the growth rate in full-time jobs was barely positive); the proportion with part-time jobs increased and so did the proportion without a job (Table 10.9(b)). Similar trends occurred in Greater Bendigo and Albury-Wodonga, but in both Mildura and the MIA the proportion without a job fell, in the MIA thanks to an increase in full-time jobs and in Mildura due to an increase in part-time employment. Within Greater Shepparton, the proportion of residents of prime working age who did not have a job was lowest in the Outer Northern suburbs, followed by the Outer Southern suburbs, Tallygaroopna and Toolamba. The proportion was a little below LGA average in the rural areas and in Tatura, close to or a little above LGA average in the Inner North, Inner Mooroopna, Merrigum and Murchison, and above LGA average in the Inner South and Outer Mooroopna. The relatively satisfactory position of Merrigum and Murchison on this list contrasts with the less satisfactory position of these two townships on the list for residents aged 20-24, which makes the point that labour market entry seems difficult for young adult residents of these two townships – but then, numbers are small and the effect may be transient. Job accessibility may also be a problem for residents of Outer Mooroopna, but many of the jobs in Shepparton are within walking distance from homes in the Inner South. It is likely that the low jobholding rate in this part of town reflects low socio- economic status rather than poor accessibility to work.
Table 10.10(a) Jobholding rates of residents aged 55-64, Census 2016 Total residents Full-time Part-time No job (number) (per cent) (per cent) (per cent) Shepparton – North – Inner 4669 41 23 37 Shepparton – North – Outer 1711 53 21 26 Shepparton – South – Inner 5450 40 22 38 Shepparton – South – Outer 2246 43 20 37 Mooroopna – Inner 2254 37 23 41 Mooroopna – Outer 179 33 14 52 Shepparton – Rural 2852 49 24 27 Merrigum 149 32 15 53 Murchison 185 26 29 45 Tallygaroopna 90 46 36 18 Tatura 1220 39 20 41 Toolamba 125 42 29 29 Greater Shepparton 6841 42 22 36
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 9544 40 24 36 Greater – Bendigo 12306 37 25 38 Griffith – Leeton 3763 49 21 30 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 6222 42 21 38
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016. Excludes persons employed but not stating whether part or full time.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 43 Table 10.10(b) Rates of growth of jobholding residents aged 55-64, 2011-16 (per cent a year) Full time Part time No job Residents Greater Shepparton 2.4 0.9 0.6 1.4
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 2.6 3.6 0.3 1.9 Greater – Bendigo 3.2 4.2 -0.1 1.7 Griffith – Leeton 4.2 7.0 -1.2 2.9 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 2.9 4.3 -0.9 1.6
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016 adjusted for the increase in uncodable replies.
Finally, the transition to retirement can be represented by the population aged 55-64. In Greater Shepparton 42 per cent of this age group were in full-time jobs in 2016 – a little less than the proportion of 20-24 year-olds (Table 10.10(a)). The proportion of the early-retirement age group still at work was less than in the MIA, the same as in Mildura and a little more than in Albury-Wodonga and Greater Bendigo. The proportion working part-time was 22 per cent, similar to Mildura and the MIA but less than in Albury-Wodonga and Bendigo. Adding the numbers, 64 per cent of the age group was employed, less than the 70 per cent in the MIA but about the same as in the other comparison regions. In all regions the trend from 2011 to 2016 was strongly towards later retirement. In Greater Shepparton this was expressed as an increasing proportion of residents aged 55-64 in full-time employment, somewhat offset by a decline in the proportion working part-time (Table 10.10(b)). The comparison regions differed in that the proportion of the 55-64 age group working part-time increased even more rapidly than the proportion working full-time. Across Greater Shepparton the proportion of early retirees (residents aged 55-64) was well below LGA average in the Outer North, the rural areas and in Tallygaroopna and Toolamba. It was around or a little above LGA average in Tatura, Inner Mooroopna and the rest of Shepparton, and decidedly above LGA average in Outer Mooroopna, Merrigum and Murchison. As a supplementary view, Table 10.11 provides employment rates for people of workforce age by state suburb. Across Greater Shepparton the proportion of males with paid work is higher than the proportion of females, but this relationship varies between parity in some state suburbs (such as Byrneside) and higher rates for men (as in Mooroopna North). The low workforce participation rate of men in Dhurringile state suburb arises because the prison population does not engage in paid work.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 44 Table 10.11 Residents aged 15 to 64 years by gender and employment status, Census 2016 Employed Employed Employed per cent of Employed Total per cent of males, aged Total males, all males, females, females, all females, 15 to 64 aged 15 to aged 15 to aged 15 to aged 15 to aged 15 to years 64 years 64 years 64 years 64 years 64 years Arcadia (Vic.) 66 81 81.5 42 57 73.7 Ardmona 144 173 83.2 124 164 75.6 Bunbartha 77 91 84.6 67 83 80.7 Byrneside 47 61 77 55 66 83.3 Congupna 144 187 77 142 193 73.6 Dhurringile 53 314 16.9 44 62 71 Dookie 67 100 67 69 93 74.2 Grahamvale 189 235 80.4 186 243 76.5 Harston 53 62 85.5 37 52 71.2 Katandra West 126 162 77.8 110 146 75.3 Kialla 1723 2029 84.9 1649 2194 75.2 Kialla East 41 46 89.1 39 47 83 Kialla West 114 144 79.2 111 143 77.6 Lemnos 71 87 81.6 53 72 73.6 Merrigum 165 229 72.1 147 228 64.5 Mooroopna 1640 2340 70.1 1623 2529 64.2 Mooroopna North 30 35 85.7 25 42 59.5 Murchison (Vic.) 150 235 63.8 166 244 68 Murchison East 36 48 75 24 41 58.5 Orrvale 139 184 75.5 92 138 66.7 Pine Lodge (Vic.) 75 89 84.3 60 77 77.9 Shepparton 6562 9569 68.6 6117 9874 62 Shepparton East 308 391 78.8 240 361 66.5 Shepparton North 250 320 78.1 240 326 73.6 Tallygaroopna 156 191 81.7 131 164 79.9 Tatura 1054 1378 76.5 926 1413 65.5 Tatura East 45 54 83.3 43 51 84.3 Toolamba 201 259 77.6 192 237 81 Undera 120 161 74.5 91 145 62.8 Total Greater Shepparton 13846 19255 71.9 12845 19485 65.9
Note: State suburbs as defined by the ABS.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 45 11. Shepparton’s economic performance: Income from work
Table 11.1(a) provides an estimate that total workplace income from work in 2018 will be $cvm43,201 per capita of working age population. This estimate is subject to revision, particularly to its agriculture component, so the 2016 estimate may be taken as a more certain indicator of the recent, if not current, position. In 2016 this was 20 per cent lower than in Griffith, 11 per cent lower than in Leeton, but 13 per cent higher than in Mildura or Bendigo and similar to Ballarat. This is in line with the productivity outcomes and the hours worked per capita of working age population. Thanks to the limited amount of commuting to and from Greater Shepparton, the estimates for the resident population are similar to those by workplace (Table 11.2(b)). The data in Table 11.2(b) imply that the average work income of Greater Shepparton residents grew by 0.7 per cent a year between 1997 and 2016, with some doubt (depending on what’s going on in the farm sector) as to whether this growth has continued over the past two years.
Table 11.1(a) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5190 6029 5588 2368 Mining 95 115 119 99 Manufacturing 4739 5767 3868 4802 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 1766 1836 2156 1673 Construction 2498 3624 3296 3731 Wholesale Trade 1547 2039 1392 1312 Retail Trade 3094 3305 3130 3287 Accommodation and Food Services 991 1020 1221 1308 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 1869 2156 1819 1760 Information Media and Telecommunications 676 656 430 383 Financial and Insurance Services 1446 1457 880 868 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 406 571 531 595 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1287 2235 2592 2653 Administrative and Support Services 747 1372 1917 1820 Public Administration and Safety 2044 2130 2424 2472 Education and Training 2605 3681 4069 4106 Health Care and Social Assistance 3944 4579 7337 7868 Arts and Recreation Services 308 212 170 181 Other Services 1158 1644 1715 1913 Total 36410 44431 44654 43201
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 46 Table 11.2(a) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5429 5881 5748 2412 Mining 169 221 184 129 Manufacturing 5226 5974 4119 4700 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 1460 1433 1747 1439 Construction 2593 3407 3251 4283 Wholesale Trade 1748 2125 1410 1304 Retail Trade 3236 3167 2906 2932 Accommodation and Food Services 1019 1009 1189 1236 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 1910 2017 1708 1621 Information Media and Telecommunications 646 584 435 357 Financial and Insurance Services 1433 1455 840 786 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 425 570 538 549 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1325 2253 2329 2403 Administrative and Support Services 637 1394 1927 1831 Public Administration and Safety 2097 2040 2094 2023 Education and Training 2742 3624 3851 3892 Health Care and Social Assistance 3549 4285 6482 6864 Arts and Recreation Services 263 200 148 152 Other Services 1204 1563 1603 1757 Total 37112 43202 42509 40669
Note: Data for comparator regions will be found in the Appendix B. Source: NIEIR data bank.
In Table sets 11.1 and 11.2 incomes earned in Greater Shepparton are presented in relation to the population of working age. For purposes of economic planning, data are often presented without this refinement. We revert to this form of presentation in the next section, which deals with the various types of payment which either supplement or subtract from wage income.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 47 12. Property income and transfers
The export base of Greater Shepparton generates export incomes, which, when spent locally, generate multiplier incomes. All these incomes add up to value added, which is then distributed to wages and salaries, to the mixed wage/profit incomes of local business proprietors and to the profits of corporate businesses. Table series 12 shows the total wage and salary incomes received in Greater Shepparton in 1997 and 2016, with an estimated value for 2018. All these data are in constant-value dollars (2015-16 cvm). The tables also provide two rates of growth: 1997-2016 and an estimate, subject to revision, for 1997-2018. In view of the likelihood that the latter rates will require correction when the next issue of Tax Statistics is released, commentary will concentrate on the 1997-2016 rates of growth. Unlike the rates of growth shown in the preceding sections of this report, these rates are unadjusted for population growth. Between 1997 and 2016 aggregate wages and salaries paid to residents of Greater Shepparton increased less rapidly than for residents of Ballarat and Bendigo, a little slower than for residents of Mildura (LGA) but faster than for residents of the MIA (the sum of Griffith and Leeton LGAs) (Table 12.1(a)).
Table 12.1(a) Total wage incomes – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs Income growth Income ($cvm) (per cent per annum) 1997 2016 2018 1997-2016 1997-2018 Greater Shepparton 897 1368 1466 2.2 2.4
For comparison Ballarat 1293 2416 2564 3.3 3.3 Greater Bendigo 1273 2513 2670 3.6 3.6 Griffith plus Leeton 696 938 1028 1.6 1.9 Mildura 661 1101 1303 2.7 3.3
Source: NIEIR data bank
Wages, salaries and local business income (‘earned income’) are not the only source of household income. Households also receive income from investments, chiefly via superannuation. The total of earned and property income may be termed private income, in that it derives from private-sector activity. In Greater Shepparton property income adds 16 per cent to earned income, an increase from 14 per cent in 1997. This increase is smaller than might have been expected from the ageing of the population combined with the imposition of National Superannuation, but it should be remembered that much superannuation is paid out in lump sums and used either to pay off mortgages or for overseas holidays and the like. As in Shepparton, the ratio of property income to earned income has increased in all of the comparator LGAs. The ratio of property income to earned income is a little higher in Ballarat and Bendigo and a little lower in the MIA and Mildura. As in Greater Shepparton, property income has grown more rapidly than earned income (this reflects national trends) and hence private income has grown more rapidly than earned income (Table 12.1(b)).
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 48 Table 12.1(b) Total on-market private income – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs Income growth Income ($cvm) (per cent per annum) 1997 2016 2018 1997-2016 1997-2018 Greater Shepparton 1423 2405 2279 2.8 2.3
For comparison Ballarat 1824 3654 3858 3.7 3.6 Greater Bendigo 1894 3930 4104 3.9 3.8 Griffith plus Leeton 1082 1707 1670 2.4 2.1 Mildura 1117 2099 1999 3.4 2.8
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Private income is in turn very significantly supplemented by social security benefits, but is reduced by income tax. It is also reduced by superannuation contributions and by interest payments, chiefly on mortgages. In Greater Shepparton, social security payments (pensions and benefits) add 21 per cent to private income. This percentage is similar to that in the comparison LGAs, except for the MIA, where it is lower. In Greater Shepparton the percentage addition to private income has been constant, as in Mildura. In Bendigo and Ballarat it has been declining (perhaps these cities have invested more in superannuation) while in the MIA it has been increasing from a relatively low base. Income tax is a major call on private incomes, and in Greater Shepparton, as in all the comparison regions, reduces private income by 17 per cent. Thanks to the tax-cutting policies of the Commonwealth government, this is a couple of percentage points less than in 1997; it is also less than the income received in the LGA from social security benefits. Like income tax, compulsory superannuation contributions are a major call on private incomes, as are interest payments (primarily on mortgages). Though both generate benefits for the households which pay them, both are contractual payments which reduce disposable income. In Greater Shepparton they reduce the cash flow from private income by a further 14 per cent – a little less than in Ballarat or Bendigo, about the same as in Mildura and a little more than in the MIA. Unlike income tax, these imposts have been increasing and are now one or two percentage points higher as proportions of private income in Shepparton and the comparison LGAs. The spending power of private income is also decreased by indirect taxes (GST, land tax and the like). These appear as a wedge between the prices paid by consumers and the private incomes received by producers, but are returned to citizens as the wage and salary incomes of the producers of government services – the whole plethora of health services, education services, roads, defence and the like. By the National Accounting conventions followed here, these are not estimated by LGA, though a rough idea of their importance can be gained from Table 8.5(a), according to which three industries (public administration, education and health) in which government finance is predominant account for 22 per cent of value added in Greater Shepparton. (This is admittedly a rough estimate of the importance of government services – there are private services in education and health, but there are government services in many of the other industries, such as roads in transport, parks in arts and recreation and various subsidies and assistances to other industries.) Aggregate household disposable income, defined as private income plus social security less income tax, superannuation contributions and interest (but without allowance for indirect tax or government services) is shown in Table 12.1(c). In Greater Shepparton it is about 10 per cent lower than private income, a proportion similar to Mildura. Thanks largely to more limited eligibility for social security,
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 49 the gap between private income and household disposable income (on this definition) is a little larger in Greater Bendigo (11 per cent) and larger again in Ballarat and the MIA (13 per cent). Trends in the various supplements and deductions have tended to cancel out, and the growth rate of household disposable income is similar to that of private income, except in Ballarat, where it has been a little lower.
Table 12.1(c) Private income plus social security benefits, less income tax, superannuation contributions and interest – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs Income growth Income ($cvm) (per cent per annum) 1997 2016 2018 1997-2016 1997-2018 Greater Shepparton 1275 2178 2056 2.9 2.3
For comparison Ballarat 1684 3166 3264 3.4 3.2 Greater Bendigo 1796 3492 3586 3.6 3.3 Griffith plus Leeton 873 1490 1479 2.9 2.5 Mildura 1014 1881 1810 3.3 2.8
Source: NIEIR data bank.
As if all this were not complicated enough, a further definition of household disposable income is current. This includes the imputed rent which home owners receive from their major asset, their house. In attempts to measure standards of living it is fair to include this income, though it is important to remember that it does not yield cash flow, and indeed has offsets in the form of mortgage interest (as already deducted, above) and maintenance costs (which are not deducted in these calculations). It is estimated that the investment of Greater Shepparton home-owners in their homes adds 24 per cent to total private income in the LGA, a percentage slightly greater than in Ballarat or Bendigo but less than in Mildura or the MIA. Thanks to recent capital gains, since 1997 this addition has risen by four percentage points in Greater Shepparton and in the comparison LGAs. Table 12.1(d) shows that household disposable income, on this broader definition, has been increasing more rapidly than household disposable income on the narrow definition used in Table 12.1(c).
Table 12.1(d) 'Disposable income' including imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings – 1997, 2016 and 2018 – Shepparton and comparison LGAs Income growth Income ($cvm) (per cent per annum) 1997 2016 2018 1997-2016 1997-2018 Greater Shepparton 1552 2752 2558 3.1 2.4
For comparison Ballarat 2014 3994 4130 3.7 3.5 Greater Bendigo 2149 4356 4464 3.8 3.5 Griffith plus Leeton 1118 1942 1894 3.0 2.5 Mildura 1263 2421 2276 3.5 2.8
Source: NIEIR data bank.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 50 Since the average population growth rate from 1997 to 2016 was 0.8 per cent a year, disposable income per capita grew by 2.1 per cent a year (Table 12.1(c )) or by 2.3 per cent a year including imputed rents (Table 12.1(d)). This in part reflects the falling proportion of children in the population. You takes your choice and you takes your pick: this section has elaborated on the potential of the different definitions of related measures to cause confusion. It is important to use the definition relevant to the task in hand; broadly, earned income for economic development policy and disposable income for welfare policy. The section has also emphasised the significance of social security for Greater Shepparton and the significance of the returns on housing – and hence of the related costs. Table 12.2 provides a summary. Compared to Victorians in general, the people of Greater Shepparton rely less on incomes from wages, rents and property (such as superannuation) and more on business income (including farm incomes) and social security benefits. They also pay out less in income tax and in interest.
Table 12.2 Sources of income Greater Shepparton, Victoria and Australia, 2016 Difference, Greater Victoria – Shepparton (C) Victoria Australia Shepparton Wages % 51.0 63.0 63.8 -12.0 Total Business Income % 18.8 14.7 12.7 4.1 Total Property Income % 11.8 14.5 14.8 -2.7 Social Security Benefits % 20.0 13.3 12.5 6.7 Less Interest Paid % -5.7 -7.3 -6.8 1.6 Less Tax Paid % -14.2 -18.1 -17.2 3.9 Add imputed rent etc. 18.3 19.9 20.2 -1.6 Disposable Income % 100 100 100 0.0
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 51 13. Socio-economic status
It is customary when preparing a socio-economic profile for a LGA to dwell at length on the topic of socio-economic status. Several aspects of this, such as labour force participation, have already been covered in some detail, so the following section will be relatively brief. The Commonwealth Department of Education has documented the socio-economic status of children’s families with its Index of Community Socio-Economic Advantage, calculated from factors such as parents’ occupations and education. The more professional the parents’ occupation and the better their education, the more likely it is that their children will do well at school. The index is constructed to average out at 1000 for all of Australia. Greater Shepparton is below average with a 2018 result across all its schools of 970. The pattern across the LGA is shown in Map 13.1. The most disadvantaged schools are located in inner Shepparton (particularly the inner south) and in Mooroopna, plus a couple of small primary schools on the urban outskirts at Ardmona and Lemnos.
Map 13.1: Advantage index
A second important indicator of the relative socio-economic status of regions is household income. The incomes discussed in Section 12 accrue to households and are reported for small areas at each Census. The Census income question is ‘tick a box’ and includes an open-ended top range, so averages are unreliable and the median is the preferred summary measure. The measure does not allow for deductions such as tax and superannuation contributions, but includes social security benefits. Table 13.1(a) reports median incomes in dollars of the day at each census, and also the rate of growth of median incomes adjusted for consumer price increases. Between 2011 and 2016 median household income in Greater Shepparton increased by 1.9 per cent a year, which was less than the rate of increase in Mildura and the MIA but more than in Albury-Wodonga and Bendigo. Median household income in Greater Shepparton was more than in Mildura but less than in Albury-Wodonga, Bendigo or the MIA.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 52 Within Greater Shepparton, the highest median incomes in 2016 were reported from the Outer Northern suburbs and from Toolamba, with the lowest from Outer Mooroopna, Merrigum and Murchison. Though still low, the median income in Outer Mooroopna had increased rapidly – it may be that the area is gentrifying. At the household level, the significance of income depends on household size. Though two cannot live as cheaply as one, there is agreement that they can indeed live cheaper than twice-one. Summarising and simplifying numerous studies conducted over the past four or five decades, the ABS has adopted an equivalence scale which states that a second adult adds to household costs by 50 per cent of the costs of the first adult, and that each child adds 30 per cent. Appling these relativities gives the second set of columns in Table 13.1(a). These are median household incomes per equivalent adult. Adjusting for household size does not greatly alter the relativities established using unadjusted incomes. Median equivalised household income in Greater Shepparton remains higher than in Mildura but less than in Albury-Wodonga, Bendigo or the MIA. Within Greater Shepparton, the Outer North and Toolamba report the highest median equivalised incomes while Outer Mooroopna, Merrigum and Murchison report the lowest. However, equivalisation does affect the rates of growth of median incomes. Where household sizes are falling, the equivalised median will grow more rapidly than unadjusted median income. In all four comparator regions household size appears to be falling, so that median equivalised household income is growing faster than the unadjusted median. In Greater Shepparton household size appears to be falling in inner Shepparton and in Tatura but not elsewhere, and over the LGA as a whole the equivalised median income has grown a little bit slower than the unadjusted median. Even so, the growth rate of 1.5 per cent a year is not unsatisfactory.
Table 13.1(a) Growth in median household income – 2011-2016 (income in $/week) Per household Per equivalent household member Growth Growth 2011 2016 (% p a) 2011 2016 (% p a) Shepparton – North – Inner 767 923 1.9 444 577 3.5 Shepparton – North – Outer 1061 1455 4.6 589 789 4.1 Shepparton – South – Inner 743 861 1.2 393 527 4.1 Shepparton – South – Outer 1030 1200 1.3 519 644 2.6 Mooroopna – Inner 689 811 1.5 488 531 0 Mooroopna – Outer 430 681 7.7 297 454 7.0 Shepparton – Rural 926 1159 2.7 477 614 3.3 Merrigum 571 757 3.9 367 480 3.6 Murchison 551 698 3.0 349 438 2.8 Tallygaroopna 1091 1350 2.5 458 605 3.8 Tatura 792 952 1.9 437 590 4.3 Toolamba 1414 1413 -1.8 694 745 0 Greater Shepparton 795 954 1.9 492 581 1.5
For comparison Albury – Wodonga 835 986 1.5 490 632 3.4 Greater Bendigo 805 959 1.7 454 603 4.0 Griffith – Leeton 844 1098 3.5 451 631 5.0 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 700 867 2.5 388 529 4.5
Note: Incomes quoted in dollars of the day. Growth rates have been adjusted downwards for growth in consumer prices as measured by the cvm index. Medians calculated from ABS data by income range and not necessarily the same as those calculated by the ABS. Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 53 The Census returns of equivalent incomes can be used not only to measure the central tendency of income growth but to report on the distribution of household incomes. In this regard an important measure is the proportion of households living in poverty. Since the Henderson Poverty Inquiry of 1975, poverty lines have been used to identify households whose incomes are low in relation to their needs – so low as to require careful budgeting for survival and so low as to hinder social participation. At the 2016 Census the Henderson poverty line stood at $418 a week for an adult not in the workforce and living alone (2016 prices), a line of $591 a week for a couple without children, $564 a week for a single parent with one child, $870 a week for a couple with two children and so on for various household combinations. Income data can be collected with various degrees of intrusion into the household’s affairs – the more the intrusion, the more careful the estimation. At the Census the ABS tries to limit intrusion and accordingly Census-derived measures of poverty are fairly rough. Greater intrusion into household budgets would have permitted the poverty line to be set more accurately in terms of disposable income, with more careful allowance for need – for example, taking housing costs into account. Again, household equivalised incomes calculated from the ranges given in the Census questionnaire are necessarily approximate. Again, they can only be calculated if each household member receiving an income answers the income question. In 2016 18 per cent of Greater Shepparton households provided either partial or no income information. However, for all its limitations the Census definition has the great virtue of covering most households and provides an indicator of the incidence of poor families across Australia. Applying the ABS equivalence scale to the Henderson poverty yields poverty lines varying between $390 a week and $430. The Census returns distinguish households with equivalent incomes above and below $400 a week, which perforce has to serve as an approximate poverty line. Table 13.1(b) reports the Census data. Following the conventions of poverty studies, the table omits households reporting zero or negative incomes, since these are likely to be business households suffering a bad year but with enough assets to tide them over. The proportion of the population estimated as being poor depends on how the various social security rates relate to the poverty line. In 2016 basic rates of both the Age Pension and Disability Support Pension were set just below $400 a week for both single and couple recipients, while other benefits such as those for single parent families and for the unemployed and sick were set significantly below. Many pensioner households have supplementary incomes (in some cases including pension supplements such as rent assistance, in other cases small amounts of superannuation or other property income) but it is still likely that a great many will have reported equivalised household incomes below $400 a week. Households whose sole income is from payments to single parents or the unemployed will have reported equivalised incomes below $400; many of them below $300 a week. In 2016 the incidence of poverty among households in Greater Shepparton was about the same as in Mildura and somewhat greater than in the MIA, Albury-Wodonga or Bendigo. Within Greater Shepparton, the incidence was lowest in the Outer Northern and Outer Southern suburbs and among the townships in Tallygaroopna and Toolamba. The incidence was greatest in Inner South Shepparton and among the townships in Murchison and Merrigum. In Table 13.1(b) a comparison is also attempted between 2011 and 2016. This comparison is necessarily approximate, for two reasons. ■ The proportion of households in Greater Shepparton which failed to report income data because they were living in non-private accommodation rose from 4 to 8 per cent and the proportion reporting negative or zero incomes rose from 1 to 2 per cent. These changes are likely to have affected the incidence of low incomes. ■ Between the two Censuses the poverty line rose by 12 per cent, whereas the Census income ranges remained constant. An income of $400 a week accordingly corresponds to a 2011 income of $352 a week, which means that the 2011 returns over-estimate poverty in that year.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 54 Given that the poverty rate of 27 per cent of Greater Shepparton households in 2011 is an over- estimate, the fall to 23 per cent in 2016 indicates roughly constant incidence. However, the composition of poor households changed. ■ The percentage of households on very low equivalised incomes of $1-$299 a week increased from 10 per cent of all income-reporting households in 2011 to 12 per cent in 2016. ■ The percentage on incomes closer to the poverty line ($300-$399) fell from 17 per cent in 2011 to 11 per cent in 2016. The increase in the proportion of very low income households affected all the main household composition groups (single people, couples and couples with children). It may have been due to tightened eligibility conditions for social security payments to people of workforce age. The slight reduction in the jobholding rate for persons of workforce age reported in Table 10.5 would also have contributed, especially since this reduction seems to have been concentrated among young people who, if eligible for social security, would have been supported at very low rates.
Table 13.1(b) Proportion of households with low equivalised incomes, 2011 and 2016 2011 2016 $1<$300 $300-$399 $1-$399 $1<$300 $300-$399 $1-$399 Shepparton – North – Inner 0.12 0.13 0.25 Shepparton – North – Outer 0.08 0.06 0.14 Shepparton – South – Inner 0.18 0.15 0.29 Shepparton – South – Outer 0.08 0.08 0.16 Mooroopna – Inner 0.12 0.13 0.25 Mooroopna – Outer 0.06 0.13 0.19 Shepparton – Rural 0.14 0.12 0.26 Merrigum 0.16 0.14 0.30 Murchison 0.14 0.18 0.32 Tallygaroopna 0.00 0.07 0.07 Tatura 0.08 0.10 0.18 Toolamba 0.14 0.06 0.20 Greater Shepparton 0.10 0.17 0.27 0.12 0.11 0.23
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 0.12 0.11 0.23 Greater – Bendigo 0.10 0.10 0.20 Griffith – Leeton 0.12 0.11 0.23 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 0.14 0.14 0.28
Source: ABS Censuses 2011 and 2016.
Table 13.2 provides similar data on a state suburb basis. Many of the state suburbs have small populations and the income estimates could reflect the passing circumstances of particular families. In view of the generally lower incomes in Greater Shepparton compared to Victoria, and also its regional location, it comes as no surprise that the proportion of households with internet access direct to the dwelling is less than in Victoria as a whole (Table 13.3). In 2016 approximately one-third of dependent children in Greater Shepparton lived in households with equivalent incomes less than $500 a week (Table 13.4). Such households comprise approximately 26 per cent of the Australian total.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 5555 Table 13.2 Percentage of households with equivalised incomes less than $500 per week Households with dependent children All households Arcadia (Vic.) 0.0 0.0 Ardmona 17.2 20.0 Bunbartha 0.0 5.1 Byrneside 53.8 48.6 Congupna 27.5 23.7 Dhurringile 27.6 23.1 Dookie 20.6 22.2 Grahamvale 14.5 15.3 Harston 27.3 30.4 Katandra West 17.0 15.0 Kialla 14.2 16.2 Kialla East 0.0 0.0 Kialla West 9.5 14.3 Lemnos 19.2 17.3 Merrigum 29.0 28.9 Mooroopna 32.0 29.3 Mooroopna North 36.4 11.4 Murchison (Vic.) 32.8 31.9 Murchison East 0.0 14.3 Orrvale 20.6 18.0 Pine Lodge (Vic.) 16.7 14.0 Shepparton 35.6 29.9 Shepparton East 27.7 24.7 Shepparton North 12.6 13.6 Tallygaroopna 16.0 14.4 Tatura 21.1 23.9 Tatura East 33.3 15.4 Toolamba 12.2 17.6 Undera 36.8 33.0 Greater Shepparton 28.8 26.0
Table 13.3 Internet access to occupied private dwellings 2016, Census 2016 Internet accessed Internet not Internet accessed Internet not from dwelling accessed from from dwelling (per accessed from (number) dwelling (number) cent) dwelling (per cent) Greater Shepparton 18976 4759 79.9 20.1 Victoria 1926473 315805 85.9 14.1 Australia 7559984 1301630 85.3 14.7
Table 13.4 Greater Shepparton – Dependent children in low income households, Census 2016 Number of dependent Per cent of dependent Equivalised total household income (weekly) children children Less than $500 4464 34.1 $500 or more 8636 65.9 Total 13099 100.0
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 56 Low socio-economic status is commonly associated with above-average crime rates. This applies in Greater Shepparton, where the crude crime rate in relation to population (including all types of reported offences) is roughly twice the Victorian average. However, the pattern of types of crime is not much different from that general in Victoria. Over the past four years the crime rate in Greater Shepparton has increased, mainly due to an increase in the incidence of justice procedure offences (Table 13.5).
Table 13.5 Crime recorded incidents – Greater Shepparton (year ended September) Public Crimes Property order against and and Justice the deception Drug security procedures Other person offences offences offences offences offences Total Victoria Shep/Vic Offence count 2018 1188 4215 587 697 2009 9 2017 1357 4043 478 721 1417 8 2016 1421 4151 449 622 1488 24 2015 1256 3946 455 606 1313 14 2014 1149 3862 382 612 968 7
Rate per 100,000 persons 2018 1792.2 6358.7 885.5 1051.5 3030.7 13.6 13132 5939 2.2 2017 2068.8 6163.8 728.7 1099.2 2160.3 12.2 12233 6176 2.0 2016 2183.6 6378.7 690 955.8 2286.6 36.9 12532 6652 1.9 2015 1945.6 6112.6 704.8 938.7 2033.9 21.7 11757 5963 2.0 2014 1796.4 6038.1 597.2 956.8 1513.4 10.9 10913 5865 1.9
Source: Victoria Crime Statistics Agency.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 57 14. Transport
In an economy where housing, jobs, schools, shops and all manner of sporting and other facilities are dispersed, transport makes an important contribution to social welfare. In Greater Shepparton this overwhelmingly takes the form of the private car. At the 2016 Census 89 per cent of journeys to work were by private car with around 4 per cent on foot. Bicycles and buses accounted for 1 per cent each, and the remaining 5 per cent of the workforce worked at home. This reliance has several disadvantages. ■ Cost: for all its convenience motoring is a costly means of transport, both to households and to the public providers of roads and car parks. This cost may be scarcely noticeable to households with large incomes but can be very restrictive for those on limited budgets. ■ Restricted access: not everybody can drive. Even if a car is available, those who cannot drive have to be chauffeured. ■ Motoring has a poor safety record. This said, Greater Shepparton has a social-welfare-minimum bus service which accesses all suburbs, mostly once an hour. The Council has also endeavoured to encourage cycling, but without much result, perhaps because potential cyclists are deterred by safety concerns.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 58 15. Housing
Broadly speaking, non-vacant dwellings in Greater Shepparton are either rented, mortgaged or owner- occupied. Table 15.1 provides an inter-censal comparison of these tenures. According to the Censuses, slightly over half the dwellings in Greater Shepparton in 2016 were owner-occupied free of mortgage, a proportion which had increased from precisely half in 2011. This proportion was comparable with Bendigo and Mildura, a little less than in the MIA but more than in Albury-Wodonga. The remaining dwellings were 26 per cent owner occupied subject to mortgage and 22 per cent rented, both proportions slightly less than in 2011. Again these proportions were similar to those in the comparison regions. Within Greater Shepparton, rental dwellings are most common in the inner suburbs, including inner Mooroopna. They are least common in the Outer South and in the villages. Mortgaged dwellings are most common in the Outer North and in Tallygaroopna and Toolamba and are least common in the inner suburbs and in Outer Mooroopna. Dwellings owner-occupied free of mortgage comprise 60 per cent or more of total dwellings in two groups of areas. The first group is the Outer South and Outer Mooroopna, and is presumably due to the purchase of retirement homes by migrants from the metropolitan areas. The second group comprises Murchison and the rural areas, both of which have declining populations which have presumably achieved full ownership with age. Ownership free of mortgage is relatively uncommon in the Outer North and in Toolamba.
Table 15.1 Dwellings by tenure, 2011 and 2016 (per cent) 2011 2016 Change (percentage points) Rented Mortgaged Other Rented Mortgaged Other Rental Mortgages Other Shepparton – North – Inner 30 22 48 30 20 50 0 -2 2 Shepparton – North – Outer 17 39 44 17 41 43 0 2 -1 Shepparton – South – Inner 27 27 46 27 23 49 0 -4 4 Shepparton – South – Outer 11 30 59 9 31 60 -1 0 1 Mooroopna – Inner 26 30 44 25 27 49 -2 -4 5 Mooroopna – Outer 21 8 70 10 10 79 -11 2 9 Shepparton – Rural 12 31 57 10 30 60 -2 -1 3 Merrigum 9 30 61 5 35 59 -4 6 -2 Murchison 15 24 62 13 25 62 -2 1 1 Tallygaroopna 0 29 71 0 51 49 0 22 -22 Tatura 19 26 56 20 25 55 2 0 -1 Toolamba 3 53 44 13 50 37 10 -3 -7 Greater Shepparton 23 27 50 22 26 52 -1 -2 3
For comparison: Albury – Wodonga 28 28 44 28 26 46 0 -2 2 Greater – Bendigo 22 29 49 22 27 51 0 -2 1 Griffith – Leeton 24 23 53 23 21 56 -1 -2 3 Mildura – Wentworth – Red Cliffs 24 27 49 23 25 51 -1 -2 2
Source: Censuses 2011 and 2016.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 59 Table 15.2 provides a more detailed summary of tenures in 2016. Briefly, Greater Shepparton has a slightly higher proportion of public housing than Victoria as a whole, balanced by a lower proportion in private rental.
Table 15.2 Greater Shepparton – Tenure of occupied private dwellings, Census 2016 Number Per cent Victoria per cent Owned outright 7576 31.0 30.7 Owned with a mortgage 7568 31.0 33.5 Rented from the state 884 3.6 2.3 Other rental 5530 22.7 24.7 Other tenure or not stated 2857 11.7 8.8 Total 24415 100.0 100.0
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 60 16. Education
Given that the people of Greater Shepparton earn lower incomes than the Victorian average, and in particular that fewer of them work in professional occupations and more as labourers, it occasions no surprise that Shepparton residents of workforce age have lower levels of formal education than are general in Victoria. (Tables 16.1 and 16.2). This association could be explained in two ways, either: ■ the education system in Shepparton is as good as any, but the local labour market generates labouring rather than professional jobs, so that people seeking professional employment leave the district while potential labourers migrate in; or ■ the education system in Shepparton is failing to counteract the educational disadvantages of the region’s children. Given the composition of Shepparton’s workforce, these children come, disproportionately, from families with low educational attainment and if this is not taken into account in their schooling many of them will leave formal education with lower qualifications than the Victorian average, thus maintaining the high proportion of labourers and low proportion of professional people in the workforce. These are extreme positions. In favour of the first, as shown in Chapter 6, the population of Greater Shepparton is far from static; families move into the LGA and families move out. Appendix A to this report explores the effect of migration on the workforce of Greater Shepparton, concluding that it is likely that well over half the children born in the municipality will have left by the time they are 35 – though some will doubtless have come back. Indeed, it is arguable that the more the education system in Shepparton counters disadvantage and generates equality of opportunity, the more the sons and daughters of the city will leave to gain experience elsewhere. Whether they return will depend in part on the opportunities which arise for them in Shepparton.
Table 16.1 Greater Shepparton – Highest educational qualification of residents aged 15-64, Census 2016 Distribution Greater Greater Distribution Shepparton Shepparton Victoria (number) (per cent) (per cent) Postgraduate Degree Level 851 2.1 6.1 Graduate Diploma and Graduate Certificate Level 883 2.2 2.7 Bachelor Degree Level 3903 9.8 18.5 Advanced Diploma and Diploma Level 3337 8.3 9.7 Certificate Level 8826 22.1 17.7 Level of education inadequately described 213 0.5 0.7 Level of education not stated 4332 10.8 7.9 No post-school qualification 17643 44.1 36.8 Total 39988 100 100
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 61 Table 16.2 Greater Shepparton – School attainment of residents aged 15-64, Census 2016 Distribution Greater Greater Distribution Shepparton Shepparton Victoria (number) (per cent) (per cent) Year 12 or equivalent 16740 41.9 60.5 Year 11 or equivalent 6804 17.0 12.1 Year 10 or equivalent 7216 18.0 12.2 Year 9 or equivalent 3055 7.6 4.7 Year 8 or below 1671 4.2 2.6 Did not go to school 546 1.4 0.8 Not stated 3958 9.9 7.1 Total 39985 100 100
The performance of the education system in Greater Shepparton will be considered in two parts, the first concerning pre-school education and the second concerning school education. The 2016 Census was taken in August, whereas the age of eligibility for schooling is determined in February. This means that some children recorded as aged five in the Census will be enrolled in primary schools while some will be in pre-schools. Similarly some children aged three at the census will have been eligible for pre-school and some will not. Table 16.3 shows that, in 2016, over 90 per cent of five year olds in Greater Shepparton were enrolled either at a primary school or in a pre-school. Pre-school was the major educational provision for four-year-old children and 60 per cent were enrolled. Though this falls short of complete coverage, the pre-school enrolment rate in Greater Shepparton was above that for Australia as a whole – 45 per cent of children aged 3-5 were enrolled in pre-school in Shepparton as compared to 39 per cent in Australia as a whole. This said, the pre-school enrolment rate was lower for children in low-income families than for children in higher-income families. The ABS documents this association from the Census, but, owing to budgetary restrictions, does so only for a random sample of children. Greater Shepparton is too small an area to achieve statistical significance on this basis but data are available for the Shepparton SA4, which covers the south bank of the Murray from Echuca to Yarrawonga and as far south as Colbinabbin, including the whole of Greater Shepparton. Over this larger area, 22 per cent of five year old children from the lower income groups were not in formal education, compared to 12.1 per cent of children of similar age from the middle to high income groups. Even so, five year old children from the lower income groups accounted for one-third of all the pre-school children of this age in Shepparton SA4. These data suggest that children from low-income families tend to start school when a little older than their high-income peers (Table 16.4).
Table 16.3 Greater Shepparton – Type of educational institution attended, ages 3 to 5 years, Census 2016 Pre-school School Other Not in education Total 3 years 281 0 16 599 896 4 years 508 38 10 293 849 5 years 358 365 3 66 792 3 to 5 years 1147 403 29 958 2537
3 years 31.4 0 1.8 66.9 100 4 years 59.8 4.5 1.2 34.5 100 5 years 45.2 46.1 0.4 8.3 100 3 to 5 years 45.2 15.9 1.1 37.8 100
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 62 Table 16.4 Shepparton SA4 – Equivalised household income and participation in pre-school (per cent), ABS Census Longitudinal Study 2016 Age Pre-school School Not in education Total Equivalised total household income (weekly) of household in which person was enumerated in 2016 Less than $500 5 year olds 59.0 47.8 22.0 100.0 $500 plus 5 year olds 45.2 48.2 12.1 100.0 All households 5 year olds 49.1 48.1 14.9 100.0
Less than $500 5 year olds 34 28.1 41.8 28.3 $500 plus 5 year olds 66 71.9 58.2 71.7 All households 5 year olds 100 100 100 100
The Australian Early Development Census is completed every three years by the teachers in charge of first-grade students in schools throughout the country. The survey concentrates on the teachers’ assessment of the extent to which the children in their charge are prepared for the experience of school, but data are also collected on the children’s educational experiences before they entered school. Table 16.5 reports these experiences. It does not have a line for children with no pre-school educational experience other than living with their parents, but there are very few of these – the number of children who have had pre-school educational experiences (962 in 2015) is greater than the number of five year old children resident in Greater Shepparton, indicating that that the table covers the great majority of resident children plus an inflow to schools in the LGA from children living outside. Nearly 90 per cent of primary school entrants in Greater Shepparton have experienced pre-school or kindergarten and some of them have also experienced day care, play groups and/or the care of a relative other than their parents. If anything, the trend from 2012 to 2015 was away from day care and into pre-schools and grandparent care. Though the coverage of pre-schools seems reasonably complete, the pre-schools do not fully amend for the low socio-economic status of many of their pupils. The rules of the Australian Early Development Census require the teachers of first-year students to assess each child for each of five developmental characteristics, grading the child as ‘on track’, ‘developmentally vulnerable’ or ‘developmentally at risk’. Compared with the Victorian total, for each of the five characteristics a smaller proportion of the children of Greater Shepparton are on track. The difference is greatest for ‘school-based language and cognitive skills’ (77.2 per cent compared to 84.7 per cent); the difference is less, at around 5 percentage points, for physical health and well-being, and less again, at around 4.5 percentage points, for social competence, emotional maturity and communication skills and general knowledge (Table 16.6). The proportion of children who are ‘vulnerable’ for each characteristic assessed was around 3 percentage points more than in Victoria as a whole, and the proportion ‘at risk’ around 2 percentage points more. It would seem that low socio-economic status influences children’s readiness for formal primary education. This influence continues as they go through school.
Table 16.5 Australian Early Development Census: Early education of children that attended non- parental education or care – Greater Shepparton 2012 (number) 2015 (number) 2012 (per cent) 2015 (per cent Playgroup 281 280 28.8 29.1 Day care 243 205 24.9 21.3 Preschool or kindergarten 773 856 79.2 88.9 Family day care 31 57 3.2 5.9 Grandparent 103 148 10.6 15.4 Other relative 29 52 3 5.4 Nanny 5 7 0.5 0.7 Other relative 14 36 1.4 3.7
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 63 Table 16.6 Australian Early Development Census: Greater Shepparton and Victoria – Australian Early Development Index, 2015 Greater Shepparton (per cent) Victoria (per cent) Children Children Children Children develop- develop- develop- develop- mentally Children on mentally at mentally Children on mentally at vulnerable track risk vulnerable track risk Physical health and wellbeing 10.3 75.7 14 7.9 80.9 11.2 Social competence 11.3 72.7 16 8.7 77.2 14.1 Emotional maturity 12.1 73.1 14.9 8 77.5 14.5 Language and cognitive skills (school-based) 10 77.2 12.8 6.3 84.7 8.9 Communication skills and general knowledge 11.5 74.4 14.1 7.6 78.8 13.6
Within the City of Greater Shepparton there are 38 schools, plus a number of other educational institutions catering to special populations or providing tertiary education. The schools catering to the general population include: ■ 25 state primary schools, with 2017 enrolments ranging from 10 to 629; ■ five Catholic primary schools, with enrolments ranging from 213 to 406; ■ four state secondary schools, with enrolments ranging from 545 to 1,183; ■ one Catholic secondary school with 1,673 students enrolled; and ■ three independent schools. Two of these are P-12 institutions, one of which had 200 students in 2017 and the other nearly 700. The third, Sirius College, was a branch campus of a school founded in Melbourne to serve the Turkish community. In 2017 this campus had 12 teachers and covered years P-8. Separate data is not available for its students in Shepparton. Judging by the size of the teaching staff they would have numbered around 125 in 2017, and judging by the profile for the whole school they would have been overwhelmingly of non-English speaking background and, on average, performed a bit better than others of similar background in NAPLAN tests. In 2017 Sirius College had no indigenous students. Due to lack of specific data, students attending Sirius College are excluded from the following analysis. By and large, children resident in Greater Shepparton attend schools located within the City; however, it is believed that some resident students attend schools in other municipalities (for example, Murchison residents commuting to Rushworth P-12 College) and also that students living in other municipalities attend schools in Shepparton. The rest of this section discusses data downloaded from the MySchools website maintained by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. This website is structured to facilitate comparison between the students in each particular school and the average for all Australian school students. Comparison between schools is strongly discouraged, since the MySchool data take but minimal account of the circumstances and values of each school. The following discussion relates to all students attending school in Greater Shepparton.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 64 Table 16.7 Students enrolled in schools in Greater Shepparton by the Index of Community Socio- Economic Advantage (ICSEA) – Indigenous status and non-English speaking background, 2015 and 2017 2015 2017 Increase (per cent) ICSEA Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary 1st quartile 2458 2019 2536 2183 3.2 8.1 2nd quartile 1748 1382 1803 1468 3.1 6.2 3rd quartile 1351 1050 1360 1022 0.7 -2.7 Top quartile 819 620 849 602 3.7 -2.9 Indigenous 561 279 610 292 8.7 4.7 NESB 1101 856 1192 964 8.3 12.6 Government schools 4552 2799 4701 3059 3.3 9.3 Other schools 1825 2271 1845 2216 1.1 -2.4 TOTAL 6377 5070 6546 5275 2.7 4.0
Source: Summarised from MySchool website. All data exclude Sirius College, which as a multi-campus school provides little information for its Shepparton campus. Students at Verney Rd Special School categorised as Primary and assumed to hail from households with an ICSEA distribution similar to Greater Shepparton as a whole. The primary/secondary division of students in the two P-12 schools, both of which are non-government, is approximate. NESB = non-English speaking background.
MySchool data confirms that schools in Greater Shepparton serve a greater proportion of students of low socio-educational status than is true nationally. (The measure employed is the ICSEA, or Index of community socio-educational advantage, which includes elements in each student’s background known to be associated with educational progress, measured in ways which schools can readily collect using a simple parent questionnaire.) If the distribution in Shepparton were similar to the national distribution, the numbers in the first four rows of each column of Table 16.7 would be equal, but in fact they are strongly weighted to the lower quintiles (see also Table 16.8). Further, between 2015 and 2017 the number of students assessed as coming from households in the bottom half of the distribution increased more rapidly than in the upper half, particularly at the secondary level. Indeed, the number of students in Shepparton’s secondary schools with backgrounds in the two upper quartiles declined, while the number hailing from the two lower quartiles increased considerably, in contrast with the position for primary school students, where all numbers increased in all four quartiles. The most likely explanation is that students from the lower half of the socio-educational distribution stayed on at school a little longer in 2017 than they had in 2015, however, it is also possible that the students graduating from the primary to the secondary schools in the cohort of students born around 2003 included an unusually high proportion of students of low-status background, and/or that the economic circumstances of their parents declined, and/or that the proportion of high-status students who were sent outside the region for their secondary education increased. Government schools are attended by nearly three-quarters of the primary school population and by well over half of secondary school students; as elsewhere, their student population is weighted towards households of low socio-educational status. The proportion of students attending government schools increased, again particularly at secondary level, as would be expected from the increase in the number of students of low-status background. The corresponding decline in the proportion of students enrolled in non-government schools extended to an absolute fall in the number of secondary students enrolled in such schools. However, it is possible that this was partially offset by enrolments at Sirius College and by students sent to boarding schools outside the region, neither of which are included in the Shepparton figures. Taking Shepparton’s schools as a whole, in 2015 the distribution of students by socio-educational status was similar in primary and secondary schools, but in 2018 the distribution in secondary schools was weighted towards low status students.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 65 Table 16.8 Distribution of students enrolled in schools in Greater Shepparton by the Index of Community Socio-Economic Advantage (ICSEA) – Indigenous status and non-English speaking background, 2015 and 2017 2015 2017 Difference Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary ICSEA Gov. Other Total Gov. Other Total Gov. Other Total Gov. Other Total Gov. Other Total Gov. Other Total
1st quartile 45.5 21.3 38.5 56.2 19.7 39.8 46.0 20.4 38.7 56.2 20.9 41.4 +0.5 -1.0 +0.2 0 +1.3 +1.6 2nd quartile 27.1 28.1 27.4 25.2 29.8 27.3 27.3 28.1 27.5 26.7 29.5 27.8 +0.2 +0.1 +0.1 +1.4 -0.3 +0.6 3rd quartile 18.3 28.3 21.2 14.9 27.8 20.7 17.9 28.1 20.8 13.3 27.8 19.4 -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -1.7 0 -1.3 Top quartile 9.0 22.3 12.8 3.7 22.7 12.2 8.9 23.4 13.0 3.9 21.8 11.4 -0.2 +1.0 +0.1 +0.2 -0.9 -0.8 Indigenous 10.2 4.2 8.5 7.8 2.6 5.3 10.6 4.9 9.1 8.1 2.0 5.5 +0.4 +0.7 +0.6 +0.3 -0.6 +0.2 NESB 16.8 16.5 16.7 21.6 11.0 16. 17.9 17.2 17.7 22.9 11.8 18.3 +1.1 +0.7 +1.0 +1.3 +0.8 +2.1
Note: ICSEA data are standardised so that, across all Australia, each quartile includes 25 per cent of students in each year. Source: Summarised from MySchool website. All data exclude Sirius College; income data exclude Verney Rd Special School. The division of students in the two P-12 schools in the City into primary and secondary is approximate.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 66 The proportion of indigenous children is higher than in most of Victoria and increased more rapidly than the school population as a whole, with both the proportion and the rate of increase higher in primary than secondary schools, as may happen if indigenous children tend to drop out before year 12. The proportion of school students with non-English speaking backgrounds is also above average and increased rapidly, with little difference between primary and secondary schools. Australian schools are obliged to take part in the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN), which consists of a series of tests for students at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th year levels. The program is controversial, chiefly because, in effect, it enshrines a curriculum of basic measureable skills rather than the broader personal development of students to which the teaching profession aspires. This said, the negative association of NAPLAN results with the ICSEA accords with educational experience. In Table 16.9 average NAPLAN results for students attending schools in Greater Shepparton, for the five NAPLAN tests and for 2015 and 2017, have been benchmarked to national average (Table 16.9). ■ At third year level they ranged from 93 to 98 per cent of national average, generally around 4-5 per cent below. ■ At fifth year level they ranged from 93 to 98 per cent of national average, again generally around 4-5 per cent below. ■ At seventh year level they ranged from 91 to 95 per cent of national average, generally around 5-8 per cent below, and ■ At ninth year level they ranged from 92 to 96 per cent of national average, generally around 5- 7 per cent below. In so far as student performance can be judged by NAPLAN test results, most students in Greater Shepparton performed much as would be expected given their socio-economic status, which implies that the schools of Greater Shepparton in general performed much as expected, given the socio- educational status of their students. In 2015 and 2017 results for the five test areas were as follows. ■ Spelling: 94 to 96 per cent of national average for primary students, 92 to 96 per cent for secondary students. ■ Writing: 98 per cent of national average for primary students falling to 93-95 per cent for secondary students. ■ Spelling: 93-95 per cent of national average for primary students, 91-94 per cent for secondary students. ■ Grammar and punctuation: 93-94 per cent of national average for primary students, 91-95 per cent for secondary students. ■ Numeracy: 95-97 per cent of national average for primary students, 93-96 per cent for secondary students. ■ Overall, 95-96 per cent of national average for primary students, 92-95 per cent for secondary students. If anything, secondary students in Shepparton turned in lower results than the primary students for most of the areas tested. This may not be statistically significant, but correlates with the higher proportion of students of low socio-educational status in Shepparton’s secondary schools compared with its primary schools.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 67 Table 16.9 allows comparison between the scores of three school cohorts: ■ students who were in 3rd year in 2015 and in 5th year in 2017; ■ students who were in 5th year in 2015 and in 7th in 2017; and ■ students who were in 7th year in 2015 and in 9th in 2017. Cohort membership was not constant – a minority of students will have left Greater Shepparton between 2015 and 2017, replaced by others who have moved in; there may also be a few who have been kept down between years or whose progress has been accelerated. Again, the socio-educational status of a cohort may change, if only because parents gain and lose jobs. Table 16.8 shows differences between 2015 and 2017, though unfortunately these are available only for primary and secondary students as a whole and not by year level of the students. Of the three cohorts: ■ those in 3rd year in 2015 turned in improved results in 2017; results which were also perhaps better than those of their seniors two years previously; ■ the cohort which undertook Year 5 in 2015 turned in general similar results in 2017, though it seems that in Writing they fell back compared to the national average; and ■ the cohort which was in 7th year in 2015 turned in improved results in 2017, particularly in Reading, Grammar and Numeracy. Their results were also better than those of their seniors two years previously (those who were in Year 9 in 2015). Given the controversial nature of the NAPLAN tests it is possible that these differences are not educationally significant; however, in so far as the three cohorts covered are typical, the results indicate that the students of Shepparton learn well in both primary and secondary schools but may be less adept at the transition to high school than their contemporaries nationally.
Table 16.9 Average NAPLAN assessment of students attending schools in Greater Shepparton as a percentage of the average all-Australia assessment – 2015 and 2017 3rd year 5th year 7th year 9th year 2017 2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 Reading 96 94 96 94 95 92 96 93 Writing 98 98 98 98 95 93 93 93 Spelling 94 93 95 95 94 91 94 92 Grammar and punctuation 94 94 94 93 94 91 95 92 Numeracy 97 96 97 95 95 93 96 93 Overall(a) 96 95 96 95 95 92 95 93
Note: (a) Numeracy weighted to equal the combined weight of the four more literary skills. Source: Summarised from MySchool website. Data exclude non-reporting schools, which are mostly small. Results weighted by overall school size, rather than by the numbers in each year.
In summary, the preschool and school education system in Greater Shepparton serves a population weighted towards the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum. It does not completely counter these disadvantages, but narrows the band of disadvantage and provides broad opportunities for educational advancement.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 68 Appendix A: The implications of migration for the evaluation of assistance programs
A number of assistance programs, such as early age education programs, are focussed on the young. In a previous report for the George Hicks Foundation, focussed on the Mornington Peninsula, NIEIR indicated that such programs can have high returns. These calculations apply equally to Greater Shepparton. However, because of the population dynamics for a region the impact of such programs cannot be evaluated solely from a regional perspective. This is because the probabilities that may of the younger aged population will not remain in the region by the time that they reach the age of 15- 19 or older. Again, if a region fails to provide employment opportunities for high achievers, they will continue to leave – the regional educational system is not necessarily to blame if the adult workforce is less highly educated than the national average.
A.1 The outcomes for the initial aged 0-4 population who were always in a region who stay in a region
The first block of data in Table A.1 shows the progress of a population initially aged 0-4 through the age ranges to age 30-34. The projection is based on what happened to the population in each age range in 2011 five years later. The projection is artificial in that it implies that the transition probabilities applying for 2011-16 remain constant for each age group. The outcomes are expressed as percentages of the initial cohort aged 0-4. From the table, when aged 0-4, 15-19 per cent will be in education and the rest will not. Five years later, when the group reaches ages 5 to 9, 21 per cent will have left Shepparton and all the remaining population will be in education. In another five years, when the initial cohort reaches the 10-14 age range, an additional 8 per cent of the original 0-4 population will have left the region. By the age range 15-19, 44 per cent of the initial aged 0-4 population will have left the region with 56 per cent remaining: 48 per cent in education, 5 per cent in employment and 3 per cent not participating. By the 20-24 age range nearly two-thirds of the original 0-4 population will have left the region. Of the 35 per cent who do remain, 13 per cent would be in education and 73 per cent in employment, with 14 per cent not participating in either education or employment. By the age group 30-34, three quarters of the original population would have left Shepparton.
A.2 Population inflows
For each population age range there will be population inflows. From Table A.1, for the 0-4 age group, this will amount to 14.6 per cent of the initial aged 0-4 population in Shepparton. Once in Shepparton the cohort is assumed to have the same probabilities of outcomes as those of the same age who were in Shepparton five years earlier. This means that, from Table A.1, of the inflow of people aged 0-4 by the time they reach the age of 30-34 the number remaining in Shepparton will have fallen from 14.6 per cent of the initial aged 0-4 population in Shepparton to 3.5 per cent.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 69 In Table A.3 the same inflow population profiles are built up for age groups 5-9, 10-14 and 15-19. Adding up the first five blocks in the table gives the overall outcome which is the last block in the table. For example, for the 15-19 age group, given all inflows of population into Shepparton aged 15-19, either born in Shepparton or migrated to Shepparton, 82 per cent of the original born in Shepparton population will remain, of which 87 per cent will be in education, 8 per cent in employment and 5 per cent not participating. After age 15-19 the population in the table does not allow for any more inflows. As a result, after allowing for all the inflows to age 15-19 by aged 30-34 the numbers that will be remaining in Shepparton as a percentage of the original always in Shepparton 0-4 population will fall from 82 per cent to 35 per cent. Of the 35 per cent, 10 per cent will be in education and training, 77 per cent in employment and 13 per cent not participating. The difference between the first block and the last block in Table A.3 shows the aggregate outcomes for the population that were not in Shepparton aged 0-4. Thus, 11 per cent of the original not in Shepparton 0-4 population, or a third of the population remaining at age 30-34, will be people not in Shepparton aged 0-4.
A.3 Younger age population dynamics: Comparison with Ballarat and Bendigo
Tables A.4 and A.5 have the same outcome for Ballarat and Bendigo. In terms of the population that were always in Ballarat, a quarter, based on the 2011-2016 Census dynamics, were still there in Ballarat by age 30-34. However, Ballarat will attract greater inflows of younger age groups. By age 30-34, 56 per cent of the initial 0-4 in Ballarat population will remain after accounting for all inward migration to age 15-19. The peak inward migration age group will be 10-14 with a 24 per cent of the initial 0-4 always in Ballarat population migrating to Ballarat for this age range. Of the 56 per cent of the population remaining aged 30-34, the outcomes in employment, in education or not participating are similar to Shepparton’s. While the changes in the region outcome age 0-4 outcomes for Shepparton and Ballarat are the same this is not the case for Bendigo. For the 30-34 age range, 39 per cent will still remain in Bendigo of those in Bendigo aged 0-4, from Table A.5. With a relatively strong migration profile compared to Shepparton, this means that by the 30-34 age range, 79 per cent of the initial 0-4 age range in Bendigo will still be in Bendigo after accounting for all inward migration flows to age 15-19. However, the labour market outcomes will be very different. For Bendigo a quarter of the 79 per cent will not be participating in the workforce. This leads to the conclusion that Shepparton and Ballarat tend to export their unemployment, while Bendigo tends to import population that will have a greater probability of being unemployed.
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 70 Table A.1 Population inflows and outflows – population aged 0 to 19 – SHEPPARTON 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 years years years years years years years People in Shepparton aged 0-4 and stay in Shepparton to age 30-34 (per cent of initial 0-4 cohort) In education 19.0 79.1 70.9 48.2 4.6 3.9 2.5 Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 25.9 20.4 18.6 Not participating 81.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 4.9 3.2 3.1 Total 100.0 79.1 70.9 56.1 35.5 27.5 24.2
Migration inflows and outflows by age cohort (per cent of initial aged 0-4 cohort in Shepparton) 0-4 years In education 1.8 11.6 10.4 7.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 0-4 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.8 3.0 2.7 0-4 years Not participating 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0-4 years Total 14.6 11.6 10.4 8.2 5.2 4.0 3.5
5-9 years In education 0.0 11.8 10.6 7.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 5-9 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.9 3.1 2.8 5-9 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 5-9 years Total 0.0 11.8 10.6 8.4 5.3 4.1 3.6
10-14 years In education 0.0 0.0 6.1 4.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 10-14 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.2 1.8 1.6 10-14 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 10-14 years Total 0.0 0.0 6.1 4.8 3.1 2.4 2.1
15-19 years In education 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 15-19 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 1.5 15-19 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 15-19 years Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 2.8 2.2 1.9
Impact of total inflows and outflows to year 15-19 (per cent of initial aged 0-4 cohort in Shepparton) In education 20.8 102.5 98.0 71.3 6.9 5.7 3.6 Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 38.0 30.0 27.2 Not participating 93.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 7.0 4.6 4.5 Total 114.6 102.5 98.0 82.2 51.9 40.2 35.4
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 71 Table A.2 Population inflows and outflows – population aged 0 to 19 – BALLARAT 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 years years years years years years years People in Ballarat aged 0-4 and stay in Ballarat to age 30-34 (per cent of initial 0-4 cohort) In education 25.1 85.1 74.2 49.3 10.7 1.8 2.6 Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4 23.1 23.6 19.2 Not participating 74.9 0.0 0.0 3.3 8.2 5.0 3.3 Total 100.0 85.1 74.2 60.0 41.9 30.4 25.1
Migration inflows and outflows by age cohort (per cent of initial aged 0-4 cohort in Ballarat) 0-4 years In education 4.6 13.7 11.9 7.9 1.7 0.3 0.4 0-4 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 3.7 3.8 3.1 0-4 years Not participating 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0-4 years Total 16.1 13.7 11.9 9.6 6.7 4.9 4.0
5-9 years In education 0.0 15.2 13.2 8.8 1.9 0.3 0.5 5-9 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 4.1 4.2 3.4 5-9 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 5-9 years Total 0.0 0.0 13.2 10.7 7.5 5.4 4.5
10-14 years In education 0.0 0.0 23.6 15.7 3.4 0.6 0.8 10-14 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 7.3 7.5 6.1 10-14 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.6 1.6 1.0 10-14 years Total 0.0 0.0 23.6 19.1 13.3 9.7 8.0
15-19 years In education 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 7.1 1.1 1.4 15-19 years Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.4 13.3 10.8 15-19 years Not participating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 2.7 1.8 15-19 years Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 23.6 17.0 14.1
Impact of total inflows and outflows to year 15-19 (per cent of initial aged 0-4 cohort in Ballarat) In education 29.7 114.0 123.0 116.8 24.7 4.0 5.7 Employed 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.2 50.6 52.4 42.7 Not participating 86.4 0.0 0.0 5.5 17.7 11.0 7.3 Total 116.1 114.0 123.0 134.5 93.1 67.3 55.7
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 72 Appendix B: Detailed statistical comparisons
The tables in this appendix provide comparative data, on a LGA basis, for a number of the tables in the text. All data are drawn from the NIEIR data base.
Table 7.1(a) Export share in total sales (per cent) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 36 39 33 41 Mining 9 20 10 27 Manufacturing 59 58 68 70 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 60 68 79 76 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 23 25 9 8 Retail Trade 7 10 5 5 Accommodation and Food Services 13 13 35 34 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 37 31 44 37 Information Media and Telecommunications 27 17 23 25 Financial and Insurance Services 5 5 5 5 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1 0 1 0 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 5 5 5 5 Administrative and Support Services 17 22 16 12 Public Administration and Safety 5 5 5 10 Education and Training 32 11 21 25 Health Care and Social Assistance 18 12 19 29 Arts and Recreation Services 5 5 5 5 Other Services 6 26 30 31 Total 31 27 32 33
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 73 Table 7.1(b) Export share in total sales (per cent) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 72 151 111 115 Mining 101 208 91 267 Manufacturing 78 75 87 92 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 146 191 225 230 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 62 82 109 112 Retail Trade 44 73 100 102 Accommodation and Food Services 119 98 272 313 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 262 552 359 634 Information Media and Telecommunications 142 217 366 304 Financial and Insurance Services 100 100 100 100 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 68 89 94 71 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 100 84 76 77 Administrative and Support Services 339 214 106 73 Public Administration and Safety 100 100 101 196 Education and Training 88 137 107 122 Health Care and Social Assistance 70 230 195 244 Arts and Recreation Services 58 100 29 25 Other Services 21 138 190 227 Total 88 93 106 116
Table 7.1(c) Export share in total sales (per cent) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 431 732 387 416 Mining 104 77 12 36 Manufacturing 75 74 82 85 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 144 195 260 265 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 86 483 184 168 Retail Trade 139 66 100 102 Accommodation and Food Services 120 93 226 272 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 138 585 196 338 Information Media and Telecommunications 402 63 96 125 Financial and Insurance Services 100 100 100 100 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 201 94 92 68 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 50 71 71 75 Administrative and Support Services 339 107 65 52 Public Administration and Safety 100 100 101 196 Education and Training 70 58 63 70 Health Care and Social Assistance 96 234 378 579 Arts and Recreation Services 48 103 102 102 Other Services 122 520 595 625 Total 92 97 108 106
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 74 Table 7.1(d) Export share in total sales (per cent) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 196 141 168 180 Mining 46 201 97 43 Manufacturing 94 103 110 117 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 233 285 270 285 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 158 177 79 86 Retail Trade 26 63 45 50 Accommodation and Food Services 58 40 73 79 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 113 119 151 131 Information Media and Telecommunications 62 52 85 97 Financial and Insurance Services 63 100 100 100 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 35 130 127 137 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 38 46 62 57 Administrative and Support Services 339 431 311 249 Public Administration and Safety 46 34 52 84 Education and Training 68 32 46 54 Health Care and Social Assistance 38 49 47 67 Arts and Recreation Services 7 10 12 13 Other Services 122 119 146 167 Total 97 118 125 127
Table 7.1(e) Export share in total sales (per cent) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 487 285 215 172 Mining 23 179 31 82 Manufacturing 152 179 137 136 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 173 242 235 196 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 179 197 65 63 Retail Trade 84 90 92 102 Accommodation and Food Services 121 82 80 69 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 95 117 151 137 Information Media and Telecommunications 56 49 409 318 Financial and Insurance Services 20 16 11 12 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 12 116 29 71 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 91 92 100 100 Administrative and Support Services 153 280 244 231 Public Administration and Safety 100 80 101 196 Education and Training 139 85 91 112 Health Care and Social Assistance 63 114 66 97 Arts and Recreation Services 22 86 21 19 Other Services 107 126 261 239 Total 143 174 147 144
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 75 Table 7.1(f) Export share in total sales (per cent) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 61 72 50 58 Mining 110 152 48 270 Manufacturing 86 84 181 190 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 121 140 179 204 Construction 0 0 0 0 Wholesale Trade 42 99 173 138 Retail Trade 25 118 100 102 Accommodation and Food Services 66 52 127 77 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 129 128 111 108 Information Media and Telecommunications 88 244 384 375 Financial and Insurance Services 100 100 100 100 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 27 133 161 155 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 89 93 96 89 Administrative and Support Services 70 72 64 55 Public Administration and Safety 100 100 67 72 Education and Training 93 76 90 85 Health Care and Social Assistance 56 234 273 170 Arts and Recreation Services 10 36 34 49 Other Services 111 165 107 106 Total 79 88 134 125
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 76 Table 8.5(a) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 6995 9223 6964 9938 Mining 46 208 192 169 Manufacturing 13674 12430 11187 12648 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 6289 7093 8788 8398 Construction 3891 6546 5719 8126 Wholesale Trade 2614 3028 2469 2470 Retail Trade 3246 4362 4692 5052 Accommodation and Food Services 1473 2026 1787 2156 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 2715 3263 3236 3340 Information Media and Telecommunications 1349 1733 1440 1571 Financial and Insurance Services 3702 4158 3470 3629 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 1403 1640 1341 1549 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1942 2521 2747 3013 Administrative and Support Services 1535 2270 2003 1990 Public Administration and Safety 2727 2822 3341 3800 Education and Training 4008 4076 4503 4587 Health Care and Social Assistance 4492 6149 9099 10312 Arts and Recreation Services 678 912 1020 902 Other Services 1458 1937 1895 1983 Total 64237 76397 75894 85633
Table 8.5(b) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 63 99 70 90 Mining 150 120 100 102 Manufacturing 53 36 40 50 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 144 170 235 229 Construction 32 31 35 48 Wholesale Trade 53 68 87 99 Retail Trade 71 85 88 97 Accommodation and Food Services 59 76 65 80 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 136 116 101 125 Information Media and Telecommunications 89 133 137 125 Financial and Insurance Services 106 95 102 96 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 51 75 95 117 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 64 86 112 112 Administrative and Support Services 66 100 107 110 Public Administration and Safety 108 99 108 124 Education and Training 102 113 118 119 Health Care and Social Assistance 105 134 154 169 Arts and Recreation Services 109 112 77 75 Other Services 54 83 96 103 Total 68 68 77 88
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 7777 Table 8.5(c) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 77 115 74 114 Mining 57 30 5 5 Manufacturing 57 46 56 55 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 75 85 144 132 Construction 21 19 20 32 Wholesale Trade 76 105 123 122 Retail Trade 107 136 141 155 Accommodation and Food Services 70 88 62 82 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 105 112 78 98 Information Media and Telecommunications 143 99 156 115 Financial and Insurance Services 168 149 235 194 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 91 192 144 191 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 43 132 171 147 Administrative and Support Services 85 95 145 153 Public Administration and Safety 106 105 135 165 Education and Training 67 80 80 84 Health Care and Social Assistance 157 206 296 338 Arts and Recreation Services 179 153 148 121 Other Services 73 125 150 165 Total 67 68 76 87
Table 8.5(d) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1082 745 546 513 Mining 9 39 26 28 Manufacturing 115 106 116 128 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 208 242 382 358 Construction 110 98 77 114 Wholesale Trade 154 134 108 108 Retail Trade 113 97 90 91 Accommodation and Food Services 91 76 75 80 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 145 145 120 124 Information Media and Telecommunications 79 57 45 47 Financial and Insurance Services 121 110 96 95 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 75 72 73 78 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 99 86 61 61 Administrative and Support Services 110 102 114 115 Public Administration and Safety 90 76 85 93 Education and Training 86 71 68 67 Health Care and Social Assistance 87 83 89 92 Arts and Recreation Services 50 46 64 61 Other Services 105 107 113 114 Total 120 110 104 112
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 78 Table 8.5(e) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 496 427 302 292 Mining 8 21 12 35 Manufacturing 140 133 139 154 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 211 217 311 262 Construction 102 93 82 136 Wholesale Trade 156 170 143 147 Retail Trade 119 111 106 112 Accommodation and Food Services 99 93 89 95 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 137 143 144 153 Information Media and Telecommunications 77 69 88 91 Financial and Insurance Services 86 57 35 38 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 97 101 83 93 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 136 128 101 101 Administrative and Support Services 101 119 106 108 Public Administration and Safety 82 73 92 105 Education and Training 99 96 103 106 Health Care and Social Assistance 97 101 107 111 Arts and Recreation Services 80 76 93 89 Other Services 115 113 117 120 Total 126 117 110 123
Table 8.5(f) Value added per capita of working age population ($cvm per capita) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 69 75 79 79 Mining 27 77 54 92 Manufacturing 77 52 124 154 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 163 195 319 332 Construction 124 93 105 97 Wholesale Trade 68 110 115 107 Retail Trade 100 101 102 101 Accommodation and Food Services 86 72 72 75 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 114 110 105 99 Information Media and Telecommunications 107 135 122 121 Financial and Insurance Services 121 113 107 103 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 86 85 84 91 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 126 117 134 135 Administrative and Support Services 69 67 80 76 Public Administration and Safety 95 90 95 93 Education and Training 108 105 109 106 Health Care and Social Assistance 108 128 129 126 Arts and Recreation Services 106 84 78 89 Other Services 116 130 129 132 Total 94 88 114 113
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 79 Table 9.1(a) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 32 56 42 54 Mining 33 103 62 57 Manufacturing 88 67 80 72 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 210 163 184 206 Construction 54 61 52 55 Wholesale Trade 45 57 70 75 Retail Trade 24 31 37 36 Accommodation and Food Services 29 37 33 35 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 44 53 49 49 Information Media and Telecommunications 61 91 99 121 Financial and Insurance Services 115 148 172 179 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 141 124 106 102 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 40 49 51 53 Administrative and Support Services 63 66 55 56 Public Administration and Safety 70 59 57 64 Education and Training 48 45 47 45 Health Care and Social Assistance 38 45 52 52 Arts and Recreation Services 93 93 93 75 Other Services 25 35 34 30 Total 52 59 59 60
Table 9.1(b) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 105 133 76 95 Mining 64 75 28 16 Manufacturing 65 49 80 76 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 103 88 123 150 Construction 34 30 32 32 Wholesale Trade 79 97 100 103 Retail Trade 75 96 98 91 Accommodation and Food Services 57 78 64 67 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 94 88 81 86 Information Media and Telecommunications 75 78 71 82 Financial and Insurance Services 79 85 93 86 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 85 103 100 94 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 69 86 107 102 Administrative and Support Services 76 88 101 107 Public Administration and Safety 112 110 102 105 Education and Training 87 88 95 88 Health Care and Social Assistance 82 93 121 117 Arts and Recreation Services 116 77 61 59 Other Services 62 89 107 94 Total 77 71 80 80
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 80 Table 9.1(c) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 112 147 87 108 Mining 128 125 26 23 Manufacturing 99 82 116 91 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 105 88 109 124 Construction 16 12 15 15 Wholesale Trade 90 97 134 132 Retail Trade 80 103 101 93 Accommodation and Food Services 53 75 54 58 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 116 109 81 87 Information Media and Telecommunications 86 72 77 115 Financial and Insurance Services 83 91 106 94 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 81 105 112 107 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 76 93 116 96 Administrative and Support Services 82 89 117 122 Public Administration and Safety 125 127 122 130 Education and Training 91 98 103 97 Health Care and Social Assistance 88 97 132 128 Arts and Recreation Services 133 97 53 61 Other Services 65 94 120 107 Total 76 69 75 72
Table 9.1(d) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 97 91 75 76 Mining 31 156 138 140 Manufacturing 134 109 108 99 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 95 83 115 116 Construction 104 105 97 101 Wholesale Trade 108 100 96 100 Retail Trade 104 97 93 93 Accommodation and Food Services 115 102 102 101 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 104 100 91 93 Information Media and Telecommunications 111 126 90 92 Financial and Insurance Services 104 101 90 85 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 95 92 93 93 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 97 97 78 77 Administrative and Support Services 103 85 79 81 Public Administration and Safety 112 98 96 98 Education and Training 103 89 87 86 Health Care and Social Assistance 106 96 101 101 Arts and Recreation Services 131 102 144 122 Other Services 103 95 93 91 Total 105 103 99 99
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 81 Table 9.1(e) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 103 97 80 80 Mining 66 213 115 309 Manufacturing 124 91 105 98 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 95 84 109 109 Construction 106 94 98 103 Wholesale Trade 113 106 101 104 Retail Trade 109 102 96 96 Accommodation and Food Services 102 103 101 104 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 103 97 96 97 Information Media and Telecommunications 116 126 86 85 Financial and Insurance Services 102 91 82 82 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 121 99 87 88 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 107 101 98 98 Administrative and Support Services 106 91 80 83 Public Administration and Safety 103 92 94 99 Education and Training 105 96 94 94 Health Care and Social Assistance 109 100 103 102 Arts and Recreation Services 134 104 127 115 Other Services 107 99 93 93 Total 106 98 94 96
Table 9.1(f) Productivity – value added per hour worked ($cvm) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 96 98 92 89 Mining 48 164 121 162 Manufacturing 45 35 67 75 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 92 95 109 110 Construction 114 82 86 84 Wholesale Trade 93 94 115 114 Retail Trade 96 99 103 103 Accommodation and Food Services 108 90 92 98 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 94 100 95 93 Information Media and Telecommunications 88 98 98 107 Financial and Insurance Services 93 97 95 97 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 97 93 88 91 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 97 99 112 113 Administrative and Support Services 97 104 109 106 Public Administration and Safety 106 98 96 96 Education and Training 102 101 103 104 Health Care and Social Assistance 100 101 104 102 Arts and Recreation Services 109 82 73 73 Other Services 94 100 104 104 Total 93 83 103 102
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 82 Table 10.1(a) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 93 73 81 82 Mining 1 2 1 1 Manufacturing 85 108 80 86 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 16 23 23 25 Construction 37 60 56 74 Wholesale Trade 33 33 27 26 Retail Trade 83 107 82 82 Accommodation and Food Services 33 35 38 39 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 30 33 48 29 Information Media and Telecommunications 14 11 11 9 Financial and Insurance Services 19 20 12 12 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 6 10 8 8 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 26 29 33 32 Administrative and Support Services 14 18 21 21 Public Administration and Safety 23 30 33 34 Education and Training 48 51 59 65 Health Care and Social Assistance 74 89 114 118 Arts and Recreation Services 5 7 8 7 Other Services 31 28 32 44 Total 669 766 767 795
Table 10.1(b) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 62 67 67 79 Mining 227 297 288 162 Manufacturing 83 73 53 56 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 138 194 177 180 Construction 89 100 100 132 Wholesale Trade 67 82 110 90 Retail Trade 98 104 87 86 Accommodation and Food Services 108 99 91 88 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 145 133 170 116 Information Media and Telecommunications 133 181 112 148 Financial and Insurance Services 130 140 101 101 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 57 109 93 98 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 90 99 130 110 Administrative and Support Services 91 112 103 98 Public Administration and Safety 95 99 103 99 Education and Training 116 109 115 127 Health Care and Social Assistance 131 135 132 120 Arts and Recreation Services 81 84 107 53 Other Services 91 94 105 119 Total 92 97 94 95
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 83 Table 10.1(c) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 70 69 65 91 Mining 21 46 15 10 Manufacturing 59 58 54 56 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 70 96 107 109 Construction 124 153 121 184 Wholesale Trade 88 120 123 104 Retail Trade 137 155 140 141 Accommodation and Food Services 131 121 95 99 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 96 103 137 90 Information Media and Telecommunications 182 151 111 113 Financial and Insurance Services 195 197 161 161 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 102 229 111 124 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 55 138 171 142 Administrative and Support Services 101 102 113 114 Public Administration and Safety 86 91 106 102 Education and Training 73 72 77 85 Health Care and Social Assistance 184 194 227 207 Arts and Recreation Services 168 129 176 75 Other Services 117 138 151 173 Total 91 102 102 108
Table 10.1(d) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1038 412 198 210 Mining 30 38 20 18 Manufacturing 87 107 123 113 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 217 357 335 236 Construction 106 91 81 113 Wholesale Trade 143 150 171 136 Retail Trade 107 110 93 95 Accommodation and Food Services 75 68 68 67 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 147 144 208 122 Information Media and Telecommunications 74 49 62 46 Financial and Insurance Services 117 136 96 81 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 77 83 71 88 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 102 89 90 72 Administrative and Support Services 105 103 106 125 Public Administration and Safety 82 77 87 88 Education and Training 81 75 75 84 Health Care and Social Assistance 83 82 83 84 Arts and Recreation Services 36 42 49 36 Other Services 100 108 110 165 Total 108 103 100 100
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 84 Table 10.1(e) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 494 401 435 431 Mining 13 17 8 8 Manufacturing 114 157 136 129 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 218 300 243 260 Construction 96 102 81 122 Wholesale Trade 141 171 193 178 Retail Trade 107 115 96 102 Accommodation and Food Services 88 76 78 78 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 135 138 217 132 Information Media and Telecommunications 69 51 112 79 Financial and Insurance Services 84 79 41 42 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 77 141 108 103 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 125 99 118 113 Administrative and Support Services 90 112 107 111 Public Administration and Safety 79 81 94 89 Education and Training 91 91 94 108 Health Care and Social Assistance 88 92 86 91 Arts and Recreation Services 61 57 79 61 Other Services 105 111 114 155 Total 113 114 109 114
Table 10.1(f) Workplace employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 76 76 120 123 Mining 54 41 34 50 Manufacturing 168 147 155 174 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 177 292 274 236 Construction 109 113 108 101 Wholesale Trade 73 128 150 108 Retail Trade 107 117 95 82 Accommodation and Food Services 84 73 58 64 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 124 122 141 100 Information Media and Telecommunications 121 116 126 75 Financial and Insurance Services 130 144 98 100 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 91 103 103 90 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 130 125 137 87 Administrative and Support Services 70 74 72 46 Public Administration and Safety 89 100 98 95 Education and Training 104 94 98 100 Health Care and Social Assistance 109 113 115 116 Arts and Recreation Services 96 98 64 82 Other Services 125 127 119 159 Total 104 109 109 103
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 85 Table 10.2(a) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 98 72 84 84 Mining 1 2 2 2 Manufacturing 94 111 84 83 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 13 18 18 21 Construction 39 57 56 75 Wholesale Trade 37 34 27 27 Retail Trade 87 104 77 74 Accommodation and Food Services 34 34 37 37 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 31 31 47 27 Information Media and Telecommunications 13 9 10 8 Financial and Insurance Services 19 19 11 10 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 6 10 8 7 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 27 29 34 32 Administrative and Support Services 12 18 21 21 Public Administration and Safety 23 28 29 28 Education and Training 52 50 55 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 68 82 100 103 Arts and Recreation Services 4 7 7 6 Other Services 32 27 31 42 Total 691 746 735 749
Table 10.2(b) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 60 64 64 91 Mining 221 262 151 50 Manufacturing 97 76 58 54 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 114 152 155 162 Construction 88 96 100 133 Wholesale Trade 73 88 109 82 Retail Trade 103 102 85 79 Accommodation and Food Services 107 96 86 76 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 148 127 182 98 Information Media and Telecommunications 124 159 97 123 Financial and Insurance Services 141 140 91 89 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 55 105 91 85 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 99 101 136 113 Administrative and Support Services 76 116 103 95 Public Administration and Safety 92 94 94 78 Education and Training 123 111 110 117 Health Care and Social Assistance 121 133 135 115 Arts and Recreation Services 68 78 95 44 Other Services 92 92 100 113 Total 93 95 92 90
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 86 Table 10.2(c) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 78 71 67 93 Mining 33 83 40 29 Manufacturing 77 65 60 56 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 60 76 81 84 Construction 118 136 115 175 Wholesale Trade 103 120 118 91 Retail Trade 136 146 123 114 Accommodation and Food Services 129 112 94 87 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 107 108 130 65 Information Media and Telecommunications 216 150 95 128 Financial and Insurance Services 172 158 120 116 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 106 244 109 99 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 51 124 170 134 Administrative and Support Services 82 98 112 104 Public Administration and Safety 76 77 83 68 Education and Training 78 70 73 78 Health Care and Social Assistance 173 170 184 154 Arts and Recreation Services 168 154 154 57 Other Services 109 118 137 155 Total 96 100 97 96
Table 10.2(d) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 813 302 139 168 Mining 50 45 31 23 Manufacturing 94 120 138 114 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 193 324 273 201 Construction 107 89 79 110 Wholesale Trade 148 157 189 147 Retail Trade 115 116 95 96 Accommodation and Food Services 75 70 71 65 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 140 134 197 109 Information Media and Telecommunications 72 46 57 41 Financial and Insurance Services 118 133 78 62 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 70 77 70 83 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 112 90 88 68 Administrative and Support Services 89 110 104 125 Public Administration and Safety 85 73 70 69 Education and Training 87 77 74 83 Health Care and Social Assistance 76 84 84 86 Arts and Recreation Services 32 44 48 33 Other Services 99 110 114 175 Total 110 104 98 97
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 87 Table 10.2(e) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 436 340 406 410 Mining 32 26 12 10 Manufacturing 111 139 115 104 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 184 228 174 225 Construction 92 91 74 112 Wholesale Trade 137 158 188 170 Retail Trade 103 108 87 88 Accommodation and Food Services 86 73 75 72 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 133 116 189 107 Information Media and Telecommunications 66 43 98 63 Financial and Insurance Services 93 76 37 35 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 70 131 103 88 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 124 92 112 107 Administrative and Support Services 72 109 101 104 Public Administration and Safety 75 68 68 62 Education and Training 90 84 81 95 Health Care and Social Assistance 86 85 76 78 Arts and Recreation Services 50 52 67 52 Other Services 102 102 102 141 Total 110 105 98 99
Table 10.2(f) Resident employment per capita of working age population (number per thousand) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 75 74 112 116 Mining 57 39 23 20 Manufacturing 171 135 142 160 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 134 207 202 160 Construction 103 104 99 93 Wholesale Trade 72 125 148 105 Retail Trade 113 114 90 78 Accommodation and Food Services 84 71 56 61 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 111 98 120 85 Information Media and Telecommunications 117 115 115 72 Financial and Insurance Services 131 148 88 95 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 87 97 103 86 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 133 122 138 85 Administrative and Support Services 67 72 70 45 Public Administration and Safety 80 87 81 82 Education and Training 108 90 89 95 Health Care and Social Assistance 105 105 102 104 Arts and Recreation Services 91 87 49 65 Other Services 125 125 112 154 Total 102 103 100 95
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 88 Table 10.3(a) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 219 165 167 185 Mining 1 2 3 3 Manufacturing 156 187 140 175 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 30 44 48 41 Construction 72 107 110 147 Wholesale Trade 58 53 35 33 Retail Trade 135 142 127 140 Accommodation and Food Services 51 55 55 62 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 61 62 67 68 Information Media and Telecommunications 22 19 15 13 Financial and Insurance Services 32 28 20 20 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 10 13 13 15 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 48 51 54 57 Administrative and Support Services 24 34 36 35 Public Administration and Safety 39 48 59 60 Education and Training 84 90 96 101 Health Care and Social Assistance 117 137 175 197 Arts and Recreation Services 7 10 11 12 Other Services 58 55 56 66 Total 1227 1302 1286 1430
Table 10.3(b) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 60 75 92 95 Mining 234 159 351 646 Manufacturing 81 73 50 66 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 140 194 191 153 Construction 91 101 109 152 Wholesale Trade 67 71 88 96 Retail Trade 95 88 90 106 Accommodation and Food Services 103 97 101 120 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 145 131 125 145 Information Media and Telecommunications 119 171 192 152 Financial and Insurance Services 134 111 109 111 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 60 73 95 125 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 93 100 104 111 Administrative and Support Services 87 114 106 103 Public Administration and Safety 96 90 106 118 Education and Training 118 128 124 135 Health Care and Social Assistance 128 144 128 144 Arts and Recreation Services 94 147 125 129 Other Services 87 93 90 110 Total 88 95 96 110
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 89 Table 10.3(c) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 68 78 85 106 Mining 45 24 18 21 Manufacturing 58 56 48 61 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 71 96 133 107 Construction 128 157 136 216 Wholesale Trade 84 108 92 92 Retail Trade 134 131 139 166 Accommodation and Food Services 132 117 116 141 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 91 103 97 113 Information Media and Telecommunications 166 137 202 100 Financial and Insurance Services 202 164 222 206 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 113 183 129 179 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 56 142 147 153 Administrative and Support Services 104 107 124 125 Public Administration and Safety 85 83 111 127 Education and Training 74 81 78 87 Health Care and Social Assistance 179 212 224 263 Arts and Recreation Services 135 157 276 198 Other Services 112 134 125 155 Total 88 99 102 120
Table 10.3(d) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1112 822 725 676 Mining 30 25 19 20 Manufacturing 85 97 108 130 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 219 292 332 307 Construction 106 93 80 113 Wholesale Trade 143 134 112 108 Retail Trade 108 101 96 98 Accommodation and Food Services 79 75 74 80 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 140 145 133 134 Information Media and Telecommunications 71 45 49 51 Financial and Insurance Services 116 109 107 111 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 79 78 79 84 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 102 88 78 79 Administrative and Support Services 107 120 144 142 Public Administration and Safety 80 78 88 95 Education and Training 84 79 78 79 Health Care and Social Assistance 82 87 88 91 Arts and Recreation Services 38 45 44 50 Other Services 102 113 122 126 Total 114 107 105 113
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 90 Table 10.3(e) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 483 438 376 362 Mining 12 10 10 11 Manufacturing 112 145 132 156 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 221 257 285 241 Construction 96 98 83 132 Wholesale Trade 138 160 141 141 Retail Trade 109 109 111 117 Accommodation and Food Services 97 90 88 92 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 133 147 151 158 Information Media and Telecommunications 66 55 102 107 Financial and Insurance Services 84 63 43 47 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 80 101 95 106 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 128 126 103 103 Administrative and Support Services 95 131 133 131 Public Administration and Safety 80 79 98 107 Education and Training 95 100 110 113 Health Care and Social Assistance 89 100 104 109 Arts and Recreation Services 60 73 73 77 Other Services 107 114 126 129 Total 119 120 116 128
Table 10.3(f) Workplace hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 71 76 86 88 Mining 56 47 45 57 Manufacturing 170 148 186 204 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 177 206 293 301 Construction 109 113 123 116 Wholesale Trade 73 116 100 94 Retail Trade 103 103 99 99 Accommodation and Food Services 79 80 79 76 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 121 110 110 107 Information Media and Telecommunications 121 138 124 114 Financial and Insurance Services 130 117 112 106 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 89 92 95 100 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 130 117 119 119 Administrative and Support Services 71 64 73 71 Public Administration and Safety 90 92 99 97 Education and Training 105 104 106 102 Health Care and Social Assistance 108 127 124 123 Arts and Recreation Services 97 103 106 121 Other Services 123 129 123 127 Total 100 107 111 111
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 91 Table 10.4(a) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 229 161 170 187 Mining 2 3 5 5 Manufacturing 173 196 148 172 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 25 35 38 35 Construction 76 102 110 148 Wholesale Trade 66 56 36 34 Retail Trade 142 138 121 128 Accommodation and Food Services 53 55 54 59 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 65 60 63 64 Information Media and Telecommunications 21 17 14 12 Financial and Insurance Services 32 29 19 19 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 10 13 13 14 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 50 52 56 60 Administrative and Support Services 21 35 37 36 Public Administration and Safety 40 47 52 50 Education and Training 93 90 93 97 Health Care and Social Assistance 109 130 160 177 Arts and Recreation Services 7 9 10 10 Other Services 62 53 54 62 Total 1275 1283 1251 1367
Table 10.4(b) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 58 71 89 109 Mining 229 166 168 241 Manufacturing 94 77 53 65 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 116 152 165 136 Construction 91 97 109 152 Wholesale Trade 73 76 86 86 Retail Trade 99 87 89 98 Accommodation and Food Services 102 94 95 104 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 149 126 126 122 Information Media and Telecommunications 113 155 173 128 Financial and Insurance Services 145 112 100 101 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 58 70 94 108 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 102 102 107 112 Administrative and Support Services 73 120 107 99 Public Administration and Safety 93 86 98 93 Education and Training 126 131 121 124 Health Care and Social Assistance 118 143 132 141 Arts and Recreation Services 79 134 107 101 Other Services 88 91 85 101 Total 89 94 94 105
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 92 Table 10.4(c) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 77 82 88 107 Mining 80 40 41 49 Manufacturing 76 65 53 62 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 61 76 102 82 Construction 122 139 130 208 Wholesale Trade 98 110 92 87 Retail Trade 134 124 123 136 Accommodation and Food Services 129 110 117 128 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 103 108 90 85 Information Media and Telecommunications 196 143 162 108 Financial and Insurance Services 178 132 175 155 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 117 198 128 144 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 53 131 148 154 Administrative and Support Services 86 104 123 116 Public Administration and Safety 75 71 88 85 Education and Training 79 80 75 79 Health Care and Social Assistance 170 190 183 198 Arts and Recreation Services 135 172 242 145 Other Services 105 116 113 135 Total 93 98 98 109
Table 10.4(d) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 873 681 606 593 Mining 51 35 28 29 Manufacturing 92 111 120 135 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 195 267 268 265 Construction 107 92 76 109 Wholesale Trade 147 142 119 114 Retail Trade 115 106 99 100 Accommodation and Food Services 78 77 77 77 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 133 138 122 122 Information Media and Telecommunications 71 44 48 50 Financial and Insurance Services 116 107 91 91 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 71 76 79 78 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 111 88 76 77 Administrative and Support Services 90 130 143 141 Public Administration and Safety 84 75 71 72 Education and Training 90 81 76 76 Health Care and Social Assistance 75 89 90 92 Arts and Recreation Services 34 48 43 46 Other Services 101 114 129 131 Total 116 109 104 111
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 93 Table 10.4(e) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 426 370 340 337 Mining 33 14 15 15 Manufacturing 109 128 112 123 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 187 192 203 202 Construction 92 88 76 121 Wholesale Trade 134 146 134 134 Retail Trade 105 101 100 101 Accommodation and Food Services 94 86 84 84 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 133 126 125 127 Information Media and Telecommunications 65 48 87 87 Financial and Insurance Services 94 60 40 40 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 72 94 90 90 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 126 119 96 97 Administrative and Support Services 76 128 125 122 Public Administration and Safety 77 66 71 74 Education and Training 93 93 96 98 Health Care and Social Assistance 87 93 92 94 Arts and Recreation Services 49 63 60 63 Other Services 103 104 111 112 Total 116 109 103 111
Table 10.4(f) Resident hours worked per capita of working age population (number) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 70 73 79 79 Mining 60 38 29 31 Manufacturing 174 136 174 190 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 135 147 212 210 Construction 103 104 114 106 Wholesale Trade 71 112 93 90 Retail Trade 109 99 94 94 Accommodation and Food Services 79 77 76 74 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 108 89 89 88 Information Media and Telecommunications 118 128 119 121 Financial and Insurance Services 131 118 102 101 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 85 86 96 94 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 131 115 120 121 Administrative and Support Services 68 63 72 72 Public Administration and Safety 81 80 83 84 Education and Training 109 100 97 96 Health Care and Social Assistance 104 118 112 113 Arts and Recreation Services 91 88 83 94 Other Services 122 122 117 117 Total 99 99 101 102
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 94 Table 11.1(a) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5190 6029 5588 2368 Mining 95 115 119 99 Manufacturing 4739 5767 3868 4802 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 1766 1836 2156 1673 Construction 2498 3624 3296 3731 Wholesale Trade 1547 2039 1392 1312 Retail Trade 3094 3305 3130 3287 Accommodation and Food Services 991 1020 1221 1308 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 1869 2156 1819 1760 Information Media and Telecommunications 676 656 430 383 Financial and Insurance Services 1446 1457 880 868 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 406 571 531 595 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1287 2235 2592 2653 Administrative and Support Services 747 1372 1917 1820 Public Administration and Safety 2044 2130 2424 2472 Education and Training 2605 3681 4069 4106 Health Care and Social Assistance 3944 4579 7337 7868 Arts and Recreation Services 308 212 170 181 Other Services 1158 1644 1715 1913 Total 36410 44431 44654 43201
Table 11.1(b) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 57 94 58 28 Mining 923 460 797 1960 Manufacturing 56 45 35 44 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 152 144 155 111 Construction 77 89 93 81 Wholesale Trade 40 59 74 76 Retail Trade 80 82 85 89 Accommodation and Food Services 77 74 78 82 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 136 134 116 125 Information Media and Telecommunications 75 142 190 115 Financial and Insurance Services 117 99 94 86 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 47 63 88 102 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 54 84 118 112 Administrative and Support Services 48 81 94 84 Public Administration and Safety 94 78 75 74 Education and Training 115 108 103 99 Health Care and Social Assistance 125 125 119 119 Arts and Recreation Services 59 73 46 43 Other Services 62 90 108 118 Total 74 82 80 77
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 95 Table 11.1(c) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 70 114 62 36 Mining 305 142 31 60 Manufacturing 42 47 33 37 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 81 74 90 61 Construction 114 143 134 138 Wholesale Trade 56 90 101 90 Retail Trade 125 135 136 142 Accommodation and Food Services 105 98 78 84 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 111 125 90 97 Information Media and Telecommunications 139 109 172 84 Financial and Insurance Services 180 155 303 215 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 103 174 137 171 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 37 130 180 148 Administrative and Support Services 61 75 125 114 Public Administration and Safety 99 79 93 97 Education and Training 74 75 69 69 Health Care and Social Assistance 201 205 228 238 Arts and Recreation Services 100 86 194 81 Other Services 89 139 176 197 Total 78 95 89 86
Table 11.1(d) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1023 576 483 465 Mining 16 11 16 19 Manufacturing 91 94 109 136 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 231 269 356 321 Construction 110 93 80 110 Wholesale Trade 152 130 108 109 Retail Trade 114 98 89 91 Accommodation and Food Services 83 72 73 79 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 117 141 118 119 Information Media and Telecommunications 66 44 39 42 Financial and Insurance Services 125 106 91 95 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 90 78 79 83 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 88 78 63 63 Administrative and Support Services 110 94 117 118 Public Administration and Safety 91 76 86 94 Education and Training 76 75 68 68 Health Care and Social Assistance 89 93 90 92 Arts and Recreation Services 35 47 42 49 Other Services 114 112 113 115 Total 112 103 98 98
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 96 Table 11.1(e) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 487 393 286 278 Mining 5 4 9 13 Manufacturing 128 148 147 179 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 236 241 285 234 Construction 103 102 88 129 Wholesale Trade 153 163 143 147 Retail Trade 120 112 107 113 Accommodation and Food Services 105 92 87 92 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 116 142 138 146 Information Media and Telecommunications 71 57 83 88 Financial and Insurance Services 88 66 41 45 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 86 106 83 95 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 133 126 104 103 Administrative and Support Services 101 112 109 111 Public Administration and Safety 88 74 97 110 Education and Training 87 100 104 107 Health Care and Social Assistance 99 110 107 112 Arts and Recreation Services 61 77 63 66 Other Services 119 118 118 123 Total 115 114 113 118
Table 11.1(f) Workplace income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 67 72 78 78 Mining 27 22 46 65 Manufacturing 168 121 211 229 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 170 204 309 307 Construction 109 114 132 124 Wholesale Trade 70 114 114 107 Retail Trade 103 103 102 102 Accommodation and Food Services 79 77 75 74 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 106 109 106 99 Information Media and Telecommunications 87 136 118 115 Financial and Insurance Services 130 117 117 109 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 90 94 97 101 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 127 117 135 136 Administrative and Support Services 68 69 79 75 Public Administration and Safety 94 91 96 93 Education and Training 116 102 108 105 Health Care and Social Assistance 110 121 128 125 Arts and Recreation Services 81 104 92 102 Other Services 123 130 132 134 Total 101 102 113 115
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 97 Table 11.2(a) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – GREATER SHEPPARTON 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5429 5881 5748 2412 Mining 169 221 184 129 Manufacturing 5226 5974 4119 4700 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 1460 1433 1747 1439 Construction 2593 3407 3251 4283 Wholesale Trade 1748 2125 1410 1304 Retail Trade 3236 3167 2906 2932 Accommodation and Food Services 1019 1009 1189 1236 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 1910 2017 1708 1621 Information Media and Telecommunications 646 584 435 357 Financial and Insurance Services 1433 1455 840 786 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 425 570 538 549 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 1325 2253 2329 2403 Administrative and Support Services 637 1394 1927 1831 Public Administration and Safety 2097 2040 2094 2023 Education and Training 2742 3624 3851 3892 Health Care and Social Assistance 3549 4285 6482 6864 Arts and Recreation Services 263 200 148 152 Other Services 1204 1563 1603 1757 Total 37112 43202 42509 40669
Table 11.2(b) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GRIFFITH (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 56 94 56 32 Mining 1063 632 393 612 Manufacturing 65 47 38 43 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 125 110 134 101 Construction 76 87 92 92 Wholesale Trade 43 62 70 65 Retail Trade 84 81 81 79 Accommodation and Food Services 76 72 73 71 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 137 128 117 104 Information Media and Telecommunications 73 124 178 97 Financial and Insurance Services 127 99 85 76 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 46 61 87 89 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 61 86 105 101 Administrative and Support Services 40 82 92 79 Public Administration and Safety 94 74 69 59 Education and Training 120 111 98 89 Health Care and Social Assistance 115 127 122 117 Arts and Recreation Services 47 66 34 29 Other Services 62 87 100 107 Total 75 81 77 72
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 9898 Table 11.2(c) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to LEETON (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 78 120 66 37 Mining 717 412 69 112 Manufacturing 54 54 36 37 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 68 57 70 48 Construction 109 125 125 148 Wholesale Trade 65 90 103 83 Retail Trade 124 126 117 112 Accommodation and Food Services 103 92 78 74 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 115 124 80 69 Information Media and Telecommunications 153 113 149 87 Financial and Insurance Services 157 123 234 164 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 110 185 137 138 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 34 120 168 118 Administrative and Support Services 50 74 117 99 Public Administration and Safety 86 67 65 57 Education and Training 76 74 65 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 183 175 180 173 Arts and Recreation Services 95 94 175 60 Other Services 83 120 157 170 Total 81 93 83 76
Table 11.2(d) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to BALLARAT (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 849 530 404 402 Mining 35 22 24 22 Manufacturing 100 107 121 139 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 205 238 286 278 Construction 111 92 75 106 Wholesale Trade 158 137 114 114 Retail Trade 123 103 89 89 Accommodation and Food Services 83 74 74 75 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 108 127 107 107 Information Media and Telecommunications 67 43 39 40 Financial and Insurance Services 125 102 77 76 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 82 75 81 80 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 108 79 54 54 Administrative and Support Services 95 99 115 117 Public Administration and Safety 90 72 65 67 Education and Training 86 77 66 66 Health Care and Social Assistance 79 96 90 91 Arts and Recreation Services 30 49 40 44 Other Services 113 113 118 120 Total 114 105 94 93
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 99 Table 11.2(e) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to GREATER BENDIGO (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 437 338 258 258 Mining 16 8 13 16 Manufacturing 124 130 126 142 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 195 178 207 202 Construction 99 91 78 119 Wholesale Trade 147 148 135 138 Retail Trade 115 102 94 94 Accommodation and Food Services 102 87 83 83 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 118 121 112 114 Information Media and Telecommunications 69 49 73 69 Financial and Insurance Services 98 63 38 39 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 78 97 80 82 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 130 118 85 85 Administrative and Support Services 81 108 102 103 Public Administration and Safety 79 60 67 71 Education and Training 85 92 90 92 Health Care and Social Assistance 92 102 93 95 Arts and Recreation Services 50 65 51 54 Other Services 114 107 105 107 Total 114 104 98 101
Table 11.2(f) Resident income from work ($cvm per capita of working age population) – ratio of GREATER SHEPPARTON to MILDURA (per cent) 1997 2006 2016 2018 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 67 68 73 74 Mining 29 20 28 31 Manufacturing 172 111 200 225 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 125 141 235 230 Construction 103 104 123 115 Wholesale Trade 71 111 106 106 Retail Trade 109 99 94 95 Accommodation and Food Services 79 76 72 71 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 98 85 84 81 Information Media and Telecommunications 85 131 119 120 Financial and Insurance Services 129 117 108 107 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 90 87 98 97 Professional, Scientific and Technical Services 131 114 120 120 Administrative and Support Services 66 67 79 80 Public Administration and Safety 87 78 81 81 Education and Training 116 98 98 99 Health Care and Social Assistance 103 114 112 113 Arts and Recreation Services 66 96 82 93 Other Services 123 121 120 122 Total 98 94 101 107
Regional statistical profile – Greater Shepparton, 2018 100