UNESCO BIOSPHERE RESERVE ALPS AND JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Nomination form - September 2013

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UNESCO BIOSPHERE RESERVE LEDRO ALPS AND JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Nomination form September 2013

UNESCO - Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme Biosphere reserve nomination form, September 2013 LEDRO ALPS 4 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda “Under the shade of the picturesque old covered bridge which crosses the stream, we halted for a few minutes to admire a view almost unique in my alpine experience. Close beside us stood the castle of , perched high on a crag, commanding on one side the entrance of the gorge, overlooking on the other a wide sunny basin, girt by verdant ridges compared to which the shores of Como are bare and brown. The hollows and lower slopes sparkle with villages, and teem with Indian corn and trailing vines. The hills do not, as in the Northern Alps, rise in continuous ridges, but are broken up into masses of the most romantically beautiful forms”.

Douglas W. Freshfield Italian Alps; Longmans, Green and CO. 1875

Lake Ampola

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 5 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda WORKING GROUP

General coordination: Claudio Ferrari (PAT – Office for Valorisation of Protected Areas Network)

Texts: Maurizio Odasso - Luca Bronzini - Federica Gironi (PAN Studio Associato)

Review and editorial coordination: Giorgio Andrian (external advisor) Linda Maria Martinello (PAT - Office for Valorisation of Protected Areas Network)

Contributions to the drafting from: Martina De Gramatica (anthropologist) Elena Guella (PAN Studio Associato) Giampaolo Pedrotti, Mauro Neri, Arianna Tamburini, Giuliana Torelli, Gianna Zortea, Marina Malcotti (PAT - Press Agency) Franco Nicolis, Luisa Moser (PAT - Architectural and Archaeological Heritage Office) Roberto Bombarda, Guido Donati, Ennio Lappi, Aldo Colizzolli, Diego Salizzoni, Matteo Zumiani (Pro Ecomuseo Judicaria Association)

Steering Committee: Livio Caldera, Municipality of ; Alberto Iori, Municipality of ; Giorgio Libera, Municipality of ; Nicoletta Aloisi, Municipality of Fiavé; Achille Brigà and Alessandro Fedrigotti, Municipality of Ledro; Gianfranco Rigotti and Giuseppe Scrosati, Municipality of ; Monica Mattevi, Municipality of Stenico; Carlo Remia, Municipality of Tenno; Renza Bollettin, Municipality of ; Laura Danieli, Municipality of ; Patrizia Ballardini, Community of ; Salvador Valandro and Alessandro Deguelmi, Community of Upper Garda and Ledro; Antonio Caola, Roberto Gusmerotti, Adamello Brenta Natural Park; Gianfranco Pederzolli, BIM of River; Iva Berasi, Tourism Agency and Comano-Dolomiti Tourism Agency; Roberta Maraschin, Ingarda ; Maria Demadonna, Ledro’s Consortium of Tourism; Romano Masè, Claudio Ferrari, PAT - Forestry, Environment, Territory Department

LEDRO ALPS 6 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Translations: Ms. Vivienne Frankell

Photo-Doumentation Archives: PAT, PAN Studio Associato, PNAB, Ecomuseum of Judicaria, MUSE, Centro Studi e documentazione Giudicaresi, Ledro’s Consortium of Tourism Graphic design and layout: Mauro Neri, Gianna Zortea (PAT - Press Agency); Fausto Lorenzi (PAT - Duplication Centre)

Acknowledgements: PAT - Press Agency, PAT - Statistics Office PAT - City Planning Office PAT - Architectural and Archaeological Heritage Office PAT - Duplication Centre PAT - Enviroment Evaluation Office, PAT - Enviroment Valorisation and Conservation Office PAT - Special assignments for major events MUSE Museo Civico in

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 7 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

A HERITAGE OF ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN VALUES

ALBERTO PACHER, President of the Autonomous Province of

The proposal to nominate the area of Trentino described as the “Ledro Alps and Judicaria - from the Dolomites to Lake Garda”, a chain of human communities and landscapes going from the Brenta Dolomites to Lake Garda, passing through the Giudicarie, Val di Ledro and the plain of the upper Lake Garda area, as a “UNESCO Biosphere Reserve” did not come out of the blue. It was not a marketing expedient to increase the added value of an enclave which is already rich in terms of its countryside, old towns, castles and archaeological sites. It rather represents a natural step in a process which has been constant and effective over time, Municipalities and Consortia of designed to conserve and promote the Municipalities, valley communities, environmental and cultural resources tourist offices and Pro Loco consortia, that enrich our land. In short, it is proof museums and ecomuseums, volunteer of a maturity which drives us to arrive at associations, experts and technicians a further level of awareness, on the one etc. - would be rewarded: in their field hand of the fragility of the resources of jurisdiction everyone has agreed we watch over, and on the other of the to accept a challenge and gamble need for our attention to centre on this on their ability to create dialogue, heritage, making it the guiding principle making available their skills, talent and behind our social and economic experience. progress. It has been this common commitment Becoming part of the World Network that has made Trentino into an area of Biosphere Reserves would mean in which environmental protection is that the validity of the environmental not an empty term, but rather a solid decisions made by us would be awareness of the central value that recognised and that the efforts of the nature has in the life of us all: the Sites people and organisations involved in of Community Importance, Trentino the project - ASUCs, the Province, environmental education network,

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 9 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda network of museums and ecomuseums, being translated into daily gestures and and more recently the Networks of collective cultural behaviour. Reserves, have gradually developed In short, becoming a “UNESCO out of this commitment, with the Biosphere Reserve” would represent continuous and reciprocal combining not only the umpteenth goal of a of conservation and development, political, cultural and economic integrating safeguarding, tourism and vision that has been widely accepted agricultural activities. The “UNESCO throughout Trentino, obtaining the Biosphere Reserve” has suggested to convinced support of individual citizens, us a model which can be summarised public and private sector bodies and by ‘3 Es’: Ecology, Economics and the most varied associations. It is and Equity, to which we can relate perfectly, will be above all a further decision as they have been applied in our by all to accept responsibility, but sustainable development strategies for also recognition that our more recent some time. commitments have been recognised at We would all be proud of the international level. prestigious recognition for which the Indeed, the area “from the Dolomites site has been nominated, also because to Lake Garda” has a natural heritage becoming part of the World Network (in which protected sites – parks, of Biosphere Reserves would to a nature reserves and Natura 2000 certain extent complete the project of sites – occupy a significant part of the UNESCO Dolomites World Heritage the nominated area) and cultural Site. However, above all it would be heritage (with the Fiavé and Ledro an additional way of encouraging and pile-dwellings already belonging to the developing the idea of an area which network of more than one hundred is not fenced in or restricted: an area alpine archaeological sites included in in which man lives and grows in a the UNESCO World Heritage List), and harmonious relationship of mutual represents an example of good practice attention and loving care, but where (taking concrete form in the European business activities are not banned, Charter of Sustainable Tourism so long as they genuinely offer a promoted by the Adamello Brenta guarantee of ecological compatibility Nature Park, the setting up of the and organic and ordered development; Ledro Network of Reserves and EMAS where all those responsible for certification by several municipalities, protection, marketing, education, for example), which will allow us to offering accommodation, agriculture, administrate and manage the new sport, culture and research are “Biosphere Reserve” in a practical capable of bringing projects and clearheaded manner, without new and objectives in a more general cumbersome superstructures, but rather framework of ongoing biodiversity and by setting in motion the skills, talent and environmental sustainability, capable of potential of all those involved.

LEDRO ALPS 10 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Thus we are outlining a picture which joining and providing continuity for an will extend beyond a new form of area which will stretch up to the Swiss environmental certification designed to National Park through the Lombard enrich a specific area: the “UNESCO Adamello Park and the Stelvio Park. Biosphere Reserve Ledro Alps and In this way the largest, most extensive Judicaria – from the Dolomites to Lake and diversified system of protected Garda” will offer itself as a genuine areas in the Alps will be constructed, corridor between the Dolomites representing a great “green heart” in the and the foothills linking them to the centre of Europe, which by pulsating Brescian upper Lake Garda Park and will provide oxygen and energy to the the Adamello Brenta Nature Park, whole alpine area.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 11 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda RECOGNITION, AWARENESS AND THE FUTURE

LIVIO CALDERA, Mayor of Comano Terme

was then shared with the other bodies concerned, namely , Ledro, Riva del Garda and Storo, together with the Upper Lake Garda and Ledro and Giudicarie communities, the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park, the Consortium of municipalities in the valley of the Sarca River, the Consortium of municipalities in the valley of the River , the tourist offices of Comano, Brenta Dolomites and Ingarda Trentino spa and the Tourism Consortium for the Ledro valley. With these bodies a political and administrative path has been shared, which culminated with the This nomination originated in the approval of a specific Memorandum of local area; it was not imposed from Understanding2. above, by some public institution This idea, giving concrete form to or administrative organisation, but a process which comes from afar, indeed came from those who know was shared and supported by the the area and live there every day. It Autonomous Province of Trento, was the Associazione Pro Ecomuseo which immediately understood the “dalle Dolomiti al Garda” which underlying value of the initiative. suggested the idea of proposing The nomination of the “Ledro Alps our area as a “UNESCO Biosphere and Judicaria, from the Dolomites Reserve” to the municipalities of to Lake Garda” area as a Biosphere Comano Terme, Bleggio Superiore, Reserve is intended to recognise the Dorsino, Fiavé, San Lorenzo in work done by our forefathers, namely Banale, Stenico and Tenno. An idea, those who lived, worked, conserved or maybe the realization of a long and protected this land for whole lasting work, with the support of the generations. It also illustrates the Autonomous Province of Trento, that unanimously approved a Policy Directive that ap- proved and supported the initiative (Annex 3.2) has immediately understood the deep 2 On the 6th September 2013 the 20 proponents value of this initiative1. The proposal have undersigned the Memorandum of Under- standing for the Proposed Biosphere Reserve 1 The Provincial Council on the 20th March 2013 (annex 3.1)

LEDRO ALPS 12 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda awareness we have today of the value the cultural objective of accompanying of this heritage, a value which crosses an evolution in the concept of nature the confines of Trentino and and conservation; from the traditional becomes an international heritage. approach marked by the imposition We believe that the area of the of duties and restrictions (as has proposed Biosphere Reserve is often taken place with the creation of unique at national and international protected areas), perceived by some level, an area in which social, categories of users in the area as economic, historic , cultural and negative, to a more mature concept naturalistic processes have been linked to conscious promotion of stratified over the centuries, with the natural (and cultural) resources in the assistance of collective management context of sustainable development. and area planning. It is a geographical In this important process, bottom- district which can boast a varied and up procedures – such as those of precious landscape which goes from the communities in the area of the Cima Tosa in the Brenta Dolomites to proposed reserve – combine with Lake Garda, with an astonishing and policy, supporting participatory exciting range of natural landscapes, processes for the management of including parks and nature reserves, area resources undertaken for some World Heritage Sites, Lakes Tenno time by PAT with local communities. and Ledro, the thermal waters of There is no lack of ideas and there Comano and the course of the Sarca is a clear and determined intention River. to proceed. We are also aware that However, this nomination is also thanks to this MAB programme our way of launching a message to there will be no be further limitations younger generations, so that they and impositions, as the area of make the most of the fruits of the the Biosphere Reserve is already past, continuing along the path traced protected bearing in mind the needs with conviction, but also bringing new of the local area and the people who ideas and innovative and creative live there. stimuli, in order to become an active There is a saying of the Maasai, an and integral part of the area. Indeed, ancient Kenyan people, which recites: the setting up of the Biosphere “The land is not inherited from our Reserve is intended to have a role not fathers, but on loan from our children”: only in terms of conservation, but also through this nomination we would in relation to sustainable economic like to formalise the commitment and human development, through to give back to our children and the environmental education, training and generations which follow an area aware research projects. of its own identity and most authentic Among other things, the creation of values, but also capable of actively the Biosphere Reserve also sets itself looking forwards towards the future.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 13 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART I - SUMMARY 1. Proposed Name of the Biosphere Reserve page 22 2. Name of country: Italy » 23 3. Fulfillment of the three functions of Biosphere Reserves » 24 4. Criteria for designation as a Biosphere Reserve » 39 5. Endorsements » 81

PART II - DESCRIPTION 6. Location (coordinates and maps) » 104 7. Area (see map) » 106 8. Biogeographical region » 110 9. Land use » 113 10. Human population of proposed Biosphere Reserve » 124 11. Biophysical characteristics » 136 12. Ecosystem services » 178 13. Main objectives for the Biosphere Reserve’s designation » 207 14. Conservation functions » 232 15. Development function » 265 16. Logistic support function » 299 17. Governance, Biosphere Reserve management and coordination » 325 18. Special designations » 356 19. Supporting documents (to be submitted with nomination form) » 361 20. Addresses » 365 Annex I - Annex II » 371

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 15 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda TABLE OF ACRONYMS

API Area di Particolare Interesse (Area of Particular Interest of ABNP) APPA Agenzia Provinciale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente (Provincial Agency for Environmental Protection) APT/PTA* Azienda Promozione Turistica (Tourism Agency ) ASUC Amministrazione Separata degli Usi Civici (Separate Administration of Civic Uses) BIM Bacino Imbrifero Montano (Consortium of Municipalities in the Valley of the River Sarca/Chiese (Bacino Imbrifero Montano) CAGL Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro (Community of Upper Lake Garda and Ledro) CdG Comunità delle Giudicarie (Community of Giudicarie) CEIS Consorzio Elettrico Industriale di Stenico (Industrial and Electric Consortium of Stenico) CETS/ECST* Carta Europea per il Turismo Sostenibile nelle Aree Protette (European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas) CLC Corine Land Cover COPAG Cooperativa pataticoltori giudicaresi (Cooperative of Potatoes Growers) CTL Consorzio per il turismo Ledro (Ledro’s Consortium of Tourism) DOP Denominazione di origine protetta (Protected Designation of Origin) EdJ/EC* Ecomuseo della Giudicaria (Judicaria Ecomuseum) IG InGarda – Azienda per il Turismo Trentino (Trentino Tourism Agency) ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) MAB Man and the Biosphere MUSE Museo delle Scienze (MUseum of SciencE) PAES Piano d’Azione per l’Energia Sostenibile ( Plan for Sustainable Energy) PAT/APT* Provincia Autonoma di Trento (Autonomous Province of Trento) PBR Proposed Biosphere Reserve PNAB/ABNP* Parco naturale Adamello-Brenta (Adamello-Brenta Nature Park) PRG Piano regolatore comunale (Municipal Land Use Plan)

LEDRO ALPS 16 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda PSR Programma di Sviluppo Rurale (Rural Development Programme) PUP Piano Urbanistico Provinciale della PAT (PAT’s city plan) ReLED/MNLED* Rete Museale della Valle di Ledro (Museums network of Ledro Vallley) RR/NR* Rete delle Riserve (Network of Reserves) SIC/SCI* Siti di Importanza Comunitaria della rete europea Natura 2000 (Site of Community Importance in the Natura 2000 European network) TEN Trentino Ecological Network WHS Sito del patrimonio Mondiale dell’Umanità (UNESCO World Heritage Site) ZPS/SPA* Zona di Protezione Speciale (Special Protection Area)

* Both forms of the acronyms can be found in the text.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 17 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 0. INTRODUCTION

Have you ever happened to find who had become aware of them yourself in a place which, when thanks to recent training and observed from above, gave you an informative activities organised in immediate feeling of wellbeing and Italy. The more they talked about it, harmony? We are sure this has the more everyone became pleasantly happened to everyone at least once aware of the fact that Judicarie and in their life. Some try only to capture Ledro area has been an ‘unknowing this pleasant feeling and maybe Biosphere Reserve’ for a long time. take it home with them. Others wish The relative geographical isolation to understand where this feeling of these areas (and consequently comes from, trying to capture the their ‘marginal’ nature) has led to the ‘secret’. Those who are responsible conservation of the traditional rural for managing an area do their best forest landscape, with numerous to ensure that this pleasant feeling small and fragmented human can be maintained over time and settlements, very different from those if even increased; for the in the neighbouring valleys, which benefit of the occasional visitor, but have seen greater tourist and urban also and above all of those who development. live there. In doing this, they look The attractive landscape stretching for models of reference and good out before observers, in the form of practice which have had a similar a harmonious combination of small effect in other places and which could villages and cultivated and natural work when transferred to different spaces, is indeed the result of contexts. collective area management practices This is what happened recently in the which have gone on for centuries. Judicaria and Ledro area, in Trentino, However, at the same time this one sunny day in late spring this year, tradition of shared management has when a group of local administrators recently been reinterpreted, in the and experts (coming specially from light of participatory planning methods outside) spent a few hours together which have become widespread at discussing local development and its international level following the 1992 results in the area. The discussion Conference in Rio de Janeiro. followed previous examination of The question that everyone asked the MaB programme and the World themselves regarded what was Network of Biosphere Reserves by missing in such an inherently rich local and provincial administrators, situation: the answer was unanimous,

LEDRO ALPS 18 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda admitting that there is not yet any aspect interacting with neighbouring instrument that can provide a coherent areas, but also with the national and framework at local level for the many international context. Once again the existing initiatives. In the attempt to model of the Biosphere Reserve and identify such an instrument, the model the existence of the World Network of the Biosphere Reserve seemed to of Biosphere Reserves seemed everyone to be the most appropriate. to be the most appropriate for this Its setting up would transform the scope. The drafting phase of the rich – but still very fragmented – present document inherits a long- range of initiatives present in the lasting tradition of local communities Judicaria and Ledro area into a involvement in management decision genuine local territorial system, whose activities and local development sustainability would have two aspects: initiatives. The drafting process has an ‘internal’ aspect linking the many been intense, efficient as well as existing initiatives underway within a highly participated. functional network, and an ‘external’

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 19 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

PART I SUMMARY

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 21 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 1. PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE:

Italian Name: Riserve dell Biosfera “Alpi Ledrensi e Judicaria: dalle Dolomiti al Garda”

English Name: Biosphere Reserve “Ledro Alps and Judicaria. From the Dolomites to Lake Garda”

Justification of the name The area lies in a mountainous district commonly cited with reference territory at medium altitude, without to a mountainous area in the south- physical limits internally. A close west of the province of Trento. The human community has developed, term “Judicaria” is the historic name divided between two main poles given to this area from the beginning represented by the Giudicarie of the 11th century, also representing Esteriori and Ledro, with elements the root of the current geographical which differentiate it in historic and term of the “Giudicarie” (see historic socioeconomic terms as compared background in section 3.2). to other human communities in The second part of the name – “from neighbouring alpine and pre-alpine the Dolomites to Lake Garda” – areas . instead refers to two geographical The relative geographical isolation contexts well-known internationally, of these areas (and consequently one of which is included in the World their ‘marginal’ role) has led to the Heritage List, and which delimit the conservation of the traditional rural area of the proposed reserve to the forest landscape, with numerous north and the south. small and fragmented human In this way the name chosen makes settlements, very different from those reference firstly to the historic and in the neighbouring valleys, which geographical nucleus of the proposed have seen greater tourist and urban Biosphere Reserve, in which the local development. populations recognise themselves The first part of the proposed name: culturally, and secondly to the “Ledro Alps and Judicaria” is intended broader context of two very important to express the specific historical and geographical features useful for geographical characteristics. The immediately placing the area within “Ledro Alps” represent a geographical the global context.

LEDRO ALPS 22 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 1.1 The area of the PBR in relation to the national and provincial geographical context. The geographical references contained in the name “Ledro Alps and Judicaria” are highlighted

2. NAME OF THE COUNTRY: ITALY

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 23 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 3. FULFILLMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES: 3.1 “Conservation - contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation” QUALITY OF THE NATURAL from the position of the area, on the AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT southern edge of the Alps. This area The area of the proposed Biosphere has always been characterised by a Reserve is characterised by an particularly favourable microclimate, extraordinary wealth of natural with numerous “nunataks” (mountain environments and landscapes. This peaks not covered by snow or ice, can be explained by the particular rising up within or on the edges of location of the area, which acts as a glacier) forming in past glacial a “hinge” between the alpine and eras, contributing towards saving prealpine environments, in contact or differentiating the local flora and with the most southerly offshoot of fauna. the Mediterranean environment. In an area, just under 30 kilometres long there is a difference in altitude of more than 3000 metres, from the top of the hanging glacier of Cima Tosa (3173 m), the highest peak in the Brenta Dolomites, to the 63 metres a.s.l. at the lowest point in the reserve, near Lake Garda. (See Annex 1.1) One of the aspects making the area of such great naturalistic value is the fact that it acts as a corridor across the Alps for migrating birds and large carnivores in the autumn. This role is an indicator, along with Carex Baldensis, an endemic plant of the south its overall environmental quality, the of Trentino unitary nature of the area and the The biodiversity heritage is linked lack of internal ecological barriers, not only to naturalistic aspects demonstrating the characteristics or natural history, but also to the which have historically contributed traditional presence of human towards characterising it is as unique agricultural-forestry-pasture practices: in terms of both human development wooded areas indeed alternate with and the landscape. agricultural terraces dating back Another very precious element is the hundreds of years and typical crops wealth of endemic species, resulting such as Pranzo chestnuts, Bleggio

LEDRO ALPS 24 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Daphne petraea, one of the most “restricted” endemic species in the Ledro Alps

walnuts, potatoes, vines and olives, INSTRUMENTS FOR which are cultivated here at the SAFEGUARDING highest latitude in the world. At the ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY highest altitude the traditional animal Several protection instruments have husbandry system as example of been adopted in order to safeguard active protection, contributes to the relevant natural heritage of the maintain wide meadow areas and proposed Reserve. Nevertheless, the several endemic species. different origin of these legislations cause partial or total overlapping of conflicting laws insisting on the same areas, engendering a complex situation. A thorough overview of the situation is described in section 14 and it is briefly shown as follows:

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 25 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Provincial Adamello-Brenta Nature Park (PUP1 1967, Provincial Law 11/2007) see annex 3.5 Natura 2000 European network: SIC2/ZPS3 sites IT3120177, IT3120159, IT3120068, IT3120069, IT3120127, IT3120076, IT3120093, IT3120096, IT3120094, IT3120133, IT3120140 (among different laws, EC Decision 22.12.03) see annex 3.3 Provincial and local nature reserves: Fiavé, Lomasona, Lake Ampola, Laghetti, Pozza del Prete, Caiane (Provincial Law 11/07)

The establishment of the Biosphere and connecting implementation of all Reserve and its proposed these legal instruments, and therefore management structure (for details fulfilling the Madrid Action Plan target see chapt.17) envisage an effective 13.

Agricultural landscape

STRATEGIC LOCATION AND indeed shows that the proposed ROLE AT GLOBAL LEVEL Biosphere Reserve would contribute The proposed Biosphere Reserve towards creating a broad corridor contributes towards creating a running north-south across the Alps, linking corridor between the Park of establishing territorial continuity the Upper Lake Garda area in the between protected areas from the Po Lombardia Region (to the south), and valley to the northern Alps (passing the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park through Switzerland). In this way the (to the north). In the broader alpine designated area would fill in a large context, the map of protected areas gap in the transnational series of protected areas. 1 PAT’s city plan; it is the main urban and socio-economics planning instrument of PAT (Annex 3.4). 2 Site of Community Importance in the Natura 2000 European network, set up according to the Direc- tive 92/43/CEE. 3 Special Protection Area, set up according to the Directive 79/409/CEE.

LEDRO ALPS 26 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 3.1 The combination of areas neighbouring on the Ledro Alps and the Judicaria. The proposed BR represents a North/South linking corridor across protected areas in the Alps.

The contiguous protected areas boundaries, includes the following system, more than 330.000 ha, protected areas: outwards the Reserve Biosphere

• the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park (Trentino); • the Adamello Regional Park (Lombardia); • the Stelvio National Park (Trentino Alto Adige and Lombardia) • the Engadina Swiss National Park • the Mustair reserve (Switzerland) • the Upper-Garda Regional Park (Area of Brescia)

The proposed Biosphere Reserve will system thanks to its proximity with be linked with a wider protected areas them.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 27 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 3.2 “Development - foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable”

THE ROOTS OF DEVELOPMENT Over the centuries the human com- munity in the original Judicaria Sum- ma Laganensis1 has developed a method of managing the area through community statutes, which establish the rights/duties of all inhabitants, in particular shared responsibility for management of “collective property”, above all waters, woods and alpine pasture (the main natural resources providing indispensable ecosystem services for the local community).

Map dating back to 1574 by Paolo Furlani, showing the “Zudicaria” and Lakes Garda and Ledro to the south

Map dating back to 1620, from the Giovanni Antonio Magini catalogue, showing the Judicaria; beyond the limit of the IUDICARIA, one can note Lake Garda (Riua) and Lake Ledro (Mezzolago) at the bottom; at the centre there is the Giudicarie Esteriori (Steneco, Coma Thermae)

1 The earliest denomination “Judicaria” goes back to 927 A.C and it is mentioned in the testament of the bishop of Verona Notecherio, bequea- thing “decanias meas proprias, quam habeo in Judicaria Summa Laganense”. In 927, at King Berengario’s time, this territory belonged to Judicaria Summa Laganensis. Indeed, in Longo- bardis’ period (VI-VIII sec.) some regions tracing preexisting Romanic military boundaries were called “Giudicarie” or “Giudicirie”. It is reasonable to imagine a Giudicarie system, placed at the Northern edges of the Longobardic empire.

LEDRO ALPS 28 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The traditional use of collective Lake Garda area (intense tourist property rights would seem to have exploitation) to the Val del Chiese been relatively widespread in the (heavy and light industry). medieval era, but its continuation up to the present day, with the adaptation The population living in the heart of of current regulations within a modern the ‘Giudicarie’ area still identifies and functional system, has very few with this term today, commonly comparisons at global level (here we adopted as a place name and as an are dealing with private but undivided indication of geographical and social property: “civic use” rights managed identity. It is not by chance that a directly by the municipalities, or by cultural association was founded 14 special ASUCs - Amministrazione years ago, called the “Associazione Separata degli Usi Civici1, depending pro Ecomuseo della Judicaria” on the individual case). The tendency (Judicaria Ecomuseum Association2). for citizens to participate actively in As compared to the rest of Trentino, numerous public service activities the natural environment and and the attentive and responsible cultural landscape have been better management of the area heritage conserved, there are fewer holiday is probably related to this traditional homes and warehouses and the system. cooperative movement has generally As the Giudicarie Esteriori (namely taken on a more important role when the central-southern part of the compared to similar areas, to the former Judicaria) are more isolated extent that it is present in all sectors of and marginal as compared to other economic and social life. valleys in the ancient Judicaria due However this model is showing to the morphology of the mountains, some signs of crisis, including a together with Tenno and Ledro, growing tendency for local residents centers of more importance, they to commute; this is indicative of the have been less clearly affected by need to reinforce opportunities for the economic boom and tourist and work locally, but at the same time of industrial development in Trentino. the fact that the population is deeply These have characterised rooted in the area. Local employment neighbouring valleys to a greater mainly revolves around farming and extent, from the Rendena and upper forestry, and tourist activities at a not 1 Separate management of civic uses. The right of particularly intensive level. The type civic use is an historical management strategy of natural resources in some parts of the Alps. It 2 Funded within L.P. in 2003, it is an inter-munici- belongs to the community right (hence collec- palities body including Municipalities of Giudica- tive), guaranteeing the access to some natural rie Esteriori and Tenno. It is based on a cultural resources (such as wood and meadows) to each project of territorial valorization acting through a family. Currently this right of use refers to more staff and strictly related with other elements for than 80% of woods and meadows of the Provin- the local touristic and cultural promotion (APT, ce. ASUC is the authority for the management of different associations, Pro Ecomuseo associa- this right. tion and Municipalities) see annex 8.4.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 29 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda of tourist activities present would compatibility, but today they appear to appear to be compatible with the have changed in part. In the past few geographical area: decades, the fertile plain of • “soft”/family tourism at Lake Ledro; and Fiavé has been involved in forms • old villages in the Tenno area; of intensive animal husbandry that • Comano spa (still “collectively” have led to several problems in terms owned by Giudicarie Esteriori of coexistence with the geographical Communities) area, with the risk of standardisation Comano spa represents the core of the agricultural landscape and of “well-being district”. The thermal difficulties in waste management. area is extended though the whole The acceptance of the Biosphere Giudicarie Esteriori. Particularly Reserve (MAB) model comes important is the effort to integrate precisely from the desire to better tourism, agriculture and animal manage the grafting of new husbandry. There is however also business activities onto traditional a drive towards different, less activities, allowing the possibility sustainable models of development of development, but without at the in the area. Agricultural activities same time uncritically importing and animal husbandry start from a models typical of plain environments traditional base marked by a strong or involving major settlements and identity and full environmental exploitation of the area.

The village of Rango, in the Bleggio area, an example of the conservation of traditional types of building.

LEDRO ALPS 30 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOP- The Biosphere Reserve will therefore MENT COHERENT WITH THE make it possible to develop synergy MAB PROGRAMME between the area institutions involved, Through a process of exchanging allowing better coordination of the ideas with all local stakeholders, the activities of organisations which have nomination as a Biosphere Reser- not yet fully expressed their poten- ve is intended to consolidate a long tial, due to their size and political and process of cooperation already un- institutional influence, while moving dertaken in order to implement indivi- in the same direction, and in this way dual projects, such as the setting up addressing the target 26 of the Madrid of the Judicaria Ecomuseum (which Action Plan. effectively followed the model of a This is the case of the Judicaria Eco- local Agenda 21 process), the parti- museum and the Ledro museum net- cipatory landscape project “Comano work that do not exclusively deal with Valley 2.0”, the creation of the Ledro territory protection. They are in charge museum network, the setting up of of involving various actors in cultural the Ledro Network of Reserves,the initiatives. CEST for the Adamello-Brenta Park, During the public meetings held in the UNESCO’s nominations (Pile Dwel- preparatory phase, clear indications lings ad Dolomites), integrated deve- emerged from the main players invol- lopment project of Ledro’s Network of ved, making it possible to outline new Reserves1 within the EU project LIFE+ overall strategies for local develop- “Trentino Ecological Network”2. ment, based on three decisive factors: 1 The Network of Reserves represents a new a) Safeguarding/valorization of the instrument for the small protected areas, environment and landscape; currently being established and provided by local legislation (L.P. 11/07), with a surprising b) social cohesion; similarity of intentions in relation to those of the c) sustainable socioeconomic MAB programme. It is proposed to make the management and enhancement of protected development, founded mainly areas more effective with an approach from on promoting local products and below, activated on a voluntary basis by on the production of energy from municipalities in which there are area systems of particular natural, scientific, historic, cultural and renewable sources. landscape interest. The Networks of Reserves In this framework of sustainable local were officially established in the recent L.P. 11/07 “Governance of forest and mountain it considers an intense dialogue phase on areas, watercourses and protected areas” which the interrelated themes of nature and socio- converted the concepts of “ecological network” economics development, mostly thought the and coherence described in the European involvement of local administrators, economic “Habitat” directive into institutional terms. operators (farmers and touristic infrastructures) 2 LIFE+ T.E.N (Trentino Ecological Network) and local associations. A plan for the economic project, funded by EU and lead by Autonomous development of the Ledro area is planned in Province of Trento with the scientific support Action C19 of LIFE+ T.E.N. project. The results of MUSE (Museo delle Scienze), carries on achieved from this study will be used for the several concrete actions aimed at improving the implementation of new initiatives of sustainable ecological connectivity of the area, through the tourism, defined with a participation process, creation of new reserve networks. Moreover, started in 2013.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 31 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda development, the future Management serves, will lead to a useful exchange Plan of the Biosphere Reserve will of experience in terms of finding so- thus concentrate on identifying new lutions to development problems also opportunities for traditional activities. common to other reserves, such as The new opportunities for openness compatibility between farming, local and collaboration at national and inter- communities and tourist activities and national level, resulting from inclusion the support and promotion of local in the World Network of Biosphere Re- products.

Old houses in the Giudicarie: the thatched roof represented a traditional element typical of dwellings up to the first half of the 20th century

LEDRO ALPS 32 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 3.3 Logistic support - support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, research and monitoring related to local, regional, national and global issues of conservation and sustainable development.

Various bodies operate in the area in a time), on an ethnographic theme, the field of research and dissemina- and the botanical gardens of Stenico tion at local, national and international (Natural Area of Rio Bianco (White level, often organised into permanent River) with its visitors centre), also collaborative networks or networks dealing with the maintenance of an created for specific projects. extensive network of footpaths, which For several years the Adamello-Bren- represent the basic infrastructure for ta Nature Park, set up in 1988, has encouraging tourism with a low envi- (a) promoted experimental projects ronmental impact and for encouraging for active safeguarding of secondary the economies of disadvantaged or ecosystems, also carrying out rese- marginal mountain areas. arch and monitoring of different biotic For around twenty years the Science and abiotic components related to Museum has also activated a perma- species and ecosystems, (b) carried nent survey station to record migration out information projects in relation to and ring birdlife at Bocca di Caset, in environmental conservation and the the Val di Ledro. use of sustainable resources, (c) carri- In 1997 this station became part of the ed out actions in the field of sustaina- network of stations surveying migra- ble mobility and sustainable tourism, tion in the alpine area within the con- promoting local food and agriculture text of “Progetto Alpi”. Furthermore, products, and finally (d) managed two at the ringing station there is a small important visitors centres in the area visitors centre which organises gui- (the centre at the S. Lorenzo in Bana- ded trips and activities to observe the le Park “C’era una volta” (Once upon fauna.

Bird-ringing activities by researchers from MUSE at the Bocca di Caset site, a ZPS of international importance.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 33 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The museum network of the Valle di rather the whole area. Furthermore, Ledro (ReLED1),) was established in for several years it has carried 2012 as a link between the various out popular cultural dissemination museums in the Valle di Ledro, with activities for the population and the scope of reinforcing cultural, tourists. educational, scientific and tourist facilities, managed by a single body. The network was entrusted to the Science Museum (a museum complex headed by MUSE2, inaugurated in July 2013 – formerly MTSN – Trento Natural Science Museum) and in particular to the area offices of the Lake Ledro pile-dwelling museum, attached to the pile-dwelling site included in the World Heritage Activities to raise awareness of the area, by the list, as regards management, Associazione Pro Ecomuseo at a local farm dissemination and scientific research. The six participants in the network are distributed in an area which goes The Museo Civico in Rovereto has from Lake Garda to and implemented the strategy of the includes museums of archaeological, “extended museum”, which has naturalistic and historic interest. led it to operate effectively in the area, going beyond the institutional Since 2002 the Judicaria Ecomuseum confines of museum buildings. has operated in the field of training, The museum is divided into seven dissemination and promotion of the sections. Specifically, for more than area, particularly in relation to historic twenty years the botanical department and cultural aspects. The ecomuseum of the Museo Civico in Rovereto is an extensive cultural project, has been involved in a census of which places the area heritage to be flora in Trentino, for which it is the safeguarded and promoted at the organisation of reference in a project centre of its activities, through the to compile a map of flora on the active involvement of the community European model. This project has living there. It is different from a provided in-depth knowledge of the traditional museum, as the space flora in the proposed area. of reference is not a building, but 1 Museum network of Ledro Valley; it manages Since 2000 the information and with coordinated actions different cultural and monitoring department of the environmental structures with educational purpo- ses. It is implemented by MuSE. Agenzia Provinciale per la Protezione 2 MUSE: Museum of Sciences, provincial body dell’Ambiente (APPA) – (Provincial with scientific and educational goals.

LEDRO ALPS 34 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Educational activities in experimental archeology

Agency for Environmental Protection) area there is also the “Villino Campi” – has carried out activities in the environmental education centre at field of ‘Informazione, formazione Riva del Garda. ed educazione ambientale’ The Biotopes Office of the (INFEA) – (information, training Autonomous Province of Trento and environmental education) plans and carries out educational - through the Rete Trentina di and cultural promotion activities and educazione ambientale per lo initiatives for the social exploitation sviluppo sostenibile (Trentino network of biotopes, reserves and areas in of environmental education for the Natura 2000 network, including sustainable development), which the production of educational and operates locally through a branch of informative material. It also carries the network housed at the Community out tasks related to the identification of Giudicarie3. In the Ledro Valley of features of particular naturalistic 3 The Community of Giudicarie covers about one value and consequential safeguarding fifth of the territory of the Autonomous Provin- provisions, also dealing with initiatives ce of Trento, with about 38.000 inhabitants, including 39 Municipalities and more than 120 directed at monitoring, research, residential zones. The area includes Giudicarie training and refresher courses. Much Esteriori, with Lomaso, Bleggio, Banale and River Giudicarie Interiori, formed by Sarca and of the knowledge regarding Natura Chiese basin. Communities of valley are public 2000 species and habitats at sites in bodies, placed between the Autonomous Pro- the area has come from the activities vince of Trento and the Municipalities; they have specific functions and are in charge of building of the Biotopes Office. The office also and adopting suitable politics for their needs and supervises the visitors centre at Lake features of their land. Among their competencies there are territorial and urban planning, as well Ampola. as planning and funding of local inter-municipal projects (www.comunitadellegiudicarie.it).

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 35 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The Heritage Office of the host the seat of the PBR. For more Autonomous Province of Trento details see chapt. 10.6 and annex 8.8. manages research and environment educational activities, related to the Finally, the activities of the tourist pile-dwelling site and peat bog of offices1 of Ledro and Comano, Fiavé, already been acknowledged InGarda2 and Consorzio pro Loco3 by UNESCO as cultural heritage. In di Ledro should be recalled, directed particular, the pile-dwelling Museum at promoting various activities in of Fiavé, inaugurated in 2012 and support of ‘soft’ tourism: sustainable managed by the Autonomous mobility, coordination of activities and Province of Trento, represents promotion of excursions and cycling, an exceptionally important point cultural tourism and naturalistic of reference for the history of the itineraries. most ancient European farming The establishment of the Biosphere communities. The museum explores Reserve aims at building a network of the history of the different pile dwelling research and education projects (as settlements following one another those above mentioned), following the along the banks of Lake Carera, a recommendations developed within lake of glacial origin, between the the framework of the “United Nations Late Neolithic era and the Bronze Decade of Education for Sustainable Age. It also displays a selection Development” (UNDESD) and the of extraordinary objects providing related UNESCO guidelines. precious evidence of considerable technical and construction expertise and artisan skills. One section of the museum is dedicated to the Fiavé-Carera biotope, a provincial nature reserve and site of European Community interest, where the remains of the pile dwelling can still be seen.

The Stenico Castle,belonging to PAT, is more than 2000 years old, witnesses the importance of the area as transition area between the 1 The Provincial Tourism Agency (APT), it is a co- Giudicarie and Garda lake. It hosts operative society with a private/publi partnership with tourism promotion purposes. a museum which is open all the year 2 Trentino Tourism Agency of Upper Garda. long. Nowadays it represents the most 3 Voluntary association founded in Trentino in XIX century for the protection and the valorisation of important building of the whole area, the traditional local heritage; they currently have therefore, in case of recognition, it will great social relevance and are widely spread in Italy.

LEDRO ALPS 36 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Stenico Castle, an old manor house, formerly used to govern the local area, suggested as the headquarters for the proposed BR

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 37 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda View of the Giudicarie

LEDRO ALPS 38 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4. CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION AS A BIOSPHERE RESERVE 4.1 “Encompass a mosaic of ecological systems representative of major biogeographic region(s), including a gradation of human interventions.”

According to the ’Udvardy’ Mountain system (biome 12), Central international classification, the area European Mountains (Province 32), nominated falls within the “Mixed Palaearctic (Region 2)” (see Fig. 4.1).

Fig. 4.1 - Udvardy map of the biogeographical provinces in the world: the area of the proposed BR falls within the biome of the mixed mountain system.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 39 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The northern part of Lake Garda, a sub-Mediterranean environment in the midst of the mountains

The area of the Biosphere Reserve is Mediterranean to the alpine tundra, representative of the southern slopes passing through a wide prealpine of the carbonate central-eastern Alps band with a mantle of spruce and and represents an imaginary transect beech woods, alternating with of environments leading from the traditional crops.

LEDRO ALPS 40 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Woods represent the most widespread form of land cover in the proposed BR; here the forests of the Val at Ledro are shown

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 41 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Its southern and eastern boundary The extreme north of the reserve area is the Lake Garda area, which instead has the typical appearance represents the most well-known of continental alpine zones, well- Mediterranean enclave in the represented in the area by the continental area. Thanks to a Adamello-Brenta Nature Park, with microclimate resulting from the the typical Dolomitic landscape of presence of the lake and the carbonate pinnacles and faces, along specific morphology of the area, the with alpine meadows. vegetation has typically Mediterranean The heart of the reserves is characteristics, with holm oak woods represented by the rural landscape, and thermophilous-xerophilous traditionally given over to crops and species that arrive here at the upper stable grasslands, together with limit of their area of distribution. traditional forestry management.

The Giudicarie Esteriori, in the central part of the PBR, home to traditional agriculture of various kinds

LEDRO ALPS 42 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The reserve therefore reflects the (lowland meadows and pasture), nature of the southern carbonate Alps, agricultural areas and human surrounded structurally by a wide settlements. prealpine band, with an alternation Taking for granted the value of more of gentle basins and inaccessible natural environments, here we wish sites, therefore including significant to underline that the focus in terms environmental changes within a of conservation and management of short distance. These are areas the PBR is on semi-natural habitats, which although difficult to live in, created and shaped by traditional use have undergone a slow process of and which require active management “domestication” (anthropization) over in order to also conserve their the centuries by the local population, structural characteristics and flora in which has concentrated itself in the the future; this type of management few flat areas used for the cultivation has already been started up of crops and permanent grasslands, experimentally in the areas under the whereas silviculture has prevailed on jurisdiction of the PNAB, to the extent the wooded slopes. that a special reserve has been set up The wide variety of environments is for the purpose. thus translated into an extraordinary Core areas indicate the best wealth of plant and animal species, conserved areas of natural or semi- along with important historic and natural habitats, of most value and cultural evidence, partly as a result equipped with appropriate instruments of the isolation of the resident for their safeguarding. Buffer zones population. include situations which are not More specifically, the area nominated dissimilar, but of slightly less value as a Biosphere Reserve includes or less effectively protected. Finally, a mosaic of habitats with different areas most affected by human levels of conservation; from perfectly impact are transition zones, where intact natural habitats at high altitude the activities are mainly tourism and (culminating in the rocky pinnacles agriculture, making up a mosaic and peaks of the Brenta Dolomites, of business and farming activities, reaching a maximum altitude of 3,173 human settlements and residual areas m a.s.l.), to semi-natural habitats of high naturalistic interest, leading to with traditional management by man the traditional landscape.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 43 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.2 “ Be of significance for biological diversity conservation”.

The variety of environments presence of valuable elements, which characterising the area of the PBR include: habitats whose protection has led to considerable biodiversity. is considered to be a priority at The extensive system of protected European level; an exceptional wealth areas included within the area has of endemic species; various areas made it possible to gain a relatively of particular importance in terms of good knowledge in relation to the fauna.

Fig. 4.2 On , areas of naturalistic value due to the presence of valuable habitats are shown (*), sites with important flora or sensitive sites for birdlife. On the right, the presence of various types of protected areas are highlighted, corresponding with areas of naturalistic value. Protected areas cover around 17.000 ha, namely 36% of the proposed area. The attributing of value in terms of flora takes place using a points system based on the value of the habitats according to Natura 2000 and their position within the provincial and national Red List – see habitat table in the following section. For internal zonation see map. par. 4.5.

LEDRO ALPS 44 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda PLANT BIODIVERSITY the flora in Trentino, containing no Monitoring projects for Natura 2000 less than 68% of the species of flora network sites1 and a census of flora present in the whole province. underway for several years in Trentino The area has a considerable have made it possible to obtain an concentration of sites of interest in excellent knowledge of the area in terms of flora, with rare, protected terms of flora and vegetation. or endemic species of high value in The following table shows that the relation to conservation; protected area of the proposed Biosphere species represent 7.3% of the flora Reserve is highly representative of present in the territory of the proposed reserve.

Approximate number of species in the reserve 1600 % of flora in Trentino 68% % of flora in Italy 24% % protected and/or endemic specie in MAB 7.3%

% Protected species in PBR

7%

Protected species Total species

Fig. 4.3 The flora heritage of the proposed BR, also in terms of endemic species, in relation to 93% provincial and national data

1 The Natura 2000 network is the largest ecologi- habitats, plants and animals, rare or endemic, cal network in the world. The protected areas it for a total of more than 1000 species. It should identifies cover 20% of EU territory. The share be noted that the latter directive pays particular rises to 30% at local level in the Province of attention to human activities. Man is an integral Trento. The network is based on two European part of nature. The directive states: “The main directives: the “Birds” Directive (2009/147/CEE) aim (is) to promote the maintenance of biodiver- and the “Habitats” Directive (92/43/CEE). The sity, taking account of economic, social, cultural “Birds” Directive protects all wild birds in Europe and regional requirements (…) the maintenance and is designed to conserve the main habitats of of such biodiversity may (…) require the main- rare, vulnerable or threatened species The “Ha- tenance, or even the encouragement of human bitats” Directive extends the field of application of protection measures to other. threatened activities”.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 45 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

PROTECTION No. of species Red List for TN - 2001 84 Red List for ITA IUCN-2013 17 IUCN 8 Berne 6 Cites B 18 Fig. 4.4 Number of species Habitat annex 2 4 of rare flora present Habitat annex 4 2 in the various types of Habitat annex 5 4 national and international Steno-endemic species 33 classifications.

The abundance of sites of interest in Gentiana brentae, Erysimum terms of flora can be attributed mainly sylvestre subsp. aurantiacum, to the high concentration of endemic Festuca austrodolomitica, Silene species, with very high levels at elisabethae, Viola dubyana, Daphne provincial level and more generally in reichsteinii, Euphorbia variabilis, the Alps. Telekia speciosissima, Ranunculus The rich endemic flora of the area bilobus, Laserpitium nitidum, Nigritella includes, among others, Saxifraga buschmanniae and Aquilegia tombeanensis and Daphne petraea thalictrifolia. (both in Annex II, Dir. 92/43/CEE),

Nigritella buschmanniae, endemic orchid Tulipa australis, one of the many endemic in the Red List for Trentino. species that characterise the Ledro Alps.

LEDRO ALPS 46 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The variety of flora in the Ledro Alps: one of the most valuable areas at alpine level

A survey of plants present within the habitats or those present in the proposed Biosphere Reserve shows a regional or national Red Lists, wide variety of different environments, whereas the full list is presented in with 32 Natura 2000 habitats, section 11. including 7 priority habitats, with no The data given in the table represents less than 15 present in the Red List the basis for the map of valuable flora for Trentino (Lasen, 2006). presented at the beginning of section The following table shows priority 4.2.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 47 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Nat.2000 Trentino red National red Habitat priority list list 4070 Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum yes / low Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the 6110 Alysso-Sedion albi yes CR low Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on 6210 calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) yes EN/CR low Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, 6230 in Continental Europe) yes LR low 8240 Limestone pavements yes EN low 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines yes VU low Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus 91E0 excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) yes VU/EN high Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoeto- 3130 Nanojuncetea no CR high 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub no CR / Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or 3150 Hydrocharition - type vegetation no EN medium Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with 3240 Salix elaeagnos no EN low Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey- 6410 siltladen soils (Molinion caeruleae) no EN high Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, 6510 Sanguisorba officinalis) no EN medium 6520 Mountain hay meadows no EN low 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs no EN medium-high 7230 Alkaline fens no EN high Fig. 4.5 EU habitats present in relation to rarity and conservation.

The priority habitats in the reserve being well-represented locally by include forest habitats of particular plant species relating to the rare rarity and value, such as riparian Festuco-Brometalia (6210). They forests with European alder (Alnus are dry to mesophile grasslands, at glutinosa) and European ash all events dry, widespread from the (Alnus incana) (91E0), Tilio-Acerion slopes of hills to the mountainous forests (9180) and bushes with band. The permanence of this kind of mountain pine (4070), but also semi- habitat is guaranteed by regular use natural formations such as Nardus (traditionally mowing or pasture) and grasslands, dry grasslands and hay by the absence of fertilisation. Habitat meadows. 6210 is considered a priority when it represents an important orchid site, The dry grasslands in the area of the a condition which has been verified reserve are particularly important, to still exist in the case of many of

LEDRO ALPS 48 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda the dry grassland areas included in practices (and frequent substitution the census of the area, but which in of mowing with pasture) has led in the event of abandon (or vice-versa recent times to a strong decline. For excessive intensification) runs the risk this reason it is also considered to of not being automatically continued in be at risk (category EN/CR), in the the future. Red List of habitats in Trentino. The This habitat is often situated outside search for balanced and integrated protected areas, precisely due to its development respecting the nature, closely linked to use by man. environment is the best guarantee for Modification in traditional mowing its perpetuation.

Cypripedium calceolus, included in the Red List for Trentino. It is protected by Natura 2000

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 49 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda BIODIVERSITY OF THE FAUNA The reserve coincides with one of the The area of the proposed reserve is most important corridors in the Alps characterised by a varied landscape, for carnivorous fauna and autumn with rocky environments, meadows, post-reproductive migration of birdlife, large forests, rivers and peat bogs. as demonstrated by the permanent The wide variety of environments migration survey station set up means that area is frequented at Bocca di Caset by MUSE. The by numerous species of animals, relevance of this phenomenon is well which find a suitable place for living, addressed by Life+ TEN project1. reproducing and stopping off during transit.

Fig. 4.6 Bear (Ursus arctos) and lynx (Linx linx) sighting distribution. PBR works as corridor between the source area of PNAB and the pre-alpine areas of Garda.

1 LIFE+ T.E.N. project, supported by EU, consi- ders the Provincial Ecological Network as an interconnected group of natural areas linked though ecological corridors, namely stripes of land allowing the migration of species, animal species mostly. This provincial network is open towards the surrounding zones and hence it is included in the wider alpine ecological network.

LEDRO ALPS 50 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 4.7 (Left): migratory routes between 1000 and 2000 m high with light wind and favourable weather. Numbers refer to relevant sites and crossing places for migratory transit. (Right): low- altitude migratory routes with west winds and shallow cloud cover.

From the lynx and bear to in Annex I of Directive 92/43/CEE. invertebrates, the reserve can boast There are no less than 149 protected a healthy diversity of fauna, with one species recorded in the area of the priority species included in Annex II proposed Biosphere Reserve. The of Directive 92/43/CEE (Ursus arctos), following table shows the number of 4 species of community interest and species subject to different levels of more than 35 species of birds listed protection.

PROTECTION No. of species IUCN 132 L. 157/92 – Italian law 109 79/409 CEE, Annex 1 37 BERNE 136 CITES, Annex A 21 CITES, Annex B 6 BONN, Ap.2 27 Fig. 4.8 Number of species of rare HABITAT Dir., Annex 2 5 fauna present in the various HABITAT Dir., Annex 4 12 types of national and international HABITAT Dir., Annex 5 3 classifications.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 51 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The following table (Fig. 4.9) of the reserve, the complete list being summarises some of the most presented in the Annex. significant fauna reported in the area

Species of comm. Priority Species Name Group Motivation interest species Narrow-mouthed whorl Annex II, Dir. Vertigo angustior snail Invertebrates 92/43/CEE x Austropotamobius Annex II, Dir. pallipes Freshwater crayfish Invertebrates 92/43/CEE x Annex II, Dir. Barbastella barbastellus Barbastelle Mammals 92/43/CEE x Annex II, Dir. Ursus arctos Brown bear Mammals 92/43/CEE x Annex II, Dir. Lynx lynx Lynx Mammals 92/43/CEE x Annex I, Alectoris graeca saxatilis Rock partridge Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Annex I, Aquila chrysaetos Eagle Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Annex I, Bonasa bonasia Hazel grouse Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Annex I, Tetrao tetrix tetrix Black grouse Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Annex I, Tetrao urogallus Capercaillie Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Annex I, Gypaetus barbatus Bearded vulture Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Lagopus mutus Annex I, helveticus Ptarmigan Birds Dir.79/409/CEE Fig. 4.9

LEDRO ALPS 52 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.3 “Provide an opportunity to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale”.

The interpretation of the model of agreement with the objectives of the the Biosphere Reserve by local MAB programme: PUP, L.P. 11/07, communities lies in the sustainability PNAB Plan and the preliminary of development in a fragile and version of the CdG Territorial Plan delicate alpine area with a wealth of (see Annex 4.1) ascribe relevancy to man-biosphere relations, which over the landscape and aim at a territory the centuries have led to landscapes sustainable development. of great value in terms of ecosystems The complex range of rules, plans and and socioeconomic development, with programmes (see chapts.13 and 17) repercussions on identity and social is also the result of lively social and organisation. area dynamics and a consolidated The objectives related to the tradition of participation and sharing, nomination as a Biosphere Reserve, which has its roots historically in the which will also represent the collective management of public guidelines for defining the future assets (civic use) over centuries, Management Plan for the reserve, and in the exceptionally widespread have been developed with reference presence of the cooperative model, to several strategic documents issued which involves almost the whole recently by the MAB secretariat; in population in the area. particular, the ‘Seville Strategy for The participatory process related the World Network of Biosphere to the MAB nomination represents Reserves’ and the ‘Madrid Action the natural continuation of a similar Plan for Biosphere Reserves 2008- process followed in support of 2013’. Additional international processes of voluntary membership strategic instruments, as the Alpine and the setting up of the ‘Network Convention and the European of Reserves’ of the Ledro Alps and Landscape Convention, as well tourism development plans for the as provincial documents, as the areas concerned. Statute of Autonomy of Trentino Alto The drawing up of the Nomination Adige, have also been considered Dossier for recognition of the for the proposed areas. At local level Biosphere Reserve capitalises on (Province of Trento, Comunità di 14 years of work by the Judicaria Valle, municipalities, Nature Park) Ecomuseum and the “participatory the framework is completed by a landscape project” called “Comano complex series of town-planning Valley 2.0” which in the last 4 instruments and laws essentially in years has seen the involvement

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 53 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda of more than a hundred people level. under 25 through numerous Open For this reason we can affirm that Space Technologies, study trips while consultation with the population and meetings. The processes on the specific issue of the Biosphere involved in the drawing up of the Reserve has been relatively recent, as CETS for PNAB, the recent review it began in spring 2013, on the more of the Park Plan, the creation of the general topic of the sustainability of Ledro museum network and the development it has taken place in a setting up of the Ledro Alps network widespread and in-depth manner in of reserves have also followed a the context of various participatory bottom-up procedure, and have processes, with aims and objectives been developed following extensive entirely in line with those pursued exchange of ideas with all the local by the UNESCO’s MAB programme. stakeholders. Other participating To mention the main ones, we recall processes dealt with the Well-being the processes taking place in the last District of Giudicarie Esteriori Plan few years in relation to the CETS and (Piano Distretto Benessere Giudicarie PNAB’s new Park Plan, the setting up Esteriori), preliminary document of the of the Ledro Alps RR, the preliminary Community of Giudicarie Territorial document for the PTC of the CdG Plan and the pile-dwelling sites and community, together with consultation Dolomites sites WHS. It can therefore carried out by the Ecomuseum, be affirmed that the recognition for described in detail in section 13.3. which the nomination is presented The combination of these virtuous did not represent the reason behind processes has given rise to a the initiatives in the area, but rather general awareness of the models a natural consequence of these: of development to pursue, which obtaining a ‘logo’ is not the objective, has also been followed by coherent but rather the starting point for choices in the field of area planning. systematically incorporating numerous It is therefore not an exaggeration projects and activities, given that to suggest that idea of joining the administrators have become aware network of Biosphere Reserves has that they have been following since been nurtured at length over the last years the same orientation given by decade, with the decision to nominate UNESCO’s MAB programme. Thus the area as a Biosphere Reserve the area is currently in a position representing the formal conclusion of being able to demonstrate that it of a process of growth progressively has operated according to the same maturing over time. principles and criteria and wishes We can therefore undoubtedly to continue along the route taken, consider this phase of consultation with an aware renewed commitment as preparation for the nomination and thanks to recognition at international therefore an integral part of it.

LEDRO ALPS 54 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Initially 18 relevant Themes and the future Management Plan for Objectives have been identified, in the reserve, which will be subject relation to which one or more activities to the analysis and approval of the may be started up or completed in institutions and other parties involved.

A. ENVIRONMENT

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 1 Protecting the climate Membership of the area in the Covenant of Mayors (and hence to PAES1). Carbon storage provided by forest resources 2 Environmental management of the area Extension of EMAS registration2 3 Safeguarding of waters Setting up of “Sarca River Park” network of reserves Appraisal of reserve water resources 4 Conservation of biodiversity Green corridor Upper Lake Garda-ABNP Setting up of Ledro Alps Network of Reserves; Putting into effect of SR/API23 management plan of ABNP

5 Safeguarding of the landscape Landscape map Comunità Giudicarie and CAGL4

1 Action Plan for the Sustainable Energy; it is a key document where agreement subscribers define strategies to achieve the minimum objective for the Co2 emission reduction by 2020. 2 At the present moment the following public entities have received the EMAS certification:Municipality of Fiavé, Municipality of Ledro, Municipality of Tenno, CdG and PNAB (see annex 8.2) 3 API 2 is a zone in the southern Brenta area, set up in order to actively conserve dry meadow habitat. 4 The Community of Upper Lake Garda and Ledro includes 7 Municipalities and more than 40.000 inhabitants. The territory covers the low flow of Sarca, Tenno Municipality and the Valley of Ledro.

B. SOCIETY

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 6 Cultural heritage network Coordination of cultural activities starting from Ecomuseum and ReLED Local network of traditions and folklore 7 Environmental education Education on sustainable development, footprint 8 Communication Social media, meetings, traditional media 9 Network Partnership in the context of MAB network and the Euregio 10 Cooperation Cooperative and Partner Network – Fondaz. Guetti 11 Solidarity International Cooperation projects – e.g. EdJ with Bosnia, Congo “Open-without barriers” reserve

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 55 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda C. ECONOMY

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 12 Sustainable tourism Extension of the CETS1 to the reserve (provided for in the programme agreement of the Ledro Alps RR) Extension of the “Family in Trentino” project 13 Energy from renewable sources “Solar Reserve” – autonomy in terms of energy 14 Quality agriculture PSR – agronomic use plans Alpine pasture plan Ledro agricultural park, provided for in the Ledro Alps programme agreement

16 Local products Extension of actions within the Quality Park PNAB project 17 Sustainable (and “slow”)mobility Alternative fuel, electric transport Network of footpaths, MTB, cycle paths, horse-riding trails 18 Technology and IT SMART Reserve web valley, gis, open data, monitoring

1 PNAB has achieved CETS (annex 8.1) . It is foreseen by art. 5 of the programme agreement of RR of Ledro Alps (annex 4.3)

Adopting a principle of shared encouraged to demonstrate and decisions, skills evaluation and provide examples, good practice and assumption of responsibility at wider support to other players involved level, each of the activities proposed and committed to achieving similar for the Management Plan corresponds objectives. with a series of players who can be Finally, the model of governance directly involved, who will identify a anticipated for the Biosphere Reserve coordinator or lead partner among also provides for the aforementioned themselves. series of organisations being +In this way it will be possible to organised systematically by the create a solid “skills network”, Biosphere Reserve Coordinator, an capable of enhancing the individual organ which will become operational processes dealt with by the promoting as soon as the nomination process organisations. These will be further has been concluded successfully.

LEDRO ALPS 56 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.4 “Have an appropriate size to serve the three functions of biosphere reserves”.

The area proposed to be recognized Towards the prealpine areas, to has a surface of ca. 47.000 ha and the south, the physical limit is also counts around 16.000 inhabitants. unequivocal, being established at the main watershed in the area, along the The zoning proposed for the range of the Tremalzo and Tombea Biosphere Reserve area derives mountains. As compared to the from territorial strategic choices that Dolomites, this is a lower mountain already are in line with the MAB range, but its role as a border is model. These choices aim at: reinforced by the clear difference • contributing and strengthening the in ecosystems on the two sides protection of biological and cultural (see 11.6) and by an important and biodiversity; historically consolidated administrative • acting as a bridge (an ecological frontier (which not by chance corridor, but also a “cultural represents the frontier between the corridor”) between prealpine areas territory of the Autonomous Province adjoining the Po valley and the of Trento and the rest of the country). central-alpine areas of internal These physical boundaries do not valleys; allow to trace a transition area • consolidating and offering new around the buffer zones, namely prospects related to sustainable close to the northern and south- use of the area, on the basis western boundaries of the PBR. of the principle of responsible These inhospitable areas impede subsidiarity; the establishment of stable human • reinforcing the virtuous communities and consequently characteristics of social identity the implementation of cooperation and environmental sustainability; activities for sustainable development • starting up synergistic processes projects. with the above characteristics. Towards the parallel valleys, to the To the north, the boundary is west, the external frontier runs along a represented by the physical barrier of ridge and coincides with the physical the Brenta Dolomites, a range of high limit of the hydrographic basin; as mountains (crossed with difficulty), compared to the external area, the which represents a natural frontier, internal area, especially in the south- both in relation to biological and westerly area, is also differentiated anthropic aspects. by the type of use for the land (the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 57 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The ridges of the Tremalzo and Tombea mountains (Ledro) represent the southern confine of the proposed BR situation described regarding the of species and habitats present. surroundings of Lake Garda to the Administratively, they correspond with east is repeated to the west towards areas with stricter protection regimes, Lake Idro – with less intensity). To reinforcing their conservational role the east the physical limit is less through active protection measures clear (it runs along a ridge acting as in favour of semi-natural habitats, a hydrographic sub-basin), but the consolidating and systematically quality of the human system, the organising research and monitoring density of settlements (residential, activities in relation to birdlife commercial and manufacturing) and (migration), flora (endemic species) the expectations of the population as and vegetation (priority habitats regards the model of socioeconomic at European Union level). In this development are very different. sense, particularly relevant is the presence of some alpine summer The core areas correspond with the houses, alpine huts and an important areas of greatest naturalistic value research center for birds. The buffer in terms of the quality and quantity zones include areas of significant

LEDRO ALPS 58 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda naturalistic interest, but in a less The presence of facilities/seasonal continuous manner, peripheral areas settlements such as those below or those equipped with less stringent contribute to this scope: protection measures. With their • numerous operating alpine inclusion in buffer zones, the areas summer houses (malghe)1 and and communities voluntarily propose grazings (27 units), that in addition (for the most important aspects) a to economics aspects, promote management model similar to that in the conservation of pastures core areas, reinforcing and extending and meadows habitats of great this as much as possible in their area relevance for the biodiversity of influence through “networking”. In • alpine huts in Dolomites area concrete terms this means limiting (3 buildings), supporting high- the changes in the use of the land mountain tourism and reinforcing the development of • restaurants and visitors traditional agricultural, forestry and accommodations (5 buildings), in pasture activities compatible with the historic and natural environment, 1 Malga is a traditional building placed at heights, composed by one or more facilities (shepherd along with research and dissemination accommodation, cattle shed, milk-processing activities. location) and several grazing areas. Activities are carried on during the summertime.

The basin of the Giudicarie Esteriori; on the left the ridge of Monte Casale delimits the proposed BR to the East

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 59 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda easily accessible areas the area is unified, it has an ‘hour- • various storing hays units (in 8 glass’ shape, with two main nuclei groups) or ex-storing hays at centred respectively in the Giudicarie heights, representing a defense for Esteriori and Ledro, namely the two the conservation of pastures. main centres for the sustainable development proposals. The transition The buffer zones completely surround zone is made up of areas on the the core areas; in its turn, the outside valley floor, at medium and low of the buffer zone borders on the altitude, characterised by villages and transition zone, but in this case there agricultural areas. The agricultural, are some exceptions in which buffer forestry and pasture activities zones are situated directly in contact compatible with – or even necessary with the external boundary of the for – the protection of the buffer zones reserve. These are areas in which and core areas, or at all events with highly natural areas continue well the conservation of the semi-natural beyond the physical limit which has areas, find the social and economic historically determined the area of driving force for their implementation influence of the human community. in the transition zone. The transition zone is a continuum, The relationship between the surface and not by chance the nomination as areas of the zones outlined can be a Biosphere Reserve is centred on graphically portrayed as follows: this area, with strong support from • 10,09 % core the local resident population. While • 33,26 % buffer • 56,65 % transition

On the left, the ridge of the Cadria and Gavardina delimits the proposed BR to the West

LEDRO ALPS 60 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The peaks of the highest mountain in the Brenta Dolomites (Cima Tosa, 3,173 m), delimits the proposed BR to the North

Individual municipalities, or The central nucleus of the core area even a possible partial group of is well protected by wide bands of neighbouring municipalities, would buffer zones making it possible to not be of sufficient size and force to extend good practice towards the successfully promote coordinated outside; the transition zone is of sustainable development, whereas adequate size to confirm/reinforce the the combination of areas proposed in type of socioeconomic development the reserve, with their complementary already established, defending it from characteristics, represent a ‘critical uncoordinated discordant activities. mass’ on which it is possible to rely.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 61 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.5 Through appropriate zonation:

The different zones in the Biosphere Reserve are analysed below in detail (Fig. 4.10).

Fig. 4.10

LEDRO ALPS 62 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda CORE AREAS representing a sub-group. More Legal framework specifically, in this case the perimeter The core areas are divided into coincides with a Special Reserve three separate nuclei, as they are (called API2) provided for by the situated on hills which are physically new Park Plan, in the process of separated. The three nuclei lie entirely adoption. Among the reasons leading within Natura 2000 sites classified to the setting up of the API (Area of both as SICs and ZPSs, which Particular Importance) in question are thus equipped with a full set of there was precisely the active conservation measures for habitats safeguarding of semi-natural habitats and species1. of very high value in terms of flora. These are areas in which important studies, monitoring and experimental Size activities are underway, directly linked 4,785.82 ha, around 10% of the total to the conservation of habitats and area of the Reserve. species. The three core areas in the Reserve The southern and central nuclei cover the following surface areas correspond respectively with the respectively: “Bocca di Caset” and “Crinale Pichea N zone – 3,726.39 ha, central zone – – Rocchetta” SIC/ZPSs, following 1,009.16 ha, S zone - 50.28 ha the perimeter exactly. From 2014 it is expected that a management plan will Conservation objectives have been defined for the Network As declared by the EU environmental of Reserves of the Ledro Alps, which policy, the main conservation purpose includes these areas. is “to safeguard biodiversity by keeping a satisfactory conservation The northern nucleus is situated status of natural resources (natural within the large “Dolomiti di Brenta” and semi-natural habitats, wild SIC/ZPS (and the “Dolomites” WHS), flora and fauna) within the EU

1 “Habitat” Dir. 92/43/CEE and “Birds” Dir. 79/409/ territory. Biodiversity contributes to CEE , adopted and regulated at provincial level sustainable development and has by the following legislative measures: Adoption to be safeguarded while respecting of general measures to safeguard SICs - D.G.P. of 30 December 2005, no. 2956; Adoption of me- economic, social and cultural needs asures to conserve ZPSs - D.G.P. of 27 October and regional and local peculiarities. 2006, no. 2279; Identification of ZPSs - D.G.P. of 22 February 2007, no. 328; L.P. of 23 May 2007, In all the SIC/ZPSs areas monitoring no. 11 and subsequent amendments; Regula- of habitats and specie is underway. tions regarding protected areas in the province Major research over a period of - D.P.P. of 3 November 2008, no. 50-157/leg.; Identification of ZPs - D.G.P. of 5 August 2010, several years is underway at Bocca no. 1799; Conservation measures for ZPSs - di Caset, where there is an important D.G.P. of 17 February 2011, no. 259; Resolution with list and updated conservation measures for capture and ringing station for sites and areas in the Natura 2000 network in migrating birdlife. Trentino - DGP 632/2013.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 63 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Nature itineraries and informative and Activities are also underway to educational material are gradually recover abandoned hay meadows and being prepared on naturalistic themes. to promote pastoral activities, along The use of forests is regulated with actions to actively safeguard by special forestry management semi-natural species-rich habitats plans, which in Natura 2000 areas (implementing the mountain huts plan pay particular attention to nature of the Municipality of Ledro and that of protection. PNAB).

The dry grasslands of Ion Valley (core area) represent one of the environments with the greatest diversity of flora

LEDRO ALPS 64 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The series of mountain hay meadows, in the Tremalzo buffer zone, are an example of active protection of permanent grasslands and the traditional landscape

BUFFER ZONES Chiese have signed on September, Legal framework 24th 2013, a planning agreement Around four fifths of the buffer zones with the Province of Trento in order (c. 78%) lie in Natura 2000 areas not to set up a Network of Reserves dealt with previously with reference to (according to the L.P. of 11/07) the core areas. These are peripheral aimed at networking the Natura 2000 or less sensitive areas from the areas present within their territories naturalistic point of view, or are not (see Annex 4.3). The corridor and equipped with the dual designation ecological integration areas included of SIC + ZPS or – in the case of the in the network of reserves with the PNAB – not identified as APIs, namely scope of improving the ecological areas of less conservation interest. links between individual protected The municipalities of Ledro, Tenno, areas are not subject to new Riva del Garda, Storo, Bondone, the restrictions, but may be the object CAGL, CdG, BIM Sarca and BIM of active protection measures. The

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 65 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda areas identified in the RR of these Reserves. municipalities have contributed to the Nature itineraries and informative and identification of buffer zones in areas educational material are gradually outside the SICs, representing around being prepared on naturalistic themes, 15% of the total. to complement (and network) those The restrictions provided for by centred on the core areas. the PUP and PRGs, as well as the The use of forests is regulated forestry measures provided for by by special forestry management the L.R. of 11/2007 for all the buffer plans, which in Natura 2000 areas zones (and therefore also for the pay particular attention to nature remaining 7% outside the SICs, ZPSs protection and which are subject or RR) are in any case valid. These to assessment of their effects. are therefore wooded, meadow, Independently of this, the forestry pasture or rocky areas subject to management plans for areas outside provincial and municipal jurisdictional/ the SIC and ZPS areas are based on urban restrictions, as stated in PUP natural forestry criteria (sustainability). and subordinate planning levels, Activities are also underway to protecting them from changes in the recover some areas of abandoned use of the land, not suitable with the hay meadows and to promote Biosphere Reserve purposes. pastoral activities (implementing the mountain huts plan of the Municipality Size of Ledro and that of the PNAB). 15,774.44 ha, around 33% of the total Similar intervention has been planned area of the Reserve. and implemented to improve the environment for fauna (Municipality of Activities underway Ledro’s environmental improvement In areas of buffer zones coinciding plan for the purposes of fauna). Other with SIC areas, monitoring of habitats interventions are studies focused and species is underway, although on the recovery of hay meadows, there are no significant research according to the Preliminary activities such as those taking place Document to PTC (in Annex 4.1) of in the core areas. The monitoring will CdG in areas under its responsibility be extended to the remaining buffer (see section 6.2).

LEDRO ALPS 66 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda TRANSITION AREA development. Size Actions designed to support 26,867.47 ha, around 57% of the total development, carried out on the area of the Reserve. initiative of numerous public and private sector bodies and institutions, Sustainable development activities include various cultural activities, In line with the physical characteristics along with conservation, promotional of the transition area, homogeneous and supporting activities, encouraging but centred around two main valleys, sustainable forms of tourism and human settlements in the area are mobility. organised around two separate but One of the main players involved in communicating centres; the Giudicarie the promotion of cultural activities Esteriori and Ledro. is the Judicarie Ecomuseum, which For both these communities an organises initiatives related to institutional process of contiguous traditions, the archaeological and municipalities union is underway: culinary heritage and the local area. from the initial 17 municipalities, 6 municipalities have already been Tourism and sustainable mobility are merged within the municipality of regularly promoted within the PNAB Ledro and 2 in the case of Comano (and in the Geopark and UNESCO Terme. For the whole community of WHS included within it) and in the Giudicarie Esteriori one should some municipalities. Other tourism recall the coordination of cultural promotion activities are carried out by initiatives lead by the Judicarie tourist offices (Comano and Ingarda) Ecomuseum. and the Consorzio Pro Loco in Ledro, The newly created municipality of with a programme of visits and Ledro (with Storo, Riva and Bondone) information2 based on promoting the has autonomously undertaken natural environment. a similar process to that of the The project to implement the Network MAB programme on a local scale, of Reserves of the Ledro Alps being one of the first in Trentino to (including a planning agreement become involved in setting up a between 6 municipalities and Network of Reserves1, specifically definition of governance; see Annex that of the Ledro Alps. The two 4.3) provides for conservation and main communities (Ledro and area promotion activities based on the Giudicarie) have now set themselves value of the natural environment. the objective of together following Other initiatives take place at the pile- the integration process (already dwelling museum of Ledro and Fiavé started up) aimed at sustainable and in relation to UNESCO sites.

1 The terms Reserve is used in this chapter to Finally, there are a number of translate the italian original word “Riserve” but is 2 www.vallediledro.com and http://www.visitaco- not related with the Biosphere Reserves. mano.it

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 67 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda specifically local initiatives which Reserve would offer an opportunity to take place at municipal level or are coordinate and develop this complex organised by the private sector: for range of activities, initiatives and further details see section 15. regulations. It is underlined that the Biosphere

Cultivated area in the Giudicarie Esteriori, in the transition area

LEDRO ALPS 68 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.6 “Organizational arrangements should be provided for the involvement and participation of a suitable range of inter alia public authorities, local communities and private interests in the design and the carrying out of the functions of a biosphere reserve”.

4.6.1 Describe arrangements reach their logical culmination with in place or foreseen. participation in the MAB programme. For this reason we can affirm that Participatory forms of management while consultation with the population are part of the background and on the specific issue of the Biosphere traditions of the communities Reserve has been relatively recent, as living in the area of the proposed it began in spring 2013, on the more Biosphere Reserve. Indeed, general topic of the sustainability of nomination of the area emerged from development it has taken place in a previous processes of participatory widespread and in-depth manner in management related to sustainable the context of various participatory development projects, which processes, with aims and objectives

Logistical role Conservation role Development role (research & education) RR of the Ledro Alps C B T B T C B T Dolomites and pile-dwelling sites B T C B T included in the World Heritage List ABNP Plan C B B T C B ECST (ABNP) B T C B T Geopark (ABNP) C B B T C B T Tourist offices’ strategic plans B T B T EMAS (CdG, 5 municipalities and B T T ABNP) Area Plans for the Giudicarie Community: preliminary document C B T B T B T approved on 9/07/2013 ECOMUSEO B T T ASUCs B T Family project in Trentino T (Giudicarie Esteriori district)

Fig. 4.11 List of players providers for participatory actions, in the different roles and areas (C=core; B=buffer; T=transition)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 69 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda entirely in line with those pursued been nurtured at length over the last by UNESCO’s MAB programme. To decade, with the decision to nominate mention the main ones, we recall the the area as a Biosphere Reserve processes taking place in the last representing the formal conclusion few years in relation to the CETS and of a process of growth progressively PNAB’s new Park Plan, the setting up maturing over time. of the Ledro Alps RR, the preliminary We can therefore undoubtedly document for the PTC of the CdG consider this phase of consultation community, together with consultation as preparation for the nomination and carried out by the Ecomuseum, therefore an integral part of it. described in detail in section 13.3. Below there is a list of players whose The combination of these virtuous activities provide for structured processes has given rise to a participatory action from the general awareness of the models beginning, with informative meetings of development to pursue, which and participation in agreements or has also been followed by coherent understandings. The roles and areas choices in the field of area planning. (C=core, B=buffer, T=transition) in It is therefore not an exaggeration which the activities they carry out are to suggest that idea of joining the particularly important is specified for network of Biosphere Reserves has each party.

Participatory process in CdG

LEDRO ALPS 70 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The “Memorandum of Understanding framework. for the proposed Biosphere Reserve” With a view to signing the agreement, reinforces and brings together all a series of coordination meetings these different forms of participatory was organised with the local bodies management within a single signing the agreement:

Place Subject Date Municipality of Comano Information regarding the proposed February-March Terme nomination for Mayors and local 2013 authorities in the Giudicarie

Terme di Comano Introduction of proposed MAB 16 April 2013 nomination to municipalities and local bodies

Trento, PAT Joint meeting between Mayors, the 20 May 2013 Presidents of the Communities and the President of PAT

Trento, PAT Joint meeting between Mayors, the 19 June 2013 Presidents of the Communities, representatives of other bodies involved and PAT Directorate-General for the Environment

Trento, PAT Joint meeting between Mayors, the 8 July 2013 Presidents of the Communities, representatives of other bodies involved and PAT Directorate-General for the Environment

Trento, PAT Meeting of the steering committee to 30 July 2013 decide on the name

Municipality of Comano Meeting of the steering committee to 29 August 2013 Terme decide on governance

Trento PAT Meeting of the signatories to sign the 6 September 2013 Memorandum of Understanding

Municipality of Comano Meeting of the steering committee for 10 September 2013 Terme definitive approval of the dossier

Fig. 4.12 List of meetings between administrators to decide on a common proposal

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 71 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Various informative and consultation meetings open to the public and/or the main stakeholder categories were also organised; for details see section 17.3.

Public meeting to present the initiative at the Municipality of Stenico

The framework of informative and (RAI3) on 8 May 2013; participatory activities carried out • guided visit to the Ticino Valley during the nomination process also Biosphere Reserve, with meetings involved the following: with local administrators and • preparation and sending of a stakeholders (May 2013) newsletter regarding MAB topics • preparation of a special section and another one (currently being within the EdJ web site1 and prepared) regarding the content of activation of links within the web the dossier, to all those living in the sites of each municipality; area (enclosed); • collection of letters confirming • presentation of the initiative in participation in the initiative from the regional TV news programme 1 http://www.dolomiti-garda.it/, https://it-it.facebo- ok.com/EcomuseoDellaJudicaria

LEDRO ALPS 72 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda bodies and parties who may be instruments (PSR3, PAT funds for involved in the future activities of sustainable development); the reserve (see Annex 8.9). • Summer 2014: meetings with local authorities to provide information Press releases regarding the various on the result of the nomination informative events are enclosed. procedure.

The participatory activities begun The aforementioned Memorandum during the nomination process will of Understanding already provides continue in the near future; the for methods to continue participatory following appointments have already management activities once that MaB been scheduled: recognition is obtained: to ensure • Autumn 2013: public meetings the participation of stakeholders at municipal level to provide in decision-making processes, the information about the content of setting up of one or more permanent the nomination dossier; area forums is provided for to support • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: the working group in the phases meetings with representative of drawing up and subsequently associations (farming, tourism, implementing the future Management forestry associations) to Plan for the reserve (see section 4.7), begin to establish sector following the Madrid Action Plan target programmes aimed at drawing 19 and 22. up a Management Plan for the Biosphere Reserve; • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: meetings with local bodies (ASUCs, BIM2, RR, Ecomuseo) to begin to establish sector programmes aimed at drawing up a Management Plan for the Biosphere Reserve; • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: meetings with local authorities to begin to establish sector programmes aimed at a MAB Management Plan, also in relation to new and existing sector funding 2 Bacino Imbrifero Montano is the body respon- sible for managing the profits coming from additional fees charged for the use of water for hydroelectric purposes; the profits are managed 3 PSR: Programma di Sviluppo Rurale, Rural with the scope of providing economic and social development Programme, and EU financial support. instrument for rural development.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 73 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Public meeting to present the initiative at the Municipality of Ledro

Dissemination activities organised by the EdJ on the subject of medicinal herbs

LEDRO ALPS 74 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.6.2 Have any cultural and regarding the perception of PNAB’s social impact assessments role etc. The whole framework been conducted, or similar outlined in the previous section is tools and guidelines been effectively completed with more or used? less structured feedback. Once again Evaluation of the concerns of the these are standard procedures, local population is normal practice but which concern partial areas or in the area in question. Examples sectors. The Biosphere Reserve will of these kinds of activities and make it possible to carry out complete procedures are represented by and systematic activities in this field, EMAS, CETS, the Ecomuseum through the adoption of a specific (which can be compared to an coordinating mechanism (Biosphere Agenda 21 process), questionnaires Reserve Coordinator).

Information activities by the Ecomuseum in the Romanesque church at Vigo Lomaso

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 75 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 4.7 Mechanisms for implementation

EXISTING TOOLS level of hydrographic basins (forestry The area proposed to be nominated and mountain plans) and municipal as a Biosphere Reserve is subject property (forestry management plans) to numerous planning instruments, which identify the methods and which regulate human activities in the extent of exploitation of the forests different areas: in the context of sustainable use of The Piano Urbanistico Provinciale resources. (provincial planning scheme), which There are also other documents sets out policy and general strategy which while not having legal and for social and economic development normative value, as in the case of of the area, is followed in order by those stated above, nevertheless the Area Plans of the Comunità di supply important strategic guidelines Valle (valley communities) currently for sustainable socioeconomic being drawn up1, the general planning development of the area: of these one schemes of the municipalities and the should recall the provincial Pa.S.So management plan of the Adamello- (Autonomous Province of Trento’s Brenta Nature Park, with the relevant pact for sustainable development), the plans for the special reserves. Action Plan of the Adamello Brenta According to the Habitat directive Geopark, PNAB’s Environmental and the L.P. of 11/07 (Annex 3.5), Plan, the strategic guidelines for the management plans for the Network development of tourism adopted by of Reserves of the Ledro Alps and the tourist office of Terme di Comano- the Fiavé and Lomasona SICs will Dolomiti di Brenta and the tourism also be prepared. According to the guidelines adopted by the Fondazione Habitat directive and the L.P. of 11/07, Dolomiti UNESCO for the site management plans for the Network of included in the World Heritage List. Reserves of the Ledro Alps and the The Judicaria Ecomuseum has Fiavé and Lomasona SICs will also be prepared various policy documents prepared. designed to promote cultural activities Furthermore, all publicly owned and sustainable development in the forests in the Reserve (which make area. up 88% of the wooded surface area, pastures and areas at high altitude) THE FUTURE MANAGEMENT are subject to sector planning at the PLAN FOR THE BIOSPHERE 1 In July 2013 the Comunità di Valle delle Giudica- RESERVE. rie approved the Preliminary Document for the Given the point of departure, with a Area Plan of the Community (Annex 4.1).

LEDRO ALPS 76 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Experimental archaeology activities relating to the pile- dwelling era (Bronze Age) managed by MUSE at the Pile- Dwelling Museum in Ledro

wealth of planning tools and strategic Management Plan of the Biosphere documents already in place, it would Reserve will therefore make reference make no sense for the Reserve’s as applicable: Management Plan to represent the (1) for the conservation function, to umpteenth level of planning in the the management plans of the Network area. of Reserves of the Ledro Alps, the The Management Plan has rather be Park Plan and management plans understood as a framework document, of Natura 2000 sites, in addition to which regarding the three fundamental forestry planning instruments and the roles of the Biosphere Reserve, will water protection plan. In this context be useful for coordinating actions it should be added that the institution already underway or planned by the of the PBR won’t impose any kind different bodies participating in the of restrictions, nor use limitation of management of the designated areas, natural resources, especially for in the context of an overall vision. haunting activities. As regards conservation, the (2) As regards development, the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 77 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda plan will interact with the plans of the architectural and archaeological the Comunità di Valle for example, heritage office, the Museo Civico in the CETS of PNAB and the Rovereto, the Agenzia Provinciale tourism policy documents of the per la Protezione dell’Ambiente tourist offices and the Fondazione (APPA), the Ledro museum network Dolomiti UNESCO, but also with the and the Judicaria Ecomuseum. One Management Plan of the Network of example of efforts to network aspects Reserves of the Ledro Alps (which of research, dissemination activities also deals with sustainable local and sustainable development is development processes). represented by the OPENLOC Finally, (3) as regards logistical project. aspects linked to training, research A final fundamental aspect regards and education regarding sustainable the fact that the plan will be development, reference will be made accompanied by a phase of intensive to the environmental plan of PNAB, information and participation activities and dialogue will also be possible with the local population and with the different public institutions stakeholders. As already provided responsible for implementing for in the Management Plans of the environmental education policy and Park and the Network of Reserves, research, such as (once again) PNAB, participation is a fundamental the Network of Reserves of the Ledro requisite for effective and concrete Alps, the Science Museum in Trento, implementation.

Meeting between the members of the Steering Committee to decide on the proposed BR

LEDRO ALPS 78 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda It will therefore be possible to aspire • nominating the Management Plan to a shared and streamlined plan, not Working Group; costly in financial terms, capable of • nominating the General bringing together all the public and Coordinator; private sector players participating in the sustainable development of the The “Memorandum of Understanding” Reserve area, in a relatively brief time recognises the Municipality of (expected to be around a year). The Comano Terme, already lead partner plan will then need to be updated at in the convention for the management regular intervals. of the “Dalle Dolomiti al Garda” Judicaria Ecomuseum, as the lead THE “MEMORANDUM OF municipality in the context of the UNDERSTANDING” FOR process to draw up and present the MANAGEMENT OF THE Dossier. Subsequently the “Steering TRANSITIONAL PHASE Committee”, made up of Mayors or As a preliminary step to presenting their delegates, and representatives this nomination for recognition nominated by the other bodies signing as a Biosphere Reserve, the 20 the understanding, may identify proposing organisations1 (namely a different lead partner within the the Municipalities belonging to committee. the area of the “Dalle Dolomiti al Garda” Judicaria Ecomuseum, those A “PROGRAMME AGREEMENT” belonging to the RR of the Ledro Alps, TO MANAGE THE the CdG and PAT) have approved in OPERATIONAL PHASE September 2013 a Memorandum of In the event of recognition, the Understanding aimed at the setting up proposing bodies will draw up and of a Steering Committee with the task sign a Programme Agreement, of: possibly extended to include other • agreeing methods for bodies in the area, which goes communication and the beyond and substitutes the previous participation of the local population Memorandum of Understanding, and and stakeholders; which will define, among other things: • approving the Nomination Dossier • the management structure of to be presented to the national the Biosphere Reserve and in MAB committee at the Ministry of particular: the Environment; - the lead partner; - the Steering Committee; 1 The 20 proposing organisations are: Munici- palities of Comano Terme; Bleggio Superiore; - the Executive Committee; Dorsino; Fiave’; Ledro; San Lorenzo in Banale; - the President; Stenico; Tenno; Riva del Garda; Storo; CdG; CAGL; PNAB, BIM Sarca; BIM Chiese; APT - a technical coordinator; Terme di Comano; Ingarda Trentino; Consortium - a possible technical/scientific of tourism of Ledro Valley, PAT.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 79 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda committee Caset (organised by MUSE) are of • methods for ensuring the particular value (also in terms of pu- participation of stakeholders in blic appeal). decision-making processes, for In addition to having a demonstrative example by setting up one or more value, the ringing activities also have permanent forums in the area; an effective scientific role at transna- • the operational and representative tional level. The same can be said of headquarters research in the archaeological field • the intention to draw up a linked to pile-dwelling sites and those Management Plan, which will in the environmental field in which specify: PNAB participates. - objectives, timescale and costs of drawing up the plan; A further thread of research in which - methods for linking it to other studies relating to some areas are planning instruments in force; underway regards the environmental - methods of approval; compatibility of business activities, - methods of implementation; such as tourism or more or less inten- • the programme of activities in sive animal husbandry (OPENLOC the first three years and financial studies and research by the FEM - commitments, with relative division Fondazione Edmund Mach). of costs; • the duration of the agreement. All these activities will be offered an opportunity for consolidation and rein- RESEARCH AND forcement in the event that the area is DISSEMINATION recognised as a Biosphere Reserve. PROGRAMMES This will be true in terms of better re- Numerous scientific research ciprocal integration between different activities and programmes to raise research projects and dissemination the awareness of the public have activities, and as a result of the driving been underway in the area for some force coming from membership of an years. Activities directed at school international network at global level parties, and at tourists in the summer, such as the MAB programme. It will are of particular social relevance. be possible – with the coordination of Dissemination takes place both at the Reserve – to make existing rese- visitors centres (present at some arch structures and those to be set up sites of great naturalistic value and shortly available to the thematic net- at historic and prehistoric human works of the MAB programme, and in settlements), and through guided particular to the Mountain Biosphere visits to the area. Reserves Network and research pro- As regards the latter, visits to the grammes linked to them (e.g. GLOC- birdlife capture and ringing centre at HAMOST).

LEDRO ALPS 80 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 5. ENDORSEMENTS

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 81 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 82 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 83 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 84 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 85 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 86 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 87 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 88 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 89 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 90 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 91 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 92 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 93 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 94 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 95 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 96 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 97 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 98 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 99 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 100 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 101 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

PART II DESCRIPTION

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 103 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 6. LOCATION (COORDINATES AND MAPS)

6.1 Provide the biosphere reserve’s standard geographical coordinates (all projected under WGS 84) The geographical coordinates to be System (GIS) are reported in the table used for a Geographic Information and map below.

Cardinal points: Latitude Longitude

Most central point: 5093290.705299 638713.932255 Northernmost point: 5116737.322389 640987.094532 Southernmost point: 5073238.573482 624292.450023 Westernmost point: 5074642.354106 620342.487918 Easternmost point: 5107245.633999 652126.091077

Fig. 6.1 Location of the coordinates shown in the table above

LEDRO ALPS 104 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 6.2 Provide a map(s) on a topographic layer of the precise location and delimitation of the three zones of the biosphere reserve (Map(s) shall be provided in both paper and electronic copies). Shapefiles (also in WGS 84 projection system) used to produce the map must be attached to the electronic copy of the form. If possible, also provide a link to access this map on the internet (Google map, website…)

The map1 shows the proposed Biosphere Reserve zones; the three areas are shown in different colours.

1 Available at http://www.dolomiti-garda.it/riserva- biosfera-dell-/95-riserva-biosfera-le-map- pe

Fig. 6.2 Proposed Biosphere Reserve Area

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 105 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 7. AREA (SEE MAP)

Details of the surface areas representing the separate components are given below (Fig. 7.1).

Terrestrial Marine Total (if applicable)

7.1 Core Area(s): 4786 ha ----- ha 4786 ha

7.2 Buffer Zone(s): 15,774 ha ----- ha 15,774 ha

7.3 Transition Zone(s): 26,867 ha ----- ha 26,867 ha

TOTAL: 47,427 ha ----- ha 47,427 ha

Fig. 7.1

FOTO

Lake Ledro

LEDRO ALPS 106 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 7.4 Brief rationale of this zonation in terms of the respective functions of the biosphere reserve. If a different type of zonation also exists indicate how it can coexist with the requirements of the biosphere reserve zonation

The proposed reserve lies in a threatened by different models of mountainous area at medium altitude, development, with possible negative without physical limits internally. It has consequences both in terms of the a particularly rich naturalistic heritage, abandoning of marginal semi-natural due both to the high intrinsic quality of areas (as has taken place in other the environment and the way in which alpine areas, also very close to this human activities have taken place to area), and in terms of excessively date in relation to natural resources, intensive use of the most favourable with the adoption of sustainable areas (as can be seen in almost practices based on the principles of all the main valleys in the Alps). In collective ownership, cooperation other words, with designation as and social cohesion. The area is a reserve, the local communities delimited by physical boundaries and propose to guarantee biological the hydrographic basin, particularly and cultural è quello diversity by clear towards the north and south/ reinforcing the virtuous characteristics west. These physical boundaries do of social identity and environmental not allow to trace a transition area sustainability, setting in motion around the buffer zones, namely synergistic processes. close to the northern and south- From the geographical point of view, western boundaries of the PBR. the PBR is intended to act as a These inhospitable areas impede ‘bridge’ (in the sense of an ecological the establishment of stable human corridor) between prealpine areas communities and consequently facing onto the Po valley and the the implementation of cooperation central–alpine areas of internal activities for sustainable development valleys, in this way contributing to the projects. MAP target 13. To the east the limit is represented The zonation within the perimeter above all by historic-cultural and and the relationship of the surface socioeconomic differences, with areas in the zones outlined reflect the evident repercussions on the characteristics and scope of the PBR: landscape, quality and quantity of settlements and the expectations of - 47,427 ha in total the population. - core area 10% The main scope of the PBR is to - buffer zones 33% consolidate and offer new prospects - transition zone 57% for sustainable use of the area,

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 107 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The core area is situated in a reserve. These are areas in which relatively limited area of high value, highly natural areas continue well with stringent protection measures beyond the physical limit which has (reinforcing safeguarding of the area) historically determined the area of and with rules in line with those of influence of the human community. the reserve; protection of valuable For example, to the north the species and natural and semi-natural naturalistically intact area of the habitats, promoting active forms of Dolomites extends well beyond the conservation particularly in the latter. main watershed acting as an external The regulations are contained in boundary for the proposed reserve management plans, as in the case of (and for the area of influence of the the PNAB, or other legal instruments human community of the Giudicarie of a national and supranational Esteriori); it should be noted that nature: measures for the conservation protection of these peripheral of habitats and species adopted in areas is in any case guaranteed by the framework of the Natura 2000 various superimposed instruments network. of protection: Natura 2000 The buffer zones include further European network, PNAB. A similar areas of significant naturalistic consideration can be made in relation interest, less continuous, in their turn to the areas beyond the watershed protected, but with less complex area to the south, gravitating around a management instruments at more completely different administrative local level. With the recognition of region, but in their turn protected by buffer zones, the areas involved will the Natura 2000 European network standardise and consolidate the use and the Nature Park of the Brescian of the areas concerned and relate upper Lake Garda. them better to other areas in the PBR. The transition zone is made up of In addition to implementing large areas on the valley floor, at safeguarding policy coherent medium and low altitude, in which and synergistic with the policy there are extensive wooded areas adopted in the core area, the buffer exploited for production purposes and zones have a fundamental role in agricultural areas, alongside small creating physical links with similar remaining natural areas, often of great environments (in so far as this is value and easily exploitable (such as permitted by the morphology of the the Fiavé and Lomasona peat bogs area), thus giving material form to the and Lakes Ledro, Ampola and Tenno). ecological network. In this context, Within these there are numerous relatively large buffer zones have villages characterising the settlements been proposed, also in contact with in the proposed area. The agricultural, protected areas stretching beyond forestry and pasture activities the perimeter of the proposed compatible with – or even necessary

LEDRO ALPS 108 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda for – the protection of the buffer zones the area zoning supported by this and core areas, or at all events for the (with particular reference to protected conservation of semi-natural areas, areas: PNAB, areas in the Natura find the social and economic driving 2000 network), will be reinforced and force for their implementation in the standardised thanks to the Biosphere transition zone. With the preparation Reserve and the relative management of the Management Plan for the system. reserve the economic activities of The relations between the proposed participating municipalities will be zonation, previously existing zonation standardised and contextualised, in and roles, as regards previously line with the general aims and based existing protected areas of different on participatory planning criteria, with kinds, are clarified in section 14.1.3. the scope of pursuing synergistic Furthermore, we recall the plan effects and avoiding the multiplication and CETS of the Adamello-Brenta of activities or discordant trends. Nature Park, the plans currently In the past, the human community being prepared for the CDG and the present in the transition zones has upper Lake Garda and Ledro and the promoted numerous sustainable PRGs of the municipalities, as some development initiatives in line with of the most important documents and those proposed for the Biosphere initiatives determining the roles of Reserve. The area and community different parts of the territory. Finally, have indeed been the object of the Ledro Alps Network of Reserves research in the historic, social and (according to LP 11/2007 “Provincial economic fields. However, to date law on forests and nature protection”) these have been limited initiatives and the tourism development plans confined to small areas or to a single for the areas concerned within the field of intervention. territory also contribute to functional The legal framework present, and characterisation of the area.

Biotope Lomasona

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 109 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 8. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION

According to the ‘Udvardy’ (Province 32), Palaearctic (Region 2)”. international classification, the area A map of the location in relation to the of the proposed reserve falls within international classification is given in the “Mixed Mountain system (biome section 4.1. 12), Central European Mountains

Fig. 8.1 Udvardy map of the biogeographical provinces in the world: the area of the PBR falls within the biome of the mixed mountain system

On a European scale, the area European Environment Agency of the Judicaria and Ledro (official guidelines used in the Biosphere Reserve belongs to the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC and for biogeographical Alpine region, in the EMERALD Network set up under the heart of the continent. The map the Convention on the Conservation below shows the Biogeographic of European Wildlife and Natural Regions in Europe supplied by the Habitats - Berne Convention).

LEDRO ALPS 110 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 8.2 Location of the PBR in the Biogeographic Regions in Europe (from the European Environment Agency)

Over and beyond their geographical the situation and capable of tolerating position, the massifs belonging to these extreme conditions. the alpine biogeographical region Due to major changes in level, the are all characterised by a relatively mountains are characterised by cold, severe climate, high altitude extremely small latitudinal bands, and varied and often complex where the distribution of habitats topography. Whereas the lower slopes and species changes drastically with are often covered with forests and the changing altitude. Climbing100 semi-natural grassland formations, metres in the mountains is equivalent as the altitude increases and the to moving 100 km to the north on a temperature diminishes the trees plain. The complex topography and gradually become more and more different exposure (sheltered south- scattered, until they give way to alpine facing slopes, pockets of snow, cliffs meadows, heath and moorland. On exposed to the wind and irregular the peaks, as a result of the rocks and scree etc.) contribute towards creating snow, the vegetation is reduced to a countless different microclimates. handful of plants adapting perfectly to This is why the alpine region has

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 111 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda such rich and varied biodiversity. It to exploit the land. is home to almost two thirds of the On a local scale one can note that plants in the European continent. the area of the PBR is situated close The high peaks offer refuge to many to the limit between the alpine and examples of endemism, whereas on continental biogeographical regions, the slopes at low altitude diversity is so with less extreme climatic and strongly influenced by the passage orographic conditions, but at the same towards other biogeographical regions time offering a particular wealth of and the long history of more or less species as a result of the ecotone. sustainable practices adopted by man

Fig. 8.3 Location of the PBR in Biogeographic Regions in Europe, in detail

LEDRO ALPS 112 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 9. LAND USE

9.1 Historical

Use of the area began in the early Mesolithic period with a number of seasonal settlements of hunter- gatherers in the southern area of the PBR (Ledro). Subsequently there was Clay cups from Bonze age (WHS pile-dwelling increasing use of primary resources site in Fiavé). by the pile-dwelling settlements of Ledro and Fiavé and later village and first half of the 20th century; communities – documented from · after the Second World War there the early Middle Ages – scattered was a gradual reduction in anthropic throughout the area. pressure on primary resources and The history of the use of natural gradual recolonisation of marginal resources is characterised by a clear agricultural areas by woodland, in dominance of the primary sector, addition to significant regeneration which represented more than 90% of of the biomass present. the local economy right up until the second half of the 20th century. The causes can be linked to changes In terms of land use, one can note: in the type and intensity of land use · progressive intensification of land by man in almost the whole of the use in relation to the increase in territory; in higher areas, with high population; a significant aspect mountain grasslands and rocks, starting from the Middle Ages; global warming in the last 150 years · intensification should be understood has been decisive in sparking off more as extension of agriculture and favourable conditions for vegetation, animal husbandry to the detriment also at altitudes above 2000 metres. of woodlands and as an increase The following images provide a in the exploitation of the woods comparison between current land themselves through the removal of use and representations of the same significant quantities of biomass and area in the 1860 Austrian land register widespread grazing; (area in the Municipality of Fiavé); · the maximum level of exploitation of one can clearly note the expansion the land for primary purposes was of woodland (brown areas in the land probably reached in the 19th century register map) over agricultural areas:

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Fig. 9.1 Comparison between the 1860 land register (left) and a recent aerial photograph shows the recent expansion of the woods over extensive areas formerly cultivated.

The same dynamics can also be century and a recent photograph seen in the images that follow, of the same stretch of landscape taken respectively from a drawing (Municipalities of Comano Terme dating back to the end of the 19th and Fiavé).

Fig. 9.2 Comparison between a late 19th century print (left) and the current landscape along the slopes of Monte Misone (Fiavé); one can note extensive open areas along the slopes of the mountain, now covered by continuous woodland The table and graph below provide a mostly in favour of arable land, comparison of current land use and unproductive and urbanised areas; the 1936 land register, in terms of · the expansion of urbanised areas; surface area. One can note: the data – based on Corine land · the expansion of woodland cover analysis – shows an increase and bushes to the detriment of of around 100%; in actual fact the agricultural areas on the valley floor increase is certainly higher. (See and pasture at high altitude; annex 2.1) · the reduction in stable grasslands,

LEDRO ALPS 114 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda ZONES (ha) total classes core buffer transition 1936 2011 1936 2011 1936 2011 1936 2011 waters 1 6 21 24 363 356 0.8% 0.8% woodlands 1,333 1,864 8,068 11,085 15,676 19,794 52.8% 69.0% permanent crops 258 215 0.5% 0.5% pasture, grasslands 2,915 1,837 5,080 1,430 4,082 1,065 25.5% 9.1% stable grasslands 218 0 466 85 3,760 589 9.4% 1.4% arable crops 1 3 1 1,778 2,840 3.8% 6.0% urbanised areas 0 0 10 24 410 766 0.9% 1.7% wetland areas 3 82 0.0% 0.2% unproductive areas 318 1,079 2,122 3,122 536 1,161 6.3% 11.3% Total 4,786 4,786 15,770 15,770 26,867 26,867 100.0% 100.0%

80,00% 1936 2011 70,00%

60,00%

50,00%

40,00%

30,00%

20,00%

1936 2011

10,00%

0,00%

s d nds aters a Fig. 9.3 Distribution of land cover on the basis w le crops d areas oodl ent crops b n ive areas n w ra uct e, grasslan a etla d r rbanised areas w of 1936 land register data and the situation erma table grasslands u p astu s npro p u today Specifically, as regards the landscape enrichment of the flora on the dynamics underway in the different rocks, expansion of grasslands zones, one can note: over scree, expansion of bush and · in the core areas, situated at high tree vegetation over pastures and altitude, a relatively slow – given grasslands; the climatic conditions high in the · in the buffer zones the same mountains – but constant advance trends described above are of vegetation at various levels: essentially repeated, except in

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 115 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda forest environments where one ago, there has been a simplification can see the gradual substitution of the landscape, in terms of of spruce trees (and conifers the drastic reduction of valuable in general) with beech or other elements such as scattered thermophilous broad-leaved trees. trees and hedges; there has also More generally there has been been a significant expansion in widespread expansion of woodland urban districts on the edges of over former pastures or cultivated historic towns, to the detriment of areas on the slopes, along with agricultural areas. a substantial increase in forest biomass (and hence the creation In general the current area is of forest environments of greater nevertheless characterised by a scenographic impact); substantial extension of natural · in the transition areas, the same landscapes (90%) or agricultural trends described above apply landscapes (8%), also in comparison within forests; one can also see a to the rest of Trentino; the significant reduction in marginal conservation of these traditional agricultural areas (as shown in the environments characterises the images on the previous page), and landscape, also due to the limited an expansion in maize and potato extent of uncontrolled urban cultivation in the more favourable development (with second homes and areas. It follows that as compared to warehouses). the agricultural landscape a century

A gradual reduction in grazing pressure has led to colonisation by trees and shrubs

LEDRO ALPS 116 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda FOTO

The intensification of agriculture in the most favourable areas leads to an expansion in arable crops and potatoes

Historic use of the natural for hydroelectric management and resources available has been the sale of agricultural products. characterised by the following underlying elements: The two latter aspects are further described in sections 9.2 and 9.3. As · the total dependence of the regards recent evolution in terms of mountain community on a closed the use of resources, in addition to primary economy, and hence a the changes outlined above, in more traditional continuous and close link recent decades one can note: with the local area for the whole local population; · a reduction in the intensity of use · the consolidated tradition of of forestry resources in the broader century-long collective management sense (timber, firewood, edible of public assets, the result of products of the woods, fauna); recognition of self-government · an increase, also significant, in rights granted by rulers, officially the use of agricultural land, with guaranteed for centuries (the first an increase in crops and relative documents date back to the first external emissions; the same trend centuries of the 2nd millennium) in can also be seen in relation to the ‘Carte di Regola’ (regulatory water resources, used in gradually charters); increasing quantities for drinking · from the end of the 19th century, the water, irrigation and hydroelectric development of cooperative models purposes.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 117 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 9.2 Who are the main users of the biosphere reserve? (for each zone, and main resources used). If applicable, describe the level of involvement of indigenous people taking into account the “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”.

88% of areas covered by woodland, this context: pasture or rocky zones at high altitude · all aquaducts are municipally are owned publicly or collectively. In owned and managed by local the agricultural and urban context authorities; only in the case ownership is instead mostly private. of the Municipality of Tenno is These aspects define relatively clearly management dealt with by a private the availability of resources for the company with public participation use of local inhabitants. (called GEAS); · it is extensively used in Water represents a resource common hydroelectric plants to produce for all uses and every type of area. It electricity (more than 30 million is mainly used for public purposes. In Kwh a year), the plant belonging to the CEIS, whose members/ beneficiaries are almost all the heads of households in the Giudicarie Esteriori; a smaller quantity (around 2 million Kwh a year) is produced directly by the Municipality of Ledro; · extensive exploitation of hydroelectric power takes place using the waters of Lake Ledro by GEAS, which has its headquarters in Riva del Garda; · another specific use of water regards the thermal springs and spa in Comano, which is the biggest company and source of employment in the Giudicarie Esteriori; this is also publicly owned and managed directly by the municipalities, following donation at the end of the 19th century; The ancient spa of Comano, used since Roman times, is currently one of the main sources of · water for agricultural irrigation, income in the Giudicarie Esteriori taken from springs, is managed by

LEDRO ALPS 118 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda High mountain pasture represents one of the main uses of natural resources; it is managed

consortia of private farmers. holders) can make use of the resource, purely for the scope of In the core areas the main resources family requirements; these rights used by man are grasslands, pastures are still in force and public types and the natural landscape. In this of management have adapted to context: changing socioeconomic conditions, · pastures/grasslands and related with redistribution of profits; structures (mountain huts or · the landscape of the high mountains ‘malghe’, described in section 10.4) represents one of the resources on are entirely publicly or collectively which tourist promotion is based owned and regulated by traditional (one should recall that tourism is by customs (the ‘Regole’, described far the main economic resource for in section 9.3), which guarantee the region); such areas are freely that recorded residents (or rights accessible and their use is based

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 119 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda on footpaths and refuges almost fruit, herbs) and as an element in entirely managed by the Società the natural landscape. Once again Alpinisti Tridentini (SAT) and the more than 80% of the surface area local branch of Club Alpino Italiano is publicly or collectively owned, in (CAI); particular as regards almost all the · the hunting of animals for game is production areas for the timber market. managed by the local branches of As in the case of pasture land, use is hunting associations, delegated linked to ancient rights of the community with the task by the provincial which guarantee that each family is administration, and is reserved entitled to benefit from such use. exclusively for residents in the individual municipalities. In the transition area, in addition to the resources described above, the In the buffer zones, in addition to most distinctive aspect concerns land the resources described above, the use for agricultural purposes. presence of woods is significant in the The area is almost entirely privately broader sense, for the production of owned (although there are some timber, but also for the edible products collectively owned areas, around found in the woods (mushrooms, 5-10%), mostly by people resident in the area. Production, but above all sales and marketing are almost entirely managed by cooperative producers’ associations (Agraria Riva del Garda for olive oil and wine, Consorzio Produttori del Tennese, Cooperativa Pataticoltori Giudicariese for potatoes and fruit, Caseificio Sociale Latte Trento, Cantina Sociale Toblino). Forms of private sale are limited and mostly concern the animal husbandry (meat and milk) and fruit production sectors.

Cultivation of olives; an example of private initiatives supported by cooperative organisations for the transformation and marketing of products

LEDRO ALPS 120 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 9.3 What are the rules (including customary or traditional) of land use in and access to each zone of the biosphere reserve?

As described in section 9.2, the high had in relation to the authority of level of forms of public or collective the Prince Bishop. Each villa and ownership of natural resources in community had its own “regola” which the area of the PBR is a unique certified the rights for each head of feature of the area. Considering household; the right to make use of also the presence of cooperative existing resources in accordance organisations, this applies to almost with the needs of the family. The all the primary production sectors. rights regarded “mountain” resources This high concentration of non-private and not agricultural terrain, with the use and management is an aspect exception of small areas. The rules specifically linked to this area and its regarded the use of firewood, timber, history. In this context one should note: pasture, hay, forage and gravel. · the existence of ‘Carte di Regola’ Although referring constantly to the which established civic rights of Statute of the City of Trento (the use; these regulated property main town) the “boni homines” of the which was not strictly public, but rather the property of the assembly of the heads of household in the community; · the area represents the birthplace of the cooperative movement at provincial level and is one of the first examples at national level as regards cooperative banks and services; · collective forms of ownership also extended to the use of water for hydroelectric purposes and the spa.

The Carte di Regola were established in the Middle Ages and grew out of the existence of village communities. These documents containing rules for the communities are the oldest evidence of the autonomy that Trentino communities Cover page of an ancient Carta di Regola

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 121 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda villages, called to a public assembly, drew up rules establishing the rights and duties of all inhabitants and outsiders in the area – particularly as regards access to collective property (woods and alpine pasture) and the right to pick products of the wood FOTO and bush. All the carte di regola and people’s assemblies of the Trentino community were suppressed by the Austrian and Bavarian rulers in 1805 “as illicit bands of people”. The “regole” were subsequently re- Old village of Rango established and are still recognised by current legislation. The bibliography transition areas, the rules are valid for is extensive: as an example see “mountain” areas, with the exclusion “Nequirito, M., Le Carte di Regola of agricultural and urban areas. delle Comunità Trentine. Mantova, The cooperative model can be 1988. The “Regole” still represent seen as a modern evolution of methods for the management of the longstanding ability of local forests and high mountain pasture. communities to work together, Following the socioeconomic changes collectively managing the resources taking place in the last few decades, of the mountains, and the ways in they are no longer applied in relation which this takes place. It was indeed to individuals’ need for materials, within the area of the reserve, starting but are rather managed as a public from 1872, that the first cooperative asset of the assembly of elected societies were set up, thanks to householders, while the profits are the initiative of a village priest, Don redistributed to the community. Lorenzo Guetti. Initially they were As regards other resources, such established to manage commercial as fruit from the woods, hunting for activities in a cooperative manner, game or even straightforward access but the model was immediately to funds, there is a single set of extended to credit (with the birth of regulations at provincial level that the ‘Casse Rurali’, cooperative banks guarantees the priorities – in line with inspired by the Reiffeisen German the property of the “Regola” – in terms model), hydroelectric production, of use for residents in the individual farming activities and so on. Today municipalities. These regulations thus cooperative enterprises represent concern all the core areas, as they a distinctive feature of Trentino and are collectively owned, and almost all within the reserve they are present to of the buffer zones. As regards the a higher than average extent.

LEDRO ALPS 122 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 9.4 Describe women’s and men’s different levels of access to and control over resources.

Access to resources has changed resources. Today, men and women significantly over time. Traditionally have completely equal rights. In only male heads of household were terms of customs there are still entitled to collective property. Over differences in traditional sectors, time, in the rare cases in which a in line with what takes place in woman could be a head of household, neighbouring Italian and European she was granted a “half fire”, namely regions. The presence of women half the quantity granted to a male. within management organs, whether Only in the second half of the 20th political or administrative, is still century were equal rights between much lower as compared to male men and women recognised in terms representatives. The table below of rights in the context of the “Regole” shows the presence of women (in %) for the exploitation of mountain in local administrations:

Municipal Area Mayors councillors Giudicarie and Ledro municipalities 18.2 22.8 Province of Trento 12.0 24.8 Italy 11.4 20.5

As regards councillors the local data is essentially in line with figures at provincial and national level, whereas one can note a significantly higher than average presence of women Mayors.

Farmer carrying out traditional agricultural activities

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 123 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 10. HUMAN POPULATION OF PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The following table provides a picture of the population living permanently or seasonally in the different areas:

Permanently Seasonally

10.1 Core Area(s) - 30

10.2 Buffer Zone(s) - 200

10.3 Transition Area(s) 15,845 c. 28,000

Total: 15,845 c. 28,000

The data regarding the permanent The seasonal population in the buffer resident population is certain, as it zones and core areas was calculated comes from public registers. The on the basis of PAT data regarding the data regarding seasonal residents is residential structures (huts, barns and estimated on the basis of the number refuges) present there. of tourists present (and the average All the stable resident population lives duration of their stay – see chapter in the transition areas. The following 15) during the most popular period in table shows how they are divided summer (from June to September). between the municipalities:

Municipality 2012 residents

Bleggio Superiore 1,568 Bondone (668) Dorsino 435 Fiavè 1,120 Riva del Garda (16,052) San Lorenzo in Banale 1,164 Stenico 1,149 Storo (4,668) Tenno 2,010 Comano Terme 2,944 Ledro 5,455 (37,233)

Overall total complessivo 15,845

LEDRO ALPS 124 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The numbers shown in brackets decrease being more marked up refer to inhabitants resident within to the 1960s-70s. Starting from the the municipalities, but outside the 1990s there was a turnaround, with an perimeter of the area identified as the increase of around 15% in the last 20 proposed Biosphere Reserve, namely years. in heterogeneous areas as compared More specifically, the maintenance to the candidate area. It can be of the human system would still observed that in the Municipality of seem to be difficult in the smaller Riva del Garda alone there is a larger municipalities, demonstrating the population than in the whole area of need to adopt a systematic approach the proposed reserve. in order to confirm the development From the historic point of view, the policy adopted in the last few decades size of the resident population in the and which would seem overall various municipalities has remained to have halted the trend towards stable or decreased slightly, the marginalisation.

Fig. 10.1 Demographic trend for towns within the PBR, from 1921 to the present day

The population estimates for seasonal current forms of tourism, the seasonal residents (in the summer) highlight and geographical distribution of an overall and substantial propensity visitors, past trends and development for tourism, while at the same time objectives which will be dealt with in raising questions about the quality of section 15.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 125 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 10.4 Brief description of local communities living within or near the proposed biosphere reserve

The differences between the PBR substantial increase in the population area and the heavily settled areas in the Municipalities of Riva del on the valley floor nearby, including Garda and (secondly) Storo, which areas neighbouring on Lakes Garda essentially doubled their number of and Idro, are further underlined by residents in the period considered. the graph below: there has been a

25.000

20.000 Bondone

15.000 Riva del Garda

Storo 10.000 totale

5.000

0

1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

10.2 Demographic trend for towns nearby the PBR, from 1921 to the present day

LEDRO ALPS 126 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The local population does not include valuable in historical and architectural autochthonous ethnic minority groups terms). or groups different to those prevailing This is linked to the traditional in the region. agricultural nature of the area, with a However, in the last few years there widespread human community that has been a flow of foreign migrants to has had a relatively minor impact the areas in question for the purposes and has historically been capable of of employment; specifically, it is shaping the natural and anthropic possible to note the presence of: environment into a landscape in which · Pakistani and Indian nationals, aesthetic and perceptual aspects employed in the animal husbandry come together with the natural beauty sector (Lomaso and Fiavé); of the area. · Macedonian nationals, employed in In relation to the internal dynamics of the construction industry; the population in the last twenty years, · Eastern European nationals, limited to settlements within the area, employed as carers. the graph below shows:

As compared to the main valleys in · a constant population of young Trentino the PBR is characterised by people (aged <24), who represent a low population density (around 33 just over 20%; inhabitants/Km2 ) and at the same · an increase in the adult population time by the high level of fragmentation (aged 25 – 64), who represent of settlements. These are spread over around 45%; a large number of municipalities and · an increase in the elderly population with numerous villages and hamlets in (aged >65) who represent almost each municipality (many of which very 20% of the population.

Fig. 10.3 Changes in population age groups in the last twenty years

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 127 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The Pedrotti refuge, an example of seasonal buildings used for the purposes of tourism in the core area

More recently the most relatively pasture, whereas the grassland areas active settlement areas have centred at medium altitude were destined around the main tourist destinations : to produce hay for the winter. The the Comano spa and Lake Ledro. importance of pasture at mountain Given that there are no permanent huts (although decreasing overall) settlements in the core areas and has not yet been exhausted (indeed buffer zones, the relationship between there are signs of recovery), whereas the human community and the there is a serious crisis in terms of different area environments described the grasslands at medium altitude. here refer almost exclusively to the The abandoning of structures transition area. In the buffer zones has been partly countered by the and core areas there are very few development of tourist activities high people present and the human in the mountains. Excursions and presence is not continuous over time. summer tourism are indeed favoured Activities are therefore of a seasonal by a network of refuges and some nature and traditionally centre around small accommodation facilities (or alpine grazing of domestic livestock restaurants), in addition to the malghe (especially cattle). The herds follow a themselves and converted barns that model of vertical migratory pasture, are no longer used for their original from the valley floor to grazing areas function. above the wood line. In this type The human presence in summer of migratory pasture the ‘malghe’ in the core areas and buffer zones (mountain huts and dairies) have a is organised around the following central role in supporting summer structures:

LEDRO ALPS 128 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda CORE AREAS · Malga Stablei · Malga Giumella · Malga Movlina · Malga Asbelz · Malga Valagola · Malga Ben · Agostini refuge · Malga Senaso di Sotto · Pedrotti refuge · Malga Senaso di Sopra · XII apostolic refuge · Malga Prato di Sotto · Algone barns · Malga Prato di Sopra · S. Martino barns () · Roccolo Caset, birdlife · Jon farm research station · Dengolo farms · Pernici refuge · Alpo di Storo and Bondone barns · Cacciatore refuge · Barns at Piola, Lorina, Spessa and Nar (Storo) · Dromaè barns BUFFER ZONES · Baita Ca de Mez · Malga Dromaè · Prè da Mont barns () · Malga Saval · Tremalzo restaurant · Malga Grassi · Capanna Grassi restaurant · Malga Gelos · Ghedina restaurant · Malga Pranzo · Brenta restaurant · Malga Trat · Garda restaurant · Malga Caset · Malga dii Tremalzo · Malga di Tremalzo · Malga Tremalzo di Molina · Malga Tiarno di Sopra di Tremalzo · Malga Giù · Malga Pertica · Malga Pegol · Malga Alpo di Bondone · Malga Alpo di Storo · Malga Tenera · Malga Cap dei Guì · Malga Plaz · Malga di Seo · Malga Ceda di Villa · Malga Laon · Malga Vallon · Malga Nambi Algone Valley meadows

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 129 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 10.5 Name(s) of the major settlement(s) within and near the proposed biosphere reserve with reference to the map (section 6.2)

CITIES CLOSE TO THE RESERVE

Name of the city Location Distance from the reserve (km)

Trento Trentino-Alto Adige Region 27.99

Bolzano Trentino-Alto Adige Region 67.38

Verona Veneto Region 61.40

Vicenza Veneto Region 73.61

Brescia Lombardia Region 66.47

Sondrio Lombardia Region 74.71

Fig. 10.4 Distance of the PBR from the main cities as the crow flies

Trento is the city with which the historic reasons and as a result of area of the PBR has the closest the current administrative situation relationship. This is not only due to (Trento is the main town and its geographical vicinity, but also for administrative centre for the region, where the main services accessible to the local community are found). Given the north-south orientation of the main valleys, influence and movement along the Brescia (Verona) – PBR – Bolzano axis can be easily demonstrated. Much longer distance transfers also take place along this axis, as in the case of tourists coming FOTO from northern Europe ( and the Netherlands) and the Po valley. There are instead no particular links, even in terms of tourist flows, with the cities to the east and west: Vicenza and Sondrio.

Old bus driving up the winding road of Ponale

LEDRO ALPS 130 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 10.5 Distance of the PBR from the main cities as the crow flies

10.6 Cultural significance

Since prehistoric times the Tenno area whose importance is such that both and overlying Ledro and Giudicarie were recognised as UNESCO World Esteriori valleys have represented Heritage Sites in 2011. Research on routes for penetrating the Alps – via artefacts and pollen surveys have the Trat, Ballino and San Pietro showed, among other things: passes. Recent findings in the Val di · that they were inhabited over a Ledro date the presence of seasonal continuous period of more than human settlements at high altitude 1000 years; right back to the Mesolithic era. The · the documented presence of first permanent settlements (dating forestry, animal husbandry and back to c. 4500 years ago) have been farming activities; documented around Lake Ledro and · communication and trading with Lake Carera at Fiavé. These were the Po valley and with transalpine Bronze Age pile-dwelling settlements areas.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 131 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Following the Roman conquest of the the term “JUDICARIA SUMMA Alps, with the relative submission of LAGANENSIS” emerges for the the indigenous peoples, the area of first time in a document dating back south-west Trentino (including more to 927 AD. Areas today belonging or less the hydrographic basins of the to the Lombardia Region, such as River Sarca and the River Chiese, Valvestino (Alto Garda-Bresciano and thus only the southern slopes of Park) and Bagolino, up to Passo the Brenta Dolomites) was assigned Croce Domini (Adamello Park) were to the Municipium of Brescia (Flavia also part of this ancient territory. tribe), in contrast to the northern From 1027 to 1803 the whole area slopes of the Brenta mountains, which of the original Judicaria Summa were part of the Municipium of Trento. Laganensis became part of the During the period of Lombard Prince Bishopric of Trento, in its turn domination the name “Judicaria” subsequently part of the County of appeared, probably referring to the Tyrol and belonging to the Austro- role of a “judge” exercising power on Hungarian Empire up to 1918. Over behalf of a King over a vast frontier this long period, inheriting previous area. experiences of self-government, Of the different “Judicarie” known methods for managing the area at the time in northern Italy, through community statutes or “Carte di Regola” were developed and consolidated. These stated the rights/duties of all inhabitants and in particular shared responsibilities for the management of “collective property” such as waters, woods and alpine pasture. Recognition of self- government rights would appear to have been a sort of prize granted by the ruler of the time to faithful populations involved in clearing and populating difficult areas. It is a rare example of this kind of tradition at global level, a tradition which still exists in the municipal registers, civic uses managed by municipalities or special ASUCs (civic use management associations) and in the participation of citizens in numerous

The “Zudicaria” in an old map conserved in the Vatican museums

LEDRO ALPS 132 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda FOTO

WW1 is still a important part of the collective memory, above all in Ledro

public service activities. of dealing with and solving problems After 1918, having suffered serious together. damage during the First World War, The historical background briefly the area was characterised by a high summarised here, interweaving level of emigration, both seasonal with the physical and biological and definitive, which continued up characteristics of the mountain to the Second World War. Only the environment, has given the area a economic and social model conceived cultural and natural heritage of great at the end of the 19th century by the importance, starting with the sites local priest Don Lorenzo Guetti, already recognised by UNESCO as inspired by the German model of WHSs: Wilhelm Reiffeisen, was capable of setting a limit to this with the creation · Ledro pile-dwelling site; of the cooperative movement. This · Fiavé pile-dwelling site; took root and found fertile terrain · Brenta Dolomites. precisely in the tradition of “collective assets” and the longstanding practice The list can be supplemented with

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 133 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda numerous other important cultural assets; · some of the “most beautiful villages in Italy”1: Rango, S. Lorenzo in Banale, Canale di Tenno; · Castle Stenico, the proposed headquarters for the Biosphere Reserve and the second most important castle in the region (enclosed 8.8); · Castel Campo; FOTO · Castel Spine; · Castel Restor; · Castel Tenno; · former Algone glassworks; · archaeological sites: S. Martino (Comano Terme), S. Martino (Campi di Riva); · Franciscan monastery at Campo Lorenzo Guetti, from Lomaso, founded the first cooperative associations at the end of the 19th Lomaso; century · The parish churches of Vigo Lomaso, S. Croce di Bleggio and Natural resources, in addition to Pieve di Tavodo. their biological value, extensively documented in chapters 11 and 14, To these one can add other resources can also take on a monumental value: linked to the earth, but nevertheless · geosites (Forra del Limarò, Forra part of the intangible local culture of del Rio Nero, Forra del Palvico, food and wine: Forra del Ponale, Forra della · Giudicarie potato; Scaletta, Forra del Rio Ambiez, · Storo maize (Marano var.); Pozza Tramontana, waterfalls of · Ciuiga del Banale (Slow food Rio Bianco, Camerona cave, Arca project); di Fraporte); · Bleggio walnut (local Juglans regia · ludrin forest reserve; variety and traditional product); · monumental trees; · carne salada (traditional product); · lakes (Tenno, Ledro, Nembia) · Pranzo chestnut (traditional Trentino product); · olio di oliva del Garda Trentino DOP (local olive oil).

1 Annualy acknowledged by Legambiente

LEDRO ALPS 134 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 10.7 Specify the number of spoken and written languages (including ethnic, minority and endangered languages) in the biosphere reserve

The area is Italian-speaking. local community as a bridge between Alongside Italian there is the local the Brescia, Veneto and Trento areas dialect, with more or less marked and the influence of the German- characteristics in each individual town. speaking area to the north of the The different roots and inflections of region. the dialect recall the position of the

The “Camerona” of Ballino.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 135 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11. BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

11.1 General description of site characteristics and topography of area

The area of the Biosphere Reserve is and beech woods, alternating with representative of the southern slopes traditional crops. of the carbonate central-eastern On a geomorphological and Alps and represents a hypothetical pedological basis, the Trentino land transect of environments leading map identifies a hierarchical series from the Mediterranean to the alpine of areas and soil systems of clear tundra, passing through a wide importance in understanding the prealpine band skirted with spruce landscape.

Fig. 11.1 Soil map for the Province of Trento; the outline of the proposed BR is in yellow The area examined acts as a bridge and interrupted by pastureland or between alpine and pre-alpine soil agricultural crops only locally. This landscapes, being divided into the represents the most widespread type following classes: in the central and southern part of the PRB – steep craggy slopes of nominated area. carbonate prealpine reliefs, mainly at PRA – peaks and high steep craggy medium and low altitudes (principally slopes of carbonate prealpine reliefs, mountains or hills), generally mainly at high mountain or subalpine covered with broad-leaved woods altitudes, characterised principally by or mixed woods (with conifer trees) pastureland and primary grasslands.

LEDRO ALPS 136 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda This category has some discontinuous hills), generally covered with conifer patches within the previous category, or mixed woods and less frequently along the main ridges. meadows, pasture or occasional PPB – valley floor of prealpine agricultural crops (areas given over watercourses and low hills, to vine cultivation in AMB close to characterised by agricultural crops settlements). This represents the and secondarily by broad-leaved most widespread type in the northern or mixed woods. The category has part of the nominated area, fringed some unconnected nuclei; the main by pinnacles included in the following one corresponds with the valleys of type. Fiavé, the Bleggio and the Lomaso, ACA – peaks and high steep craggy characterised mainly by meadows slopes of carbonate alpine reliefs and arable land; the nucleus situated (Dolomitic pinnacles), mainly at on the valley floor of the Ledro is altitudes over 1900 m a.s.l., between characterised by a series of grassland the subalpine level and the snow environments around the lake of the line. These are environments same name; the area around Tenno characterised mainly by rocky areas, is characterised by the presence of pasture and primary grasslands. cultivated trees (chestnuts, olives etc.). This category, of major value in ACB (AMB) – relatively steep or terms of the landscape, represents a craggy slopes of carbonate (or marly “wall” acting as a background to the AMB) alpine reliefs, mainly at medium proposed area and delimiting it to the and low altitudes (mountains or north.

Dolomites of Brenta The ridge of Mountain Cadria (Ledro Alps)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 137 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.2 Altitudinal range

11.2.1 Highest elevation above sea level FOTO 3,173 m (Cima Tosa)

11.2.2 Lowest elevation above sea level With an altitude of 3.173 m, Cima Tosa is the highest point in the PBR (and the Brenta 63 m (Lake Garda) Dolomites)

The bottom of Lake Garda represents the lowest point in the PBR (-185 m, in the Municipality of Ledro)

LEDRO ALPS 138 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.2.3 For coastal/marine areas, maximum depth below mean sea level

Not applicable (Lake Garda, of 346 metres; about 185 m in the immediately below the boundary of stretch below the Val di Ledro). the proposed area arrives at a depth

Lakefront of Riva del Garda

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 139 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.3 Climate

According to the Köppen-Geiger month with an average T > + 10°) classification, the area of the reserve · Cfb – Temperate climate without a falls into the following categories: dry season and with warm summers · ET – Polar Tundra climate, (no (with warmest month <22°).

Fig. 11.2 The proposed BR in the Koppen-Geiger climate classification map

LEDRO ALPS 140 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda This classification, valid on a global The temperatures decrease with scale, is not sufficiently well-defined increasing altitude, with an average of for the area in question. It is therefore -0.51 °C / 100m. believed to be appropriate to analyse In detail, it is possible to differentiate the climate of the proposed reserve in between separate climatic zones: closer detail. • The first is sub-Mediterranean, The climate of the area nominated with an average annual as a Biosphere Reserve is typical of temperature of over 12 degrees central-southern Trentino. Specifically, C and 2 peaks in rainfall, in as regards the more southerly spring and autumn, more or less prealpine area opening up towards equivalent, and two low points, a the Po valley and the Adriatic Sea, more marked decrease in summer the climate is humid, temperate and another in winter. This climate and oceanic; the more inland and characterises the upper Lake northerly valleys have transitional Garda area, with an altitude of up characteristics, tending towards a to 200-300 m a.s.l.; the vegetation cooler and relatively dry continental- is made up of olive trees, vines, alpine climate. holm oak and cypress trees and There are usually two peaks in oleander bushes; the rainfall is precipitation, one in autumn (the main around 800-1000 mm a year; one) and one in spring (secondary), • the second is a temperate although in some internal areas the oceanic climate, without an arid peak rainfall is seen in summer. season, and regards much of the

Ambiez Valley, in the Brenta Dolomites

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 141 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda area covered by the proposed For further information a fundamental reserve, with an average annual point of reference is the publication temperature around 10-12 degrees “Il clima del Trentino: distribuzione C, annual rainfall around (or just spaziale delle principali variabili over) 1000 mm, distributed again climatiche”, published by the Centro di around two peaks, a low point in Ecologia Alpina in 2004, to which the winter and another less clear drop maps given below refer1. in summer; The area nominated represents a • the third category is the continental “bridge” between areas with a sub- alpine climate, typical of internal Mediterranean climate, gravitating valleys at medium to high altitude. around Lake Garda, and the more The average annual temperatures internal Dolomitic areas, which have go down to below 8-9 degrees a marked continental climate. The C, whereas there is a low point contemporary presence of areas with for rainfall in winter and a peak in relatively different climatic regimes summer, in any case tending to is one of the aspects contributing increase with altitude, going from towards the great value of the area, 1000 mm up to more than 1500 which contains natural environments mm. representative of the different situations. The map below shows the Amann hygrothermic index2.

1 The basic climatic data used to create the maps was recorded by the Hydrographic Office of the Autonomous Province of Trento and the Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’’Adige and relates to the period 1990- 1999. By guaranteeing continuous coverage of the area, the database generated for spatial interpolation offers the opportunity to estimate the main climatic indexes for the whole Autonomous Province of Trento and thus to arrive at complete zoning of the area. 2 The Amann hygrothermic index is established by the following algorithm: H = (P x T)/ E, where P is average annual rainfall in mm, T is the average annual temperature in °C and E is the annual temperature range. With values over 500 the climate is oceanic temperate, whereas for values lower than Sheeps and lambs in Campi di Riva 300 it is continental.

LEDRO ALPS 142 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The map shows clearly that that the The continental areas correspond areas characterised by a temperate with the highest and most northerly climate gravitate around Lake Garda, elevations. Lake Ledro and along the River Sarca.

Fig. 11.3 The proposed BR in Amann’s Hygrothermic Index map

The following map1 shows that in 1 The map shows the corre spondence phytogeographical terms the diversity between Lang ’s rain factor (the relationship between average annual rainfall in mm and of the climate is reflected in strongly the average annual temperature in °C) differentiated environments, going and Pavari’s phytoclimatic classification from Lauretum (limited to a few areas Low Lang’s factor values are characteristic at low altitude) to Picetum (dominant of arid terrain, whereas high values are characteristic of terrain with an accumulation in the northerly part), passing through of undecomposed organic matter in the soil. the Castanetum and Fagetum, which represent the most widespread types at low altitude and in the southern mountain area. The local climate is also influenced by progressively greater rainfall towards the SW border, as well as by the altitude factor.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 143 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 11.4 The proposed BR in Pavari’s phytoclimatic map

Further effects of the climate on the vegetation are dealt with in section 11.5 on the bioclima Finally, some concise data are given regarding the main meteorological stations present in or close to the nominated area. Depending on the data set available, it is possible to provide a more less significant graphic representation.

Bikeriders in Tremalzo

LEDRO ALPS 144 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Arco’s arboretum

Provincia Autonoma di Trento Provincia Autonoma di Trento

Bezzecca [698 m s.m.m.] Bezzecca [698 m s.m.m.]

Periodo di riferimento 1961-1990 Periodo di riferimento 1961-1990 165 165

150 150

135 135

120 120

105 105

90 90

75 75 Temperatura [°C] Temperatura [°C]

Precipitazione [mm] Precipitazione 60

Precipitazione [mm] Precipitazione 60

45 45

30 30

15 15

0 0 Gen Feb Mar Apr Mag Giu Lug Ago Set Ott Nov Dic Gen Feb Mar Apr Mag Giu Lug Ago Set Ott Nov Dic

Periodo di riferimento 1981-2010 Periodo di riferimento 1981-2010 165 35 165 35

150 150 30 30 135 135

25 25 120 120

105 105 20 20

90 90 15 15 75 75 Temperatura [°C] 10 Temperatura [°C] 10

Precipitazione [mm] Precipitazione 60

Precipitazione [mm] Precipitazione 60

45 45 5 5

30 30 0 0 15 15

0 -5 0 -5 Gen Feb Mar Apr Mag Giu Lug Ago Set Ott Nov Dic Gen Feb Mar Apr Mag Giu Lug Ago Set Ott Nov Dic

Precipitazione media Temperatura media Temperatura massima Temperatura minima Precipitazione media Temperatura media Temperatura massima Temperatura minima Fig. 11.5 Climogram of data from the Bezzecca weather station (Ledro)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 145 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.3.4 Is there a meteorological station in or near the proposed biosphere reserve? If so, what is its name and location and how long has it been operating?

The main meteorological stations present in the area or very close to it are:

Location of the station Bezzecca Tione Mountains Arco Forte d’Ampola

Altitude: m a.s.l. 698 533 955 91 740

Average temperature in the 11.3.1 18.6 18.50 18.1 23.2 16.5 warmest month (°C)

Average temperature in the 11.3.2 -1.2 -1.42 0.6 3.2 -3.1 coldest month (°C)

11.3.3 Average annual rainfall (mm) 1247 1207 1171 785.4 1363

Fig. 11.6 Location of the weather stations in the proposed BR

LEDRO ALPS 146 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Station ID Name of station Position in Long. Lat. Coord. State Date of start of Alt. reserve Coord. weather surveys

T0203 Forte D’Ampola Inside 627788 5080243 ACTIVE - TP 01/01/1924 740

DISMESSA il T0204 Bezzecca Inside 633359 5084014 06/04/2006 01/01/1921 698

T0402 Bezzecca (Spessa) Inside 633823 5083898 ACTIVE - TP 06/06/2012 710

T0179 Tione Outside 633926 5100074 ACTIVE 01/01/1921 533

SHUT DOWN on T0178 La Rocca (Centrale) Outside 632212 5097959 10/01/2012 01/01/1975 943

T0182 Montagne (Larzana) Outside 635491 5102107 ACTIVE - TP 01/01/1925 955

T0325 Villa Rendena (frana) Outside 633257 5102229 ACTIVE 18/12/2003 840

T0175 Outside 635701 5112935 ACTIVE - MN 01/01/1921 760

SHUT DOWN on T0192 Arco Outside 646623 5087182 10/02/2005 18/07/1985 91

T0322 Arco (Arboreto) Outside 646011 5087135 ACTIVE 31/05/2004 115

Old village of Canale (Tenno).

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 147 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.4 Geology, geomorphology, soils

Introduction From the geological point of view this The area nominated as a Biosphere area is situated in the central sector of Reserve, between the Brenta the southern Alps, the structural band Dolomites and Lake Garda, is situated of the range situated south of the in an area of western Trentino with Periadriatic Seam (or Insubric Line). high mountains and deep valleys. Geologists consider the Insubric Line,

Fig. 11.7 Geological map of the proposed BR

LEDRO ALPS 148 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda a major system of faults crossing the whole alpine area from West to East for hundreds of kilometres, to be the frontier between the “African plate” and the “Euroasian plate”. This system of faults has a North-South displacement represented by the Giudicarie Line. The fault system associated with the Giudicarie Line completely pervades the mountains situated within the proposed Biosphere Reserve and subdivides this sector of the southern Alps into two blocks, characterised by contrasting rocks. In the eastern sector, at lower level, the Mesozoic strata of the Brenta Dolomites and the Cadria-Pichea- Rocchetta range are exposed; in the western sector, at higher level, the Wall of Dolomia Principale rock, forming in batholith of the Adamello-Presanella, the Triassic era: it is the most resistant of the the metamorphic basement, some Dolomitic rocks Permian intrusions and limited one can walk over them on the evidence of the original Permian- north-westerly edge of the area. Triassic rock emerge. They represent the remains of a very Geological history ancient mountain chain flattened by The mountains enclosed in the area erosion. in question represent a complex Around 260 million years ago, in the archive conserving and “narrating” Permian era, the area in question the geological events taking place was made up of a large oceanic over the course of almost 300 million gulf characterised by a tropical years. environment, called the Tethys Ocean, The area was originally very different which pushed between Africa and from the landscape we see today. Europe, at the time still joined in the The variety of rocks, and the fossils Pangaea supercontinent. Thousands enclosed within them, represent the of metres of sediment accumulated on key for understanding the geological the bed of this immense sea. processes that have led to the current In the Triassic period the Pangaea topography of south-western Trentino. began to fragment and the whole of The oldest rocks belong to the pre- the alpine area became a coastal Permian crystalline basement and area. Thin layers of sand and silt

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 149 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda were deposited on the bed. These are of Trentino into a complex series of now represented by limestone and basins to the West and muddy plains Dolomitic rock, with the characteristic to the East. The border between the grey, yellow and red tones, making high structure of the Trento Platform to up the stratified rocks that hundreds the East and the area making up the of mountaineers climb to reach the low structure of the Lombard Basin to highest peaks of the mountains. the West corresponds precisely with Over the course of millions of the area nominated as a Biosphere years, the incessant work of tiny Reserve, controlled by large sin- bioconstructive organisms in this sedimentary faults belonging to the tropical sea led to the construction Giudicarie Line and the Ballino Garda of imposing coral reefs that rose up Line. for thousands of metres from the sea During the Jurassic period the slow bed. This resulted in the creation dismembering of the Pangaea of an archipelago, with islands and continued. The zones corresponding atolls separated by deep sea forks. with the current area of eastern These ancient coral reefs today make Trentino formed a vast plain covered up the backbone of whole groups of by a shallow layer of marine water, the mountains, such as the Brenta range, beds emerging for shorter or longer which represents a unique fossil periods. Dinosaur footprints have also archipelago, recognised as a World remained in the sand of these ancient Heritage Site by UNESCO. beaches, along with the signs of During the Triassic period, an raindrops and traces of insects. important tectonic phase subdivided Towards the end of the Jurassic era the territory of the current province the Trento platform began to sink.

Carbonate rock forming after the Dolomia, shaped by the alpine orogeny, in the Val di Ledro

LEDRO ALPS 150 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Over the period of a few dozen of the Po valley, the bed of the Adriatic million years it reached a depth of a Sea and the plains of Germany and thousand metres below the surface eastern Europe. of the sea and was transformed into Around 45 million years ago, in the an underwater pillar, with deposits Eocene, the south-eastern part of of reddish mud containing frequent the current territory of Trentino saw ammonite fossils. This made up a intense volcanic activity, significant characteristic red stone called Rosso evidence of which can be found on Ammonitico, extensively used for Monte Baldo and the Monti Lessini. construction. Almost at the same time, in the In the Cretaceous the emerging current area of western Trentino, there lands began to take on their were intrusions of large magmatic current appearance. The Tethys granite masses: those today making Ocean closed up and the sea beds up the imposing Adamello-Presanella lying between Africa and Europe massif. were broken up, first compressed While the uplifting of the Alpine chain downwards and subsequently re- was being completed, around 6 million emerging, thrusting upwards to create years ago, in the geological period a new chain of mountains. called the Messinian, the closing At the same time as the growth of the of the strait of Gibraltar caused the Alps, which still continues today at isolation of the Mediterranean, and an average speed of around 1 mm consequentially a dramatic lowering of a year, the effects of erosion were the sea level. It was precisely in this magnified. The eroding materials phase that major erosive processes contributed towards forming the plain led to the carving out of deep valleys,

Particular of dolomia sedimentary rock

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 151 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda today home to the great lakes at the pointed peaks surround the large foot of the mountains, such as Lake glacial cirques, as in the case of the Garda. magnificent Conca dei XII Apostoli. During the last 800,000 years Considering the carbonate nature of intervals characterised by a milder almost all the rocks emerging in the climate alternated with extremely cold area, karst topography has played a periods: ice ages. fundamental role in morphogenetic South-western Trentino took on its phenomena. In the mountain ranges current appearance in this period present in the area in question, one of time, particularly following the can encounter large karst zones conclusion of the ice ages, when characterised by karst crevices, erosion and deposition processes sinkholes and dolines, often lined linked to the action of water and up along tectonic structures (faults gravity were particularly evident, and fractures). The Arca di Fraporte resulting in gorges, alluvial plains, in the Val Laone, along the southern alluvial fans, landslides and screes. offshoot of the Brenta, and the The PBR shows clear signs of glacial Camerona, near Ballino, represent activity, which left a profound mark two spectacular examples of on the area. Active traces can still be structures of karst origin. seen at higher altitude, where there are still 12 glaciers, all in the Brenta mountains. The morphogenetic action of the glaciers generally led to soft shapes, with spectacular examples of valleys with a U-shaped cross-section, such as the Val Lomasona and a lengthwise profile distinguished by wide basins and flat stretches alternating with steep rocky cliffs, up to hundreds of metres high, like those linking the Tenno area to the plain in which the towns of Riva del Garda and Arco lie. Pronounced glacial headwalls mark the slopes at highest altitude, while jagged crests and sharply

The Limarò gorge, carved out by the River Sarca in the post- glacial era (last 12,000 years), highlights the layers of rock over the last 150 million years

LEDRO ALPS 152 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Hypogene karst is also extensive; 44 lakes. In terms of size, the main one caves have indeed been recorded in is Lake Garda (the largest Italian lake, the area. There are also numerous whose north-western banks mark springs of karst origin, the most the edge of the reserve), followed by picturesque undoubtedly being the Lakes Ledro and Tenno. Rio Bianco near Stenico. Anthropic geology The erosive action of water has led The information provided in previous to the creation of deep gorges in sections illustrates the considerable the rock. In this context it is worth significance of the geological and mentioning the Limarò and Ponte Pià geomorphological peculiarities of gorges, dug out by the River Sarca, the future Biosphere Reserve. The the gorge of the Varone waterfalls, area in question indeed contains carved out by the Magnone stream, no less than 27 geosites1. These and the Ponale gorge, which takes document events in the past history its name from the watercourse of the of the earth and climate clearly and same name. in an exemplary manner, making it The area of the future Biosphere possible to understand the evolution Reserve, particularly rich in water, is of the area in which they lie, and are characterised by the presence of 11 of considerable geological and demo- ethno-anthropological value. Man has settled in the area in question since prehistoric times, as demonstrated by the archaeological sites of Fiavé and Ledro. The georesources present were undoubtedly an aspect encouraging the development of human communities. Abundant water resources represented a vital element for the community and for agriculture. Over the course of the centuries, water was exploited as a driving force for watermills, and starting from the 19th century was also used to produce

1 Geosites, or geotopes, are places that provide particularly significant evidence of the evolution of the earth ’s crust or the influence that this has had on the development of human life. They therefore include rocky outcrops, soil, fluids, mineral The Rio Bianco at Stenico, an example of water and fossils, or even particular kinds of circulation in karst environments landscape and natural phenomena.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 153 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda electrical energy. A thermal spring gushing forth at a The presence of stratified rocks with temperature of 27 °C near Comano, good geomechanical characteristics, characterised by waters with a high relatively easy to quarry and concentration of bicarbonate and work, has meant that there is an calcium, has been exploited for more inexhaustible source of construction than a century. A spa has developed materials. The considerable quantity around this spring, with activities of loose material easily obtainable expanding in particular in the last fifty from the screes at the base of rocky years. slopes and on alluvial plains still Starting from the 18th century, the rock makes it possible to completely satisfy faces of south-western Trentino were the need for inert material. marked by epic feats in the history In the 19th century a flourishing and of mountaineering. From the 1970s renowned glass industry developed the calcareous and Dolomitic rock in the Giudicarie, as the area fulfilled of the Sarca valley saw the birth of all the requirements necessary the sports climbing discipline, which for glass production: a subsoil attracts thousands of sportspeople rich in quartz of excellent quality, from all over the world to the area extensive woods to provide fuel for each year. the furnaces and abundant running water to fuel the great water wheels. In the Val d’Algone, near the Rifugio Ghedina, one can still see the ruins of the chimney belonging to the old glassworks. A few kilometres uphill, the footpath to Malga Movlina also crosses the old quartz mine. In the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, mining activities developed near : dolomite, necessary for the production of magnesium, was extracted. The low content of this mineral meant that these activities terminated shortly FOTO after the middle of the 20th century. Inside the area in question, at Ponte Arche, a clay quarry called Prà Sarca is currently active.

Algone Valley, ruine of an old glassmaker

LEDRO ALPS 154 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.5 Bioclimatic zone

Average Aridity index Core Buffer Areas annual Transition area(s) area(s) zone(s) rainfall/mm Penman (UNEP index)

Hyper-arid P<100 <0.05 <0.05

Arid 100-400 0.05-0.28 0.05-0.20

Semi-arid 400-600 0.28-0.43 0.21-0.50

Dry Sub-humid 600-800 0.43-0.60 0.51-0.65

Moist Sub-humid 800-1200 0.60-0.90 >0.65 x (northern part)

Per-humid P>1200 >0.90 x x x (southern part)

Fig. 11.8 Aridity index resulting from the use of P/ETP 1.

The differences in bioclimatic2 terms 1 Mean annual precipitation (P)/mean annual shown are better illustrated by the potential evapotranspiration (ETP) 2 In ecology the bioclimate is the combination map below. of climatic conditions, considered in terms of their influence on living organisms.

Autumn landscape in Ledro

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 155 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 11.9 The PBR in the Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System

Analysis of the bioclimatic map1 in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park, shows that the oceanic temperate which characterises the subalpine climate clearly dominates, with plain of the main mountains; increasing humidity towards the · supratemperate humid, which south-west. represents the dominant type in As regards types of climate, only the the mountainous band within the oceanic temperate climate is present reserve; in the PBR, in its turn subdivided by · supratemperate hyperhumid, thermotypes and ombrotypes into: present in the area south-west of · orotemperate humid, mainly present Lake Ampola

LEDRO ALPS 156 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda · mesotemperate humid, present Io, linked to the amount of rain available in the growing season.The “Worldwide along the River Sarca and near Bioclimatic Classification System” provides Lake Garda, which characterises for hierarchical division into: hilly bands. - 5 macrobioclimates (Tropical, Mediterranean, Temperate, Boreal and The types of vegetation Polar); each of these and the subordinated corresponding with the climatic units is represented by a characteristic group of plant formations and ecosystems; types listed here are dealt with in the - 27 bioclimates; variations in the quantity and subsequent section. distribution of precipitation make it possible to distinguish bioclimatic variants, each 1 In order to create this map, which shows of which is subdivided into further bands the bioclimatic classification of the area characterised by specific thermotypes and according to the Worldwide Bioclimatic ombrotypes; Classification System (Rivas Martinez 1999), - 5 bioclimatic bands; the thermic and three indices were analysed, specifically the ombrothermic values make it possible to

simple continentality index Ic, the thermicity distinguish the different thermotypes and index It and the annual ombrothermic index ombrotypes.

Protected area of Nembia Lake

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 157 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 11.6 Biological characteristics

The PBR area is characterised by in hectares of the various CLC the presence of numerous habitats, categories – level 3. thanks to the great geo-morphological Both graphics show the clear and climatic complexity of the area. relevance of forest coverage, The Corine Land Cover map provides accompanied by a smaller surface a “snapshot” of the current state area dedicated to farming. Within the of land use (CLC data source – latter, meadow-pasture areas and 2006). The graph below shows the heterogeneous agricultural areas percentage distribution of the CLC dominate, generally not particularly categories – level 1 and the cover specialised.

Fig. 11.10 The proposed BR in the Corine Land Cover Map

LEDRO ALPS 158 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda CLC – Level 3 Area (ha) 112 - Discontinuous urban fabric 467.25 131 - Mineral extraction sites 3.47 211 - Non-irrigated arable land 77.64 221 - Vineyards 40.87 231 - Pastures 1196.29 241 - Annual crops associated with permanent crops 390.26 242 - Complex cultivation patterns 1941.38 243 - Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation 1638.05 311 - Broad-leaved forest 6693.57 312 - Coniferous forest 5307.50 313 - Mixed forest 18289.75 321 - Natural grasslands 3291.40 322 - Moors and heathland 1789.95 324 - Transitional woodland-shrub 2482.30 332 - Bare rocks 1704.06 333 - Sparsely vegetated areas 1840.24 512 - Water bodies 246.35 Total 47400.33 Fig. 11.11 Distribution of land cover in the proposed BR: forests and semi-natural areas represent almost 90% of the overall areaCover Map

Corine Land Cover - Level 1 (surface %)

100,00% 90,00% 80,00% 70,00% Water bodies 60,00% Agricultural areas 50,00% Forest and semi natural areas 40,00% Artificial surfaces 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00%

The Corine Land Cover project of a map on a 1:100.000 scale. was developed at European level However, the European dimension of specifically to survey and monitor this project, does not make it possible the characteristics of coverage to characterise the compositional and use of the land, with particular characteristics of the habitats and the attention for environmental protection dynamic vegetation series present. requirements, leading to the creation With a detailed work on phyto -

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 159 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda sociologal basis (Blasi C. ed., 2010) a the traditional agricultural landscape Vegetation Series Map was produced, and management plans for natural making it possible to obtain further in- reserves. depth dynamic characterisation of the The vegetation series, or sigmetum, is vegetation in the reserve. the basic typological unit of dynamic Since the Vegetation Series Map can phytosociology. It includes not only be used to assess both the landscape the representative vegetation type of and the heterogeneity of vegetation the mature stage but also the initial or and to compare them with land use in subserial communities replacing it. terms of dynamics and potential, it is The geosigmetum is the mosaic and an important tool for ecological land contigous vegetation series occurring networks, ecological assessment of within a homogeneous spatial land cover change, potential natural geomorphological and biogeographal vegetation and ecosystem services, unit. (enclosed 8.6)

Aquilegia thalictrifolia Saxifraga arachnoidea

Viola dubyana

Daphne petraea

Saxifraga tombeanensis

Telekia Silene elisabethae speciosissima

The variety of flora in areas of carbonate rock is a valuable element of biodiversity

LEDRO ALPS 160 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 11.12 The PBR in the Vegetation Series Map

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 161 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda An even more detailed analysis is ZPSs (Natura 2000 network sites). As provided for in the list of Natura 2000 compared to the vegetation series, habitats, whose distribution is known the Natura 2000 habitats are grouped for the areas classified as SICs and as follows: Fig. 11.13 Natura 2000 habitats grouped for vegetation series SERIES CODE VEGETATION SERIES HABITAT HABITAT NAME CODE 5 Central-western basophilic alpine 6110 Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic geosigmetum of primary high-mountain grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi vegetation (Seslerio variae-Caricetum 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands sempervirentis, Caricetum firmae, Potentillion caulescentis, Thlaspion 6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous rotundifolii) grasslands 8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation 8240 Limestone pavements 8340 Permanent glaciers 13 Central-eastern basophilic alpine series of 4070 Bushes with Pinus mugo and bushes with mountain pine (Rhododendro Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo- hirsuti-Pino prostratae sigmetum) with Rhododendretum hirsuti) scattered sparse forests of Swiss pine and 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub larch (Pino cembrae sigmetum) 8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree

34 Central alpine acidophilous series of beech 9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests (Calamagrostio villosae-Fago sylvaticae sigmetum)

51 Eastern alpine basophilic series of beech 9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests (Carici albae-Fago sylvaticae sigmetum) of the Cephalanthero-Fagion

86 Central-eastern neutrobasophilic alpine 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or series of European ash (Fraxino excelsioris clayey-siltladen soils (Molinion caeruleae) sigmetum s.l.) 6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis) 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines 91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

LEDRO ALPS 162 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 10b Central-western acidophilous endalpic 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths geosigmetum of low bushes and larch- swiss pine woods

14a Eastern basophilic alpine series of spruce 6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on (Adenostylo glabrae-Piceo excelsae siliceous substrates in mountain areas sigmetum) (and submountain areas, in Continental Europe) 9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea) 9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests 50a Eastern basophilic prealpine series of 6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and beech and spruce (Anemono trifoliae-Fago scrubland facies on calcareous substrates sylvaticae sigmetum) (Festuco-Brometalia) (*important orchid sites) 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels 6520 Mountain hay meadows 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests 9140 Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer and Rumex arifolius 91K0 Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio- Fagion) TRANSVERSAL 3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing HYGROPHILOUS waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea VEGETATION uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto- Nanojuncetea 3150 Natural euthrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or Hydrocharition-type vegetation 3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks 3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix eleagnos TRANSVERSAL 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs PEATLAND 7230 Alkaline fens VEGETATION

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 163 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The following tables provide information species characterising it, natural pro- about the characteristics of the indivi- cesses underway and human impact on dual habitats, according to Natura 2000 the area. codification. The table shows the correspondence For each type (regional or local) within of the series with the map for the main the biogeographical region to which the location; for details of location see the proposed Biosphere Reserve belongs, Natura 2000 habitat maps enclosed the table shows the distribution, plant 2.2.

Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List (Lasen,200 6)

3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with REGIONAL no CR vegetation of Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoëto- Nanojuncetea

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Cyperus flavescens (EN), Cyperus fuscus, Juncus Progressive infilling Pollution of surface waters, removal of bufonius, Gnaphalium uliginosum (NT), Persicaria surface waters, damage to vegetation on hydropiper (NT). the banks due to intensive frequentation by tourists and/or grazing animals, increase in trophic levels, introduction of fish fauna.

Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

3150 Natural euthrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or REGIONAL no EN Hydrocharition-type vegetation

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Lemna minor, Nymphaea alba (VU), Potamogeton Progressive infilling Pollution of surface waters, removal of berchtoldii (NT), Groenlandia densa (VU), Lemna surface waters, damage to vegetation on minuta (VU), Lemna trisulca (NT), Nuphar lutea the banks due to intensive frequentation by (VU), Potamogeton crispus (NT), Zannichellia tourists and/or grazing animals, increase in palustris (NT). trophic levels, introduction of fish fauna.

LEDRO ALPS 164 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their REGIONAL no VU banks

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Petasites paradoxus, Artemisia campestris, Intrinsically Extraction of sand and gravel, pollution of Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Orobanche flava (NT- precarious habitat as surface waters, changes to water DD). a result of the same conditions caused by man, presence of types of alluvial dams, embankments, weirs and other events leading, over constructions, increase in trophic levels, time, to its diffusion of invasive allochthonous plant permanence and species, repopulation with hybrid or establishment allochthonous forms for fishing or hunting purposes, water intakes.

Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix REGIONAL no EN eleagnos

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Salix eleagnos, Salix purpurea, Calamagrostis Primitive but long- Deforestation (cutting at base, removal of epigejos. lasting stage, being all trees), extraction of sand and gravel, conditioned by the pollution of surface waters, changes to recurrence of alluvial water conditions caused by man, increase events slowing down in trophic levels, diffusion of invasive the establishment of allochthonous plant species, repopulation more mature with hybrid or allochthonous forms for hygrophilous woods fishing or hunting purposes

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 165 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 10b (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Erica carnea, Genista At altitudes lower than Erosion, evolution of biocoenosis, radiata (C), Juniperus nana, Rhododendron the wood line they succession (including the advance of ferrugineum, Rhododendron hirsutum (C), represent a transition brushwood), bush clearing for the purpose Vaccinium gaultherioides, Arctostaphylos alpinus towards 9410 or 9420 of grazing and/or hunting, alteration of (C), licheni dei generi Cetraria e Cladonia. valuable vegetation/structural elements

Habitat types: TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 13 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

4070 Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum REGIONAL YES / (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Erica carnea, Pinus mugo, Rhododendron Rejuvenation due to Extraction of sand and gravel, erosion, hirsutum, Rhododendron ferrugineum, natural landslides of bush clearing for the purpose of grazing Amelanchier ovalis, Calamagrostis varia, layers of debris, in and/or hunting, alteration of valuable Cotoneaster tomentosus, Cypripedium calceolus stable conditions vegetation/structural elements (NT), Epipactis atrorubens, Gymnadenia moving towards forest odoratissima, Salix glabra, Salix waldsteiniana, coenosis Sorbus chamaemespilus.

Habitat types: TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 13 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub REGIONAL no CR

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Salix glabra, S. hastata, S. waldsteiniana, S. Long-lasting stage, on Changes to water conditions caused by appendiculata. mature terrain moving man, erosion, bush clearing for the purpose towards wood of grazing and/or hunting formations

LEDRO ALPS 166 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their REGIONAL no VU banks

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Petasites paradoxus, Artemisia campestris, Intrinsically Extraction of sand and gravel, pollution of Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Orobanche flava (NT- precarious habitat as surface waters, changes to water DD). a result of the same conditions caused by man, presence of types of alluvial dams, embankments, weirs and other events leading, over constructions, increase in trophic levels, time, to its diffusion of invasive allochthonous plant permanence and species, repopulation with hybrid or establishment allochthonous forms for fishing or hunting purposes, water intakes.

Habitat types: FRESHWATER HABITATS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix REGIONAL no EN eleagnos

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Salix eleagnos, Salix purpurea, Calamagrostis Primitive but long- Deforestation (cutting at base, removal of epigejos. lasting stage, being all trees), extraction of sand and gravel, conditioned by the pollution of surface waters, changes to recurrence of alluvial water conditions caused by man, increase events slowing down in trophic levels, diffusion of invasive the establishment of allochthonous plant species, repopulation more mature with hybrid or allochthonous forms for hygrophilous woods fishing or hunting purposes

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 167 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 5 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Calamagrostis varia, Carex ferruginea, Carex firma, Stable communities Erosion, excessive or badly managed local Carex mucronata, Carex rupestris, Dryas grazing, alteration of valuable octopetala, Elyna myosuroides, Festuca norica, vegetation/structural elements, ceasing or Sesleria caerulea, Achillea clavenae, Antennaria changes to grazing practices or mowing, carpatica, Astragalus australis, Carex capillaris, giving rise to the particular type of flora Crepis kerneri, Draba dubia, Gentiana clusii, (typical at shrub level), under or Helianthemum alpestre, Pedicularis comosa (NT), overseeding carried out with selected Pedicularis rostrato-capitata, Salix reticulata, species or non-local ecotypes Traunsteinera globosa,Allium victorialis (NT), Anemone narcissiflora (NT), Astragalus depressus (NT), Geranium argenteum (NT), Hypochoeris facchiniana (VU), Ligusticum lucidum (NT), Orchis spitzelii (EN), Ranunculus bilobus (NT), Tulipa sylvestris subsp. australis (VU).

Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (51) (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on REGIONAL YES EN/CR calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (*important orchid sites)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Brachypodium rupestre, Bromus erectus s.str., Stable communities in Abandoning of grazing systems, absence Bromus condensatus, Festuca rupicola, Allium primitive stations. of pasture, alteration of valuable carinatum subsp. pulchellum, Anacamptis Elsewhere they vegetation/structural elements pyramidalis (NT), Artemisia campestris, Astragalus depend on monspessulanus (NT), Bothriochloa ischaemum, management Fumana procumbens, Globularia punctata, practices (mowing), Hypochoeris maculata (NT), Linum tenuifolium, which if suspended Linum viscosum, Ophrys insectifera, Ophrys lead to recolonisation sphegodes (VU), Orchis militaris, Orchis morio by forest and bush (NT), Orchis tridentata, Orchis ustulata, Potentilla coenosis arenaria (VU), Prunella laciniata (NT), Stipa pennata s.l., Teucrium montanum, Trinia glauca, Veronica prostrata (NT).

LEDRO ALPS 168 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 14a (10b) (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6230 Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in REGIONAL YES LR mountain areas (and submountain areas, in Continental Europe)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Nardus stricta, Agrostis tenuis, Anthoxanthum In the absence of Intensive grazing, abandoning of grazing odoratum, Avenella flexuosa, Festuca nigrescens, cultivation measures: systems, absence of pasture, erosion, Antennaria dioica, Arnica montana, Campanula natural evolution excessive or badly managed local grazing, barbata, Carex pallescens, Danthonia decumbens, towards heath or alteration of valuable vegetation/structural Hieracium hoppeanum, Hieracium lactucella, conifer woods elements Hypochoeris maculata (NT), Pseudorchis albida, Veronica officinalis.

Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 86 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-siltladen REGIONAL no EN soils (Molinion caeruleae)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Caltha palustris, Molinia caerulea, Dactylorhiza Very delicate humid Changes to water conditions caused by incarnata (VU), Eleocharis uniglumis (NT), Festuca grasslands, strongly man, reclamation and drainage activities, trichophylla (NT), Selinum carvifolia (NT), Trifolium dependent on excessive foot traffic and the entry of dubium (NT), Trifolium patens (NT), Carex management. Invasion nitrophilous species, excessive or badly appropinquata (EN), Carex vesicaria (NT), of shrubs if not mown. managed local grazing, damage to the Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (VU), Epipactis palustris Changes in the level vegetation in wetland areas during wood (VU), Lysimachia nummularia (NT), Melilotus of the aquifer spark hauling operations in neighbouring forest altissimus (VU), Schoenus ferrugineus (NT), off a tendency areas, entry of larger species over the Teucrium scordium (VU). towards reed beds vegetation in wetland areas and magnocaricetum

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 169 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of REGIONAL no LR the montane to alpine levels

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Aconitum lycoctonum, Aconitum napellus agg., Destruction, Changes to water conditions caused by Adenostyles alliariae, Aegopodium podagraria, rejuvenation due to man, erosion, reclamation and drainage Angelica sylvestris, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, rock falls and activities, entry of larger species over the Cirsium oleraceum, Crepis paludosa, Deschampsia avalanches vegetation in wetland areas, bush clearing caespitosa, Epilobium angustifolium, Filipendula of formations with green alder for the ulmaria, Mentha longifolia, Petasites hybridus, purpose of grazing and/or hunting Rubus idaeus, Scirpus sylvaticus, Senecio cacaliaster, Senecio cordatus, Achillea macrophylla, Alchemilla div. sp., Calystegia sepium, Cicerbita alpina, Crepis pyrenaica, Digitalis grandiflora, Geranium sylvaticum, Peucedanum ostruthium, Phyteuma ovatum, Poa hybrida (NT), Lathyrus laevigatus (NT), Pleurospermum austriacum (NT).

Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 86 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, REGIONAL no EN Sanguisorba officinalis)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Alopecurus pratensis, Arrhenatherum elatius, Secondary formations Erosion, banalisation due to excessive Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Avenula maintained by fertilisation (particularly sewage), pubescens, Campanula patula, Crepis biennis, management. In the intensification of crop cultivation practices, Filipendula vulgaris, Holcus lanatus, Knautia absence of regular bush/wood cover as a result of ceasing or arvensis, Myosotis sylvatica, Phleum pratense, mowing, a tendency reducing use, alteration of valuable Rumex acetosa, Tragopogon pratensis subsp. towards the formation vegetation/structural elements, under or orientalis, Carduus carduelis (NT). of woods is sparked overseeding carried out with selected off species or non-local ecotypes, abandoning of traditional mowing practices

LEDRO ALPS 170 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

6520 Mountain hay meadows REGIONAL no EN

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Agrostis tenuis, Festuca nigrescens, Polygonum Secondary formations Erosion, banalisation due to excessive bistorta, Trisetum flavescens, Carum carvi, Crepis maintained by fertilisation (particularly sewage), pyrenaica, Geranium sylvaticum, Primula veris, management. In the intensification of crop cultivation practices, Carduus carduelis (NT). absence of regular bush/wood cover as a result of ceasing or mowing, a tendency reducing use, alteration of valuable towards the formation vegetation/structural elements, under or of woods is sparked overseeding carried out with selected off species or non-local ecotypes, abandoning of traditional mowing practices

Habitat types: RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL PEATLAND VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs REGIONAL no EN

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Carex lasiocarpa (VU), Carex nigra, Carex rostrata, Progressive infilling Pollution of surface waters, changes to Sphagnum sp. div., Carex appropinquata (EN), and consequential water conditions caused by man, erosion, Carex canescens, Equisetum fluviatile (NT), changing of the reclamation and drainage activities, Menyanthes trifoliata. composition of flora, excessive foot traffic and the entry of tendency to evolve nitrophilous species, damage to the towards bush thickets vegetation in wetland areas during wood or woods hauling operations in neighbouring forest areas, mowing, foot traffic

Habitat types: RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS VEGETATION SERIES: TRANSVERSAL PEATLAND VEGETATION

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

7230 Alkaline fens REGIONAL no EN

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Carex davalliana, Schoenus ferrugineus (NT), Possible natural Pollution of surface waters, changes to water Schoenus nigricans, Dactylorhiza incarnata (VU), changes in water flow conditions caused by man, erosion, reclamation Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (VU), Epipactis palustris spark off a trend and drainage activities, excessive foot traffic (VU), Eriophorum latifolium, Liparis loeselii (EN), towards molinia and the entry of nitrophilous species, damage to the vegetation in wetland areas during wood Trichophorum alpinum, Eleocharis uniglumis (NT), meadows, willow or hauling operations in neighbouring forest areas, Equisetum fluviatile (NT), Festuca trichophylla hygrophilous woods. mowing, foot traffic (NT), Salix repens subsp. rosmarinifolia (VU).

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 171 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 5 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine REGIONAL no / levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Adenostyles glabra, Petasites paradoxus, Markedly pioneer Quarrying, footpaths, cycle routes or forest Saxifraga sedoides, Aquilegia einseleana, vegetation but stable roads, erosion, excessive foot traffic and Athamanta cretensis, Moehringia muscosa, at length if the screes the entry of nitrophilous species, sparking Ranunculus alpestris, Viola dubyana (NT), continue to be fed. off or extension of erosion processes due Scabiosa vestina (NT). Otherwise there is a to grazing, alteration of valuable tendency towards vegetation/structural elements, transit off grasslands (6170) or the footpaths bushwood (4060, 4070)

Habitat types: ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 13 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous scree REGIONAL no VU

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Achnatherum calamagrostis, Calamagrostis varia, Markedly pioneer Quarrying, sparking off or extension of Saponaria ocymoides, Teucrium montanum, vegetation but stable erosion processes due to grazing, Hieracium staticifolium, Athamantha cretensis, at length if the screes alteration of valuable vegetation/structural Epilobium dodonaei, Galeopsis angustifolia, continue to be fed. elements, transit off the footpaths, damage Gymnocarpium robertianum, Vincetoxicum Otherwise there is a to the scree vegetation during wood hirundinaria, Acinos arvensis, Aethionema tendency towards hauling operations in neighbouring forest saxatile, Galium lucidum, Teucrium botrys, grasslands (6170) or areas Calamintha nepetoides, Geranium robertianum, bushwood (4060, Hieracium glaucum, Origanum vulgare, Petasites 4070) paradoxus, Peucedanum verticillare, Reseda lutea, Rumex scutatus, Scrophularia juratensis, Sedum album, Sedum montanum agg., Silene vulgaris subsp. glareosa, Thesium pyrenaicum (NT).

LEDRO ALPS 172 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 5 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Asplenium viride, Cystopteris fragilis, Minuartia Stable communities Quarrying, damage to rock flora during rupestris, Potentilla caulescens, Potentilla nitida, intervention to install or maintain protective Asplenium lepidum (VU), Campanula carnica, nets, opening up of new climbing routes Cystopteris regia, Daphne petraea (NT), Daphne reichsteinii (CR), Hieracium porrifolium, Moehringia glaucovirens (NT), Paederota bonarota, Physoplexis comosa, Primula spectabilis (NT), Saxifraga arachnoidea (NT), Saxifraga tombeanensis (VU), Aquilegia thalictrifolia (NT), Bupleurum petraeum (NT), Festuca stenantha (NT), Sedum hispanicum (NT), Silene elisabethae (NT), Thalictrum foetidum (NT).

Habitat types: ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 5 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

8240 Limestone pavements REGIONAL YES EN

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Carex firma, Cystopteris fragilis, Dryas octopetala, Stable communities or Extensive grazing, direct destruction Festuca pumila, Salix retusa, Cotinus coggygria, sometimes subject to Daphne alpina, Dryopteris villarii, Polystichum slow bush growth at lonchitis, Scabiosa graminifolia, Sesleria low altitude sphaerocephala.

Habitat types: ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 5 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

8340 Permanent glaciers REGIONAL no LR

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Habitats without vegetation Habitats declining Withdrawal of the last strips of glaciers in rapidly (glaciers) the Brenta Dolomites following global warming

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 173 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 34 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Stable communities Tourist activities and forest roads. Vaccinium myrtillus, Calamagrostis arundinacea, but limited to a small Lathyrus niger, Luzula nivea, Quercus petraea, area Viscum album subsp. abietis (NT).

Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Actaea Stable communities Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, spicata, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, erosion. Aruncus dioicus, Circaea alpina, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dentaria pentaphyllos, Festuca altissima, Galium odoratum, Impatiens noli- tangere, Lamiastrum flavidum, Melica uniflora, Petasites albus.

Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9140 Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer and REGIONAL no VU Rumex arifolius

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Fagus sylvatica, Adenostyles alliariae, Acer Less snow and an Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, pseudoplatanus, Rumex arifolius, Aconitum sp.pl., improvement in erosion. Adenostyles glabra, Alnus viridis, Athyrium filix- climate may femina, Cicerbita alpina, Dryopteris filix-mas, encourage the Myosotis sylvatica, Petasites albus, Ranunculus establishment of platanifolius, Salix appendiculata, Saxifraga vegetation referring to rotundifolia, Stellaria nemorum, Veratrum album. 9130

LEDRO ALPS 174 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 51 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of the REGIONAL no / Cephalanthero-Fagion

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Carex alba, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia, Stable communities Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, Calamagrostis varia, Cephalanthera damasonium, erosion, infiltration by robinia. Cephalanthera longifolia, Cephalanthera rubra, Cotoneaster tomentosus, Epipactis helleborine, Erica carnea, Fraxinus ornus, Melittis melissophyllum, Quercus pubescens, Taxus baccata, Sesleria caerulea.

Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 86 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines REGIONAL YES VU

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia Azonal woods, stable Simplification of ecosystem features, cordata, Ulmus glabra, Acer platanoides, Actaea so long as the same selective felling of valuable broad-leaved spicata, Aruncus dioicus, Asplenium conditions remain trees, introduction of conifer trees, scolopendrium, Dentaria pentaphyllos, Euonymus upstream water intakes. latifolia, Lunaria rediviva, Philadelphus coronarius, Polystichum aculeatum, Polystichum braunii, Ribes alpinum, Taxus baccata, Anthriscus nitida (NT), Corydalis solida (NT), Vicia dumetorum (NT).

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 175 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 50a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

91K0 Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion) REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia, Anemone Stable communities Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, trifolia, Aremonia agrimonioides, Calamintha erosion, invasion by robinia grandiflora, Cyclamen purpurascens, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dentaria pentaphyllos, Euphorbia carniolica, Helleborus niger, Lamium orvala, Philadelphus coronarius, Primula vulgaris.

Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 86 (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus REGIONAL YES VU/EN excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Azonal woods, stable Changes to water conditions caused by Populus nigra, Rubus caesius, Salix alba, Bromus so long as the same man, , diffusion of invasive allochthonous ramosus (NT), Caltha palustris, Carex acutiformis, conditions remain. If plant species, simplification of ecosystem Carex remota, Cirsium palustre, Equisetum flooded they can features, selective felling of valuable broad- hyemale, Iris pseudacorus, Lysimachia regress towards more leaved trees nummularia (NT), Phalaris arundinacea, Salix primitive vegetation triandra, Scutellaria galericulata, Thelypteris series 3220-3240. palustris (NT), Carex umbrosa (NT), Corydalis Natural modifications solida (NT), Salix apennina (VU), Salix pentandra to the circulation of (VU), Selinum carvifolia (NT). water spark off a tendency towards colonisation by ce??

LEDRO ALPS 176 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 14a (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels REGIONAL no / (Vaccinio-Piceetea)

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Abies alba, Calamagrostis villosa, Luzula nivea, Stable communities Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Vaccinium myrtillus, erosion, avalanches, abandoning of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Listera cordata, Luzula forestry management for young formations luzulina, Lycopodium annotinum, Moneses with major structural/compositional uniflora. simplification, simplification of ecosystem features

Habitat types: FORESTS VEGETATION SERIES: cod. 14a (10b) (Rif. Map of Vegetation Series)

Habitat code Habitat name Distribution EU Local Red Priority List

9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests REGIONAL no /

Characteristic species Natural processes Human impacts

Calamagrostis villosa, Erica carnea, Larix decidua, Stable communities Footpaths, cycle routes, forest roads, Picea abies, Rhododendron ferrugineum, erosion, avalanches, abandoning of Rhododendron hirsutum, Vaccinium myrtillus, forestry management for young formations Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Luzula luzulina, Moneses with major structural/compositional uniflora. simplification, simplification of ecosystem features

Finally, it should be noted that asses- the type of fauna, have determined sment of the quality of habitats and the definition of the core areas, as the flora associated with them, along briefly explained in section 4.2. with other considerations regarding

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 177 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 12. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

12.1 If possible, identify the ecosystem services provided by each ecosystem of the biosphere reserve and the beneficiaries of these services.

The analysis in this section has been 2. Forest (these regard most of the carried out with reference to the four overall surface area for the site); main types of ecosystems present in 3.Cultivated (these regard most of the area of the PBR and the relative the surface area on the valley floor); ecosystem services, making reference 4.Mountain (high mountain to the classification proposed by the ecosystems not falling within Millennium Ecosystem Assessment previous categories have been Framework (MEA, 2003). Additionally, included in this category, including the Ecosystem Approach has natural grasslands at high altitude been used to frame the Biosphere and rocks and scree situated above Reserves features, in accordance with the wood line.) the MAP action 14.1. The ecosystems present within the designated areas Urban ecosystems are not are as follows: considered, as no towns of significant size are present. In total the urban 1.Inland water (these regard areas of centres within the area of the limited size but high environmental proposed Biosphere Reserve have a value); population of around 15,900.

FOTO

The value of inland waters for the landscape and tourism; here Lake Tenno, a tourist destination of great value

LEDRO ALPS 178 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 12.1 The distribution of the main ecosystems within the proposed

The health of the ecosystems INLAND WATER guarantees essential services, still The humid, temperate, oceanic difficult to evaluate, for the whole climate of the area in question human community, divided into ensures that fresh water is easily various groups. There are for example available. There are numerous numerous regulatory and cultural springs, watercourses and lakes, services determining the quality which represent a precious resource of life for residents, or recreational in terms of supplying various services for tourists, or services linked ecosystem services, such as the to the production of goods for the production of hydroelectric energy, the relevant production chain. Some of availability of drinking and irrigation the ecosystem services listed below, water, facilities for recreational particularly those linked to the inland activities and tourist appeal. water ecosystem, regard not only In past centuries, the demand for local communities but also the whole services linked to water resources of Trentino. led to major transformation of the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 179 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Fig. 12.2 The distribution of hydroelectric plants (left) and water intakes for various purposes (right) gives an idea of the importance of inland water for economic purposes area, through stream management, peat bogs, spas, lakes, rivers and the draining of marshy areas and the streams of considerable value in construction of hydroelectric plants. terms of natural beauty and the The most significant impact has landscape. One characteristic feature been on the River Sarca, with major of the area, which is of considerable water intakes upstream of the area in interest in terms of tourism, is the question. In the last decade releasing presence of spas: the Comano spa of water has increased, undoubtedly is the centre of the “wellness sector”. improving the quality of the river The area marked by thermal springs ecosystem (greater sensitivity as extends throughout the Giudicarie regards the environment is giving rise Esteriori. to the idea of creating a river park). Overall, other lesser watercourses have remained of good quality, although there are some localised cases of pollution near agricultural areas making consistent use of animal sewage. In general, inland waters offer numerous ecosystem services linked to recreational activities and tourism, thanks to the presence of noteworthy Cow in an alpine pasture

LEDRO ALPS 180 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda INLAND WATER

Service Sub-category Status Local Notes importance

Provisioning Services

Food Crops  High The irrigation of cultivated areas is becoming increasingly important Livestock  High Intensive animal husbandry requires large quantities of water. At the moment the demand is constant, but the possible opening of new stables would increase the demand for water resources Aquaculture  Medium There are some trout farms, which require clear, oxygenated waters. However, trout farms are less significant in the area of the reserve Wild plant and  Low Fishing in natural waters is linked to animal products recreational rather than commercial activities and is regulated at provincial level Power supply Hydroelectric  High Fundamental for the production of renewable energy, which is one of the main sources of energy in the area. In the reserve there are two hydroelectric plants (Rio Bianco – owned by CEIS and Nembia – owned by Hydro Dolomiti Enel) Genetic resources  High Aquatic systems and peat bogs are marked by high biodiversity, due to the good state of conservation Fresh water  High Storage and retention of water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. The importance of the service is increasing, as is the efficiency of distribution networks, which are being progressively modernised and extended Regulating Services

Climate regulation Global  Low The local contribution of bodies of water to regulating the climate at global level is not particularly significant Regional and  High The Mediterranean microclimate near Lake local Garda is regulated by the presence of the large body of water Water regulation  High The presence of an extensive network of watercourses and some lakes guarantees groundwater recharge and discharge; storage of water for agriculture or industry

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 181 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Water purification  High Retention, recovery and removal of excess and waste nutrients and pollutants; deposition of treatment suspended solids. In the area of the reserve there are numerous stations monitoring the quality of the waters, showing a good problems (see cultivated ecosystems) Disease  High The high average quality of the bodies of regulation water guarantees the absence of health problems Cultural Services

Tourism  High Spas, swimming, fishing, bird-watching and panoramas are the main tourist attractions in the area Educational  Medium Exploratory trails in the woods, sensory values trails and environmental education are currently offered and are rapidly expanding activities Sense of place  High The local communities have always been linked to bodies of water: Lakes Tenno and Ledro, the River Sarca, peat bogs etc. Supporting Services

Soil formation,  High Thanks to the generally good state of the photosynthesis, waters, supporting services are still primary provided satisfactorily by the ecosystem. It production, is essential to conserve them nutrient cycling, water cycling

LEDRO ALPS 182 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda FORESTS Legenda ± categorie attitudinali aree boscate produzione protezione The forest ecosystem is generally L. di Valagola . P.so Bregn . C. Tosa da l’Ors

natural or semi-natural, namely V a l d i C e da

L. di Molven

e

without groves of trees planted n

o

g

l A

z

l L. di Nembia

e

a i V

b

exclusively for timber production. m

A S. LORENZO

l IN BANALE

a V For decades forestry management DORSINO in Trentino has not adopted L. di Ponte Pià STENICO PONTE ARCHE TERME DI COMANO S. CROCE artificial systems for the renewal of . C. Sera

ia c FIAVE’ forests, but has rather been based r a M l a V

a

n

o

s

a

on the natural dissemination of m . o P.so Ballino L

l . a Dos dela V Torta spontaneous species. Only in more . M. Misone

i e c n o C L. di Tenno

i

d

fertile areas on the valley floor or not l a

V TENNO

particularly steep areas have forests LENZUMO TIARNO DI SOTTO BEZZECCA RIVA DEL GARDA PIEVE been historically removed and TIARNO DI SOPRA L. di Ledro MOLINA BIACESA L. d’Ampola substituted with areas for farming . C. Caset L. di Garda

and mountain pasture. STORO . M. Traversole The map below shows the two main C. Spessa.

. C. Tombea categories of use for forests (source: BONDONE 05102,5 forestry plans) in the proposed km Biosphere Reserve: production Fig. 12.3 The role of wooded areas includes various aspects of production and land (timber, wood fuel) and protection of protection purposes the slopes. The crisis in the timber market the implementation of Sustainable in the last few decades has Forestry Management (SFM), namely further oriented management on the resolutions of the inter- methods towards the objective of ministerial conferences in Helsinki, environmental sustainability. Lisbon and Vienna in 1993,1998 and Since 2005, publicly or collectively 2003 respectively. owned forests (around 90%) in In the last few decades there has the proposed reserve have had been a general increase in wooded PEFC certification (Programme surface areas and the quality for Endorsement of Forest of the ecosystem, with positive Certification schemes - See annex repercussions on wild fauna 8.3), which guarantees sustainable populations spending all or part of management of the forest their life cycle in the forest. ecosystem and its products/services. As regards wooded surface areas in This is a specific certification system Trentino, the provincial fauna plan for the forestry sector, based on states: “Wooded surface areas on decisions made in the context of their own cover around 55% of the the pan-European process for province. This figure is more than

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 183 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda double than the national average and farming areas (animal husbandry) the ratio between wooded surface starting from the 1960s, the area and inhabitants in Trentino is 5 phenomenon mostly concerning areas times higher than the average Italian at higher altitude and on the slopes, figure and 6 times higher than for recovering part of the area which man northern Italy. Furthermore, it should had subtracted from the woods in be considered that the percentage the past. From the 305,370 hectares stated above rises to 59% if one also recorded in the 1977 Trentino forestry considers alder and mountain pine map, in 2004 we indeed arrived at woods at high altitude. This situation 345,293 hectares, with an increase of is the result of a gradual increase in 13%”. woodland at the expense of marginal

FOTO

Timber production represents a significant source of income and keeps the chain of activities linked to management of the local area active

LEDRO ALPS 184 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda FOREST

Service Sub-category Status Local Notes importance

Provisioning Services

Food Crops  Low Patch dynamics of hay meadows and small crops (potatoes, soft fruits, vegetable gardens). A progressive decline in forest glades is underway due to abandon. A study started up in 2002 by the Forestry and Fauna Department of APT has shown that in a period of around 30 years the expansion in newly formed woods has regarded around 3% of the total surface area of the province Livestock  Medium Patch dynamics: summer pastures under the wood line. A progressive decline in the use of pasture at medium altitudes and in woods is underway due to a gradual polarisation of alpine pasture activities high in the mountains and intensive animal husbandry in stables on the valley floor. Within the ABNP in the last 70 years: 42% of alpine pasture has been abandoned; more than 10% of pastureland has been recolonised by woods Wild plant and  Medium Hunting (deer, roe deer), mushrooms. animal Hunting is a sporting rather than products commercial activity, regulated at provincial level. In some areas mushroom picking has a significant economic value Timber  High Lumber and plywood for homes and buildings, wood furniture. Construction timber contributes significantly to the local economy (around 15,000 m³ felled annually, see Chapter 15) Power supply Wood fuel  High Locally the traditional use of wood-burning stoves for home heating is still very widespread (around 5,000 tons/year taken from within the area, see Chapter 15). Genetic resources  High High biodiversity in natural and semi- natural ecosystems. In terms of quantity and quality, forest cover is in an excellent state; in some cases it even menaces the biodiversity of open semi-natural habitats Biochemicals,  Low Traditional use of some plants for home natural remedies (see Chapter 14). Not commercial. medicines, Locally there is traditional pharmacy pharmaceuticals (Farmacia Folletto, Ledro in the ReLed system, MUSE) with production based on products collected in the local mountains RliSi

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 185 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Regulating Services

Air quality  High The large forests in the reserve absorb or regulation trap particulate matter (soot), nitrogen oxides and other pollutants released by cars, power plants and factories Climate regulation Global  Medium Global carbon sequestration, Carbon store: 81,000 Tons C/Year (estimated value) Regional and  High Microclimate regulation. Through local transpiration forests impact regional rainfall levels. Forests provide shade, creating cooler microclimates in adjacent areas, on the forest floor and in nearby streams. Water regulation  High The forest system is improving in quantitative and qualitative terms. Permeable soil in forests facilitates aquifer recharge, river flood plains and wetland forests retain water, reducing the risk of flooding during runoff peaks. The extent and continuity of forest coverage guarantees a high level in terms of this function. Erosion and  High Vegetation prevents soil loss due to wind natural hazard and rain. Forests on slopes hold soil in regulation place, thereby helping to prevent landslides. 16% of the forest coverage in the proposed Biosphere Reserve has been attributed a priority “protective” role, while the remaining “productive” part is also managed in such a way as to guarantee this role Water purification  High Strips of forest in cultivated areas play an and waste important role as filters. Forests remove treatment excess nutrients and pollutants, preventing them from entering waterways. Very important in a few specific spots, where cattle dung and urine (sewage) is used to fertilise crops. Pest regulation  Medium The woods encourage the presence of and pollination useful insects, with positive spin-offs on biodiversity and the health of crops. The area of the proposed reserve is characterised by extensive forests, in close contact with cultivated zones. This ensures the good quality of the ecosystem service

LEDRO ALPS 186 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Cultural Services

Tourism  Medium The landscape and inland woods and pastures represent a fundamental element for tourism. In certain situations the increase in woods may be unfavourable in terms of the landscape and for around 10 years action has been taken to limit the invasion of open spaces, above all high in the mountains Educational  Medium Exploratory trails in the woods, sensory values trails and environmental education are currently offered and are rapidly expanding activities. See Chapter 16: activities of ABNP, APPA and tourist offices. Social relations  Medium Until a short time ago activities in the woods were family/community practices which created opportunities for social relations during collective wood clearing work and activities to prepare firewood. Now these activities – around 50% of volume - are increasingly entrusted to woodcutting companies, reducing the opportunities for relations between different families Sense of place  High The woods are very important in terms of defining the identity of less anthropized areas, but are increasingly perceived as “invading” traditionally open spaces Supporting Services

Soil formation,  High Supporting services are fully satisfied by photosynthesis, the forest ecosystem and the extent of primary forest areas (around 70%) also determines production, the level of these services nutrient cycling, water cycling

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 187 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda CULTIVATED AREAS According to the classification adopted by MA assessment, the area The area of the proposed Biosphere of the proposed Biosphere Reserve Reserve is characterised by belongs overall to a “rain-fed, low the alternation of small towns, external input” farming system in a arable crops, stable grasslands, temperate humid/subhumid climate, woods and hedges. As already with “mixed crop-livestock systems”. stated in section 11.3, the area However locally, in some areas of has a humid, temperate, oceanic the Fiavé and Lomaso plain, one climate which guarantees a water can see major intensification, with supply superior to demand for the a local increase of “external input” purposes of agricultural cultivation and a move towards specialist maize (sustainable withdrawals for irrigation: cultivation. supply>demand).

Harvest hay

LEDRO ALPS 188 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Legenda ± aree agricole colture permanenti prati stabili L. di Valagola seminativi . P.so Bregn . C. Tosa zone agricole eterogenee da l’Ors

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LENZUMO TIARNO DI SOTTO BEZZECCA RIVA DEL GARDA PIEVE TIARNO DI SOPRA L. di Ledro MOLINA BIACESA L. d’Ampola . C. Caset L. di Garda

STORO

. M. Traversole

C. Spessa.

. C. Tombea BONDONE

05102,5 km

Fig. 12.4 Cultivated areas, with a prevalence of arable crops in the Giudicarie Esteriori and permanent meadows around Ledro

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 189 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Global Typology of cultived Systems with Examples

The pressure to move towards organic farmland areas around the intensive agriculture is however world (a threefold increase between modest overall, as compared to the 1999 and 2006), chiefly in developed regional and supraregional context, countries. The demand for healthy thanks to the characteristics of the and environmentally-friendly food, terrain and a cultural background and subsidies for producers of organic strongly linked to traditional food and fibre, has encouraged this agricultural production. There are process. nevertheless some situations (Fiavé, The benefits of organic farming Lomaso), with a high concentration for the environment have been of livestock as compared to the well-described, and include less carrying capacity of the area, which contamination by fertilisers, herbicides have a significant impact on the and pesticides, an increase in environmental system. biodiversity, enhancement of soil The desire to offer an alternative to a carbon sequestration and nutrients, model based on crop intensification enhancement of natural pest control is not an isolated attempt which and conservation of the genetic regards only these areas. There has diversity of local varieties of domestic been a considerable expansion in plants and animals. Importantly, in

LEDRO ALPS 190 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda addition to benefits related to the these areas into an “agricultural park”, environment and human health, it incentivising their transformation. has been demonstrated that organic In Ledro a debate is underway with farming usually produces similar players in the political and agricultural or higher quantities of agricultural field as regards ways of implementing products and with higher market a local agricultural park, whereas in prices than conventional farming, the context of Lomasona a master which can make it extremely plan is being prepared for the planning profitable. of sustainable actions, with agriculture Large areas of the proposed (production, farm guesthouses and Biosphere Reserve (Val di Ledro, landscape) having a key role. The Lomasona etc.) would appear to setting up of the reserve would be particularly suitable for general facilitate the process of exchanging conversion to organic farming. ideas between stakeholders and the Collective reflection is underway development of this kind of policy. regarding the possibility of making

Ledro valley view (on the left); Molina di Ledro pile dwelling (above right); 1st World War military settlements on Ledro Alps

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 191 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda CULTIVATED AREAS

Service Sub-category Status Local Notes importance

Provisioning Services

Food Crops  High Locally there are crops of potatoes, maize, grapes, hay, olives, apples, walnuts and cherries, in addition to family vegetable patches. See http://www.trentinoagricoltura.it/filesroot/Do cuments/560_rapp_agricoltura09_pdf/rapp_ agricoltura09.pdf Livestock  High Milk and its derivatives are produced in the area – one of the major centres in the province- along with meat. There is an increase in production as compared to the past, the current trend being constant Genetic resources  High Active genetic protection, with conservation of species from semi-natural stable grassland environments (in Ledro and marginal areas) Biochemicals,  Low Over and beyond traditional uses, there is natural “new” cultivation of species used for medicines, cosmetics in relation to the spa sector (two pharmaceuticals businesses cultivating medicinal herbs and one traditional pharmacy) Regulating Services

Climate and air Global  Low The reserve’s significance in terms of quality regulation carbon dioxide production (fossil fuels in field operations) at world level is relatively modest, given the local extent of the farming area Regional and  Medium Intensive animal husbandry tends to local produce a significant quantity of methane and nitrogen residues. There is instead increasing conflict as a result of problems related to smells (See Section 15.3) Water regulation  Medium Situation of medium efficacy: there are no surface irrigation systems, but there are sprinkler systems (in areas dedicated to animal husbandry). Currently the water supply is adequate, but due to competition for use (e.g. hydroelectric plants, increase in environmental flows) availability could become a problem Erosion regulation  Medium Soil erosion in traditional local agricultural systems is under control. The most intensive crops tend to be located in areas with gentle slopes

LEDRO ALPS 192 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Water purification  High In the area in question it is efficient overall, and waste given the traditional type of crops. Some treatment areas (Fiavè and Lomaso) are subject to excessive fertilisation and a consequential increase in organic matter in surface waters. It is necessary to avoid the problem becoming more widespread Pest regulation  Medium Mowing meadows and semi-natural and pollination environments with a high level of biodiversity, still extensively present, make a positive contribution to pollination and pest control Cultural Services

Tourism  High The traditional rural-forestry landscape is the basis of the appeal of the area. Furthermore, it supports typical products and farm guesthouses. There are some situations of conflict that need to be dealt with (animal husbandry in Fiavè and Lomaso) Educational  Medium Environmental education, experiences of values traditional working of milk and farm products are currently carried out and are rapidly expanding Social relations  Low Traditional activities carried out through collaboration between families, such as hay-making, have almost disappeared Sense of place  High The farming-forest mosaic is very important in determining the identity of areas with a medium level of anthropization and with more marginal farming (hilly areas) Supporting Services

Soil formation,  Medium Supporting services are still satisfied by the photosynthesis, agricultural ecosystem and it is essential to primary conserve them, also by encouraging the production, diffusion of organic farming; more intensive nutrient cycling, farming is problematical water cycling

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 193 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS

The mountain ecosystem is of clean water, while the ecological characterised by a high level of integrity of the mountains is crucial for biodiversity, due to the compression the safety of settlements and transport of climatic bands and the diversified routes. They harbour rich biodiversity morphology, which gives rise and contribute substantially to global to a detailed mosaic of small plant and animal production. All these habitats. These are very dynamic services depend on slope stability and environments, as a result of erosion control provided by healthy natural events such as landslides, vegetative cover. avalanches, flooding and fires taking From the economic point of view, place there. most of the spin-offs are applicable The geographical separation resulting not only to the resident population, but from mountain chains also leads to a also influence the economies below high level of ethnocultural diversity, the mountains. along with spectacular landscapes On the other hand, the mountain of great aesthetic and spiritual value. environment is also affected by These are particularly important in economic repercussions linked mainly terms of tourism and recreational to tourism, attracted by the high level activities. of naturalness and the biodiversity of One of the most important services of mountain systems. mountain ecosystems is the provision

Fig. 12.5 Ecosystem Services in Mountains

LEDRO ALPS 194 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The table above provides an overview of Ecosystems Assessment, 2005); at local services in mountain areas (Millennium level the picture is as follows:

MOUNTAIN

Service Sub-category Status Local Notes importance

Provisioning Services

Food Livestock  High Summer pastures have traditionally been extremely important in the area. Their importance is decreasing slightly while remaining high. Inside the ABNP in the last 70 years: 42% of alpine pastureland has been abandoned; more than 10% of pastureland has been recolonised by woods: the trend as regards the use of alpine pasture has stabilised in the last 10 years Power supply Hydroelectric  High See: inland water ecosystem Genetic resources  High High biodiversity in natural grasslands and the presence of highly specialised endemic and pioneering species in habitats high in the mountains; the expansion of bushes menaces the habitat Biochemicals,  Low Traditional use of some plants for home natural remedies (see Chapter 14). Not commercial. medicines, Locally there is traditional pharmacy pharmaceuticals (Farmacia Folletto, Ledro in the ReLed system, MUSE) with production based on products collected in the local mountains Fresh water  High The glaciers and springs are concentrated at high altitude in mountainous areas and feed the network of watercourses below RltiSi

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 195 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Regulating Services

Climate regulation Global  Low The local contribution to regulating the climate at global level is not particularly significant Regional and  High The vertical upthrust of mountains local captures precipitation. At local level the microclimate is very different, depending on exposure and continentality Water regulation  High Seasonal snowpack melting is a critical source of water for agriculture as well as for drinking water. The extent, continuity and natural state of these surfaces in any case guarantees a good level of services Erosion regulation  High The permanence of plant cover at high altitude is fundamental in order to protect against erosion by wind and water. The extent, continuity and natural state of these surfaces in any case guarantees a good level of services Water purification  Medium Water at high altitude is generally free of and waste pollutants. However, the reduction in treatment stream flow following water intakes reduces the purification capacity along the watercourse Pest regulation  Medium In mountainous areas there are highly and pollination specialised plant-pollinating coevolution mechanisms Natural hazard  High The stability of the slopes is fundamental regulation for the safety of areas downhill. The extent, continuity and natural state of these surfaces in any case guarantees a good level of services

LEDRO ALPS 196 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Cultural Services

Tourism  High Footpaths high in the mountains and mountain peaks are the main appeal for tourists in the area. The extent, continuity and natural state of these surfaces in any case guarantees a good level of services Educational  High Survival mechanisms and the interaction values between animals and plants at high altitude are some of the most interesting environmental education topics in mountain parks. See Chapter 16: activities of ABNP, APPA and tourist offices. Social relations  Medium The collective management of alpine pasture leads to collaborative relations between farmers. Once each family had a few cows, which were entrusted to the manager of the alpine pasture in exchange for a share of the products coming from milk. Modern farming techniques, with a large number of animals managed by a few families, have reduced the importance of alpine pasture for social relations Sense of place  High Mountain populations have emotional ties with the peaks above them, on which their safety and the resources necessary for their survival depend. The extent, continuity and natural state of these surfaces in any case guarantees a good level of services Cultural heritage  High The Dolomites are included in the list of values World Heritage Sites Supporting Services

Soil formation,  High Supporting services are still satisfied by photosynthesis, the ecosystem , which remains efficient primary overall production, nutrient cycling, water cycling

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 197 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Pile-dwelling of Fiavé

LEDRO ALPS 198 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 12.2 Specify whether indicators of ecosystem services are used to evaluate the three functions (conservation, development and logistic) of biosphere reserves. If yes, which ones and give details.

At the moment, also in the literature, assess ecosystem services, make there is no single system of direct, reference to basic data already reliable and simple indicators. It is available for the area in question. indeed particularly difficult to find Their reinterpretation in the context significant and relevant data. It is proposed here could be the object even more difficult to convert this of future research in the area of the into economic terms. One important reserve. (For more details see chapt. exception is water resources, which 14,15 and 16) can be analysed in both qualitative · Measures of diversity (species and quantitative terms. diversity, richness and endemism): The TEEB Study Report gives there are some partial surveys in some “types of indicators” useful for the area in question which make it evaluating the possible consequences possible to appreciate the high level of changes to ecosystems and of biodiversity present, however biodiversity (also in economic terms). they cannot be easily related to Many of these indicators, although the relative ecosystem services. A not currently included in a system to high level of biodiversity is useful

The dynamics of vegetation can often be quantified, as in the comparison between these situations in the 1950s and today

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 199 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda for evaluating the resilience of the would allow closer examination. system and hence of the relative When linked to particular species ecosystem services. or ecosystems (e.g. wetlands) · Measures of quantity: the which provide or support ecosystem distribution of habitats is known services, these measures are useful in SIC and ZPS areas, for which indicators of ecosystem service a periodically updated map has levels and decline. They are also been drawn up on a 1:10,000 used to indicate the sustainability of scale. Measurement of status and ecosystem service use and supply. trends for ecosystems and species · Provisioning service measures: (medicinal plants, food) which timber, fuel and livestock have clear links to provisioning production are known for the area services have been used to in question and represent a direct measure stocks and flows of measurement of the ecosystem ecosystem services. These are of service. When calculated in some use in measuring regulating terms of sustainable production, services which rely on biomass measures can be used as indicators or a particular habitat/vegetation for monitoring and managing cover (e.g. carbon sequestration, ecosystem services, contrasting pollination, erosion control, water sustainable production with actual flow regulation). production. Most indicators are · Measures of condition: there are expressed as biophysical units, Red Lists of threatened habitats and which can be converted into species for the area in question, monetary values when markets with various evaluation scales. exist. As regards the wood fuel While providing an indication of the and timber ecosystem service it is status and trend of ecosystems and possible to carry out quantitative their services, these indicators are assessment of the timber produced seldom linked to quantified changes and the relative economic impact, in ecosystem service levels. They which is however limited to use by are however useful indicators man and does not take into account of sustainability, thresholds and relations with other ecosystem the scale of human impact on services of the forest ecosystem ecosystems, particularly when clear overall (carbon sequestration, and demonstrable links exist. scenic values, watershed · Measures of pressures (land protection, cultural services etc.). cover change): in Chapter 9 an The data on timber production is initial comparison between historic available for the area in question and current land use for the area in the periodic updates of the Piani in question has been given; the di Assestamento Forestale (PAFs - availability of historic documents forestry management plans) and in

LEDRO ALPS 200 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda reports on the state of forests. · Regulation service measures: carbon sequestration, water flow regulation and production and air quality regulation are direct measurements of ecosystem service levels and changes. Although not systematic, there is a range of data regarding air quality. · Cultural service measures: in the area in question there is no known data on the presence of tourists with reference to ecosystem services.

The table below summarises how the groups of indicators listed above may contribute towards one or more of the three functions of the proposed Biosphere Reserve

Harvested timber

Indicators Three function evaluation

Measures of diversity Conservation. The measurement and monitoring of biodiversity present contributes towards conservation

Measures of quantity Conservation, development. Stocks and flows of ecosystem services.

Measures of condition Conservation, development. Indicators of sustainability

Measures of pressures Conservation, development. Indicators of sustainability

Provisioning service Conservation, development. Indicators of measures sustainability

Regulation service Development measures

Cultural service measures Development, logistics

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 201 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 12.3 Describe biodiversity involved in the provision of ecosystems services in the biosphere reserve (e.g. species or groups of species involved).

The table below summarises the provided by each ecosystem and the most significant ecosystem services biodiversity involved:

Ecosystem Services Biodiversity involved

Inland water Food (crops), power supply Riverside species and peat bog (Hydroelectric), fresh water, water vegetation. Aquatic birdlife, see MUSE purification and waste treatment, census of birdlife erosion regulation

Forest Timber, power supply (wood fuel Forest species, their stability and their production), genetic resources, widespread distribution are indispensable regulating services for all the “regulating services” and for timber and wood fuel production

Cultivated Food (crops, livestock), genetic Cultivated species (autochthonous and resources, tourism traditional varieties). See Chapter 13, typical products. Spontaneous species in hay meadows and secondary grasslands depending on crop management. The maintenance of the traditional agricultural- forest landscape is indispensible for tourism

Mountain Genetic resources, tourism Endemic and rare species high in the mountains and in natural grasslands. (Census of fauna by the Museo Civico in Rovereto enclosed).

Given the high level of biodiversity in particularly significant for providing the the proposed area it is not possible main ecosystem services. The main to deal with each individual species, species belonging to the individual but it is possible to briefly summarise groups are listed in the descriptive which groups of species are tables for the habitats in section 11.6

LEDRO ALPS 202 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda European spruce grazing areas, used both for timber production and animal husbandry and Chapter 14. (with the production of high quality The extensive group of endemic cheese) and in order to maintain and rare species represents the true the agricultural-forest landscape, of genetic heritage for the area of the undoubted value for tourism. proposed Biosphere Reserve, to be Cultivated species, especially conserved due to its uniqueness and autochthonous or traditionally used great variability in terms of adaptation. varieties, are indispensable for the The species characterising riverside “food production” service, with a vegetation, seriously threatened high quality, short and ecologically by widespread water intake and sustainable production chain. The management works, and by the threat maintaining of a certain share of of competition with allochthonous local food production helps to avoid invasive species, represent the basis one of the main risks related to the of the “water purification and waste economy of mountain ecosystems, treatment” and “erosion regulation” represented by increasingly greater ecosystem services. dependence on valley and city areas, The variety of forest species and which causes a loss of identity and their widespread distribution is depopulation. indispensable for all the “regulating The species of fauna with most services” and for timber and wood fuel appeal (large carnivores, ungulates, production. In addition to providing an birds of prey) are fundamental for important “genetic resources” service, ecosystem services linked to tourism species related to permanent hay and environmental education. meadows and secondary grasslands, For ecosystem services linked to closely dependent on traditional the conservation of biodiversity see farming methods, are of fundamental Chapter 14, which deals in detail with importance for ecologically groups of species in relation to the sustainable animal husbandry relevant conservation problems.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 203 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 12.4 Specify whether any ecosystem services assessment has been done for the proposed biosphere reserve. If yes, is this assessment used to develop the management plan?

At the moment no documents the potential value of “new” areas. In specifically directed at ecosystem this specific case it was done for all services for the area of the proposed the Italian provinces. Biosphere Reserve have been drawn Clearly this estimate is usually very up, but there are various studies approximate and underestimated, analysing the state of ecosystems and but it may be particularly useful in establishing policy for their correct monitoring changes in the value of the management. area following modifications in land In the context of the OPENLOC use. project a specific study was Application of this method, designed dedicated to economic assessment for provinces, to Ledro on a local of ecosystem services on a national scale, using data for 2000 is scale, with application on a local scale debateable, but provides interesting to the Municipality of Ledro, part of indications at least as regards the size the proposed Biosphere Reserve. of the figures in play. The approach developed is based on The method was indeed designed a technique used in the absence of to compare planning scenarios, direct economic evaluation, the so- on the basis of the few items of called “benefit transfer” approach. data available, and to observe the Through “benefit transfer” it consequences in terms of gains and is attempted to apply general losses of ecosystem services1. evaluations available for certain areas 1 The complete report is available at the address: to new areas in a controlled way. The http://www.spazioftp.it/ledro/comunitas/n18s. pdf. result is an approximate estimate of

Educational activities in the field of experimental archaeology, carried out by MUSE in Ledro

LEDRO ALPS 204 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Potential monetary value of Ledro ecosystem services

Climate regulation Ability of biotic and abiotic processes to maintain 1.417.755 euro the chemical and climatic balance in the atmosphere, e.g. CO2/O2, maintenance of O3 layer, regulation of SOx levels Mitigation of damaging Blocking and protective role in the case of 1.600.856 euro events destructive events, e.g. mitigation of intense rain, flooding, erosion and landslides Regulation of waters Purifying role, regulation of waters, recharging of 47.870.576 euro aquifers, avoiding costs of processing drinking water, maintaining water availability throughout the year as compared to sudden withdrawal of water from the body of water Assimilation of residues Filtering role and reduction of residues from 773.290 euro human activities, e.g. pathogens (such as Escherichia) and eutrophic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphates) in water, particulate matter and toxic compounds in air Regulation of nutrients Regenerating (and absorbing) role for nutrients 3.537.933 euro removed by plants and animals (or introduced by farming) Habitats and biodiversity The continuity and functional role of natural areas 6.600.558 euro provides sites offering refuge, food and reproductive sites for animals and plants Recreational value Natural areas attract people for recreational 1.299.675 euro activities (hunting, fishing, excursions, canoeing, cycling etc.) which provide benefits in terms of the health of the population and in economic terms (tourist spending) Aesthetic value Aesthetic and spiritual role, this value is related to 103.273 euro non-use, to the willingness to pay to maintain the intact nature and quality of a site Regenerating soil fertility The soil has several roles: filtering and 582.110 euro maintaining the stratum, absorbing residues. Natural systems create and enrich the soil and prevent erosion during rainfall Pollination Pollination by animal pollinators is very valuable 3.668.495 euro for human activities. For example 80% of edible plants depend on pollinators Total 67.454.521 Fig. 12.6 Monetary quantification of ecosystem services in Ledro, carried out by the Openloc project

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 205 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The Autonomous Province of Trento, completed, whereas in the next few specifically the Forestry and Fauna years the plan for the Giudicarie Department, publishes a two-yearly Esteriori will be finalised. “Report on the State of Forests and The Adamello-Brenta Nature Park Fauna”, accompanied by quantitative has a “Park Plan” which includes and qualitative analysis, alongside territorial, fauna, socioeconomic and an overview of the most appropriate environmental aspects and strategies planning tools for good conservation for action within the area contained of habitat functions. in the Adamello-Brenta Park, part Forestry planning provides for the of which falls within the proposed drawing up of area planning policy Biosphere Reserve (enclosed in 4.2). (PFM: Piano Forestale Montano/ Existing sector plans provide a Forestry Management Plans) which basis on which it will be possible to increasingly adopt a multidisciplinary carry out more specific assessment approach designed to conserve the of ecosystem services and their functions of the ecosystem, instead beneficiaries in the future. of the simple productive approach The data coming from the documents on which planning was based in the mentioned above was used to draw past. The PFM for the Ledro, Riva up this nomination proposal. and Tenno area is currently being

Beech woods in autumn; they also represent a “landscape service”

LEDRO ALPS 206 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13. MAIN OBJECTIVES FOR THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE’S DESIGNATION

13.1 Describe the main objectives of the proposed biosphere reserve, integrating the three functions (conservation, development and logistic), presented below (sections 14 to 16), including components of biological and cultural diversity. Please specify the indirect pressures and/or organizational issues.

The Fiavè peat bog area, a site of naturalistic and cultural importance (WHS Prehistoric Pile- Dwelling), lying between cultivated areas and urban contexts: an example of the need to integrate different area promotion objectives

The main scope of the proposed a model which has led to landscapes Biosphere Reserve is to consolidate of great socioeconomic value the existing model for sustainable use and precious ecosystems in past of the mountain area, strongly based centuries, reflected in cultural identity on the many relations between man and social organisation. and environment in the context of a The objectives of the proposed PDR, fragile and delicate equilibrium. This is which also represent the guidelines

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 207 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda for drawing up the future Management in terms of the various measures Plan for the reserve, have been favouring these ecosystems, the established with reference to the implementation of active conservation most recent strategic documents measures is a priority, in addition to prepared by the MaB secretariat, passive protection. It is a question in particular the ‘Seville Strategy of encouraging the continuation of for the World Network of Biosphere farming-forestry-pasture activities Reserves’ and the ‘Madrid Action Plan compatible with the environment, for Biosphere Reserves 2008-2013’, but which are by now no longer in addition to the Alpine Convention, sustainable in socioeconomic terms the European Landscape Convention in their traditional form, encouraging and the Statue of Autonomy for the their introduction within the context Trentino Alto Adige region. At local of more general integration of social, level (Province of Trento, valley cultural and economic activities communities, municipalities, nature (tourism above all). park) the framework includes a detailed combination of planning Given the importance of the latter, it instruments and laws which establish follows that the focus of the whole very similar objectives to those of the process is on the creation of a MaB programme. human system based on integration between the local community, the Specifically, the Reserve will environment and tourism, taking contribute to maintaining biodiversity, concrete form in sustainable not only by reinforcing protection activities related to energy balance for some significant species (such (in terms of sustainable mobility, as the bear, lynx, various species reduced emissions and mitigation of of birdlife with particular reference greenhouse gases); the conservation to migrating birds, endemic flora of natural resources and water (direct etc.), but also by focusing on the and indirect protection measures for conservation of their habitats the ecological network, limitation of (alternation between woodland with discordant planning processes); social a high level of naturalness and open inclusion and enhancing cultural grassland-pasture environments, with resources (cooperation networks, the the presence of diversified farming ecomuseum, museum networks etc.). areas). Confirming the profound and consolidated integration between All these activities are in line with man and biosphere, many valuable the history of the proposed area, species and ecosystems are linked to also thanks to the support of a semi-natural environments, namely range of legislative and planning to secondary ecosystems favoured tools, in recent years interacting by traditional human activities. Thus with various social and naturalistic

LEDRO ALPS 208 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda research programmes. The inclusion historic aspects of the proposed area, of the area in the World Network of within the World Network of Biosphere Biosphere Reserves will allow the Reserves it will represent an coordination and restructuring of example of virtuous and century-old the different protection measures, experience of collective management including them within an effective of environmental assets (see Section system centring on human activities 9), through individual responsibility compatible with and necessary for and participation in management of active conservation of biodiversity. the area. Historically this related to Research and dissemination activities the correct management of water, will also be reinforced, giving rise to forests and high mountain zones, with a demonstrative role and a “testing consequences that can still be seen ground for sustainable development” today in terms of combating climate for many marginal alpine areas. change and promoting sustainable As regards the socio-cultural and management of energy resources.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 209 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13.2 Describe the sustainable development objectives of the biosphere reserve.

The development objectives are in according to the principles of the line with the history of the area of the European Charter for Sustainable proposed reserve. Specifically, the Tourism; nomination process was started up • promotion of local products; following an initiative of the Judicaria • the extension of the good Ecomuseum, set up essentially management practice developed by following the model of a local by the Adamello-Brenta Nature Agenda 21 process. Subsequently, Park and the more virtuous the municipalities involved in the Municipalities, such as EMAS Ecomuseum were joined by other registration for example, to the neighbouring municipalities with whole area; similar development objectives. • continuing improvement in The signing of a Memorandum of the collective management of Understanding (see section 4.7) environmental assets; between the municipalities concerned • correct management of water officially confirmed the intention to resources; proceed with the nomination process • the search for sustainable and established policy guidelines. solutions for the production, By signing the Memorandum distribution and consumption of Understanding the municipal of energy, with the scope of authorities undertook: combating climate change; • training and lifelong learning <<… to provide for proposals in relation to sustainable regarding local socioeconomic development, directed in particular development in the content of at younger generations; the future Management Plan and along with any other activities Programme Agreement, specifically identified within the context of the as regards: work of the Steering Committee and • the safeguarding and Working Group …>>. enhancement of the cultural and environmental heritage and The points listed above are the result landscape; of efforts to include the indications • better compatibility between coming from the local community farming and tourist activities; within the strategic framework • the development of tourism with mentioned in the previous section a low environmental impact, (MaB secretariat, European and

LEDRO ALPS 210 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda national documents). These 18 significant themes and objectives indications were collected during were identified in the preliminary specific participatory processes to stage, in relation to which one or prepare the following documents: more activities may be started up the Plan and CETS of the Adamello- or concluded in the context of the Brenta Nature Park, the area plans expected Management Plan for the currently being drawn up for the reserve, which will be submitted to the valley communities of Giudicarie institutions and other bodies involved and upper Lake Garda and Ledro, for analysis and approval. the general planning schemes of the Municipalities, the agreements for the setting up of the Networks of Reserves and the tourism development plans for the relevant areas.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 211 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda A. ENVIRONMENT

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 1 Safeguarding of the climate Participation of the area in the Covenant of Mayors and SEAP Definition of carbon storage programme provided by forest resources 2 Environmental management Extension of EMAS registration of the area 3 Safeguarding of waters Setting up of “Sarca River Park” network of reserves Water resources balance sheet for the reserve 4 Conservation of biodiversity Upper Lake Garda-PNAB green corridor Setting up of Ledro Alps Network of Reserves Putting into effect of PNAB’s RS/API2 Management Plan 5 Safeguarding of the Map of the landscape: PNAB CdG and CAGL landscape

B. SOCIETY

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 7 Cultural heritage network Coordination of cultural activities starting from the ecomuseums and Ledro museum network Local network of traditions and folklore Centro Studi Judicaria

8 Environmental education Education on sustainable development, footprint 9 Communication Social media, meetings, traditional media 10 Network Partnership in the context of the MAB network and the Euregio 11 Cooperation Cooperative and Co-operators network – Fond. Guetti 12 Solidarity International cooperation projects – e.g. EC with Bosnia, Congo “Open/barrier-free” reserve

C. ECONOMY

Themes and Objectives Examples of activities for the Management Plan 13 Sustainable tourism Extension of the ECST to the reserve (provided for in the programme agreement of the Ledro Alps NR) Extension of the “Family in Trentino” trademark 14 Energy from renewable “Solar Reserve” – autonomy in terms of energy sources 15 High quality agriculture PSR – agronomic use plans Alpine pasture plan Ledro agricultural park provided for in the programme agreement of the Ledro Alps NR

16 Local products Extension of ‘Qualità Parco’ project actions 17 Sustainable (and “slow”) Alternative fuels, electric vehicles mobility Network of footpaths, MTB, cycle-pedestrian routes, bridleways 18 Technology and IT SMART Reserve web valley, GIS, open data, monitoring

LEDRO ALPS 212 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Field education with school children, by PNAB

In the table below there are further nomination and an expected level indications regarding methods and in the first years following possible priorities for implementing the themes recognition, according to the following listed above. Clearly these are a classification: series of preliminary proposals, to 0 = inactive be confirmed when the Management * = low level Plan for the PBR will drawn up. Each ** = medium level theme proposed for the Management *** = high level Plan corresponds with a series of e = excellent level directly involved parties, who will As regards implementation priorities, identify an internal coordinator. the indications initially provided are as Analysing the proposed themes follows: and objectives, it is possible to H = high priority establish a level of implementation M = medium priority throughout the area before the L = low priority

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 213 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Theme Implementation to Implementation Priority Organisation/lead partner date provided for 1 ** e H PAT/C 2 ** *** H C/PAT 3 ** *** M C/PAT/PNAB+BIM/CdG/CAGL 4 0 *** M PAT/PNAB/C+CdG/CAGL 5 ** *** M C/PAT+CdG/CAGL 7 0 *** M C/ EdJ 8 0 ** M C/ EdJ 9 * e H PAT/PNAB/ EdJ /C+ATC/IG/CTL 10 0 ** M PAT/C/ EdJ /PNAB 11 *** e M C/ EdJ +/CAGL 12 ** *** M C/ EdJ /PNAB/PAT+/CAGL 13 ** e H PNAB/C/PAT/CDG/EdJ +ATC/IG/CTL 14 *** e M C/PAT+BIM/CdG/CAGL 15 ** *** H C/PAT+CdG/CAGL 16 * *** M EdJ /PNAB+ATC/IG/CTL 17 * *** M C/PAT/CDG/PNAB+ATC/IG/CTL 18 * *** H PAT/CdG/C+ EdJ /CAGL/ATC/IG/CTL

Organisational/lead partner per theme (see legend above)

PAT=Autonomous Province of Trento; EdJ = Judicaria Ecomuseum; PNAB=Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; M=Municipalities; CdG=Comunità delle Giudicarie; CAGL=Comunità Alto Garda and Ledro; BIM=Consortium of Municipalities of the River Sarca; ATC= Comano tourist agency; IG=InGarda; CTL=Consortium for tourism in Ledro

Thus some priority themes and registration to all the municipalities actions have emerged in relation to in the PBR; studies and proposals, specifically (list • The extension of the European is not in order of priority): Charter for Sustainable Tourism to • Cooperation network betweeen all the municipalities in the area; the UNESCO World Heritage Sites • The adoption of PSR measures in western Trentino, all within the to ensure that farming and animal proposed area (Brenta Dolomites, husbandry practices are in Fiavé and Ledro pile-dwellings); harmony with the local area; • The participation of all institutional • The adoption of the Family Plan, bodies in the Covenant of Mayors, particularly through the action of starting up a climate protection the Districts already operating in plan that could represent this context; an example of excellence at • The creation of a ‘SMART international level; RESERVE’, using the most • The extension of EMAS advanced ICT.

LEDRO ALPS 214 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Experimental archaeology activities in Ledro: a way of promoting scientific knowledge and the values of the local area

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 215 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13.3 Indicate the main stakeholders involved in the management of the biosphere reserve.

The first beneficiaries of the reserve organisations with a broad social base are the local inhabitants. Furthermore, and various other bodies operating in use of the area for tourism leads to the area which represent important the presence of a large number of partners in a participatory decision- visitors, lower overall than the number making process such as the one on of residents, but more or less equal in which this nomination proposal is the summer. based. This consideration makes it possible All the bodies and organisations to understand the background as operating locally, in addition to the regards the main stakeholders in the main businesses and all associations area: recorded in the area, were contacted • on the one hand residents, the during the preparatory phase of the most representative groups being nomination process. those involved in service industries The main parties playing a significant (mainly in tourism), followed by role in determining the decisions tradesmen and those employed in leading to definition of the objectives industry (mainly construction and of the PBR are listed below. Many timber), farmers etc.; of them have an institutional role in • on the other hand tourists, who the management of the area, while can in turn be grouped into certain others have acted as go-betweens, main categories, depending bringing their experience in previous on their origin (Italy, Germany, participatory processes related to Netherlands, Austria etc.), age similar planning programmes. group, motivation (spa, nature, • the PNAB, with experience of food and wine, family/waterside participation in relation to the holidays etc.). adoption of its own Park Plan, the Thanks to the liveliness of CETS, the EMAS certification and civil society, most of the local the Geopark; stakeholders are already grouped • the RR of the Ledro Alps, recently into associations (cultural, sports, set up with a similar process to hunting, mountaineering/naturalistic, that of the MaB; religious, volunteer workers, business • the Dolomite and pile-dwelling categories etc.), of which there are sites included in the World several hundred in the municipalities Heritage List; involved in the proposed reserve. • the CdG: with experience of Furthermore, there are certain participation in relation to the

LEDRO ALPS 216 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda with experience of participation Lombardia regions); in relation to the drawing up and • tourist offices, with drawing up adoption of the area plan, CETS, of strategic plans for tourist EMAS certification and Family promotion; Audit, with numerous EMAS • the Judicaria Ecomuseum, which certified municipalities and bodies has a cultural and development (40%), with 2 of the most beautiful role; villages in Italy (San Lorenzo and • the ASUCs, which collectively Rango), with two sites recognised manage most of the forests by UNESCO (Brenta Dolomites and mountain huts, including and the Fiavé pile-dwellings) pastureland and relative structures and one TCI orange flag certified (and hence most of the area); municipality (Tenno); • the Comano spa, publicly • the CAGL with its initiatives to owned, which represents the raise awareness on environmental largest company and source of issues directed above all at employment in the Giudicarie schools, with experience of Esteriori; participation in order to set up • the Consorzio Elettrico Industriale an agricultural park recognised in Stenico (CEIS), whose at provincial level, with the members/beneficiaries are almost experience related to the Networks all the heads of households in the of Reserves present in the Giudicarie Esteriori; area (Lower Sarca, Ledro Alps, Within the context described Monte Baldo), with participatory above, the role of PNAB and tourist processes for the creation of an promotion offices is particularly area plan and a social plan for interesting. In order to fulfil their the community, along with the mandate they have carried out Green Line community project for surveys into the expectations and promotion of the area between perception of the area by the main the lake and the mountains categories of tourist users as well as (project partners: the Veneto and local operators.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 217 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Distribution of the WIFI network in the proposed BR; the improvement of this aspect, with projects such as the SMART RESERVE, is one of the operational objectives

LEDRO ALPS 218 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13.4 What consultation procedure was used for designing the biosphere reserve?

As explained in previous sections, programme. forms of participatory management Below there is a list of players whose are a part of the background and activities provide for structured customs of the communities living participatory action from the in the area of the proposed reserve. beginning, with informative meetings The nomination as a Biosphere and participation in agreements or Reserve has indeed emerged from understandings. The roles and areas previous processes of participatory (C=core, B=buffer, T=transition) in management in relation to sustainable which the activities they carry out are development projects, which particularly important is specified for culminate naturally in the MAB each party.

Logistical role Conservation role Development role (research & education) NR of the Ledro Alps C B T B T C B T Dolomites and pile-dwelling sites included in the World B T C B T Heritage List ABNP Plan C B B T C B ECST (ABNP) B T C B T Geopark (ABNP) C B T C B Tourist offices strategic plans B T B T EMAS (CdG, Ledro, Tenno, B T T Fiavé and ABNP) Area Plans for the community (Giudicarie): preliminary C B T B T B T document approved on 9/07/2013 EC B T T ASUCs(collective management) B T Family trademark in Trentino T (Giudicarie district)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 219 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The “Memorandum of Understanding1 framework. With a view to signing the for the proposed Biosphere Reserve” agreement, a series of coordination reinforces and brings together all meetings was organised with the local these different forms of participatory bodies signing the agreement: management within a single

1 The Memorandum of Understanding is a joint legal document between bodies establishing principles, guidelines, activity programmes and roles; it may regard the development of joint future programmes, as in this case.

Place Subject Date Municipality of Information regarding the proposed nomination February-March Comano Terme for Mayors and local authorities in the Giudicarie 2013 Terme di Introduction of proposed MAB nomination to 16 April 2013 Comano Municipalities and local bodies Trento, APT Joint meeting between Mayors and the President 20 May 2013 of APT Trento, APT Joint meeting between Mayors and APT 19 June 2013 Directorate-General for the Environment Trento APT Joint meeting between Mayors and APT 8 July 2013 Directorate-General for the Environment Trento APT Joint meeting between Mayors and APT 8 July 2013 Directorate-General for the Environment Municipality of Joint meeting between Mayors and APT 30 July 2013 Comano Terme Directorate-General for the Environment Municipality of Meeting between Mayors and signatories to 29 August 2013 Comano Terme decide on the name and governance Municipality of Final meeting for presentation of the nomination 10 September 2013 Comano Terme

Furthermore, in the context of the representatives of social, economic, participatory process linked to the cultural and environmental players in drawing up of the Area Plan for the the area) and the administrators of the Comunità delle Giudicarie a series of Giudicarie (present at the Conference meetings was organised dedicated to of 39 Mayors and the Assembly of the the ‘Ledro Alps -Judicaria UNESCO Community, made up of 99 members). Biosphere Reserve’, in order to inform Specifically, moments dedicated to the and involve stakeholders (present Biosphere project were organised at at the round table for consultation the following meetings: on the area plan, made up of 39

LEDRO ALPS 220 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Place Subject Date Casa delle Round table for the area plan of the community 11 March 2013 Comunità delle (with provincial councillor R. Bombarda Giudicarie, Tione presenting the Biosphere Reserve project in detail) Casa della Round table for the area plan of the community 20 May 2013 Comunità delle (exchanging ideas on the section ‘Networks of Giudicarie, Tione Reserves’ in the context of the Preliminary Area Planning Document and hence focusing on the Biosphere Reserve) Casa della Conference of Mayors (to present and discuss 10 June 2013 Comunità delle the revised draft of the Preliminary Area Giudicarie, Tione Planning Document for the Community, also focusing on the Biosphere Reserve) Casa della Informal assembly of the CdG dedicated to 18 June 2013 Comunità delle presentation and discussion of the revised draft Giudicarie, Tione of the Preliminary Area Planning Document for the Community, also focusing on the Biosphere Reserve) Casa della Assembly of the CdG (discussion and approval 9 July 2013 Comunità delle of the Preliminary Area Planning Document for Giudicarie, Tione the Community, also focusing on the Biosphere Reserve)

Various informative and consultation the main stakeholder categories were meetings open to the public and/or also organised.

Place Subject Date Municipality of Open meeting with the population and local associations 20 May 2013 Comano Terme Municipality of Tenno Open meeting with the population and local associations 21 May 2013 Municipality of Ledro Open meeting with the population and local associations 22 May 2013 Municipality of Fiavé Open meeting with the population and local associations 1 July 2013 Municipality of Open meeting with the population and local associations 5 July 2013 S.Lorenzo in Banale Municipality of Open meeting with the population and local associations 19 July 2013 Stenico Municipality of Open meeting with the population and local associations 22 July 2013 Bleggio Superiore Municipality of Open meeting with the population and local associations 24 July 2013 Dorsino Municipality of Fiavé Open meeting with ASUCs 8 August 2013 Municipality of Ledro Open meeting with the population and local associations 22 August 2013 Municipality of Open meeting with local enterprises 23 August 2013 Stenico Comunità di valle Meeting with the assembly of the CAGL 30 August 2013 dell’Alto Garda e Ledro Municipality of Ledro Meeting with the municipal council 3 September 2013 Municipality of Tenno Meeting for municipal councillors from the municipalities in 3 September 2013 the reserve Municipality of Meeting with representatives of hunting associations 13 September 2013 Comano

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 221 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda To conclude, the framework of activation of links within the web informative and participatory activities sites of each municipality; also involved the following initiatives: • page on MAB on the magazine of • preparation and sending of a the CdG, sent to all the families newsletter regarding MAB topics in the Giudicarie Valley at the end and another one regarding the of August 2013, 16.000 copies content of the dossier, given to all distributed, available on the web those living in the area (Annex II); site2; • presentation of the initiative in • gathering of information regarding the regional TV news programme interest in the initiative from bodies (RAI3) on 8 May 2013; and parties who may be involved in • preparation of a special section the future activities of the reserve. within the EdJ web site1 and

1 http://www.dolomiti-garda.it/, https://it-it.facebo- ok.com/EcomuseoDellaJudicaria 2 www.comunitadellegiudicarie.it

One of the information evenings at the Municipality of Ledro

LEDRO ALPS 222 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda In addition to these opportunities for field of sustainable development and participation, over the last few years management paying attention to the population in the proposed BR has biodiversity - prepared the decision been involved in various participatory to nominate the area as a Biosphere processes linked to sustainable local Reserve today. Indeed, considering development projects, with objectives that this phase has transmitted values very much in line with those pursued and outlined objectives fully compliant by UNESCO’s MAB programme. with those of the MAB programme, These have been linked to procedures we believe that they represent a promoted by some of the same preliminary and integral part of the bodies proposing the nomination, nomination itself. such as PNAB, for the CETS and the new Park Plan, the Ecomuseum The tables which follow show how for its various cultural projects, the widespread and extensive the CdG for its community plan and the consultation of the resident population Municipality of Ledro in order to set up has been in the last few years. the Network of Reserves and for the Openloc project. 1) In relation to the new Park Plan, We can undoubtedly affirm that PNAB has organised numerous this long phase of participation opportunities for participatory and cultural growth - which has planning, mainly as regards the led these communities to develop protection of biodioversity, as mature and aware choices in the summarised briefly below :

Date Parties involved

07.05.2009 Management Committee 12.05.2009 Staff of the Park 12.05.2009 Administrators of the Park 13.05.2009 Directors of Italian parks: Abruzzo National Park, Prealpi Giulie Nature Park, Beigua Geopark, Regional Park of the Po Delta, Maritime Alps Nature Park 22.06.2009 Former administrators of the Park 06.07.2009 Environmental Associations 06.07.2009 Administrators of the Giudicarie 24.08.2009 ASUCs 25.08.2009 SAT 17-18.09.2009 Socioeconomic players in the area

8-9.10.2009 Administrators of the Val di Non, Val di Sole, Giudicarie tableland, Regole of Spinale and Manez PkO W k

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 223 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Park Open Week Population of “The future park” 19-24.10.2009    Ponte Arche 

Special meeting for young people “The park you would like to see”    Spormaggiore

22.09.2010 Professional categories involved 27. 06.2011 Protectionist associations 31.01.2011 Municipality of Caderzone Terme 02.02.2011 Municipality of Pinzolo 09.02.2011 Municipality of 10.02.2011 Municipality of Spiazzo and A.S.U.C.s of Fisto, Borzago, Mortaso 15.02.2011 Municipality of Dorsino, Municipality of 16.02.2011 Municipality of S. Lorenzo in Banale 22.02.2011 Municipality of Giustino 25.02.2011 Municipality of 03.03.2011 Municipality of Molveno 04.03.2011 Municipality of Stenico, Municipality of Comano Terme, A.S.U.C. of Stenico Municipality of , Municipality of Montagne, Regole of Spinale and 09.03.2011 Manez

2) For the revalidation of the CETS, the PNAB also set up a participatory process through specific area forums to plan the development of sustainable tourism in the park area. The calendar of area forums is given below:

Area Working dinner 1st Forum 2nd Forum 3rd Forum Val di Non area 23/06/2010 14/07/2010 28/07/2010 06/09/2010 Val di Sole, Val Rendena, Giudicarie Centrali and Val 05/05/2011 27/05/2011 08/06/2011 23/06/2011 del Chiese areas

Giudicarie Esteriori area 06/05/2011 26/05/2011 10/06/2011 22/06/2011

LEDRO ALPS 224 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 3) In addition to meetings dealing with with the population, discussing the specific subject of the Biosphere subjects similar to those regarding Reserve, already mentioned above, the Biosphere Reserve, in relation in the context of the participatory to sustainable local development, process for the PTC of the CdG the landscape and the Network of numerous other meetings took place Reserves.

DATE THEMES

01.09.2011 to Consultation with the area by Unitn DISA to draw up the “Analysis to support the Preliminary 30.11.2011 Document for the Area Plan of the Community” 17.01.2012 Presentation of the results of the Unitn “Analysis to support the Preliminary Document for the Area Plan of the Community” to the Conference of Mayors of the CdG 19.01.2012 Presentation of the results of the Unitn “Analysis to support the Preliminary Document for the Area Plan of the Community” to the assembly of the CdG (item 4 on the agenda) 10.12.2012 Meeting of Network of Reserves (CdG, Sarca BIM) 21.12.2012 Conference of Mayors on the Network of Reserves 14.01.2013 Meeting of the Network of Reserves (CdG, Sarca BIM) 21.01.2013 to Seminar/Workshop on “rejected landscapes”, organised in collaboration with Unitn, Tall and 26.01.2013 GreentrenDesign 04.02.2013 Meeting with Mayors on operational proposals for the creation of the Sarca River Park 11.03.2013 Second meeting of the PTC Giudicarie board (presentation by Bombarda) 21.03.2013 Meeting with municipalities, reps. of municipalities and the council of the CdG on the DP draft 28.03.2013 Meeting of the Network of Reserves 08.04.2013 Meeting of the Network of Reserves (CdG, Sarca BIM) 19.04.2013 Conference on tourism with Prof. Umberto Martini from Unitn 23.04.2013 Meeting of the Network of Reserves (CdG, ABNP, Sarca BIM) 09.05.2013 Meeting with neighbouring CdVs on our invitation to discuss DP policy 20.05.2013 Seventh meeting of the PTC Giudicarie board + presentation of the section on the Network of Reserves 03.06.2013 Meeting of the Network of Reserves with Mayors representing the Sarca valley

4) The Judicaria Ecomuseum organised numerous initiatives involving active participation and training on aspects relating to the landscape and cultural identity:

The Giudicarie Esteriori represent the home of cooperative activities in the region; the cooperative itinerary is an initiative of the Associazione Pro Ecomuseo

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 225 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Date Event Description Apr-July 2010 Participatory landscape project training programme for young people in the 5 meetings and trip valley concluding with a 2 day trip to Strasbourg last September

March-May 2010 Community School a course directed at young people to 6 meetings construct the area community of the future together. The objective is the involvement of young people in the valley, with a view to seeking new opportunities to be developed subsequently, both in economic terms and as regards employment

Nov-Dec 2010 Community maps an instrument with which local inhabitants 7 meetings represent their heritage, landscape, knowledge and local flavours, with a new concept of the area as a place conserving the history of the people who have lived there and transformed it in the past

19/11/2011 Public meeting on the subject of the Teatro don Bosco in P.Arche landscape

2011 Environmental project for sustainable Itineraries accompanied by local guides 3 meetings development from the area, to get to know the most interesting naturalistic and cultural aspects of the Ecomuseum

Feb-March 2012 Joining and participation at various Synergy between agriculture and rural 3 meetings meetings on the Sy-Cultour European tourism promoted by PAT project

May-June 2012 Promotion of itineraries to get to know 3 meetings the area, landscape and local products

Feb-May 2013 Map of the landscape and the agricultural To inform residents, visitors and tourists 5 meetings products of the Ecomuseum about the wealth of our rural landscape and the variety of agricultural products from our area

LEDRO ALPS 226 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 5) In the context of the setting up technical meetings with the public of the Network of Reserves, the administration. Municipality of Ledro organised The table below gives the calendar of numerous meetings with associations the main meetings held. and residents, along with

Date Parties present Scope Preliminary information, gathering of 23 July 2012 Ledro Hunters’ Association observations Preliminary information, gathering of 30 July 2012 Local associations from Ledro observations Storo and Bondone Hunters’ Preliminary information, gathering of 3 August 2012 Association observations Local associations from Storo Preliminary information, gathering of 3 August 2012 and Bondone observations 15 November 2012 Local associations from Ledro Information on the final draft Public ownership bodies, CAGL Discussion of the final document 7 December 2012 and BIM

6) Finally, numerous meetings were project, promoted by APT and the held in the context of the Openloc Municipality of Ledro:

Date Activities

From 01.10.2008 to Series of 5 meetings with the population 30.09.2011 Interviews and questionnaires regarding the services offered by the landscape 2010 with around 300 people 16 / 17.12.2011 "Ledro in the future" conference – using "Open Space Technology"

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 227 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13.5 How will stakeholder involvement in implementing and managing the biosphere reserve be fostered?

Participatory activities will not cease on the result of the nomination with presentation of the nomination. procedure. The cycle of meetings is expected to Furthermore, the previously continue, according to the following mentioned Memorandum of schedule: Understanding encourages the • Autumn 2013: public meetings continuation of participatory at municipal level to provide management activities in the context information about the content of of the future Biosphere Reserve. the nomination dossier and other To ensure the participation of cultural events; stakeholders in decision-making • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: processes in the phases of drawing meetings with representative up and subsequently implementing associations (farming, tourism, the future Management Plan for the forestry associations) to reserve, the setting up of one or more begin to establish sector permanent area forums has been programmes aimed at drawing provided for, to support a working up a Management Plan for the group (organs of governance with a Biosphere Reserve; consultative role – see section 4.7). • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: Furthermore, forums may be set meetings with local bodies up before the starting up of specific (ASUCs, BIM, RR, EdJ) to programmes, on the lines of those begin to establish sector implemented by CETS and RR. These programmes aimed at drawing specific forums are aimed at providing up a Management Plan for the information about initiatives underway, Biosphere Reserve; raising awareness and actively • Autumn 2013 – Winter 2014: involving the participants in gathering meetings with local authorities ideas. The meetings will be held in to begin to establish sector the area by organisations specialized programmes aimed at a MAB in the implementation of participatory Management Plan, also in relation processes and are organised for to new and existing sector funding segments of society on the basis of instruments (PSR, PAT funds for their characteristics. They generally sustainable development); organize an introductory meeting • Summer 2014: meetings with local followed by 1-2 meetings to exchange authorities to provide information ideas and gather requests.

LEDRO ALPS 228 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 13.6 What are the expected main sources of resources (financial, material and human) to implement the objectives of the biosphere reserve and projects within it?

The budget can cover three types of for the first three years and the expenditure: financial commitment, with the 1. Ordinary expenditure for the relative division of expenditure. running of the Biosphere Reserve (see section 17.4.11 - joint funding 3. In addition to these two main by all the signatories is provided types of expenditure, it is for); believed that resources related to activities already provided 2. Extraordinary expenditure for the for by different signatories (PAT, management plan and special valley communities, PNAB, projects, such as implementation tourist offices, RR, BIM), which of the management plan (e.g. are particularly relevant to the EMAS, CETS, conservation scope of the reserve activities, action outside the SIC, creation can also be included among the of infrastructures, dissemination). resources (human, material and These costs will be funded using financial) aimed at implementing special funds (community, national the objectives of the Biosphere or provincial funds). As regards Reserve and can therefore be this, it will be proposed that the attributed to the budget of the new PSR gives precedence Biosphere Reserve. and a majority of incentives to For example, the sustainable action falling within the Biosphere mobility projects promoted by Reserve. The division of joint Comano tourist office, projects funding will be decided according supporting alternative forms of to the rules to be established in the energy promoted by the BIM, Programme Agreement. or sustainable tourism projects A specific formal reference to planned in the context of PNAB’s joint funding can be found in CETS, undoubtedly in line with article 2 of the Memorandum of the objectives of the proposed Understanding, signed by all the Biosphere Reserve, on the proposers on 6 September 2013 one hand contribute towards (Annex 3.01), which also provides implementing the strategy of the for a Programme Agreement, MAB programme and at the same time can benefit in promotional which must establish, among other terms from being publicised as things, the programme of activities coherent with the strategy of the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 229 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda proposed Biosphere Reserve. towards the objectives established This is also valid for environmental by the plan. Other activities in the education, an area in which the sector may be funded specifically reserve can play a coordinating/ through the provincial fund for managing role for activities research and by PSR funds in the normally carried out by PNAB, case of areas included within SICs. APPA, RR and the Ecomuseum. Finally, tourist promotion within As regards scientific research the reserve will also make use activities, the Biosphere Reserve of the instruments available will orient activities normally through tourist offices and the undertaken by PNAB, MUSE, tourist consortium in the Val di APPA and other research institutes Ledro, organisations which will and already directed at objectives clearly have every interest in in line with those of the Biosphere highlighting the fact that the area is Reserve, seeking to direct them a Biosphere Reserve.

LEDRO ALPS 230 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Lake Ledro

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 231 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14. CONSERVATION FUNCTION

14.1. At the level of landscapes and ecosystems (including soils, water and climate)

14.1.1 Describe and give the Natura 2000 habitats is known location of ecosystems and/ cartographically with a precision of or land cover types of the over 1:10.000. biosphere reserve It is pointed out that there is a The distribution of the vegetation considerable diversity of environments series characterising the area is within the proposed Biosphere shown in the map in section 11.6, Reserve, with 32 Natura 2000 which also gives a description of the habitats, of which 7 classified as corresponding vegetation units. priorities and no less than 15 present For SICs the distribution of in the Trentino Red List.

32 Habitat types (sensu Natura 2000) 22% of habitats are classified as priorities (4070*, 6210*, 6230*, 8240*, 9180*, 91E0*, 6110*) 47% of habitats are listed (CR, EN, VU) in the Trentino Red List of Habitats

The inclusion of the individual habitats Ministry of Environment & WWF in the list of priorities for conservation 2005, Lasen 2006) is an indication or the European, national or regional of the level of the threat to which the Red Lists (EU Directive 92/43/CEE, habitats are subjected.

Nat.2000 Trentino Red National Habitat priority List Red List Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum 4070 (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) yes / low Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of the 6110 Alysso-Sedion albi yes CR low Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on 6210 calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) yes EN/CR low Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, 6230 in Continental Europe) yes LR low 8240 Limestone pavements yes EN low 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines yes VU low Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus 91E0 excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) yes VU/EN high Oli t hi t t hi t di t ith LEDRO ALPS 232 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda ()y g Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the 3130 Isoëto-Nanojuncetea no CR high 4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrub no CR / Natural euthrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or 3150 Hydrocharition-type vegetation no EN medium Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Salix 3240 eleagnos no EN low Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey- 6410 siltladen soils (Molinion caeruleae) no EN high Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, 6510 Sanguisorba officinalis) no EN medium 6520 Mountain hay meadows no EN low 7140 Transition mires and quaking bogs no EN medium-high 7230 Alkaline fens no EN high

At local level the threat can be further assessed by comparing the actual diffusion of the habitat with its potential diffusion, by cross- referencing the vegetation map with the land use map. It may be noted that of forestry type vegetation, only mesophile and hygrophilous broad-leaved trees typical of cool valley floors have seen a marked reduction, due to their substitution with relatively extensive or intensive farming areas (fertile arable zones). Semi-natural habitats, of great interest for the purposes of conserving biodiversity, instead involve lowland/ dry grasslands or marginal agricultural areas, in the context of forestry formations widespread on the slopes.

The Ampola peat bog near Ledro: a concentration of mountain grasslands, wooded slopes, low peat bog and eutrophic lakes

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 233 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.1.2 Describe the state and trends of trend for ecosystems (vegetation the ecosystems and/or land cover types series) and the main “drivers” that described above and the natural and will be taken into consideration in human drivers of the trends preparing the Management Plan for The following table shows the current the Reserve.

SERIE VEGETATION SERIES TREND HUMAN DRIVERS NATURAL S DRIVERS CODE 5 Central-western basophilic Generally Changes in traditional practices, Climate change, alpine geosigmetum of primary stable abandoning of mowing high in the with effects high-mountain vegetation (negative for mountains and limited or badly extending to all former distributed grazing, entry of nitrophilous types of mowing species vegetation, but meadows at particularly clear high altitude) in vegetation at high altitude 13 Central-eastern basophilic Stable Ecosystem not subject to significant In stable alpine series of bushes with pressure, except for local bush clearing conditions, natural mountain pine with scattered for grazing and/or hunting purposes trend towards sparse forests of Swiss pine forest coenosis and larch

34 Central alpine acidophilous Stable Ecosystem not subject to significant Stable series of beech pressure communities but limited to a small area 51 Eastern alpine basophilic series Stable Ecosystem subject to progressive Stable of beech (positive) improvement in management (structure communities and composition)

86 Central-eastern Negative Historic substitution of woods with crop Azonal woods, neutrobasophilic alpine series cultivation areas, selective felling of stable when of European ash (Fraxino valuable broad-leaved trees, conditions remain excelsioris sigmetum s.l.) introduction of conifer trees, diffusion of the same; very Also includes humid valley floor invasive allochthonous species, delicate humid grasslands changes to water conditions caused by grasslands, man, banalisation due to intensive strongly fertilisation (particularly sewage), dependent on intensification of crop cultivation management. practices, bush/wood cover as a result Variations in the of ceasing or reducing use, under or level of the aquifer overseeding carried out with selected species or non-local ecotypes

LEDRO ALPS 234 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda pyp 10b Central-western acidophilous Positive evolution of biocoenosis due to the Natural trend endalpic geosigmetum of low abandoning of traditional practices, towards forest, at bushes and larch-Swiss pine bush clearing for grazing and/or altitudes below the woods hunting purposes wood line 14a Eastern basophilic alpine Essentially Alteration of the secondary Forests are stable series of spruce. Also includes stable, wood/grassland mosaic due to the ecosystems. In the secondary grasslands and slightly abandoning of grazing systems, limited absence of pasture negative for or poorly distributed grazing management secondary practices, grasslands secondary grasslands naturally evolve into woods 50a Eastern basophilic prealpine Essentially Alteration of the secondary Forests are stable series of beech and spruce. stable, ma wood/grassland mosaic due to the ecosystems. Also includes mountain hay negative for abandoning of grazing systems. Climate change meadows and dry meadows secondary Bush/wood cover as a result of ceasing can lead to grasslands or reducing use, abandoning of compositional traditional mowing practices. changes in woods. Banalisation of valley floor grasslands In the absence of due to intensive fertilisation (particularly management sewage), under or overseeding carried practices, out with selected species or non-local secondary ecotypes. Invasion of allochthonous grasslands species in marginal wooded areas naturally evolve into woods TRANSVERSAL HYGROPHILOUS Historically Pollution/removal of surface waters, Progressive VEGETATION negative, increase in trophic levels, introduction infilling of lakes, currently of fish fauna, presence of dams, flooding recovering. embankments, weirs and other Some critical constructions, diffusion of invasive aspects allochthonous plant species remain TRANSVERSAL PEATLAND Historically Changes to water conditions caused by Progressive VEGETATION negative, man with reclamation and drainage infilling and currently activities, pollution of surface waters, consequential subject entry of nitrophilous species trend towards rigorous forestation protection

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 235 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The PBR area includes a mosaic peaks. of habitats with different levels of The central and most dynamic conservation; from perfectly intact “junction” for ecosystems is natural habitats at high altitude represented by semi-natural habitats, (culminating in the rocky pinnacles created and shaped by traditional and peaks of the Brenta Dolomites, usage and which require active reaching a maximum altitude of 3,173 management to conserve their m a.s.l.), to semi-natural habitats essential characteristics. The crisis in with traditional management by man the traditional socioeconomic model (lowland meadows and pasture), often leads to the disappearance agricultural areas and human of semi-natural habitats, which settlements. precisely for this reason are of Dolomitic environments at high primary conservation interest. Some altitude are generally very well areas experience abandonment conserved, given their extremely and spontaneous reforestation. natural nature. The factors most Other areas are converted to more influencing their state of conservation intensive management methods. are considered to be natural The ecosystems most strongly catastrophes (landslides, avalanches influenced by the intervention of man etc) and climate change at global are therefore subject to various forms level, which leads to “shifting of deterioration, which result from altitudes” for bands of vegetation, to changing methods for managing the the detriment of habitats on mountain area.

Limestone pavement on carbonate rock in the Ledro area, a priority habitat according to the EU

LEDRO ALPS 236 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.1.3 What kind of protection mountains, watercourses and regimes (including customary protected areas (Provincial law and traditional) exist for the no. 11 of 23-05-2007), framework core area(s) and the buffer law on forestry management and zone(s)? protected areas. The whole of the Judicaria and Ledro The central and southern buffer Reserve is subject to provincial or zones, when not included within municipal planning restrictions: protected areas, are also partially · The Piano Urbanistico Provinciale included in the “Network of Reserves (PUP, provincial planning scheme) of the Ledro Alps”, with the determines aspects relating to implementation of the regulatory landscape, hydrogeological, land instrument introduced with the use and cultivation restrictions, with provincial law on forests and nature maps and regulations; protection (LP. 11/2007). · The plans of the valley communities There are also several protected (currently being drawn up) and areas at various points in the general regulatory plans of the proposed reserve (set up according municipalities refer to the PUP, to local or national laws or European providing detailed indications directives), distributed within the at municipal level in relation to zones as shown in the following planning and development; tables: · Management of forests and

The Fiavè peat bog, an example of active protection with intervention to keep surfaces open and water free, otherwise tending to evolve towards woodland

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 237 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda NORTHERN CORE AREA BRENTA DOLOMITES This is one of the most majestic Dolomitic mountain ranges, with a flora rich in endemic species and differentiated vegetation in the individual valleys. The Brenta Dolomites are the ninth and last of the Dolomitic ranges to be recognised for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Significant presence of differences in vertical level, peaks over 3000 m and bare rock. (aesthetic-landscape criterion). High level of intrinsic and extrinsic geodiversity: typical Dolomitic landscape shaped by the climate and tectonic and structural movement. Extensive karst phenomena. (Geological-geomorphological criteria) Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Core area totally included in the SCI IT3120177; Council Directive 92/43/EEC protected site SPA IT3120159; Provincial Nature Park (PNAB) Council Directive 79/409/EEC L.P. 11/07

CENTRAL CORE AREA PICHEA-ROCCHETTA RIDGE Extensive and valuable presence of endemic plant species; it is significant that many plants with a distribution area centring on the Lombard alpine foothills here reach their eastern distribution limit. The central growing area of Hypochoeris facchiniana is found within the site. Pass of international interest for the medium-long range transit of migrating birdlife in the late summer and autumn (post-reproductive migration). Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Core area totally included in the SCI/SPA IT3120093 Council Directive 92/43/EEC protected site Council Directive 79/409/EEC

SOUTHERN CORE AREA BOCCA DI CASET The effects of the peak and deforestation in the past have allowed the establishment of grasslands (Sesleria), partly rocky, rich in endemic westerly-based plant species. Bocca di Caset represents the most important pass in the Trentino alpine foothills in relation to the passage of migrating birds. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Core area totally included in the SCI/SPA IT3120096 Council Directive 92/43/EEC protected site Council Directive 79/409/EEC

LEDRO ALPS 238 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda NORTHERN BUFFER ZONE BRENTA DOLOMITES This is one of the most majestic Dolomitic mountain ranges, with flora rich in endemic species and differentiated vegetation in the individual valleys. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Much of the buffer zone is included in SIC IT3120177; Council Directive 92/43/EEC the protected site; a smaller part is ZPS IT3120159; Council Directive 79/409/EEC outside the park area (and the relative Provincial Nature Park (PNAB) L.P. 11/07 SIC/ZPSs)

CENTRAL BUFFER ZONE SLOPES AROUND THE PICHEA-ROCCHETTA RIDGE Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Buffer zone included in the NR of the Provincial legislation LP. 11/2007 Ledro Alps

SOUTHERN BUFFER ZONE TREMALZO AND TOMBEA MOUNTAINS Site of extraordinary interest in terms of flora, due to the exceptional concentration of endemic species, known throughout Europe and a compulsory destination for botanical excursions. Wild environments little affected by man are still frequent. The site is of considerable national and/or provincial interest due to the presence and reproduction of animal species at threat of extinction and important glacial relicts, exclusive to and/or typical of the Alps. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Much of the buffer zone is included in SCI IT3120127 Council Directive 92/43/EEC the protected site; a smaller part is included in the NR of the Ledro Alps STORO AND BONDONE ALPS Area of international interest for the medium-long range transit of many migrating species in the late summer and autumn (post-reproductive migration). Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Buffer zone totally included in the SCI/SPA IT3120094 Council Directive 92/43/EEC protected site Council Directive 79/409/EEC

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 239 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Finally, we highlight other forms of present in the Transition Zone of the protection/recognition for sub-areas reserve:

TRANSITION ZONE FIAVÉ A large, precious peatland area, it is also renowned for its important archaeological heritage, in addition to natural aspects. Indeed, significant pile-dwellings settlements have been found here, making this area an archaeological site of international importance. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Transition zone partially included in SCI IT3120068; Council Directive 92/43/EEC the protected site Provincial Nature Reserve. L.P. 11/07 LOMASONA Large wetland area covering almost the whole valley floor of Val Lomasone, a glacial valley that opens out onto the plain of Campo Lomaso. It is a large humid grassland area, interrupted here and there by small channels and occasional pools. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Transition zone partially included in SCI IT3120069; Council Directive 92/43/EEC the protected site Provincial Nature Reserve; L.P. 11/07 Local reserve. LAKE AMPOLA Exceptional lake environment, with the complete vegetation series, situated in a gorge. The site is also of considerable importance for the nesting, stopping off and/or overwintering of protected or rapidly declining species of bird, and/or birdlife with local distribution in the Alps. Presence of invertebrates in Annex II indicating a high level of naturalness for running waters. Zoning inclusion Protection regimes Legislation Transition zone partially included in SCI IT3120076; Council Directive 92/43/EEC the protected site Provincial Nature Reserve L.P. 11/07

LEDRO ALPS 240 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda To summarise, the core areas are be maintained. Around 78% of the entirely included within protected Buffer Zones are included in SIC areas classified as SIC/ZPSs, subject areas or SIC/ZPSs, subject to Council to Council Directives 92/43/EEC and Directives, 15% are included in the 79/409/EEC. Inclusion in an SIC/ Network of Reserves of the Ledro ZPS offers a strong guarantee that Alps and only the remaining 7% are an adequate state of conservation subject exclusively to provincial laws, for the habitats in the core areas will covering the whole of PAT’s territory.

The distribution of “forms of protection” within the core areas and buffer zones

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 241 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.1.4 Which indicators or · annual census of high mountain data are used to assess the galliformes (rock partridge, black efficiency of the actions/ grouse, wood grouse). strategy used? At the beginning of the new Inside the PNAB, following the millennium an extensive project for detailed inventory and mapping of the mapping of habitats (according a series of species in the Red List, to Natura 2000) was started up periodic monitoring was started up (1- within SIC and ZPS areas throughout 5-10 years depending on the species) Trentino. The project provided for with reference to the location and size the detailed location of habitats on a of the populations initially subjected to 1:10.000 scale, and assessment of the census. their state of conservation and the As regards birdlife, the Bocca di main pressures underway for each Caset ZPS site (core area in the south habitat and site. The monitoring of the reserve) is the headquarters provides for periodic comparison for ringing and census activities of surface areas and state of for migrating species in the post- conservation. reproductive period; since around Forestry habitats are also subject 20years this survey has been carried to management planning (forest out by MUSE in a continuative manner systems) with periodic inventories from 20 August to 20 October every which establish the state and year. evolution of various parameters Another initiative is annual surveying including composition, biomass, of the state of the glaciers present, in structure and the effect of terms of area, length of the terminal management practices. tongues and thickness of the ice, Since the beginning of the millennium carried out by the SAT Glaciological numerous species have been the Commission; the first systematic object of detailed investigative surveys of all the glaciers in the area surveys and subsequent monitoring date back to 1989. by PAT’s Biotope Office, complying with European directives regarding the Natura 2000 network. These studies include: · periodic monitoring of birdlife linked to the Fiavé, Lomasona and Ampola peat bog; · monitoring of spring migration of amphibians in the Fiavé peat bog · survey of the presence of the white- clawed crayfish;

LEDRO ALPS 242 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Bocca di Caset migratory pass

Physophlexis comosa, a showy species growing on carbonate and Dolomitic rock

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 243 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.2 At the level of species and ecosystem diversity

14.2.1 Identify main groups of species or species of particular interest for the conservation objectives, especially those that are endemic to this biosphere reserve, and provide a brief description of the communities in which they occur Saxifraga tombeanensis, an endemic species Widespread environmental quality in the Ledro area, takes its name from Monte and the permeability of the ecological Tombea, situated along the southern frontier of the proposed BR network, still well conserved, are the basis of the reappearance in the and very precious species, some of area of large carnivores, already which are “famous”, such as Saxifraga extincted elsewhere. This is linked tombeanensis (clearly named with to the extensive and essentially reference to Monte Tombea, present intact environments in the area. In at the southern edge of the area), this context one needs only consider Daphne petraea (both in Annex II, Dir. frequentation of the area by the 92/43/CEE) or Gentiana brentae (a brown bear (this zone representing new species for science, described by an important area of expansion from the researchers of the Museo Civico the PNAB towards the south), the in Rovereto in 2008). ascertained presence of the lynx and Below we deal with the main species the very recent reappearance (albeit of flora and fauna of interest in terms not systematic for the moment) of the of conservation. For further details wolf. see the annexes 5.1 and 5.2. Similarly, the role of the area as an open “door” between the Alps and the FLORA sub-Mediterranean environment is The position of the PBR, close to the proved by the high level of diversity southern edge of the Alps, straddling in terms of flora, of great importance the Po plain, makes it particularly above all as regards the number of interesting in terms of flora. Indeed, local endemic species, making the the peak in stenoendemic species is Giudicarie and Ledro area one of reached in the central alpine foothills, the richest in the Alps in terms of in the area on the frontier between valuable flora. There are exclusive Lombardia and Trentino.

LEDRO ALPS 244 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Map of the distribution of endemic species in the alpine area; the area of the proposed BR is highlighted

On a more detailed scale it can southern part of the Giudicarie Alps, be noted that the concentration of on the frontier between the provinces endemic species reaches one of of Trento and Brescia. its greatest peaks precisely in the

Fig. 14.1 Distribution of endemic species in the central-eastern Alps (on the left, source: Tribsch A. & Schönswetter P.), and the number of stenoendemic species by quadrants in the Province of Trento (Source: MCR). The area of the proposed BR

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 245 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The area of the proposed Judicaria 10 alpine provinces, according to and Ledro Reserve can boast the Flora Alpina (Aeschimann et al. presence of no less than 34 steno- 2004 and subsequent findings) were endemic species, listed in the following taken into consideration in the steno- table. Only those indicated in at least endemic category.

Specie Distribution Nigritella buschmanniae Trentino Gentiana brentae Trentino Festuca austrodolomitica Trentino Erysimum sylvestre subsp. aurantiacum Trentino Aquilegia thalictrifolia Trentino, Lombardia Centaurea rhaetica Trentino, Lombardia Daphne petraea Trentino, Lombardia Daphne reichsteinii Trentino, Lombardia Euphorbia variabilis Trentino, Lombardia Gentianella engadinensis Trentino, Lombardia Laserpitium nitidum Trentino, Lombardia Ranunculus bilobus Trentino, Lombardia Saxifraga arachnoidea Trentino, Lombardia Scabiosa vestina Trentino, Lombardia Silene elisabethae Trentino, Lombardia Telekia speciosissima Trentino, Lombardia Viola dubyana Trentino, Lombardia Carex baldensis Central-Eastern Alps Crepis froelichiana Central-Eastern Alps Dianthus monspessulanus subsp. waldsteinii Central-Eastern Alps Draba dolomitica Central-Eastern Alps Euphrasia tricuspidata Central-Eastern Alps Festuca alpestris Central-Eastern Alps Galium baldense Central-Eastern Alps Hypochoeris facchiniana Central-Eastern Alps Knautia baldensis Central-Eastern Alps Knautia persicina Central-Eastern Alps Knautia velutina Central-Eastern Alps Moehringia glaucovirens Central-Eastern Alps Primula spectabilis Central-Eastern Alps Ranunculus venetus Central-Eastern Alps Saxifraga tombeanensis Central-Eastern Alps Achillea oxyloba Alps Androsace vitaliana Alps

Fig. 14.2 The European freshwater crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes italicus), is one of the species with the greatest need for conservation

LEDRO ALPS 246 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda FAUNA are several population groups at the Invertebrates springs or along the initial stretches of There are numerous species of the watercourses. invertebrates of interest in terms of This species, present in Annex II of conservation due to their rarity and Dir. 92/43/CEE, is of considerable inclusion in international directives, importance as a bio-indicator and is among which we can cite the considered to be at risk of extinction Austropotamobius pallipes and the (IUCN – EN). The considerable Vertigo angustior. reduction in its population in the last The white-clawed crayfish few decades can be attributed mainly (Austropotamobius pallipes italicus) is to pollution and alteration of the an endemic species whose preferred waters, along with direct persecution habitat includes small hollows with by man, as it is an edible species. The clear, running, fresh, well-oxygenated accidental introduction of the spiny waters of good quality, with beds of cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus), rock, gravel, sand and leaves and an exotic species of American origin, branches, preferably in the hills and has recently led to a further reduction mountains. The area of the reserve in the population of the local crayfish, offers various zones suitable for the due to strong competition between the white-clawed crayfish, and there two species.

Austropotamobius pallipes

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 247 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Herpetofauna area, but its distribution is continuous In the Judicaria and Ledro reserve only in the eastern part, whereas there is a relatively significant it is very fragmentary in the west. presence of herpetofauna: the most Although at national level this species widespread species of amphibians are is considered to be at low risk of the common toad (Bufo bufo), edible extinction, there are specific situations frog (Rana esculenta), common frog with isolated populations and (Rana temporaria), fire salamander extremely localised distribution. The (Salamandra salamandra) and the alpine newt is generally considered agile frog (Rana dalmatina), present in to be the most aquatic of the Italian Annex IV of the Habitat Directive. newts and is capable of occupying The European green toad (Bufo varied types of aquatic environments viridis), a typical lowland species, of modest size, also at relatively high also present in Annex IV of the Habitat altitude. Directive, the alpine newt (Triturus Of the reptiles, the common wall lizard alpestris) and the yellow-bellied toad (Podarcis muralis) is common in woo- (Bombina variegata) are also less ded areas, while the viviparous lizard frequently present. (Zootoca vivipara) is rarely found in Three sub-species of alpine newt subalpine areas. The striking we- (Triturus alpestris) are present in Italy. stern green lizard (Lacerta bilineata), It is widespread throughout the alpine found in the west, here reaches the

The alpine newt (Triturus alpestris), found in the Fiavé peat bog

LEDRO ALPS 248 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda eastern edge of its distribution area which became the Adamello Brenta and usually frequents open and sun- Nature Park also in order to protect ny habitats. In the glades and on the the species. edge of woods the slow worm (Anguis In order to avoid the imminent fragilis), a limbless snake-like rep- extinction of the bear, in 1996 the tile, can sometimes be seen. Of the park started up the “Life Ursus” snakes, the most frequently present project for its reintroduction. Between are the green whip snake (Coluber 1999 and 2002 10 brown bears were viridiflavus), which preys on lizards, released, adapting well to their new the Aesculapian snake (Elaphe lon- environment and giving rise to a gissima) and the grass snake (Natrix population of over 30 bears today in natrix); the dice snake (Natrix tessella- the Central Alps. ta), a strictly aquatic species, and the The area of the reserve represents and the asp viper (Vipera aspis) are a possible expansion corridor for the found less frequently. There are four bear towards the south. species of reptiles listed in Annex IV The only lynx (Lynx linx) certainly of the Habitat Directive in the reserve: present in the province of Trento Coluber viridiflavus, Natrix tessella- starting from 2008 (the male known ta, Elaphe longissima and Coronella as B132) comes from the small Swiss austriaca. population in the S. Gallo canton. The following figure shows its movements Mammals in 2012, mainly within the reserve Of the mammals, the most significant area. B132 is currently the only species found within the reserve is animal whose presence has been certainly the bear (Ursus arctos). ascertained in Trentino. Persecuted with every means for centuries, the bear was confined to a restricted area of western Trentino,

Barbastella barbastellus, a bat which is strictly protected

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 249 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Watch out for bear (Ursus arctos) in 2012 year

The brown bear of the Alps (Ursus arctos), a species symbolising the ABNP

LEDRO ALPS 250 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Watch out for linx (Lynx lynx) in 2012 year

The lynx (Lynx linx), one of the large carnivores in the Alps

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 251 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Birdlife The area defined by the confines of the reserve is home to a large number of protected non-migratory (14) and migratory (93) species, giving rise to the setting up of the different Special Protection Areas. Around 37 species included in Annex I of the 79/409/CEE Birds Directive have been recorded in the area, of which 9 non-migratory, including: the eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), rock partridge (Alectoris graeca saxatilis), black grouse (Tetrao tetrix tetrix), wood grouse (Tetrao urogallus), The rock partridge (Alectoris graeca saxatilis), rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus a bird in the galliformes order, can be found in grasslands high in the mountains helveticus), hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), grey-headed survey station (managed by MTSN) woodpecker (Picus canus) and at Bocca di Caset. Overall, from 1996 Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium to 2011 more than 398,000 birds passerinum). belonging to 174 species have been The alpine rock partridge is a sub- captured. Among the numerous birds species of Alectoris greca, but in captured (almost 44,000 birds ringed) contrast to this it lives only in the Alps intra-palearctic migratory species and is larger, with darker feathers. dominate, in particular fringillidae The species is declining in the Alps (Eurasian siskin and chaffinch), both due to hunting and disturbance followed by the robin, goldcrest and by man, and as a result of the coal tit. The disappearance of suitable habitats, European pied flycatcher and the following changes to farming practices willow warbler are instead the most and natural reforestation of open abundant trans-Saharan migrating areas. species, however the common As illustrated in section 4.2 (see maps redstart and the tree pipit are also well with the routes of migrating birdlife) represented. the reserve coincides with one of The monitoring of recapture involves the most important corridors in the this centre in a transnational network Alps for migrating birdlife in autumn. of ornithological stations. This importance is confirmed by the presence of the permanent migration

LEDRO ALPS 252 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.2.2 What are the pressures on key species? In other words: what are the threats (example unsustainable management of forest), their immediate causes (drivers of change like forest change or habitat change), their underlying causes (example overgrazing, fire, pollution), and the main driving forces (example: economic, political, social, external, etc.) and the area(s) concerned?

Flora grassland habitats. The autochthonous flora can be The group of particularly renowned considered as a nucleus of key or showy endemic species, such as species with which to measure Saxifraga tombeanensis, Nigritella pressures underway. These pressures buschmanniae, Telekia speciosissima have varying effects on different and Aquilegia thalictrifolia, is groups of species and must be particularly at risk of being picked opportunely assessed when drawing directly by collectors. up the future Management Plan for The group of species linked to rocky the reserve. or high mountain environments, The group of dry grasslands/lowland among which Gentiana brentae, dry meadows, in which the Erysimum Saxifraga arachnoidea and Daphne sylvestre subsp. aurantiacum, petraea stand out, would not currently Hypochoeris facchiniana, Achillea appear to have any management oxyloba and Scabiosa vestina stand problems. Careful evaluation of sports out, is closely linked to maintaining activities, such rock climbing practice adequate conservation of dry grounds, will need to adequately taken into consideration.

Fauna With reference to threats and dynamics underway already mentioned in the previous sections, it is possible to identify some groups of key species which are subject to specific pressures. The group of species living in running waters, such as the white- clawed crayfish, is strongly linked to the quality of the aquatic habitat; the greatest pressure is therefore represented by pollution of the waters Tulipa australis, a showy species in the Ledro and by competition with allochthonous Alps invasive species such as the spiny

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 253 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda cheek crayfish. of the traditional agricultural The group of species living in landscape, with a mosaic made up of standing water environments, such alternating hedges, dry stone walls, as amphibians, is closely linked meadows, pools of water, isolated to the quantitative and qualitative trees and woods. The pressures maintenance of the habitat; the are therefore represented by the greatest pressure is therefore passage from traditional to intensive represented by direct destruction or a agriculture, the banalisation of valley reduction in the extent/quality of the floor habitats and the decrease in care habitat. of marginal areas, traditionally mown Large carnivores such as the lynx by local farmers. and bear represent the top of the food The rock partridge is found in dry chain and are therefore indicators of meadows and areas cultivated overall environmental quality, however with cereal crops at low altitude, at the same time they are strongly which represent wintering stations. influenced by changes to the fragile For centuries mountain agriculture trophic chain. The pressures which and grazing provided artificial have the greatest effect on them are environments particularly favourable thus the fragmentation of the territory, for the species (terraced fields, possible scarcity of prey and more pastures due to deforestation) in general interference with human and the recent decline in these activities. activities is without doubt negative The group represented by bats, for this phasianidae, precisely due reptiles, small mammals and lesser to the reduction in its habitat: indeed birds is closely linked to maintenance ungrazed grasslands covered by a layer of dry grass and abandoned fields invaded by trees and bushes are avoided by the rock partridge, which has seen a marked reduction in its distribution area in the Alps in the last few decades. The migratory species, which have one of their most important migration routes across the proposed Biosphere Reserve, collectively represent an indicator of environmental quality, not only for the area in question, but more in general as a quality indicator at continental and intercontinental level (between northern Europe and Africa Alpine brown bear south of the Mediterranean).

LEDRO ALPS 254 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.2.3 What kind of measures and indicators are currently used, or planned to be used to assess both species groups and the pressures on them? Who undertakes this work, or will do so in the future?

Flora alpine galliformes. In the Adamello-Brenta Park At the ringing station at Bocca the main endemic species are di Caset constant monitoring of already the object of monitoring migratory species is carried out. by the Museo Civico in Rovereto, All the SIC and ZPS areas in the with periodic monitoring at sites Natura 2000 network are subject to of particular importance or along periodic monitoring for all groups of sample itineraries, at varying intervals fauna species. according to the rarity/threat for the Fauna of interest to hunters (red species (1, 5 or 10 years). deer, roe deer, alpine chamois etc.) is All the SIC and ZPS areas in the subject to programmed censuses, on Natura 2000 network are subject to the basis of which the hunting quotas monitoring (not currently standardised/ are established. systematic) of the flora present, with The setting up of the Biosphere particular reference to protected and Reserve would offer the opportunity to endemic species. extend the surveys and programmed The rest of the proposed Biosphere systematic monitoring to the whole Reserve is surveyed extensively but area in question, coordinating the not in a programmed manner. The work of the various operational setting up of the Biosphere Reserve bodies. will offer the chance to extend systematic surveys and programmed monitoring to the whole of the area in question, coordinating the work of the various operational bodies. FOTO Fauna Some species at the top of the trophic chain, such as the bear and lynx, are the object of constant monitoring throughout the area of the Autonomous Province of Trento. In the Adamello-Brenta Park constant monitoring is carried out for the most significant species, such as the rock The alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), an partridge, bearded vulture, eagle and inhabitant of high mountain areas

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 255 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Ecological network areas and therefore represents an Currently, conservation strategies important part of the alpine ecological are more and more focused on the network(see Annex 8.7). species’ habitats protection and on the maintenance of an efficient 14.2.4 What actions are ecological network. The Provincial currently undertaken Ecological Network, set up through to reduce these pressures? the innovative approach of the The picking and collection of plant LIFE+ T.E.N. project, is based on species is regulated by the Provincial the Networks of Reserves, which law of 23 May 2007, no. 11 (Provincial are identified by the Provincial Law law on forests and nature protection 11/2007 and allow the valorization and subsequent regulations) which of biodiversity in Trentino through a lists protected species that it is de-centralized management, involving absolutely forbidden to pick, species local communities according to the of flowers for which picking is principle of responsible subsidiarity. limited to 5 flowers and exceptions The progressive territorial provided for in the case of species anthropization often divides and traditionally used as food (around 50 isolates the natural areas, thus species including mountain radicchio, reducing their value in terms of asparagus, Good King Henry ecological connectivity and sometimes and frogs and snails), effectively totally deleting it. Safeguarding the recognising the use of these species so called “ecological connection of as part of a very significant cultural the territory” indirectly allows the identity linked to traditional use of the protection of huge amount of species. local area. The man plays a central role in this The pressure created by the network, as an important element deterioration of habitats influences for management and protection; the populations of both plant and thanks to planning strategies he has animal species. These pressures the opportunityto choose whether are limited by the passive and active to preserveor limit the ecological functionality of a territory. These choices often have repercussions on human communities living in the same territory, because the Ecological Network is multi- purpose, as it not only benefits the nature, but also produces "ecosystem services" for people. The ecological network of Trentino is The alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), an by its nature "open" to the surrounding inhabitant of high mountain areas

LEDRO ALPS 256 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda measures taken to protect habitats 14.2.5 What actions do you by parks, provincial reserves, the intend to take to reduce these Natura 2000 network etc. In addition to passive protection, actions directed Many actions have already been at the improvement of habitats are taken to reduce pressure and threats incentivised (with in-house resources to plant and animal species, however or by making recourse to specific the setting up of the Biosphere measures provided for in the Rural Reserve would offer the chance to Development Plan (PSR), by the extend the application of various Adamello-Brenta Park, within the virtuous practices already underway in SIC and ZPS and also in areas the local area, such as: not specifically protected. Actions · Planning of intervention in have been taken to recover wetland sectors such as mountain huts, environments, incentivise traditional environmental improvement for the animal husbandry activities, maintain purposes of fauna at high altitude; open environments and remove · Integrated development of area structures with a negative impact. enhancement and promotion The main types of fauna that can be projects funded by the PSR; hunted are subject to regulations, · Extension of the Network of basing the hunting quotas on constant Reserves of the Ledro Alps to monitoring of the population of the other mountain areas to the north main species. Hunters and ASUC (Giudicarie), including conservation provide for regular implementation of programmes such as those measures to improve habitats for fauna. developed in the context of the EU Coordination and management LIFE+ “Trentino Ecological network” instruments have been approved for project. the Val di Ledro and Adamello-Brenta Parks areas. The Park Plan is indeed a detailed planning and management policy instrument. The Val di Ledro has equipped itself with technical planning tools regarding various sectors; forest roads, alpine pasture and environmental improvement for the purpose of fauna. These same tools have been provided for in the implementation programme of the Network of Reserves of the Ledro Alps. The other areas in the proposed Biosphere Reserve require The cultivation of medicinal plants, a limited coordination of individual actions. activity with good prospects, also in relation to Comano spa

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 257 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.3. At the level of genetic diversity

14.3.1 Indicate species or varieties that are of importance (e.g. for conservation, medicine, food production, agrobiodiversity, cultural practices etc)

The importance of rare or endemic species for conservation, also in genetic terms, has already been discussed in previous sections, so the picture will now be completed in relation to common species. Many plants have traditionally been used to supplement the “poor” diet of mountain populations. However, their use is still largely limited to the family environment. Many of these species were also used in traditional medicine. Vegetables were cultivated in Trentino over a considerable length of time, above all in family vegetable patches, and used by the farmer and his “Carne salada”, a traditional product from the relatives. The variety of products was upper Lake Garda and Tenno areas, particularly valuable for tourism relatively limited and oriented towards the cultivation of crops suitable for conserving over the winter (potatoes, beans, turnips etc.). However, there is also documentation of the cultivation of different vegetables, such as asparagus and cardoons in the Val Rendena. The potato was the main product sold from the 19th century, representing a significant part of the local economy. Only in the 1950s did the cultivation of other vegetables destined for sale begin, the main crops being: potatoes, cabbage (including cauliflower and Savoy cabbage), radicchio, various types of lettuce, celery and celeriac, The Bleggio walnut (Juglans regia, var. carrots, beans, courgettes and bleggiana), a local variety produced in limited quantities

LEDRO ALPS 258 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda asparagus. enthusiastically by peasants, to the Around the second half of the 20th extent that up to a few decades ago, century, the cultivation of berry fruits polenta was a fundamental part of such as strawberries, raspberries, the diet. Currently the crop is widely blackberries, red, white and cultivated for animal feed, while the blackcurrants, gooseberries and “Marano di Storo” variety should also blueberries began in Trentino. Today be mentioned. these represent a valid instrument This is a traditional quality product for overcoming, at least partly, one used to make polenta flour, cultivated of the main limitations of mountain in the Giudicarie area. agriculture, namely the scarcity and Chestnuts, Bleggio walnuts, Dro fragmentation of areas suitable for plums (a local variety) and Lake cultivation. Garda olives are other traditional Along with polenta, the potato has products which have represented effectively represented the historic precious, if not fundamental foods for basis of the local diet (in the last two the mountain populations, for their centuries). survival and more recently for sale. The Lomaso and Fiavé areas Although deriving from species represent the main production centre common to other areas, they in the province (3-4,000 tons/year) represent specific ecotypes, thanks and has also been an important site to their presence in Trentino for for scientific experimentation. centuries, with consequential natural It is worth mentioning the historic role selection taking place due to the of maize as a crop in Trentino, where influence and soil and climatic it was only introduced in the second conditions of the environment, giving half of the 17th century, being received rise to specific sensory characteristics.

“Ciuiga” del Banale, a variety of pork sausage developing out of the need to make use of the less appreciated parts of the animal

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 259 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Map of the main typical products in the upper Lake Garda and Giudicarie areas

PLANTS ortance ortance p p lant Wild plant Wild plant Cultivated p Species Use Traditional im Economic im Typical products x Asparagus tenuifolius Wild edible x Homemade oil preserves x Aruncus dioicus Wild edible x Homemade oil preserves x Cicerbita alpina Wild edible x Homemade oil preserves x Cichorium intybus Wild edible x Home cooked x Humulus lupulus Wild edible x Home cooked x Mentha acquatica Wild edible x Home cooked x Plantago lanceolata Wild edible x Home cooked x Salvia pratensis Wild edible x Home cooked x Silene vulgaris Wild edible x Home cooked x Tragopogon pratensis Wild edible x Home cooked x Chenopodium bonus- Wild edible x Home cooked henricus x Rubus caesius Wild edible x Homemade fruit jam x Rosa canina Wild edible x Homemade fruit jam x Vaccinium myrtillus Wild edible x Homemade fruit jam x Ribes petraeum Wild edible x Conserva de ùa spinèla x Vaccinium vitis-idaea Wild edible, medicinal x Conserva de garnètole x x Rubus idaeus Wild edible, medicinal x x Picco rosso, fresh fruit

LEDRO ALPS 260 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda x Rosa canina Wild edible x Homemade fruit jam x Vaccinium myrtillus Wild edible x Homemade fruit jam x Ribes petraeum Wild edible x Conserva de ùa spinèla x Vaccinium vitis-idaea Wild edible, medicinal x Conserva de garnètole x x Rubus idaeus Wild edible, medicinal x x Picco rosso, fresh fruit x x Fragaria vesca Wild edible, medicinal x x Picco rosso, fresh fruit x Sambucus nigra Wild edible, medicinal x Conserva de sambùc x Arctium lappa Wild edible, medicinal x Home cooked x Urtica dioica Wild edible, medicinal, x Home cooked domestic, veterinary x Rhododendron ferrugineum Bee-keeping x x Miel di rasabèch x Artemisia absinthium Medicinal, ritual, domestic x Assenzio (homemade liqueur) x Artemisia genipi Medicinal x Genepi (homemade liqueur) x Artemisia umbelliformis Medicinal x Genepi (homemade liqueur) x Juniperus communis Wild edible, medicinal, x Acquavite di ginepro, Aromatic domestic herbs x Carum carvi Wild edible, medicinal x Aromatic herbs x Thymus serpyllum Wild edible, medicinal x Aromatic herbs, Thyme oil x Pinus mugo Medicinal, domestic x Sciroppo di mugo x Gentiana punctata Medicinal x x Amaro Valle di Ledro, Acquavite di genziana x Gentiana lutea Medicinal x x Amaro Valle di Ledro, Acquavite di genziana x Peucedanum ostruthium Medicinal x Acquavite di imperatoria x Arnica montana Medicinal x Arnica oil x Hypericum perforatum Medicinal x Hypericum oil x Achillea millefolium Medicinal x Herb tea x Fagus sylvatica Domestic (wood) x x x Ostrya carpinifolia Domestic (wood) x x x Fraxinus ornus Domestic (wood) x x x Quercus pubescens Domestic (wood) x x x Pinus sylvestris Domestic (wood) x x x Larix decidua Domestic (wood), x x medicinal x Picea excelsa Domestic (wood), x x medicinal x Corylus avellana Edible, domestic (wood) x x x Juglans regia Edible, domestic (wood) x x Bleggio walnut x Castanea sativa Edible, domestic (wood) x x Pranzo chestnut x Vitis vinifera Edible x Wine x Olea europaea Edible x Olio del GardaTrentino DOP x Brassica oleracea Edible x x Trentino sauerkraut x Brassica rapa Edible x x Trentino sauerkraut, Ciuiga del Banale x Solanum tuberosum Edible x x Lomaso potato x Zea mais Edible x Mais Nostrano di Storo (Polenta) x Mais "ceroso" (specie, Animal feed x varieta?) x Secale cereale Edible, Animal feed x x x Medicago sativa Animal feed x x x Ribes nigrum Edible x x Fruit syrup x Triticum aestivum subsp. Edible x x aestivum List of the main flora species and their traditional uses

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 261 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda As regards animal species, there perishable materials resulting from are no species or races of particular the production of salami (Slow Food value at local level, (except Rendena, project); a typical race of cattle from the · Carne Salada, beef conserved in neighbouring Val Rendena – hence brine in autumn and winter. the name – to the North West of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. Currently only some traditional Traditional animal husbandry has products have genuine production instead given rise to high quality food rules. Regulatory provisions and the products, some of which are very obtaining of a trademark for the area typical, such as: of the proposed Biosphere Reserve · Spressa delle Giudicarie, a DOP will offer a chance to encourage ripened, semi-skimmed cheese; sustainable business activities · Ciuiga del Banale, a “poor” type and support the maintaining of the pork sausage made with the most traditional agricultural landscape.

“Spressa delle Giudicarie”, a traditional cheese made by cow milk nourished only with hay 14.3.2 What ecological, economic or social pressures or changes may threaten these species or varieties?

The long process of domestication techniques and animal husbandry on undertaken over the centuries by an industrial scale. The diffusion of generations of farmers has created races of animals and highly productive a certain number of varieties plant species has led to the gradual ideally suited to the environmental abandoning of less profitable species conditions present in the area of the and varieties, with a consequential proposed reserve. This biodiversity, loss of genetic diversity. of enormous genetic and cultural Certain policy decisions linked importance, has been progressively to funding or respect for health menaced by changing cultivation regulations, which have promoted

LEDRO ALPS 262 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda the development of large-scale committee; production systems to the detriment · the programme to promote local of the small family-sized businesses products (wine and olive oil) by characterising agricultural production the Consorzio Tutela dei Prodotti in the mountains for centuries, have Agricoli Tennesi; also contributed to this phenomenon. · making of local wines (including As regards plant species, traditional Kerner, a dry white wine), by the cultivars have unique sensory Toblino winery; characteristics, are particularly · cultivation and production of suitable for the environment and medicinal herbs by some local traditional cultivation techniques and farms, also in connection with the have greater resistance to pathogens. marketing of cosmetics by the local Competition with Eastern European Comano spa; countries, capable of producing large · production regulations for honey quantities of raw materials at lower and mountain cheese developed cost, has also led to a decline in by PNAB within the ‘Quality Parco’ small, locally based crop cultivation project; for the production of typical products. · the proposal (underway) to create One example of this is represented an agricultural park in the Ledro by the traditional cultivation of area; blackcurrants to produce syrup, the · in general the PSR and PAT’s crop practically disappearing in the Agriculture and Tourism last few decades, precisely due to Department. competition. Furthermore, some ethnobotanical Recently, the action of various public studies have been carried out, and private sector organisations (PAT, showing that knowledge of the PNAB, tourist offices, EdJ, farms etc.) traditional use of wild species is has encouraged the production and progressively disappearing. The promotion of typical products. We can prospect of new production potential, cite some recent experiences in this through the cultivation of wild species context: for nutritional or medicinal purposes, · the application for the IGP appears more topical than ever in trademark for the Trentino potato, the context of mountain areas. The undertaken by COPAG; demand for traditional products · the obtaining of the DOP trademark made using wild herbs is indeed by the Consorzio Spressa delle increasing, although their removal Giudicarie; from the natural landscape cannot · the obtaining of the DOP trademark be considered sustainable, given the by the Consorzio Olio di Oliva del limited availability of these species. Garda Trentino; Their picking is indeed regulated in · the programme to promote order to avoid them becoming extinct the Pranzo chestnut by a local due to excessive picking.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 263 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 14.3.3 What indicators, at the level of the species, are used, or will be used, to assess the evolution of population status and associated use? The volume, varieties and problems products) are monitored constantly by related to products of the most the relative promotional organs and by significant economic interest PAT. (potatoes, nuts, maize, vines, animal In this context see: · the annual reports of the various consortia mentioned above; · PAT’s annual report on the State of Trentina Agriculture1; · the technical publication produced by PAT’s agriculture department, Terra Trentina2.

1 http://www.trentinoagricoltura.it/filesroot/Documents/801_rapp_agricoltura09_pdf/rapp_agricoltura09.pdf 2 www.ufficiostampa.provincia.tn.it/terra_trentina

14.3.4 What measures will be used to conserve genetic diversity and practices associated with their conservation?

The promotion of quality trademarks, supported by rigid production regulations, and the reinforcement of the link between production and consumption at local level are measures of great importance for the PNAB promotion of sustainable economic activities capable of The “Qualità Parco”, trademark, an ABNP project logo to promote local farms linked to the area maintaining local biodiversity. Summer 2003 saw the starting up of has the objective of promoting high the “Quality Parco” project, a quality quality traditional products from trademark issued by the Adamello- within the protected area, with Brenta Park to tourist-hotel facilities, particular attention for healthiness schools, food industry companies and environmental protection. Specific and other typical structures that can regulations have been developed demonstrate that they respect certain by PNAB for honey and mountain environmental quality requisites and cheese. a link with the local area. The park The setting up of a Biosphere intends to make use of its trademark Reserve would offer the chance to as an area marketing tool capable extend these practices to the whole of encouraging sustainable tourism area in question, with the inclusion and enhancing the local identity. In of local products of very high quality, particular, the food industry sector currently not present within the PNAB.

LEDRO ALPS 264 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15. DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION

15.1. Potential for fostering economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically

15.1.1 Describe how and why integrated development. the area has potential to serve as a site of excellence/ From the environmental point of model region for promoting view the area thus has a role as a sustainable development. representative site for the southern There are excellent reasons for slopes of the central and eastern assuming that the proposed area can Alps within the MAB network, acting act as a model region for promoting as a bridge between Mediterranean sustainable development in other ecosystems and periglacial alpine areas: tundra environments (3108 metres • the area is representative of a difference in level in less than 30 km). relatively widespread situation in As regards historic, social and cultural mountain environments in the Alps aspects, within the World Network and similar mountain ranges; the proposed area represents a • within the area there are natural consolidated example of the collective characteristics of great value in management of environmental terms of biodiversity, and precious assets, made possible by a long and historic and cultural features; significant tradition of cooperation. however it is not so much a case of an unrepeatable situation, On the basis of these premises, the as of a combination of values area hopes to represent a model: around which development can • for the collective management of be constructed and which – with waters, forests and areas high in appropriate modifications – have the mountains; similarities with other zones and • for the sustainable management can therefore be exported; of energy resources with indirect • the historic, social and spin-offs in the fight against climate administrative background back up change; the assumption that development • for the management of the can be oriented in the direction ecological network and protected desired; indeed the process areas, also through the setting up has already been started up of the “network of reserves”; autonomously, as demonstrated by • for tourist activities inspired by the the many initiatives (and relative principles of the CETS and the framework programme) aimed relationship between tourism and at environmental protection and agriculture, also making use of

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 265 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda local products; CdG and RR) link sustainable • for education on sustainable development with the promotion development, also through visitors of tourism as one of their main centres at the environmental and objectives; in this context , see the cultural sites; PNAB Park Plan, the Preliminary • for a cooperative approach in Document of the area plan for various fields of business and the CdG and the project for the social activities, which combines implementation of the Ledro Alps individual responsibility with Network of Reserves enclosed. participation in the management of In concrete terms, at the moment the area. there are various cultural activities, along with activities related to The inclusion of the area in the World conservation, promotion, support Network of Biosphere Reserves and encouragement for forms of would recognise the efforts done sustainable tourism and mobility, so far and offer new opportunities among the actions designed to for openness and collaboration at support development. national and international level. In Sustainable tourism and mobility are this context, for example, there is the regularly promoted within the PNAB chance of exchanging ideas with the (and in the Geopark and UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves WHS areas included within it), in the as regards development problems, CdG and in some municipalities: such as the compatibility between • Mobility Plan of the Val Ambiez and animal husbandry and tourism, or Val Algone; the encouragement of increasingly • CETS and meetings in the sustainable forms of tourist area for the development of development, with the promotion of participatory programmes; local products in order to support • Itineraries on a theme (Brenta farmers. Bike Dolomites and Brenta Trek At the same time it would offer Dolomites); increasing opportunities to access • Educational activities in local programmes and funds to enhance schools guided by the Trentino the rich cultural and environmental Network of Environmental heritage and for development, with the Education; participation of the local community • Educational activities at the visitors and particularly young people. centres in Stenico and S. Lorenzo All the planning documents of the and management of the botany main supra-municipal bodies (PNAB, trail.

LEDRO ALPS 266 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Intervention to conserve grazing meadow habitats from the invasion of the woods by the Associazione Forestale Monte Valandro in the Val Ambiez (Brenta Dolomites) Intervention to conserve grazing meadow habitats from the invasion of the woods by the Forestry Association Monte Valandro in the Val Ambiez (Brenta Dolomites)

Other activities relate to the Ledro and Park. In this area various Fiavé Pile-Dwelling Museums and the educational activities are carried relative UNESCO sites: on by PAT. • the RELED project, coordinated by MUSE, includes training and The project for the implementation of informative activities at the Ampola the Ledro Alps Network of reserves Centre, the Mons. Ferrari Museum (including a programme agreement in Tremalzo and the Ledro Pile- between 6 municipalities and Dwelling Museum (more than definition of governance) provides 30,000 visitors a year); for the carrying out of conservation • the Fiavé Pile-Dwelling Museum and area promotion activities based represents the central nucleus on values linked to the natural of the Fiavé Archaeological Park environment (Annex 4.3). (currently being set up). The Tourist promotion activities based on Museum counts more than 20.000 exploiting the natural environment are visitors a year, that will probably carried out by tourist offices (Comano increase thanks to the future and Ingarda) and by the Consorzio opening of the Archaeological Pro Loco in Ledro, with programmes

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 267 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda of visits and informative activities1. The policy of CEIS (Electrical The main cultural activities carried out Industrial Consortium of Stenico) by the Judicaria Ecomuseum include: is of considerable importance. This • drawing up a map of local aims to increase the production of products; energy using local and renewable • recovering “Maso al pont”: a resources, solar energy first of all, traditional building with straw roof; with production currently standing at 4 • setting up and activities in the million kWh. literary park of the poet Giovanni Prati; Finally, reference is made to some • creation of a cooperative itinerary relevant activities carried out by the at the sites of the first cooperative private sector: businesses in the region; • Azienda Agricola Il Campo (farm): • organisation of annual Landscape training courses on organic farming Days; and organisation of days selling • participatory programme and local products at Castelcampo; drawing up of a community map. • Educational farms (2 in the Municipality of Comano) Other initiatives are organised at • Farm guesthouses and B&Bs municipal level: linked to the Brenta Bike Dolomites • for around a decade the Forest itinerary. Associations present in the area (Valle di Ledro, Monte Valandro, To provide the framework as regards Pievi di Bleggio and Lomaso, Porte certain specific aspects of society, del Gal, Storo and Bondone) have a range of data is provided below promoted activities to promote regarding: and enhance the area funded by • the extent of different business the PSR: informative publications, sectors in the area concerned; footpaths, action to improve • the extent of commuting; habitats etc.; • the extent of the cooperative • master plan to promote the movement; Lomasona area (Comano • the extent and number of local Terme) funded by PAT funds for associations. sustainable development. An approximate picture of certain economic aspects is given in Table 1 See the web sites: www.vallediledro.com; http:// www.visitacomano.it 15.1 and Fig. 15.2.

LEDRO ALPS 268 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Services Services Constructio (accommodation (transport Services Agricultur Municipality Data Industry n Commerce and restaurants) ) (others) e Total Bleggio Local units 8 28 14 13 1 25 52 141 Superiore Workers 52 57 23 24 1 69 227 Bondone Local units 3 8 7 5 4 8 3 38 Workers 27 25 13 15 22 9 111 Dorsino Local units 2 20 3 3 2 6 9 45 Workers 5 67 11 7 4 7 101 Fiavè Local units 6 9 15 8 4 11 31 84 Workers 61 44 50 32 27 16 229 Riva del Local units 78 153 393 238 42 684 197 1,785 Garda Workers 1,076 496 1,184 1,508 237 1,704 6,205 San Lorenzo Local units 6 24 10 18 7 24 23 112 in Banale Workers 18 86 29 53 13 37 236 Stenico Local units 13 18 9 6 4 20 41 111 Workers 64 60 11 30 6 122 292 Storo Local units 83 72 99 23 17 119 76 489 Workers 590 238 241 59 53 289 1,470 Tenno Local units 8 17 17 20 4 28 143 237 Workers 28 26 27 75 4 32 192 Comano Local units 23 44 74 24 10 90 98 363 Terme Workers 239 165 190 148 46 160 948 Ledro Local units 41 81 63 68 18 93 139 503 Workers 438 184 167 230 66 221 1,304 Local units 271 474 704 426 113 1,108 812 3,908 Totale Workers 2,598 1,448 1,944 2,179 480 2,667 11,316 15.1 Extent of business activities in the different municipalities, in terms of units and workers

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 269 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda IndustryIndustria

7% Buildings 21% Costruzioni 12%

TradeCommercio

ServicesServizi (alloggi (accommo- e dationsristorazione) and catering)

18% ServicesServizi (trasporti) (transport)

28% ServicesServizi (altri) (others) 11% 3% AgricultureAgricoltura

Fig. 15.2 distribution of companies in the various sectorsworkers

Commuting represents a relatively does not allow complete absorption of widespread phenomenon in the area, the available workforce. The data is demonstrating that the local situation shown in Table 15.2

Incoming Outgoing Municipalities in the area (excluding Riva del Garda, Storo and Bondone) 726 3,147

Comunità delle Giudicarie 487 1,046 Comunità Alto Garda and Ledro 1,669 1,862 Fig. 15.3

Table 15.3: the extent of daily The presence of the cooperative commuting within the proposed movement is of great importance Biosphere Reserve. Overall, one can in terms of extent and historical also note that in the wider CdG the importance. As recalled in section phenomenon is nevertheless equally 9, the Giudicarie Esteriori are evident. the birthplace of the first forms of cooperation at regional and perhaps national level, starting from the end of the 19th century. The cooperative

LEDRO ALPS 270 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda movement is present in various proposed Biosphere Reserve. One sectors of economic and social life can note that in the area of the and includes banks, food distribution, Giudicarie Esteriori alone the number the sale of agricultural products, of members is higher than the number the production of electrical energy, of inhabitants (10,846 members vs industrial production and tourist 8,380 inhabitants), demonstrating the promotion. widespread nature of the cooperative Table 15.4 gives a summary of the movement in the area. cooperatives present within the

Sector No. of COOPs No. of members AGRICULTURE 1 101 CONSUMER GOODS 5 5,822 CREDIT 2 3,688 EMPLOYMENT 4 38 SERVICES 3 3,789 WELFARE - (social-carers) 1 165 Total 16 13,603 Fig. 15.4 Type and number of cooperatives in the proposed Biosphere Reserve

Stretch of footpath equipped by PNAB for tourist purposes, using local materials

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 271 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda In terms of local associations the Municipality Associations proposed Biosphere Reserve is characterised by its “vitality”; there dorsino 4 are a large number of associations s. lorenzo in banale 16 present, also in individual towns, comano terme 49 in a wide range of sectors. The bleggio superiore 16 overall number of members also ledro 44 demonstrates how important this phenomenon is, above all in terms of stenico 21 the vitality of small communities and tenno 21 opportunities for social life. The main fiavè 32 areas of interest range from sport, Total 203 youth culture and music to health, Fig. 15.5 Number of local associations within tourism and local history. Table 15.5 the proposed Biosphere Reserve provides a summary of the data.

15.1.2 How do you assess changes and successes (which objectives and by which indicator)?

As recalled several times, the the PUP, this essentially involves sustainable development strategies measuring overall effects in relation identified by local and regional to the provisions of the strategies instruments are perfectly in line stated, and is followed directly through with those on which the Biosphere the relevant regulations and their Reserves are based. This is also application in the area plans of the valid for verification and monitoring communities, and consequently in systems in relation to the achievement planning schemes. of objectives. In this context, the monitoring In general, the strategic dimension of framework provided for by the PUP area planning instruments requires: can be described in the following • compliance, with the regulations paragraph (for more details see annex of the PUP and respect for the 3.4) provisions of the law; • coherence, with the approach and Measuring the effects of strategies the objectives of area planning; on the area • compatibility, with other strategies, The periodic measurement of effects in the sense that it does not is an essential aspect of planning hinder the effects, operating activities, as it regards all plans synergistically or possibly with related to the area. In the case of compensatory intervention.

LEDRO ALPS 272 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The framework of provincial and province; indicators 6. Areas destined for protected and The monitoring of general phenomena controlled crops (surface area); to be subjected to verification 7. General consumption of land; assumes the use of a set of indicators, 8. Consumption of valuable relevant to the trends underway in the agricultural land; province of Trentino. For the purposes 9. Light and heavy industry situated of evaluation, the PUP proposes to in specifically equipped areas; monitor the following phenomena, 10. Environmental indicators for the deferring integration with different or quality of water, air and soil; further measurement parameters and 11. Structures for ecological tourism the relative impact to the area plans of (number); the communities: 12. Percentage of goods transported 1. Safety of recoverable settled areas by rail; subject to hydrogeological risk 13. Average times for crossing the (surface area); province in the context of corridors; 2. Areas with ecologically controlled 14. Energy-saving buildings; systems (hectares of protected 15. Quantity of energy produced from river, lake areas etc.); alternative sources of energy; 3. Grazing and meadow areas 16. Production of solid urban waste for restored or destined for niche disposal. crops (surface area) In particular, certain indicators 4. Inter-municipal projects related to representing various sectors of sports and tourist services and the development are considered as an integration of production systems example (see Table xxx). Annex 3.4 for related services (number); gives a complete list of the indicators 5. Relationships between contained in the PUP; in this context services and the tertiary sector further evaluation tools for the and inhabited areas in the dynamics promoted may possibly be municipalities, valley communities identified.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 273 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Strategies Indicators N° of renovations and recovery of valuable buildings in terms of the landscape I. To promote the identity of the area and N° of area improvement programmes carried out innovative and responsible management Hectares in the area historically used for meadows and grazing, recovered of the landscape or destined for niche crops Satisfaction of 50% of building requirements by reusing current buildings, intensifying the use of settled areas II. To encourage tourist development N° of local agricultural products introduced organically into the Trentino based on the principle of sustainability, tourist circuits making the most of cultural, N° of mountain huts operating as farm guesthouses environmental and landscape resources Index of overall quality of running water III. To guarantee the safety of the area and Air quality health index settlements N° of inter-municipal projects related to sports and tourist services IV. To pursue balanced, prudent and Hectares of pedestrian areas and number of projects to restore and renovate lasting development of settlements spaces and commercial buildings and service facilities in already built-up areas Number of functional links between naturalistic elements in the environmental networks V. To pursue the sustainable use of forest, Ecological diversity index mountain and environmental resources Hectares of traditional crops reintroduced or revitalised Number of innovative agricultural-forestry projects and eco-tourism facilities projects VI. To pursue the permanent presence and Surface area destined for protected and controlled crops development of valuable agricultural Annual consumption of agricultural land of primary interest areas and to promote mountain agriculture VII. To pursue the responsible use of non N° of renewable energy systems planned or installed renewable environmental energy N° of kW of renewable energy produced resources, promoting the saving of N° of buildings with a high level of energy saving resources and the use of renewable forms of energy Fig. 15.6 Series of indicators to evaluate the application of sustainability policy (source: PAT’s PUP)

LEDRO ALPS 274 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Following on from the policy of the for the PTC (Annex 4.1), which del PUP, in line with the provisions represents the point of reference for and in the light of the recent phase of the Giudicarie. The draft summary dialogue and analysis, the Community is enclosed (which also regards the planning policies were drawn up, Giudicarie Esteriori directly). through the Preliminary Document

The “green” landscape of the Giudicarie Esteriori: the use of the land is a fundamental element in protecting the traditional landscape

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 275 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.2. If tourism is a major activity:

15.2.1 Describe the type(s) Adamello-Brenta Nature Park: of tourism and the touristic tourism here is mainly linked to the facilities available. Summarize summer, excursions and naturalistic the main touristic attractions features. The park has obtained in the proposed biosphere the CETS (European Charter for reserve and their location(s). Sustainable Tourism) award for its valleys and the municipalities in the The tourist sector is present park1. Various facilities have received throughout the area of the proposed the “Qualità Parco” trademark reserve and is marked by nature- (regulations enclosed), which ensures based tourism, revolving mainly a reduced environmental impact, around: rational use of energy and the use of • activities in the open-air, linked local products. The itineraries of the to agriculture and the forests, Brenta Bike Dolomites2 and the Brenta directed mainly at families; Trek Dolomites3 are infrastructures by • active holidays dedicated to health, now recognised at international level. sport and physical fitness; In the core areas some alpine refuges • stays linked to spa holidays. of Club Alpino Italiano operate in the summer only. From the north to the south, the main natural features attracting tourists Comano spa: spa tourism has can be summarised as follows: in the continued for 150 years and is based north the Adamello-Brenta Nature on the unique characteristics of the Park, with the southern slopes of thermal waters of Comano, which the Brenta Dolomites and the River come from a depth of more than 800 Sarca; in the central area the Comano metres and are rich in the mineral spa with the villages straddling the salts of the Dolomitic mountains, Passo del Ballino; further south, Lake particularly useful for treating skin Tenno and the agricultural terraces of complaints4. The area offers natural villages overlooking Lake Garda. In treatments in an environment helping the southern area, Lake Ledro and the people to conserve and improve their Ledro Alps. health5. The springs are situated

1 www.PNAB.it 2 http://www.dolomitibrentabike.it 3 http://www.dolomitibrentatrek.it 4 www.termecomano.it 5 Comano Valle Salus, http://www.visitacomano.it

LEDRO ALPS 276 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda within a large spa park, along the we can recall: banks of the River Sarca (river • the Brenta Dolomites WH sites; park). Programmes for families, and • the Fiavé and Ledro pile-dwelling recreational activities such as walks WH sites; and MTB trails, make up most of the • 6 castles, some of which well- proposals offered by the Terme di conserved and open to the public; Comano- Brenta Dolomites tourist • some churches of Romanesque office. origin; • the gorges of Limarò (on the River Lake Tenno – Varone waterfalls: Sarca) and Palvico (Ledro) here tourism is based on natural • the peat bog of Fiavé and the Val resources and the agricultural Lomasona. landscape. Picturesque terraces in the The area of the PBR is fully integrated Tenno area have been dedicated to within the “Food and Wine Route”1, different crops for centuries and are as it is able to offer various local placed one above another along the products that are increasingly used slopes. The old villages in the Tenno in the tourist sector, also thanks to area (Canale, Calvola) look out over the awarding of trademarks and the Lake Garda. There are also numerous establishing of quality regulations. very popular MTB itineraries. There are all kinds of accommodation facilities in the proposed Biosphere Lake Ledro and the Ledro Alps: Reserve: different categories of from spring to autumn Lake Ledro hotels, rented accommodation and represents the main attraction in camp sites. In particular, in the last the valley, with numerous open-air ten years one can note the growth of facilities. The characteristics of the businesses strongly linked to ‘soft’ use lake combine with the environmental of the area, such as farm guesthouses richness of the Ledro Alps and the and bed & breakfast accommodation. Val di Concei at Tremalzo, offering a The visitors are mostly of Italian particularly area suitable for sports origin in the northern and central part activities such as MTB, canyoning and of the reserve, with foreign visitors sailing6. There is also an extensive frequenting the footpaths in the programme of “nature weeks” with an Dolomites. The closer one comes to educational-informative scope. Lake Garda the greater the presence Tourism based on nature and the of international visitors, both in the landscape is completed by the appeal Tenno area and the Valle di Ledro, of cultural sites (the Ecomuseum, pile- where facilities for open-air-tourism dwellings, castles, churches, places of welcome thousands of guests from historic interest – described in section central and northern Europe. 10.6) and natural sites. In particular 1 www.stradedelvinodeltrentino.it - www.gardado- 6 www.vallediledro.com, www.visitchiese.it lomiti.it

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 277 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Winter landscape at Fiavè: the variety of environments and landscapes over the seasons is a valuable element for the promotion of tourism linked to the local area

LEDRO ALPS 278 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.2.2 How many visitors come to the proposed biosphere reserve each year? (Distinguish between single-day visitors and overnight guests, visitors only visiting the proposed biosphere reserve or only passing on the way to another place). Is there an upward or downward trend, or a particular target?

The extent of tourism in terms of arrivals (A) and presence (P – number of overnight stays), excluding certain centres such as Riva del Garda, Storo and Bondone (outside the proposed area) is shown in Fig. 15.7:

700.000

600.000

500.000

400.000 A 2011 300.000 P 2011 200.000

100.000

- jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Fig. 15.7 Seasonal trend for arrivals and overnight stays in facilities in the proposed BR

The arrivals are mostly concentrated In summer the stays lengthen up to in the summer. The average stay is around 10 days, but in winter they are around 8 days, exceeding the duration less than 5. Overall there is room for of more famous locations nearby, improving the seasonal distribution of which are however characterised by a arrivals and stays. rapid turnover (around 4-5 days’ stay).

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 279 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The trend over the last two years important tourist areas with a higher essentially shows a relatively constant capacity (such as Riva del Garda and level in terms of the presence of to a lesser extent the Val Rendena). tourists in the area. Tourists are largely accommodated in second homes and private Year 2011 2012 accommodation. Arrivals 198,415 204,240 Any increase in numbers would Overnight 1,653,076 1,665,783 need to be based both on hotels stays or other accommodation facilities and on more extensive use of private accommodation, limiting In terms of real use, the number of the consumption of land which visitors is considerably higher, above characterised the first phases of all in the Ledro area, due to the development – albeit to a relatively effect of day trips by tourists based in limited extent.

Private Other accomm. Second Hotels Total accommodatio Overall no. facilities homes Municipality n No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds No. Beds Bleggio Superiore 3 44 5 62 8 106 42 168 291 1,164 341 1,438 Dorsino 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 112 76 315 101 427 Fiavè 5 338 0 0 5 338 98 476 138 592 241 1,406 San Lorenzo in Banale 8 459 9 470 17 929 167 680 128 555 312 2,164 Stenico 5 445 11 576 16 1,021 90 265 270 780 376 2,066 Tenno 6 257 11 380 17 637 126 493 285 1,266 428 2,396 Comano Terme 12 832 15 350 27 1,182 206 809 185 760 418 2,751 Ledro 28 979 31 3,228 59 4,207 1,509 7,430 852 4,238 2,420 15,875 Total 67 3354 82 5066 149 8420 2263 10433 2225 9670 4637 28523 Fig. 15.8 Distribution of tourist facilities and accommodation available within the proposed BR

As shown in the various documents • participants in sporting disciplines that follow, the main targets of the (climbing, trekking and above all tourist policy underway are: MTB); • users interested in the “soft” • families, both in connection to the aspects of the area (lakes, hills, characteristics of the area and products of the earth, nature medical-spa aspects; walks).

LEDRO ALPS 280 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.2.3 How are tourism Preliminary document of the activities currently managed? Area Plan of the Comunità delle The management of tourist activities Giudicarie is carried out by both the public <>. • the preliminary document of the The preliminary document for Area Plan of theCdG (approved on the plan (Annex 4.1) is entirely in 9/07/2013); line with MAB policy in relation to • the preliminary document of the socioeconomic development in the Area Plan of the CAGL (being area concerned. For further details prepared); see the relevant document. • the “strategic guidelines for tourist development in the valley” As regards problems, it is highlighted report adopted by the tourist that <>..

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 281 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Preliminary document of the Area figures speak clearly as regards the Plan of the CAGL (currently in the strategic role of other accommodation process of approval) facilities for tourism and particular The objectives include: attention should therefore be reserved • lengthening the summer season for this sector (….) and supplementing the services Our tourism is of national origin offered in the winter, from the and mostly concerns the regions in beginning of December to the end northern Italy: 39%Lombardia – 20% of January; Veneto – 13% Emilia Romagna – 5% • internationalisation and Piemonte – 13% of visitors to the spa differentiation of the markets of come from the Trentino Alto Adige reference ( 45% of tourists present region (…). come from the foreign market, International visitors represent 17%, 55% from the Italian market); with Germans making up 63%of these • increase of family and individual … it is necessary to start looking tourism; across the frontier» • development and maintenance of area capital. In relation to development the The intervention planned includes: following areas are indicated as • expanding the network of footpaths fundamental: and MTB itineraries; • Children and families: 24% of new • promoting the activities of the guests are children (aged 0-11), Tremalzo and Caset centres. with family holidays representing more than 47% of stays, data Strategic guidelines for tourist which highlights how the development, Terme di Comano- environment is particularly suitable Brenta Dolomites tourist office for family holidays; To quote some extracts from the • Sports activities: sports – biking document: –trekking – climbing; • Culture: art – history – religious «The core tourist business in our itineraries; area is the spa, ... we must succeed • Food and wine; in characterising the context with • Nature. specific reference to the area, in The general objective is described order not to be defined as a “half- as the development of an integrated way house” between more important relationship between community and locations such as Lake Garda and the area resources, pursuing widespread Dolomites (…). quality and paying attention to the Visitors stay for longer periods in human factor, the natural heritage accommodation outside hotels, as of the area and an improvement in compared to hotels; furthermore the facilities.

LEDRO ALPS 282 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Proposed Strategic Plan of The Ledro area is particularly suitable InGarda, Trentino Azienda per il for the following types of tourism: Tourism SpA <>. panoramas, visits to museums and The plan also emphasises the need temporary exhibitions. to develop tourist facilities on the Overall the objective is to develop basis of various underlying factors, area capital, understood as the differentiated depending on the area combination of material, immaterial (the difference between the Lake and human resources, public and Garda and Lake Ledro environments private sector assets. With this is noted). scope in mind, relations with the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 283 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda cultural, agricultural and productive improvement in the appearance of environments need to be intensified the landscape and the integration of in order to initiate a decisive business sectors.

Autumn landscape in Val di Ledro: the extending of tourist and environmental proposals to less popular periods represents a development objective

LEDRO ALPS 284 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.2.4 Indicate possible • some very popular mountain positive and/or negative areas such as the Val Algone and impacts of tourism at present Tremalzo; or foreseen and how they will • some stretches of the main roads be assessed (linked to section during the spring migration of 14) amphibians (Fiavé and Ampola); In relation to conservation aspects • peri-urban areas concerned by (section 14) there are no significant the possible expansion of second cases of negative impact of tourist homes; activities on the environment. It • some stretches of MTB trails in can however be affirmed that the the mountains (risk of damaging sustainability policy implemented in footpaths, interference with the last few years has guaranteed a walkers). good relationship between tourism and natural resources in the current However, overall nature-based situation. On the basis of area tourism could have a range of positive management decisions designed to impact in the context of the proposed protect valuable environments in the Biosphere Reserve: area, a situation has been created in which: • by improving the number and quality of facilities and service • most tourism is concentrated in infrastructures (trails, signs, urban environments or on the information and multimedia valley floor; services); • flows of visitors involved in • by increasing the level of excursions or sporting tourism are awareness of the community as linked to specific infrastructures, regards the value of environmental subject to continuous monitoring promotion policy and high quality and maintenance; local products; • areas of extreme value/rarity are • by making a significant contribution situated in rarely frequented areas to the local economy in terms of which are not subject to risks in employment and links with the terms of alteration. values of the area.

The areas in which there is greater The parameters described in section tourist pressure and which for this 15.1.2 can be used for evaluation of reason must be subjected to greater monitoring in this sector. attention and monitoring (section 15.2.5) are: • the banks of the most popular lakes;

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 285 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.2.5 How will these impacts and Fauna Department); be managed, and by whom? • the expansion in urban As regards to the points of potential development is managed through interference mentioned above it is area plans which are integrated possible to say that: within a hierarchy on the basis • the whole area is subject to direct of the principle of subsidiarity management by various levels (provincial PUP, valley community of administration or ownership; PTCs and PRGs at municipal management takes place through level) and can be easily measured approved planning tools; (15.1.2); • the mountains in general are • as regards to tourist or educational constantly managed (through trips and visits to museums, Forestry Management Plans) historic artefacts and nature and controlled by the presence information centres, the number of forestry staff (PAT Forestry and type of users is known, with Department, forest rangers) and by a trend that it is expected to the staff of PNAB (in their area of increase (many of these initiatives jurisdiction); have been recently inaugurated, • the migration of amphibians and so a progressive consolidation is the movement of bears are the expected); object of specific programmes • there are also consolidated providing respectively for the monitoring programmes in relation installation of tunnels under roads to the specific sectors of research, (amphibians, PAT Conservation tourism, agriculture etc.. For Department) or supervision and more information see the relevant monitoring operations (PAT Forest sections.

LEDRO ALPS 286 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.3. Agricultural (including grazing) and other activities (including traditional and customary)

15.3.1 Describe the type of based mainly on the Friesian breed, agricultural (including grazing) whereas in the Ledro area the rearing and other activities, area of brown and dappled red breeds concerned and people involved predominates. There is more limited (including men and women). rearing of cattle for meat and rearing Once again this section makes of goats. The livestock is mainly kept reference in particular to the in large structures (over 100 livestock preliminary documents prepared units), representing a high load in for the Area Plans of the Valley relation to the areas of land used. Communities. In addition to being an important In the area there all the most element in the local economy, the representative sectors of Trentino widespread presence of livestock is agriculture, albeit with different forms a fundamental aspect in maintaining of development and qualitative and and enhancing the landscape, quantitative characteristics; from by continuously maintaining crops on the plains to cultivation the meadows, pastureland and half-way up the slopes and high in associated buildings. The extensive the mountains, from more intensive network of alpine grazing at high crops and animal husbandry to altitude, which is maintained through scattered crops and livestock. The the grazing of cattle, is also of high main agricultural sectors are animal value in terms of the conservation of husbandry, vegetable growing, fruit habitats and tourism. growing, viticulture, olive growing, beekeeping and the cultivation of Vegetable growing: this sector berry fruits. The main sectors are is distinguished by the growing of described in the following paragraphs. potatoes, a crop with a long-standing local tradition, to the extent that Animal husbandry: the rearing of Lomaso is the main production centre cattle is the main agricultural activity in the region; it is largely carried in the Giudicarie and Ledro areas. out by farms rearing animals, as a Centring mainly on the production of supplementary crop, as well as by milk and dairy products, it is directly numerous other small private farms. linked to the cultivation of stable meadows (Ledro) or grasslands Viticulture: this mainly concerns the and maize fields (Giudicarie). In the Tenno area and to a lesser extent Giudicarie the rearing of dairy cattle is the Giudicarie. It is a sector of limited

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 287 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda size in terms of production but with transformation and eventual sale of a high quality level. It characterises the product. the landscape in the southern part of the area, creating a spectacular Fruit growing mainly concerns the landscape made up of stone terraces cultivation of apples and cherries in of ancient origin. It is currently carried the Giudicarie; smaller niche crops, out mainly by small producers, who particularly valuable in terms of their rely on cooperative organisations typical nature and local traditions, for transformation and sale of the include Bleggio walnuts (a local product. variety) and Pranzo chestnuts (Tenno). Olive growing: this is also limited to the “Mediterranean” part of the Beekeeping is another widespread area, in the Municipality of Tenno, sector, covering a reasonably representing a typical and unique extensive area, but mostly made up of feature of the landscape – again small bee-keepers. making use of terraces – within the area. It is currently mainly carried The cultivation of berry fruits out by small producers who rely on and medicinal herbs takes place cooperative organisations for the on a very limited scale in terms

Cultivated areas in the autumn in the Bleggio area

LEDRO ALPS 288 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda of production, although it offers Trentino product); great potential for producing quality • Garda Trentino DOP olive oil; products linked to the local area. • various types of Trentino DOC wines; Fish farms: there are some farms • Trentino honey, with the PNAB for trout and rainbow trout, as well as ‘Qualità Parco’ trademark. for reproduction and the production of fertilised eggs, however the main Farm guesthouses: in the last activity is the rearing of rainbow decade various farms in the trout for consumption. A cooperative Giudicarie have combined tourism organisation (ASTRO) deals with the with their main farming activities, transformation and sale of products creating new accommodation and for most of the producers. restaurant facilities, managed The transformation of agricultural directly and making use principally products is very important in the of their own products. The farm agricultural economy and in general guesthouses usually merge well terms in relation to promoting the into the environment and respond to area and its traditions. Below we list an increasing demand for peaceful some high quality traditional products, natural areas, rediscovering the typical and sometimes unique, values, traditions and genuine deriving from local products, which products of the local area. They also in some cases have also become represent a way of increasing income renowned at national level: for farmers.

• Spressa delle Giudicarie, DOP Silviculture represents another cheese; form of primary production. • yellow Storo flour (from the Managed almost exclusively by Marano variety of maize); public or collective owners through • Ciuga of Banale (slow food management plans, it involves more project); than 60% of the area in a more or • Bleggio walnuts (local Juglans less direct manner, with around ten regia variety and traditional forestry companies. This activity product); produces around 12,000 cubic metres • carne salada (traditional product); of timber annually, along with 5,000 • Pranzo chestnuts (traditional tons of wood for use as fuel.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 289 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.3.2 Indicate the possible high quality products with official positive and/or negative certification of various kinds (DOP, impacts of these activities on Bio, Qualità Parco etc.); biosphere reserve objectives • the availability of an extensive (section 14). network of alpine pasture high in the mountains; The main strong points of this sector • the potential of some areas (Ledro are the characteristics of the products first of all) to extend organic themselves and the value that they farming to the whole area (with the have in relation to other aspects such idea of a “bio valley”) and in any as landscape and tourism. Primary case a direct link for all products production, in addition to representing with the local market linked to a part of the local economy, can tourism; represent a cornerstone in the context • the presence of some biogas of tourism linked to exploitation of the systems at farm level; local area. In this context we note: • PEFC certification (Pan European • the variety of products linked to Forest Certification Council) for all cultivated zones in the area; timber production. • the maintenance of the landscape The weak points and negative with many traditional elements impact could include components of (terraces, stable grasslands, a structural nature for some sectors bocage landscape); or the need to further enhance some • the presence of small farms with characteristics. In this case the

Bike routes: very promising infrastructure

LEDRO ALPS 290 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda negative effect could regards the • the integration of agriculture and future economy, but also and above tourism, despite the presence all conservation of the area and of various farm guesthouses, the relationship with tourism. The must extend to the production following factors have a significant chain, including phases from the impact: production of agricultural raw materials to the consumption of • the size of animal husbandry farms agricultural and food products in the Giudicarie, out of proportion (“from the field to the table”), in relation to the surface area of namely agricultural production, the farms, leading to an industrial the transformation of agricultural type of activity which is not products, the sale and competitive with similar farms on consumption of local agricultural the Po plain; and food products; • the concentrated presence of • the poor protection of semi-natural livestock leads to serious problems habitats related to marginal in terms of the effects of disposing agriculture (e.g. permanent of dung (with a high level of grasslands), which are of great nitrogen) on the soil, water and value in naturalistic terms and for atmosphere; conservation of the landscape.

Habitat conservation may need an “active approach”

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 291 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.3.3 Which indicators are, 15.3.4 What actions are or will be used to assess the currently undertaken, and state and its trends? which measures will be Some of the possible indicators as applied to strengthen positive regards primary production are given impacts or reduce negative in section 15.1.2 and specifically impacts on the biosphere those linked to Strategies II, V and VI: reserve objectives? • N° of agricultural products from the As general rule, current agricultural area organically introduced into and environmental policy is moving Trentino tourist circuits; towards forms of nature protection • N° of mountain huts operating as and conservation on the one hand farm guesthouses; and the promotion of agricultural • N° of functional links between products linked to the area and naturalistic elements in the tourism on the other. The system of environmental networks; funding and supporting for farming • Ecological diversity index; activities is making a significant move • Hectares of traditional crops in the direction indicated and there will reintroduced or revitalised; therefore be changes in this context. • N° of innovative agricultural- Specifically: forestry projects and eco-tourism • the “greening” of the CAP facilities projects; (Community Agricultural Policy) • Surface area destined for imposes increasingly more protected and controlled crops; restrictive measures in terms of • Annual consumption of agricultural safeguarding the environment and land of primary interest. the landscape; • the PSR (currently being drawn up This data could also easily be for the period 2014-2020) provides integrated with other parameters such specific measures to conserve as: semi-natural habitats (pastureland, • The ABU/ha (animal husbandry permanent grasslands and livestock in relation to the polyphyte meadows), to protect cultivated surface area); the traditional landscape and to set • Situations with an effective load up area plans linking agricultural over 2.5 ABU/ha (EU parameter); production to tourism and limiting • The ratio of food of local origin/ livestock loads; external origin. • the PNAB Park Plan, within the ZPS (Special Protection Area), provides action to safeguard all the traditional activities that make it possible to conserve valuable habitats and species

LEDRO ALPS 292 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda (grazing, mowing, environmental the context of the CETS. improvement); Other aspects on which direct • starting from next year, the improvement action could be implementation plan of the considered regard: Ledro Alps RR will provide for • the application of the Nitrates intervention (already funded) in Directive (EC) to control nitrate the field of conservation and the emissions in water; promotion of policy linked to the • a process of reconsidering the CETS; animal husbandry model in the • this year the Life+TEN project Giudicarie, with a view to providing started up a participatory process a better balance with the natural aimed at reinforcing awareness of area and with the quality of milk the value of the natural area within and dairy products. local communities and its use in

CAP/PSR financed pasture conservation intervention in Ledro

PNAB activity with school children

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 293 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.4 Other types of activities positively or negatively contributing to local sustainable development, including impact/influence of the biosphere reserve outside its

15.4.1 Describe the type of soles of mountain shoes in the past. activities, area concerned and The smiths who produced then (called people involved (including men “cioaroi”) in the Val di Ledro were and women). even exempted from military service There are a series of activities that in order to allow them to continue to could have a positive influence produce this material. There is also a on sustainable development at background of producing tar, again local level. These are based on in the Ledro area, recognised by the existing and deep-rooted factors Venetian Republic. It was a historic or on new technology. The most activity linked to the area and future significant activities in this context are cultural development in this context represented by: could represent a positive aspect.

• further development of high quality There are also some activities agricultural production chains; which can be mentioned due to their • traditional and artistic crafts. influence outside the confines of the area. In general, the quality of The presence of certified high stays that an area offers influences quality agricultural products linked the quality of life of those benefiting to an area of high environmental from it. In this context, the quality of value has been stated in previous tourist facilities linked to environments sections. There is still ample room for of high naturalistic value represents improvement in terms of promoting a positive influence. In particular, and marketing products and links the presence of thermal waters and with tourist facilities present in the the “Comano valle salus” policy of area. The development of this sector tourist promotion is based on the can therefore significantly contribute development of physical and spiritual to improving nature-based tourist wellbeing. facilities and also to agricultural Another sector which can also have management improving on the current positive effects outside the area is situation. represented by energy production There are some traditional craft and in particular by the development activities that have distinguished the of local policy linked to the production history of certain environments. One of carbon-free energy by CEIS of these is the production of “broche”, (diffuse and centralised solar energy namely iron nails used reinforce the systems).

LEDRO ALPS 294 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.4.2 Indicate the possible 15.4.3 What indicators are, positive and/or negative or will be used to assess the impacts of these activities on state and its trends? biosphere reserve objectives Some of the possible indicators in (section 14). Have some relation to primary production are results already been achieved? stated in section 15.1.2, particularly In this context no negative impact those linked to Strategy VII: is expected, given the nature of the • N° of renewable energy systems initiatives described. planned or installed; There may be positive impacts in • N° of kW of renewable energy relation to: produced; • an increase in jobs linked to the • N° of buildings with high energy development of new activities; savings. • a reduction in commuting due to a possible increase in employment locally; 15.4.4 What actions are • an improvement in the balance currently undertaken, and between energy consumption from which measures will be renewable sources as compared to applied to strengthen positive energy from fossil fuels (as in the impacts or reducing negative Solar Reserve Project described in ones on the biosphere reserve section 13.2). objectives? The actions described above refer to the current system of planning policy (described in section 15.1.1), in which various bodies share common elements aimed at achieving sustainability.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 295 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.5 Benefits of economic activities to local people

15.5.1 For the activities • an improvement in environmental described above, what quality and therefore in the income or benefits do local healthiness of the area; communities (including men • a reduction in commuting; and women) derive directly • overall economic improvement. from the site proposed as a biosphere reserve and how? 15.5.2 What indicators are As described in section 13.1, the used to measure such income objective of this nomination is to or other benefits? reinforce the current planning system; Some of the possible indicators the nomination can act as a further related to primary production are stimulus to reinforce the development given in section 15.1.2. of the activities described above. It is also possible to provide for In this context, the main benefits monitoring from: which people may obtain can be • surveys with tourists regarding represented by: their reasons for choosing the area (due to the MAB), as done in the • an improvement in job past by PNAB; opportunities; • quantification of visitors to the web • an improvement in guarantees and sites available, with a link to the future prospects; MAB.

Life based significantly on the primary resources of the local area is an aspect of the collective memory

LEDRO ALPS 296 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.6 Spiritual and cultural values and customary practices

15.6.1 Describe any cultural example). and spiritual values and The relationship with the cooperative customary practices including movement, which has been present in languages, rituals, and a widespread manner since the end of traditional livelihoods. Are the 19th century, is instead stronger. any of these endangered or Cooperative businesses in the declining? production, employment or services The most important aspect in this sectors still represent a fundamental context is probably the link with the element in the local economy. local area in terms of: • its role as a primary resource for the economy; 15.6.2 Indicate activities • the cultural and historic identity. aimed at identifying, safeguarding, promoting and/ As in many other alpine communities, or revitalising such values and the almost complete dependence practices. on the resources of the local area Indirectly, various activities can over the centuries, along with limited contribute towards revitalising the exchanges with the outside world, has aspects in question: created a specific system of cultural • the putting into effect of active and social references. The mountains protection measures for habitats in general, and forests and pasture in effectively requires greater efforts particular, still represent an important in terms of farming practices in point of reference for middle-aged and marginal areas, in zones once older generations. Work in the woods cultivated and now marginal; (the collection of firewood as a right), • the training and information local place names and the memories activities mentioned in section of past times represent a close link 15.1.1. are also aimed at greater with the area. knowledge of the local area and In this context, the relationship with the resources present; agricultural land is declining, the • the activities to promote local concentration of farms effectively products will lead to an increase in having distanced most people from awareness of the value of the local the land as a source of production. identity. This value remains in some areas more than others (such as Tenno for

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 297 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 15.6.3 How should cultural 15.6.4 Specify whether any values be integrated in indicators are used to evaluate the development process: these activities. If yes, which elements of identity, ones and give details. traditional knowledge, social The activities described in organizations, etc.? the (Examples of indicators: The activities described in the presence and number of previous section are moving towards formal and non-formal the inclusion of elements of identity education programmes within a process of development. that transmit these values Other activities mentioned in sections and practices, number of 13-16 pursue the promotion of the revitalisation programmes in local culture: place, number of speakers of an endangered or minority • the development of agriculture language). based on traditional products and Some evaluation indicators can be its formalisation for commercial represented by: purposes; • the development of cattle • the number of active conservation/ breeding systems based on protection activities implemented animal welfare,with less impacts by public bodies or private owners on the environment (particularly as compared to the past; addressing the problems of slurry • the quantity of traditional treatment and old wheel tires agricultural products sold; disposal) • the number of courses organised • the link between agriculture and focusing on knowledge of the area tourism and local population; and its management (and the n° of • promotion of traditional and participants). collective management of the natural area as a model; • the consolidation of models of collective management of resources.

LEDRO ALPS 298 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 16. LOGISTIC SUPPORT FUNCTION

16.1 Research and monitoring

16.1.1 Describe existing and • 5 – Fauna Office (2 members of planned research programmes staff, 2 scholarship holders + 1 and projects as well as thesis student/trainee); monitoring activities and • 2 – Environmental Office (2 the area(s) in which they members of staff). are (will be) undertaken in Furthermore, the park gives research order to address specific assignments to qualified parties, such questions related to biosphere as museums, universities, freelance reserve management and for professionals, research institutes and the implementation of the provincial administration offices. management plan (please The overall framework of monitoring refer to variables in Annex I). and research activities is shown in Different players operate in the Annex 8.5. area in the field of research and dissemination at local, national and The Adamello-Brenta Nature Park international level, often structured has stipulated an agreement with in permanent collaborative networks the Adamello Regional Park in or networks activated for specific Lombardia. The agreement is aimed projects. The main research and at safeguarding and enhancing the monitoring projects carried out by the mountain environment. different bodies operating in the area The Adamello-Brenta Nature are described below. Park participates in the LIFE+ “Arctos” project (2010/2014) for ADAMELLO-BRENTA NATURE the conservation of the brown bear: PARK coordinated action for the Alpine For a number of years the Adamello- and Apennine areas. The project is Brenta Nature Park has promoted (a) implemented in the context of the research and monitoring projects on European Commission LIFE + Natura different biotic and abiotic components funding programme. This project also related to species and ecosystems, regards the area of the proposed (b) dissemination projects regarding Biosphere Reserve. The Adamello- environmental conservation and the Brenta Nature Park has three use of sustainable resources. international cooperation projects For research activities carried out underway with similar organisations autonomously the park makes use of in Argentina, the Balkans and Taiwan. the following internal staff: Details are given in Annex 8.5.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 299 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The activities of the PNAB also involve promoting the characteristics of traditional buildings; here the title page of a manual

LEDRO ALPS 300 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda TRENTO NATURAL SCIENCE and aspiring bird-ringers, and as an MUSEUM AND THE SCIENCE educational centre for informative MUSEUM (MUSE) activities directed at local schools and Since 1964, MUSE (formerly tourists in the summer. Its activities MTSN) has operated in the field of take place in close collaboration dissemination and scientific research, with the Pile-Dwelling Museum, a by setting up exhibitions, organising separate branch of MUSE, and the educational activities, issuing Network of Protected Areas of PAT’s publications and carrying out research Conservation Department, here activities (in the fields of Botany, represented by the “Lake Ampola” Geology, Zoology, Hydrobiology, reserve in the Val di Ledro and the Limnology and Prehistory). Fiavé reserve in the Giudicarie Since 1993 a study of birdlife Esteriori. migration has taken place, through As in the rest of the province of scientific ringing at Bocca di Caset. Trento, for more than twenty years At the ornithological station of the the area has seen monitoring of Science Museum post-reproductive vertebrate fauna. Nesting birdlife in migration is monitored from the particular has been studied, in the middle of August until the end of context of the Atlante degli Uccelli October. Since 1997 the station del Trentino (Pedrini el al 2005), the has been included in the ‘Progetto M.I.T.O. project and the Farmland Bird Alpi’, a national project coordinated Index (2001-ongoing) and Ornitho. by ISPRA and MUSE, which has it (Atlante nazionale 2010-2014), seen the participation of more than along with amphibians and reptiles 37 stations scattered throughout the (Caldonazzi et al. 2001), and a more Italian Alps. More than 70 species recent publication due to come out have been recorded and almost shortly dedicated to mammals (AAVV, 100,000 birds logged, demonstrating MUSE, currently being prepared). The the significance of this pass as a very data has collected and will shortly valuable conservation area. be available in detail in the webGIS The data is recorded annually in produced in the context of the LIFE technical reports, at coordination + T.E.N. project, which started up in meetings and in publications and 2012 and will conclude in 2015. scientific articles. In addition to birds, From 1980 to 2005 intensive research the site is also known to be used by was carried out on Falconiformes bats and a variety of invertebrates, to and Strigiformes, with particular date little investigated. reference to the southern sector of The station is a training centre. It has the Adamello-Brenta Park and the been used by natural history students, Cadria and Tremalzo mountains. for degree theses, practical courses The data, published in national and for forest wardens and technical staff international magazines, has been the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 301 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda object of further scientific study in the distributed throughout an area acting BIODIVERSITY project (http://www. as a bridge between Lakes Garda mtsn.tn.it/sito_biodiv/), supported by and Idro and are dedicated to themes PAT (2001-2005) and Trento Natural of archaeological, naturalistic and Science Museum (now MUSE). (See historical interest. annex 8.5) The Museum Network of the Valle di MUSEO CIVICO IN ROVERETO Ledro (ReLED) is of particular interest This is structured into various in terms of content and methods. sections (Archaeology, Coins, Earth ReLED was set up in 2012 as a link Science, History and Art, Zoology and between various museums in the Valle Botany) and carries out numerous di Ledro, with the scope of reinforcing dissemination and research activities cultural, educational, scientific and in the area. Specifically, for more than tourist services, bringing then under twenty years the botanical section a single umbrella. The network is of the Museo Civico in Rovereto has entrusted to Trento Natural Science been involved in a census of flora in Museum (MTSN - now MUSE), and Trentino, acting as the organisation specifically to the headquarters of reference in a project to draw up a of the Lake Ledro Pile-Dwelling map of flora on the European model. Museum, as regards management, More than a million records have been dissemination and scientific research. collected. Annex 8.5 contains details The 6 museums in the network are of the activities.

Archaeology dramas by MUSE

LEDRO ALPS 302 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Viola dubyana; flora research is one of the main activity conducted by MCR

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 303 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF competitive scenarios. TRENTO (PAT) The international dimension entwines The “OPENLOC project: Public with the local one: productive policies and local development: specialisations, socio-cultural innovation policy and its effects and environmental specificities, on locally embedded global particularly when based in mountain dynamics”. www.openloc.eu areas, generate global dynamics outcomes that differ locally. This project was funded by PAT The present project aims at defining between 2009 and 2011, with the an institutional set-up for enabling collaboration of various research local systems to deal with system institutes including the University of failures (the shortage of linkages, Trento, University of Manchester, if not even of nodes, in the relative University of Bologna, Trento Natural networks; lock-in effects in sub- Science Museum and the Fondazione efficient system configurations; Edmund Mach. An extract of the second-best solutions to the trade- project’s final report is given below: off between exploitation of existing “The project has a multi-disciplinary configurations and exploration of nature and it aims at defining a new new ones; cognitive traps to the institutional and economic architecture imagination of the latter) with suitable which will enable Italian local systems, strategies and policies. Such an in particular the Autonomous Province institutional architecture, developed of Trento, to face the new global with a general worthiness, will be used dynamics and formulate appropriate to examine, in a positioning analysis, public policies. the characteristics of the PAT and, The project starts from the analysis in a comparative view, of other local of the local outcomes of the changes systems with similar features such occurring in the international as: financial autonomy, dominance of economic context. On the one side, small and medium enterprises, strong the international fragmentation of productive diversification, local control production reconfigures local systems, of capital and strong propensity to i.e. systems of firms and organizations export. whose relationships are organized In line with this objective, the within delimited portions of the methodology is centred around territory, engaging them into global the notion of network, essential networks. On the other side, the in fostering research, supporting emergence of new economic powers knowledge exchange and the fuels global imbalances among generation of innovation. The main countries in different development research questions come from stages, whose real and financial a multidisciplinary rethink of this implications redesign local system approach.

LEDRO ALPS 304 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The OPENLOC project is structured in implications: it is the OPENLOC five activities: “think-tank” policy and governance activity. The interaction with other Activity 1 – Global dynamics and activities occurs on several levels: local implications: interpretative on the one side, with respect to models and policy scenarios: the formulation of a cognitive and this activity is functional to the evolutionary original approach to development of a “frame”, shared public policies, especially those on among all the participants, on science and innovation; on the other the degree, modalities and hand, with respect to its practical internationalisation policies of local application to the development and systems, and of the PAT in particular. competitiveness of the local systems, Although in cooperation with the other meant as innovative ecologies, and subjects, and with the University of of the PAT in particular. This activity Trento in particular, the University of is performed mainly by the MIoIR Bologna (UNIBO) is in charge of this group, in cooperation with University activity. of Bologna.

Activity 2 – Configuration, functioning Activity 4 – Social capital and and performance of local networks environmental capital: the possible in global contexts: the importance contribution to local development of knowledge networks: this is the in a global context: it represents core activity and is dedicated to the the contextualization and geo- empirical and theoretical analysis of referencing activity of OPENLOC and the various networks characterising is dedicated to collect and provide the local systems, and the PAT in to the other activities elements of particular, and of the relationships analysis and policy implications on through which these networks the environmental and socio-cultural become “networks of networks”, by context of the economic networks entering in global contexts. A group formed by local systems. In particular, of the University of Trento (UNITN) these elements refer to the twofold researchers, benefiting from an role - of constraint and opportunity - important cooperation with the LEED- that the socio-cultural heritage, on the OECD of Trento, is carrying out this one side, and the morphological traits, activity in a synergetic relationship on the other, play with respect to the with the University of Bologna local systems entrance into global (UNIBO) and the Manchester Institute networks. This activity is performed of Innovation Research (MIoIR) group. by a group of UNITN researchers, as coordinator, the Fondazione Edmund Activity 3 – Innovation ecologies in Mach and the Trento Natural Science local systems: policy and governance Museum.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 305 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Activity 5 – International PhD Program on Local Development and Global Dynamics: the creation of the Doctoral School in “Local Development and Global Dynamics”. The school the institutional synthesis of OPENLOC, because: i) it uses the research and development results achieved with the other activities through their organisation for teaching and research purposes; ii) it creates competences and professional profiles Traditional agriculture that incorporate that knowledge; iii) it integrates academic activities and operating activities in the institutional, administrative and associative field; iv) it develops the competences and the potential that the PAT has to become an attractive hub, able to realise important initiatives on local development. All the OPENLOC partners are actively involved in the school. In particular, the three academic partners are responsible Ancient view of Stenico Castle for the definition and management of the academic activities, while the two public subjects of research promptly transfer the results achieved through research while providing applicative activities.” The OPENLOC project concerned the Valle di Ledro area, the heart of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, and led to the production of a document on the socioeconomic values of the area, with analysis of Production and trading of charcoal, in an old future prospects, also dealing with picture the question of ecosystem services. The documentation is available in more detail at the address http://www. spazioftp.it/ledro/comunitas/n18s.pdf

LEDRO ALPS 306 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda UNIVERSITIES available, given the difficulty of The most active universities in the accessing the databases of national area are the University of Trento, universities. the University of Padova and the A list of research projects, theses University of Ferrara, however it and known publications regarding is likely that other bodies carry research carried out in the area of the out research on site, although proposed Biosphere Reserve is given an exhaustive list is not currently below:

Subject of the research Number of projects Type Period

Archaeology & History 4 Research projects 2008-2012

12 Degree theses 2006-2012

23 Publications 2000-2013

Environment, landscape & 1 Research projects 2012-2013 the geographical area 16 Degree theses 2000-2013

The trees school fest in a 1920 picture: a way to teach environment care

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 307 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Birdwatching

16.1.2 Summarize past 16.1.3 Indicate what research research and monitoring infrastructure is available activities related to biosphere in the proposed biosphere reserve management (please reserve, and what role refer to variables in Annex I). the biosphere reserve will Much of the research undertaken in play in supporting such the last few years has been carried infrastructure. out in a continuing manner, with The proposed Biosphere Reserve research and monitoring activities benefits from an extensive network of currently underway. The overall bodies based in neighbouring areas, picture is given in the previous which carry out research activities section, whereas a detailed in various fields within the area of description of the projects – with the reserve. The centres dealing reference to the period in which they with research and those dealing with were carried out – is given in Annex environmental education, some of 8.5. which within the area of the proposed reserve, are shown in separate tables.

LEDRO ALPS 308 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda RESEARCH – INFRASTRUCTURES

Centre Description Municipality In reserve

ABNP - The park authorities carry out their activities making Strembo NO Headquarters use of technical and administrative offices situated at the Strembo offices

MUSE Headquarters in Trento, in a futuristic building Trento NO designed by Renzo Piano. Satellite branches located in the area, in places of great naturalistic or tourist interest (see subsequent entries)

Lake Ledro Pile- Separate branch of MUSE (see above), operating in the Ledro YES Dwelling field of prehistoric archaeology (Ledro pile-dwellings Museum and surveys on Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the Ledro mountains). It manages MNLED, the Ledro museum network (described in section 16.1.1)

Monsignor Former mountain hut and dairy renovated for Ledro YES Ferrari Centre educational purposes within the Tremalzo and Monti Tombea SCI (Ledro). Currently managed by MUSE within the context of MNLED

Casèt ringing A structure formerly used as a hunting blind within the Ledro YES station Bocca di Caset core area. Adopted for annual ringing campaigns managed by MUSE for the purposes of research and education (see section 16.1.1)

Museo Civico in The Museo Civico in Rovereto has adopted a strategy Rovereto NO Rovereto of diffuse museum development which has led it to extend effectively throughout the area, going beyond the institutional confines of official museums

Fig. 16.1 Main research infrastructures

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 309 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS - INFRASTRUCTURES

Centre Description Municipality In reserve

ABNP - Villa The centre, neighbouring on the northern part of the Mountains NO Santi area, has 24 beds, laboratories demonstrating the working of milk and honey-making and spaces equipped for conferences and research. It is an example of the use of green building techniques

ABNP - “Flora” Water and plantlife are the two main subjects dealt Stenico YES Park Centre with at this visitors centre, which includes an accompanying open-air educational itinerary touching on the rumbling waterfalls of the Rio Bianco and passing over the gorge carved out by the stream

ABNP – “C’era Permanent ethnographic exhibition set up at San San Lorenzo in YES una volta” Park Lorenzo in Banale, in an 18th century building recently Banale Centre acquired and restored by the local authority. It contains items linked to the peasant culture, with tools and objects linked to traditional activities

Villino Campi A 19th century villa situated on the banks of the lake, Riva del Garda NO dedicated to promoting and disseminating the scientific culture in relation to Lake Garda and the surrounding area. Environmental education activities and exhibitions directed at both residents and tourists take place there

Lake Ledro Pile- The museum offers very successful educational Ledro YES Dwelling activities, with imitative archaeology workshops for Museum schools and a programme of summer activities

Ledro Network Starting from 2014, the project (enclosed), provides for Ledro, Tenno, YES of Reserves various environmental education activities. It has its Riva, Storo and own budget and therefore effectively offers itself as an Bondone infrastructure in this context

Fig. 16.2 Main education and public awareness infrastructures

LEDRO ALPS 310 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda In relation to these bodies the development of promotional/ Biosphere Reserve will represent: educational programmes; • A tool for enhancing research • A chance to exchange and share underway and gaining further research within the MAB network; in-depth scientific knowledge • A chance to increase visibility at and basic materials for the extra provincial level.

Nets put up at the Bocca di Caset centre to monitor the autumn migration of birdlife; it is managed by MUSE

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 311 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 16.2 Education for sustainable development and public awareness

16.2.1 Describe existing field of information, training and and planned activities, environmental education (INFEA) indicating the target group(s) through the Trentino network and numbers of people of environmental education for involved (as “teachers” and sustainable development. “students”) and the area The table below gives the data for concerned. the most significant activities held The main activities are described, both inside and outside schools with reference to the different bodies in the period 2011 – 2012 by the operating in the area: APPA, Museo Agenzia provinciale per la protezione Civico in Rovereto, PNAB, Biotopes dell’ambiente (APPA), information Office, PAT, EdJ. and monitoring division, in the area of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. APPA For convenience the data has been Since 2000, the information and divided by geographical area. monitoring division of the Agenzia One can note a clear increase in provinciale per la protezione participation in the last year, showing dell’ambiente (APPA: provincial the success of the initiatives, with agency for environmental protection) increasing interest and participation has carried out initiatives in the by residents and local authorities.

MUSE study of bird migrations

LEDRO ALPS 312 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS - ACTIVITIES

Giudicarie Esteriori area. Falls within the jurisdiction of the Environmental Education Workshop of the Giudicarie

Activities Area Target group Numbers of people Period involved

Educational programmes on the Municipalities of Bleggio Students 2011-12 subject of: water, biodiversity, superiore, Comano Terme, school year sustainable consumption, land, air, Fiavé, S.Lorenzo in Banale sustainable energy, sustainable mobility 176

Environmental workshops, Municipalities of Comano Adults: tourists 163 2011 information evenings and guided Terme and Fiavé and residents tours on the subject of: sustainable consumption, zooanthropology, waste, biodiversity

TOTAL number of people involved in 2011 339

Educational programmes on the Municipalities of Bleggio Students 2012-13 subject of: biodiversity, sustainable superiore, Comano Terme, school year consumption, waste, land, Fiavé, S.Lorenzo in Banale, sustainable mobility Stenico

958

Environmental workshops, Municipalities of Comano Adults: tourists 2012 information evenings and guided Terme, Fiavé, S.Lorenzo in and residents tours on the subject of: water, Banale, Stenico sustainable consumption, zooanthropology, waste, biodiversity, sustainable mobility, sustainable energy 684

TOTAL number of people involved in 2012 1642

Fig. 16.3 Main education and public awareness activities, by PNAB

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 313 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS - ACTIVITIES

Municipalities of Ledro, Canale di Tenno and Riva del Garda. Falls within the jurisdiction of the Upper Lake Garda and Ledro area workshop, at APPA’s Villino Campi centre in Riva del Garda

Activities Area Target group Numbers of people Period involved

“Gramodaya, per vivere in armonia”: Villino Campi and Visitors 3369 2011 travelling exhibition on the subject of neighbouring areas environmental sustainability.

"Gramodaya” exhibition – associated Villino Campi and Adults: tourists and 740 2011 events neighbouring areas residents

APPA exhibitions, various subjects Villino Campi and Visitors 383 2011 neighbouring areas

Educational environmental Villino Campi and Students 1188 2011 workshops neighbouring areas

"Eulakes" project: climate change Villino Campi and Adults: tourists and 103 2011 and European lakes neighbouring areas residents

TOTAL number of people involved in 2011 5783

"Gramodaya” exhibition Municipality di Canale Visitors 5020 2012 di Tenno

"Gramodaya” exhibition Villino Campi and Visitors 601 2012 neighbouring areas

"Velambiente" exhibition Villino Campi and Visitors 1745 2012 neighbouring areas

Educational environmental Villino Campi and Students 1239 2012 workshops neighbouring areas

Environmental workshops on the Villino Campi and Professionals 137 2012 subject of: macrophytes, neighbouring areas environmental aspects linked to the planning of public works

TOTAL number of people involved in 2012 8742

LEDRO ALPS 314 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The main activities mentioned in the improving processes of sustainable table and organised at Villino Campi management of lake areas, by are described below. adopting a strategy of participatory planning and management, designed Travelling exhibition: “Gramodaya, to respond to climate change and per vivere in armonia” (Gramodaya, other environmental stress factors. living in harmony), at Villino Campi from 28 May to 28 October 2011 Travelling exhibition: “Velambiente. The exhibition was created in India by Virata verso un mondo più the Natural Resource Development sostenibile” (Sailing environment. Project (NARDEP), a cultural Changing tack towards a more organisation operating in southern sustainable world): at Villino India in the field of technological Campi from 12 July to 29 November innovation, paying particular attention 2012 to enhancing traditional culture and The exhibition offered an unusual its role in ecologically sustainable vision of sailing, not just as a development. In the local exhibition magnificent sport, widely practiced the contribution of APE (Agenzia and popular on the waters of Lake provinciale per l’energia: Provincial Garda, but also as an opportunity Energy Agency) and the Organic to pay closer attention to the Farming Office provided additional environment. information and acted as a starting point for reflection on the theme of Activities of the Trentino Network environmental sustainability, with of Environmental Education for many concrete examples of projects Sustainable Development at Villino undertaken in Trentino. The exhibition Campi was an innovative example of the Villino Campi houses the Centre influence of distant cultures, in the and Area Workshop of the Upper search for an innovative model and Lake Garda Trentino Environmental a sustainable way of life. It was Education Network, which carries out accompanied by a series of events extensive educational and informative held at Villino Campi and in the local activities throughout the year, directed area. mainly at schools in Trentino, but also at schools in neighbouring provinces EULAKES project – 8 September and at summer visitors. 2011 A seminar on the EULAKES project held at Villino Campi on “The effects of climate change on great European lakes”, aimed to promote an integrated approach to

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 315 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Activity demonstrating traditional working: the production of coal by “carboneri” from Bondone

LEDRO ALPS 316 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda ADAMELLO-BRENTA NATURE From the operational point of view, PARK the park describes all the educational The Adamello-Brenta Nature Park initiatives involving environmental organises a specific programme education programmes directed of environmental education and at schools as “Park and School” information programmes directed at a activities. Its “Informative Activities” wide range of users: instead include all the environmental • pupils and students from all kinds education programmes directed and levels of schools; at other users through different • visitors/tourists in the protected environmental education activities area; (such as the “Summer in the Park” • residents in municipalities within initiatives in the summer and cultural the park; initiatives directed at residents). • stakeholders (farms, tourist and To summarise, the table below gives business operators, associations); a list of activities within the park in the • institutions and area bodies with relevant municipalities in the reserve which the park interacts. (San Lorenzo in Banale, Dorsino, Stenico and Comano Terme):

EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS - ACTIVITIES

Area of the Giudicarie Esteriori – ABNP activities

Activities Area Target group Numbers of Period people involved

“Park and School” activities Giudicarie Students 1003 2011-2012 school Esteriori year

Activities at the Flora Park Stenico Visitors 197 2012 Centre

Activities at the S. Lorenzo S.Lorenzo in Visitors 83 2012 Centre Banale

Information initiatives Giudicarie Adults: tourists and 715 2012 Esteriori residents

Fig. 16.4 Main education and public awareness activities, by PNAB

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 317 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda More generally, PNAB promotes be extended to areas of the reserve many educational activities in its outside the park. area (on the subject of the “UNESCO The initiatives are mainly directed Dolomites”, energy saving, the park in at school students, but also at winter, the quality of local products), teaching staff, as an opportunity for of which only a few relate to the area professional training. of the proposed Biosphere Reserve. The graphs below give an idea of the However, it offers an interesting extent of the educational programmes framework which could potentially offered overall by PNAB:

TOTAL PARTICIPANTS IN THE PARK’S EDUCATIONAL

9000 ACTIVITIES

7903 8000 7038 7000 6209 5825 6000 5739 5754 5072 5153 4843 5000 4012 4000 3115 3000

2000

1000 768

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Fig. 16.5 Total participiants in the Park’s Educational Activities

NUMBER OF PUPILS INVOLVED OUT OF THE TOTAL SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE PARK

7000

6000

2736 1779 5000 1767 1629 2141 1674 4000 No. of pupils not involved (park schools) 3000 No. of pupils involved (park Number of pupils schools) 4169 4199 2000 3710 3798 4002 3801

1000

0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 School year

Fig. 16.6 Number of pupilis involved out of the total school pupils in the park

LEDRO ALPS 318 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Title Date Description

Seminar on "Park Friday 16 November Exploring the role that areas with a high level of biological and values stretching 2012 in Caderzone landscape diversity can play in processes of sustainable local beyond the park”. development, directed at those working in the field, inhabitants and users of the protected area.

2nd Geoparks 18 and 19 February Organised to consolidate relations between Italian geoparks and share Workshop 2010, at the “Villa experience and projects, starting up collaboration with Italian parks that Santi” nature centre are about to enter the European and World network of UNESCO geoparks and discussing the management of the geological heritage.

“Open Park” From 19 to 24 Meeting-exchange of ideas between the park and local people, to get to October 2009 in know, listen to and understand each other, dispelling clichés based on various prejudice, which have no justification for existence, and constructing the municipalities in the future park together. Intended to support the review of the ultimate park management tool promoting the excellence of the protected area: the Park Plan.

20 years of evolution Caderzone, Palazzo The park celebrated the first twenty years of its existence with 3 days of in the Alps. Lodron Bertelli. events, initiatives, activities and meetings recalling what has been done The parks: players or Friday 23 May 2008 to date and confirming the park’s commitment to safeguarding nature in spectators in the future, but also to promoting sustainable development of the area. change? 1st national workshop Caderzone Terme – An exchange of ideas on the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism on the ECST 14 May with the park.

'LA VIA GEOALPINA' 24 July 2009 in UNESCO Dolomites, Geopark, the Geo-alpine route: not just protection, CONFERENCE Caderzone Terme but also business opportunities.

4th Geopark week 22 to 28 July 2012 Guided trips accompanied by geologists, nature evenings on geological (European Network of subjects and excursions along the stretch of the geo-alpine route within Geoparks) the park. Fig. 16.7 Main educational programmes by PNAB

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 319 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda MUSEO CIVICO IN ROVERETO LEDRO NETWORK OF The Museo Civico di Rovereto RESERVES participates in the TERECoP The project underway, to be international educational project, implemented from 2014, provides which has developed a support for numerous activities related to structure for teacher training education, promotion and raising courses, helping them to carry out awareness of subjects and content constructivist training activities with linked to environmental sustainability. the use of robotics and giving them It has its own budget and therefore the chance to share their experience effectively offers itself as an through this structure. infrastructure in this context.

BIOTOPES OFFICE OF THE 16.2.2 What facilities and AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF financial resources are (or TRENTO will be) available for these The Biotopes Office of the activities? Autonomous Province of Trento plans The research and dissemination and carries out intervention directed at activities are all funded by the educational and cultural enhancement public sector and are handled by and social use of biotopes, reserves the relevant bodies. As regards and areas in the Natura 2000 educational activities, there is a wide network, including the production range of possibilities, going from of educational and informative school activities mostly offered by material. It is also responsible for public bodies, to training activities identifying the presence of particularly outside schools paid for by users. valuable natural flora and fauna and The availability of resources therefore providing for appropriate safeguarding depends on the programmes of measures. Furthermore, it deals the bodies described above. In this with initiatives related to research, context, the following is underlined: training and the updating of materials • the history of activities carried out, and knowledge. It operates within mentioned above, is relatively the area with a permanent centre at significant in terms of awareness the Ampola SIC(in Ledro) and at the of the question of sustainability Fiavé pile-dwelling museum. and the past commitment of the bodies involved; JUDICARIA ECOMUSEUM • it can be presumed that these Since 1999 the EdJ has carried activities are also likely to continue out various initiatives related to in the future, as they are by now sustainable development, as specified consolidated programmes, albeit in section 15. using different methods and structures;

LEDRO ALPS 320 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda • the development of the project topics, being equipped with its own to implement the Ledro Network budget (already funded for the of Reserves is of great interest, next three years – see Annex 4.3) also at provincial level. This is and representing an innovative directed at conservation and experience of this kind at provincial social awareness of environmental level.

Tourist path on Ampola Pond

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 321 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 16.3 Contribution to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves

16.3.1 How will the proposed section 4.2); biosphere reserve contribute • consolidated experience gained to the World Network of over several centuries in the Biosphere Reserves, its management of primary resources Regional and Thematic (forests, pasture, waters) based on Networks? public or collective ownership; The knowledge gained to date in • cooperative methods and systems the field of environmental research, in the field of agriculture, credit the historic or current environmental and town services, developed over policy implemented over the more than a century of activity. years and the network of relations developed with bodies outside the There are also another series of areas province represent assets for the in which the development of research proposed reserve and a starting point and future activities could lead to for future initiatives. interesting experience and results for There are a series of specific areas the MAB Network of Reserves, due in which the proposed reserve can to the interest demonstrated by the make a contribution of great value bodies involved: and interest for the MAB Network • sustainable development policy in of Reserves, due to the nature mountain areas, including action of the activities carried out or the in the field of mobility, fossil free environmental characteristics present: energy and application of the • knowledge of birdlife migration, CETS; based on long-term analysis of one • the relationship between of the main migratory flows across agriculture and tourism, both in the Alps (as described in section relation to reducing the impact of 4.2) the former on tourism, and – in • knowledge regarding flora in the opposite sense – of possible the historic Insubria region (the forms of interaction and reciprocal lakes area between Italy and promotion; Switzerland) and in particular the • the synergistic promotion of WH more than 30 endemic species in sites (Brenta Dolomites and the the area in question (described in Ledro and Fiavé pile-dwellings).

LEDRO ALPS 322 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 16.3.2 What are the expected activities described represents a good benefits of international starting point, just as the relations cooperation for the biosphere started up with agencies at alpine reserve? level are strong points, as stated in The UNESCO MAB network provides the letters of support ( see Annexes: interesting examples of policy and Alpine Convention, CIPRA etc.) problem-solving in situations similar The following aspects are of particular to those present in the proposed interest in terms of exchanging ideas: reserve. In particular, the approach • collaboration in the alpine context, to the environmental question through INTERREG and the – conservation and sustainable EUREGIO (Tyrol, South Tyrol management – can represent a Trentino Euro region, included in transversal element in international the EU GECT programme); collaboration with other MAB sites. • collaboration with other MAB sites The network of contacts with the on questions linked to climate bodies involved in the various change in the alpine environment.

16.4 Internal and external communication channels and media used by the biosphere reserve

16.4.1 Is (will) there (be) a to register to receive the newsletter, biosphere reserve website? If which will also contain news about yes, what is its URL? the nomination procedure for the There is not currently a specific site, proposed Biosphere Reserve. however a special section has been The newsletter will come out at prepared – dedicated exclusively to approximately monthly intervals. the nomination proposal and subjects linked to it – within the site of the 16.4.3 Does (will) the Judicaria Ecomuseum1 and on the biosphere reserve belong to Protected Areas of PAT web site2. a social network (Facebook, Twitter, etc.)? Yes, the proposed Biosphere 16.4.2 Is (will) there (be) an Reserve currently has a page on electronic newsletter? If yes, facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ how often will it be published? EcomuseoDellaJudicaria Yes, the site of the Judicaria Ecomuseum currently allows visitors 1 http://www.dolomiti-garda.it/riserva-biosfera-dell- unesco 2 www.areeprotette.provincia.tn.it

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 323 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda .it

eo

ch

ar

w.

www.archeo.itww

IL MUSEO DELLE PALAFITTE DI FIAVÉ

PROVINCIA AUTONOMA DI TRENTO MUSEO DELLE PALAFITTE DI FIAVÉ Soprintendenza per i Beni librari archivistici e archeologici Via 3 Novembre, 53 – Fiavé (Trento) Ufficio Beni archeologici tel. 0465 735019 Via Aosta, 1 - Trento - tel. 0461 492161 [email protected] www.trentinocultura.net/archeologia.asp

Technical report on Pile Dwelling Fiavè Museum

LEDRO ALPS 324 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17. GOVERNANCE, BIOSPHERE RESERVE MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION

17.1 Management and coordination structure

17.1.1 What is the legal status Province2. of the biosphere reserve? Within the zones of the proposed Italian law does not provide for a Biosphere Reserve, ZPSs are specific legal status for biosphere superimposed on SICs in the core reserves, as takes place in other areas, therefore affording a dual level countries. of protection at community level. Furthermore, the northern core area 17.1.2 What is the legal status also falls partly within the PNAB and of the core area(s) and the is hence subject to the additional buffer zone(s)? protection of L.P. 11/2007 and the The current regulatory framework for Park Plan (Annex 4.02 ). the different areas included within the What is more, the buffer areas also reserve is given below: fall mostly within the Natura 2000 The legal status of the core areas network (83%). The remaining parts makes reference to two European fall within areas protected by the directives: the “Birds” Directive provincial planning scheme according (2009/147/CE), which identifies to L.P. 5/2008, as specified below. ZPSs, and the previously mentioned Specifically: “Habitat” Directive (92/43/ • the northern buffer zone falls CEE), which identifies SICs. The mostlyN within the SIC area. The combinations of ZPSs and SICs remaining part is classified by the make up the European Union Natura PUP as a grazing and woodland 20001 network, the largest ecological area, and as such is protected network in the world. 2 D.G.P. of 30 December 2005, no. 2956 – The two community directives were Adoption of measures for general safeguarding implemented at provincial level by of SICs; Provincial Law 11/07, together with a D.G.P. of 27 October 2006, no. 2279 - Adoption of conservation measures for ZPSs; number of implementation measures D.G.P. of 22 February 2007, no. 328 – passed by the provincial government Identification of ZPSs; D.P.P. of 3 November 2008, no. 50-157/leg – and decrees of the President of the Regulation of protected areas; D.G.P. of 5 August 2010, no. 1799 and 1 The Natura 2000 network covers 20% of EU subsequent amendments – Identification of territory. The percentage rises to 30% in the provincial ZPSs; context of the Province of Trento and 37% in the D.G.P. of 22 October 2010 no. 2378 and area of the Biosphere Reserve. subsequent DGP of 12/4/13 no. 632 - Conservation measures for ZPSs.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 325 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda respectively by articles 39 and 40, according to articles 39 and 40 which do not allow construction (grazing and woodland areas), or any radical transformation in in addition to article 28, which land use (see Annex 3.4). It is regulates unspoilt environmental compulsory for these restrictions areas (see Annex 3.4). These to be carried forward to plans provisions have also been subordinated to the PUP, namely implemented within the PRGs of community plans and municipal the Municipalities of Tenno, Ledro PRGs (general planning and Riva del Garda2. schemes), in this case the Stenico • the southern buffer zone falls PRG1. entirely within the SIC and is • the central buffer zone falls therefore protected according to entirely outside the context of 2 PRG of the Municipality of Tenno (provincial the Natura 2000 network and government resolution no. 901 of 06/05/2011); PRG of the Municipality of Ledro (provincial is regulated by the PUP, again government resolution no. 1966 of 16/09/2011

1 PRG of the Municipality of Riva del Garda PRG of the Municipality of Stenico (provincial (provincial government resolution no. 1902 of government resolution no. 299 of 24/02/2012); 07/09/2012)

LEDRO ALPS 326 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Core area

SIC and ZPS RR (non SIC/ZPS but PRG) PRG

100%

Buffer zone

7%

15%

SIC and/or ZPS RR (non SIC/ZPS but PRG) PRG

78%

17.1 Distribution of the different types of legal status within the core areas and buffer zones (in terms of surface areas concerned)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 327 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.1.3 Which administrative authorities have competence for each zone of the biosphere reserve (core area(s), buffer zone(s), transition area(s))? A list of administrative authorities with competence in the various areas is given in the next Table. For further details, see also section 14.1.3.

Core Areas Buffer areas Transition Areas

PAT PAT PAT

CAGL, CdG CAGL, CdG CAGL, CdG

PNAB PNAB

Municipalities of Ledro, Municipalities of Bondone., Storo, Municipalities of Bleggio Tenno, Stenico, S. Lorenzo in Ledro, Tenno, Stenico, S. Lorenzo in Superiore, Storo, Ledro, Tenno, Banale, Dorsino, Riva del Banale, Dorsino, Riva del Garda, Stenico, S. Lorenzo in Banale, Garda, Comano Terme Comano Terme Dorsino, Fiavè, Comano Terme

17.2 Jurisdiction of the various administrative bodies in relation to the MaB zones

17.1.4. Clarify the respective local authorities through legislation in competence of each of the sector and the Piano Urbanistico these authorities. Make a Provinciale (provincial planning distinction between each zone scheme), approved with L.P. 5/2008. if necessary and mention any As stated in section 17.1.2, within decentralized authority. the proposed Biosphere Reserve the It should be pointed out that the PUP regulations are relevant above Autonomous Province of Trento has all outside the protected areas, by particular autonomy of jurisdiction in establishing a system of planning relation to the Italian State, and that restrictions which must necessarily be on the basis of the Special Statue of adopted by subordinate plans, namely Autonomy, in accordance with DPR the Area Plan of the CdG and the no. 670 of 31.8.72, it has primary Area Plan of the CAGL, both being competence as regards numerous drawn up, and by municipal PRGs, sectors, including the management which cannot modify the essential and protection of the area. content of forest and mountain The Autonomous Province of Trento planning provisions. regulates the management of the area Within the protected areas, whose and establishes binding policy for perimeters are established by the

LEDRO ALPS 328 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda One of the various meetings between administrators to determine the content of the nomination dossier; Comano Terme, August 2013

PUP, there is special legislation, also 17.1.5 Indicate the main land resulting from the Habitat and Birds tenure (ownership) for each community directives, which give zone. competence for management of these The distribution of the type of areas to the PNAB or municipalities ownership in the various areas is through the Networks of Reserves conditioned by the long history of (the RR in the proposed Biosphere collective management of natural Reserve). The SICs outside the resources characterising the proposed protected areas (in the proposed Biosphere Reserve (for a detailed Biosphere Reserve the SICs of Fiavé, description see section 9). Lomasona and Ampola) are instead Within the core areas almost all managed directly by the Province. land (99%) is publicly owned (by

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 329 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda municipalities or collectives). projects; Within the buffer zones around 95% • acting as a link between the of land is publicly owned, being numerous bodies supporting the largely made up of woods and grazing Biosphere Reserve project. land high in the mountains. It is likely that the local Coordinator The transition area has a equal will be flanked by a liaison officer distribution between public and private identified by the Autonomous Province ownership, with around 50% of the of Trento, with the task of linking the area, including all agricultural land activities of the Biosphere Reserve and the urban areas – being privately with policy for protected areas at owned. provincial level, the activities of the MAB Committee in the national 17.1.6 Is there a single context and with the World Network of manager/coordinator of the Biosphere Reserves at international biosphere reserve or are level. several people in charge of managing it? If one manager/ 17.1.7 Are there consultative coordinator, who designates advisory or decision-making and employs him/her (national bodies (e.g., scientific authorities, environmental council, general assembly of administrative agency, local inhabitants of the reserve) authorities)? for each zone or for the whole The model of governance proposed biosphere reserve? in the Memorandum of Understanding If yes, describe their composition, role signed on 6 September 2013 by and competence, and the frequency the 20 promoting organisations of their meetings. (see Annex no. 3.1) provides for identification of a Biosphere Reserve One of the main objectives of the Coordinator at local level, with the Programme Agreement provided task of implementing the strategic for in article 2, par. 1, section b) of guidelines decided by the political the Memorandum of Understanding organs of the reserve. is definition of the system of The Coordinator, who will be governance. nominated by the Steering The model of reference is the one Committee, according to article 2, par. implemented in the Networks of 1, section b), will also carry out other Reserves, which have represented important tasks: an experience of streamlined and • acting as an area coordination effective management of small worker, capable of maintaining protected areas in the Province of relations with the stakeholders, Trento in the last few years. This and having the role of proposing model provides for the setting

LEDRO ALPS 330 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda up of certain organs, whose AREA FORUM composition and competence are The Area Forum is an instrument briefly described hereafter, with a allowing the participation of consultative or decision-making inhabitants, associations, role, which are entrusted with the businesses and all local players in overall management of the Biosphere the management of the Biosphere Reserve. Reserve. Particular attention will be paid to involving women and young These organs are: people’s associations. • a Steering Committee; The Area Forum does not provide • the President of the reserve; for selection of participants on the • an Executive Committee (or basis of representativeness, but is Working Group); rather based on inclusive participation • an Area Forum; designed to promote ideas and the • a possible technical /scientific search for shared solutions, also committee. between different interest groups. Furthermore the Programme Drawing together ideas and final Agreement must identify the Lead validation of proposals remains the Partner for the Biosphere Reserve. task of the Steering Committee, The consultative organs provided for whereas the necessary verification include the following: in terms of technical, administrative and economic feasibility is delegated to the Executive Committee. The Steering Committee undertakes to present its decisions to the Area Forum, explaining its reasons should these decisions not correspond with the proposals drawn up through the work of the Area Forum. The Area Forum shall be called by the President of the reserve on any occasion deemed necessary, and at least twice a year. In order to encourage the greatest possible participation, it is expected to set up two separate forums, one for the Giudicarie Esteriori area and one for the Val di Ledro, also with the scope of avoiding the duplication of organs, given that a similar forum is Barriers to protect spring migration by amphibians along roads, at the Fiavè peat bog also provided for in the case of the

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 331 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Ledro Alps Network of Reserves, and nature conservation, chosen from is currently being set up. graduates in natural, ecological and biological science. TECHNICAL-SCIENTIFIC COMMITEE 17.1.8 Has a coordination In order to avoid superfluous action, structure been established contain the costs of running the specifically for the biosphere Biosphere Reserve and encourage reserve? integration of the management of the Biosphere Reserve within the If yes, describe in detail its provincial system for protected areas, functioning, composition and for technical and scientific consultancy the relative proportion of each recourse will be made to the specific group in this structure, its role scientific committee for protected and competence. areas. This was set up according to article 52 of the L.P. of 11/07 THE STEERING COMMITEE OF to provide technical and scientific THE RESERVE consultancy within the province, and The Steering Committee of the has the task of expressing its opinion proposed Biosphere Reserve shall be as regards: made up of: a) the draft plan for each park; a) the President of the reserve; b) the draft management plans for the b) the Mayor of each municipality reserves; belonging to the Biosphere c) projects for the setting up and Reserve or his/her delegate in the modification of protected areas in role of councillor; the province and the “Natura 2000” c) the Presidents of the Comunità network; delle Giudicarie and the Comunità d) any other questions regarding dell’Alto Garda e Ledro or their parks, reserves and the “Natura delegates in the role of councillors; 2000” network which are submitted d) the President of the Adamello to its attention by the provincial Brenta Nature Park or his/her government, the management of delegate in the role of councillor; protected areas or the management e) the Presidents of the Sarca and bodies of parks, reserves and the Chiese BIMs, or their delegates; network of reserves. f) the Presidents of the Comano and Ingarda tourist offices and The committee shall be nominated by the tourist consortium of the Val di the provincial government and shall Ledro, or their delegates; be made up of a manager from the g) the Autonomous Province of Province and four experts in the field Trento’s Councillor for the of environmental management and Environment, or his/her delegate.

LEDRO ALPS 332 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The role of Chairman of the Steering of reference for decisions and shall Committee shall be taken by the undertake to explain the reasoning representative of the Lead Partner, behind its decisions, in the event that who shall also be President of the these move away from the proposals proposed Biosphere Reserve. of the Forum. The Steering Committee shall have The Steering Committee shall be the following roles: called at least three times a year by a) identifying the Lead Partner the President and on any occasion b) nominating the Executive in which this is requested by at least Committee for the reserve; seven members of the Steering c) nominating the Coordinator of the Committee. reserve; d) deciding policy for the plan of PRESIDENT OF THE action; BIOSPHERE RESERVE e) adopting an initial draft of the The representative of the Lead Management Plan to be submitted Partner shall have the role of to all the signatories of the President of the Biosphere Reserve Programme Agreement, in order and Chairman of the Steering to arrive at the second draft of Committee. the plan, to be presented to the The President shall have the following reserve’s promoting organisations roles: for definitive approval; a) chairing the Executive Committee f) approving the three-year of the reserve, preparing the programme, as an instrument for agenda; deciding the conservation and b) calling and chairing the Steering sustainable development activities Committee, preparing the agenda; and participatory and informative c) calling the Area Forum and the activities linked to them; Executive Committee of the g) deciding on the coordination of reserve; projects within the area of the d) supervising the general progress reserve, on the basis of the non- of the reserve; binding opinion expressed by the e) guaranteeing the transparency reserve’s Executive Committee; of decisions and information for h) approving the annual report on the the management organs of the progress of the reserve; reserve; i) deciding and establishing f) presenting the Steering Committee any other aspects related to with an annual report on the governance of the reserve. progress of implementation of the The Steering Committee shall take reserve and the activities carried the proposals emerging from the out; Area Forum as a privileged point g) presenting the Executive

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 333 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Committee of the reserve and/or Plan: the Area Forum with the proposals c) coordinating administration, staff of the Steering Committee not and financial management; included in the plan of action; d) verifying the progress of h) acting as spokesperson for the implementation of the Biosphere Reserve on institutional Management Plan; and public occasions and e) structuring the three-year plan of promoting it at all levels. action on the basis of the policy of the Steering Committee and the EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (OR financial resources available; WORKING GROUP) OF THE f) examining and deciding as regards BIOSPHERE RESERVE implementation aspects of the The Executive Committee of the actions included in the three-year Biosphere Reserve, chaired by plan of action; the President, shall be made up of g) monitoring the progress of the approximately 9 representatives from three-year plan of action; the following bodies: h) preparing the proposals of the Area a) municipalities and communities; Forum in terms of their technical, b) Autonomous Province of Trento; administrative and financial c) Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; feasibility, in order to present them d) local tourist offices or tourist to the Steering Committee; consortia present in the reserve; i) drawing up any proposals not e) BIMs included in the plan of action to guaranteeing a good representational present to the Steering Committee. balance between the two areas j) preparing an annual report on into which the reserve is divided: the progress of implementation of Giudicarie Esteriori and Ledro. the reserve, along with a financial The Executive Committee shall have statement for the intervention the following roles: carried out. During the phase to draw up the The Executive Committee shall be Management Plan and until its called and chaired by the President approval: and shall meet at least every three a) supervising the drawing up of the months. Management Plan, in line with the policy of the Steering Committee; LEAD PARTNER b) preparing the proposals of the Area The Lead Partner, the coordinating Forum in terms of their technical, organisation for the Biosphere administrative and financial Reserve, will be identified in the feasibility, in order to present them Programme Agreement, according to the Steering Committee. to article 2, par. 1, section d) of the After the approval of the Management Memorandum of Understanding, from

LEDRO ALPS 334 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda among the signatories representing This coordination structure is closely the area: a municipality, community or linked to local governments, both BIM. because it is effectively a direct The choice of the Autonomous expression of the promoting bodies Province of Trento not to take on the of the Biosphere Reserve, and role of Lead Partner for the reserve because the representatives of directly is in line with the principle these bodies within the organs of the of responsible subsidiarity, also reserve correspond with the highest confirmed by the provincial planning level of responsibility for the same scheme. area authorities (their Mayors or The Lead Partner will be figure of Presidents). reference for the promoters of the reserve in relation to financial aspects 17.1.9 How is the and the fulfilment of all the necessary management/coordination obligations related to the reserve. adapted to the local situation? In particular, the Lead Partner will be The management organs of the responsible for: reserve are all an expression of a) administrative management, taking local institutions, in their turn elected appropriate action and preparing democratically, either directly (in and adopting all official provisions the case of municipalities and the and measures necessary for the communities) or indirectly (the park, running of the reserve; BIMs and PAT). b) financial aspects and account management, specifically including 17.1.10 Is there a procedure the funding necessary in its budget for evaluating and monitoring on the basis of the financial the effectiveness of the plan approved by the Steering management? Committee of the reserve; No procedure for evaluating and c) making offices available for the monitoring the effectiveness of the operational headquarters free of management has been prepared charge. Out-of-pocket expenses yet. Indicators for the monitoring of will be attributed to the ordinary environmental and socioeconomic budget of the reserve under the factors, chosen from those stated in item “running costs”. section 15.1.2 will be established in the Programme Agreement. Is this coordination structure autonomous or is it under the authority of local or central government, or of the manager/coordinator of the biosphere reserve?

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 335 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.2 Conflicts within the biosphere reserve

17.2.1 Describe any important which can encourage the maturing of conflicts regarding the access cultural processes of awareness and or the use of natural resources responsibility, alongside an intensive in the area considered (and campaign to raise social awareness, precise period if accurate). in order to guarantee more lasting and If the biosphere reserve has effective results. contributed to preventing The proposed Biosphere Reserve or resolving some of these is therefore also oriented towards conflicts, explain what has ensuring that the public understands been resolved or prevented, that balanced area management and how this was achieved for represents an opportunity in terms each zone. of sustainable development and the As regards limiting access to competitiveness of the area. the use of the natural resources In this context it is worth recalling present in the proposed Biosphere that the setting up of the proposed Reserve, it should be underlined Biosphere Reserve will not lead to the that in Trentino protected areas imposition of any new restrictions as cover nearly 30% of the territory, regards the use of natural resources, well over the national and European as compared to the provisions of average. PAT’s environmental policy existing legislation. is moving towards a new approach to nature conservation, intended The main conflicts which emerged to show the possible advantages during the phases to prepare the of active protection and economic nomination concerned: development, rather than towards • some aspects of intensive bureaucratic action to designate new animal husbandry, described in protected areas. the preliminary document of the Community Plan (described in With this scope, the strategy of the section 15.3.2. and Annex 4.1), Autonomous Province of Trento is regarding nitrogen emissions to overturn the traditional top-down in the environment and having approach, moving towards real consequences in terms of use of involvement/convincing/orchestration the area (in some periods of the with local communities. year) and public health (air quality In short, it is intended to adopt a and waste water); genuinely bottom-up approach, • some hunters/hunting

LEDRO ALPS 336 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda associations, due to the fear, albeit communication and information unfounded, that the setting up of activities were particularly intense the proposed Biosphere Reserve in the period defining the proposed would lead to new limitations on nomination, as explained in section hunting as compared to the current 4.6.1 and illustrated in Table 17.3, situation. giving a list of the public meetings In line with the above, the held on the subject.

Place Subject Date Municipality of Comano Open meeting with the population and local 20 May 2013 Terme associations Municipality of Tenno Open meeting with the population and local 21 May 2013 associations Municipality of Ledro Open meeting with the population and local 22 May 2013 associations Municipality of Fiavè Open meeting with the population and local 1 July 2013 associations Municipality of S.Lorenzo in Open meeting with the population and local 5 July 2013 Banale associations Municipality of Stenico Open meeting with the population and local 19 July 2013 associations Municipality of Bleggio Open meeting with the population and local 22 July 2013 Superiore associations Municipality of Dorsino Open meeting with the population and local 24 July 2013 associations Municipality of Fiavè Open meeting with ASUCs 8 August 2013 Municipality of Ledro Open meeting with the population and local 22 August 2013 associations Municipality of Stenico Open meeting with businesses 23 August 2013 Comunità di valle dell’Alto Meeting with the assembly of the Comunità 30 August 2013 Garda e Ledro Municipality of Ledro Meeting with the municipal council 3 September. 2013 Municipality of Tenno Meeting for municipal councillors from the 3 September. 2013 municipalities in the reserve Municipality of Comano Meeting with representatives of hunting associations 13 September. 2013 Fig. 17.3 List of meetings organised to discuss the proposed Biosphere Reserve

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 337 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Tunnels under roads to encourage the migration of amphibians, at the Fiavè peat bog

LEDRO ALPS 338 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Informative flier for public meeting in Ledro

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 339 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda It is however noted that even before and competence are currently the process to set up the proposed defined in detail by existing legislation. Biosphere Reserve, activities were In terms of governance, (according carried out to provide information to the content of sections 17.1.7/8) and raise awareness regarding the various organs were mutually initiatives that could give rise to fears agreed, while the choice of the Lead or suspicions as regards further Partner from among the local bodies limitations to the use of resources involved will also be decided by linked to the setting up of protected mutual agreement in the context of areas. the Programme Agreement. In some fields (such as the setting up of the RR, described in Annex 4.3) 17.2.3 Explain the means used differentiated meetings were held for to resolve these conflicts, and representative associations, dealing their effectiveness. with the content involved in setting As described in detail in section up a process of delocalization and 17.2.1, the implementation of empowerment for the management of provincial policy to decentralise natural resources. certain decisions and responsibilities, The meetings organised by PNAB contrasting free choice in terms of (Annex 8.1) in the process to utility with a system based simply on implement the CETS were also part of restrictions, represents a fundamental the same series of initiatives. element. Furthermore, in the case of this specific process, communication, 17.2.2 If there are any information and transparency have conflicts in competence been the main means used to among the different manage any conflict that might arise. administrative authorities In the case of hunting associations, in the management of the which were the most explicit in biosphere reserve, describe manifesting their diffidence as regards these. the initiative, specific informative No conflict of this kind has arisen initiatives were organised (as shown during the process to define the in Table xxx, and with a specific article proposed Biosphere Reserve. Roles in the specialist press).

LEDRO ALPS 340 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.3 Representation, participation and consultation of local communities

17.3.1 At what stages place in the area in the last few years. in the existence of a The specific process to set up biosphere reserve have the proposed Biosphere Reserve local people been involved: began in February 2013, as stated design of the biosphere in section 4.6.1. Consultation began reserve, drawing up of the immediately with the administrations management/cooperation plan, that could potentially be involved, implementation of the plan, administrations that promptly joined day to day management of the the initiative, starting with PAT (Annex biosphere reserve? Give some 3.2, minutes of MAB meeting in March specific examples. 2013). As pointed out in other parts of the Subsequently, activities in the document (e.g. section 15), numerous area were initiated through public processes started up in the last few meetings, visits and concrete years have had similar objectives case studies (Ticino and Cilento), to the MAB reserve, namely the information through the press and implementation of sustainable television (Sections 4.6.1 and 17.2.1), development projects based on the involving a considerable number of exploitation of existing local resources citizens. The meetings concerned in linked to the area: particular: • unification of the Municipality • initially, the general concept of the of Ledro, bringing together six MAB reserve, methods involved previously existing municipalities; in setting up, consequences and • the setting up of the Ledro Alps concrete examples; RR; • later, more concrete aspects • processes of EMAS certification; regarding governance, problems • the reinforcement of the PNAB noted and subsequent activation. through projects such as the In the future numerous instruments CETS, Qualità Parco, mobility; are provided for (see Annex 3.1, • processes to discuss and Memorandum of Understanding) to implement the main planning guarantee the involvement of the local documents, such as the PUP and community: community plans; • direct management, including the • the Judicaria Ecomuseum project. Lead Partner, headed by local Therefore numerous activities to raise authorities in the area; awareness on the subject have taken • a permanent forum of citizens

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 341 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda The mountain dairy, a traditional element in the alpine environment, offers major potential for combining historic activities with new initiatives; here at Malga Nambi (Brenta Dolomites)

from various backgrounds and local communities took place. associations is provided for. All the initiatives and meetings were conducted by representatives of 17.3.2 Describe how the local the local communities and all the people (including women and municipal administrations. There were indigenous communities) have several open meetings at which the been, and/or are represented public was able to interact directly in the planning and with the planning team, headed by management of the biosphere the representatives of the Mayors reserve (e.g., assembly of involved. representatives, consultative The Steering Committee, with groups). representatives of all the local Sections 4.6, 17.2 and 17.3.1 authorities involved, dealt with the summarise the ways in which formulation and definition of the consultation and involvement of the nomination dossier in detail.

LEDRO ALPS 342 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.3.3 Describe the 17.3.4 What form does this specific situation of young representation take (e.g., people in the proposed companies, associations, biosphere reserve (e.g., environmental associations, potential impacts of the trade unions)? biosphere reserve on Representation takes various forms: youth, consideration of • the local communities are their interests and needs, represented by their elected incentives to encourage them administrative organs. The to participate actively in the administrative organs are made governance system of the of up of various organisations: biosphere reserve). municipalities, valley communities, Young people are involved in various the province, the park and tourist ways. offices; From the beginning, the Comano • an Area Forum is provided for, as Valley 2.0 association supported the specified in section 17.1.8; information process, participating • there are numerous supporting directly in the meetings and creating a letters for the initiative, coming link to the MAB project at their site. from various kinds of bodies and Furthermore, at the public meetings it local associations (Annex 8.11). was repeatedly emphasised that the whole project regarding the proposed 17.3.5 Are there procedures Biosphere Reserve is aimed at: for integrating the • sustainable promotion of the representative body of local area, and hence the creation of communities (e.g., financial, better conditions of life for future election of representatives, generations; traditional authorities)? • better opportunities in terms of The system of governance proposed employment, quality of the living is based on representatives of the environment and possibilities for local communities, elected directly activities related to other situations; or nominated on the basis of • the creation of activities in the technical aspects (section 17.1.8). field of farm guesthouses, crafts, The procedure for informing, dissemination and the direct communicating an exchanging ideas management of area resources. with the various components has been managed by representative bodies of the local communities from the very beginning. An important secondary role has also been played by PAT.

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 343 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.3.6 How long-lived are relation to the proposed Biosphere consultation mechanisms Reserve began, numerous other (permanent assembly, processes took place using similar consultation on specific mechanisms and with similar projects)? Make a complete objectives to those in question, description of this to a certain extent extending consultation. What are the the process underway and roles of involved stakeholders encouraging the maintenance of compared to the role of the participatory conditions for the biosphere reserve? project; Previous sections 17.3.1-5 describe • for the future the foundations in detail the consultation methods and have been laid for involvement mechanisms. It is recalled once again through the prioritising of local that: representation in management and through a permanent consultation • before the nomination process in forum open to all those interested.

Educational activities in Pile Dwelling Ledro Museum by ReLED

LEDRO ALPS 344 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.3.7 What consultation At the numerous meetings local mechanisms have been used, administrators have had the chance and who has been involved? to inform citizens of the content of the Are they for specific purposes proposal and receive any feedback. or long-term? What impacts This feedback, and associated have they had on decision- initiatives, has contributed towards making processes (decisional, defining the details of this proposal. consultative or merely to inform the population)? 17.3.8 Do women participate As described in sections 17.3.1-6 in community organizations and 4.6, the process is based on and decision-making numerous communication tools: processes? Are their informative meetings, information via interests and needs given the press, social networks, television, equal consideration? What specialist press, specific information incentives or programmes and meetings between administrators are in place to encourage in various locations in order to define their representation the characteristics of the proposal and participation (e.g.: (see also Annex II, press releases). was(were) a “gender impact

Cultural activities to promote traditional crops: here at an olive grove in Tenno with an agricultural expert

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 345 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda assessment(s)” carried out)? alternation in terms of the gender of As pointed out in section 9.4, those in certain top positions, and the presence of women within some women have been nominated management organs is generally or elected to head certain institutions. lower as compared to the number of This is the case of: male representatives. The following • the President of the CdG; table shows the presence of women • the President of Comano tourist (%) within local administrations: office and Consorzio Proloco The local data is essentially in line Ledro; with the provincial and national • the managers of Comano tourist situation as regards municipal office, Ingarda and the Consorzio councillors, whereas the presence of Ledro. women Mayors is significantly higher This aspect is relatively unique and than average. not common within the regional Recently there has also been an context.

Municipal Area Mayors councillors Giudicarie and Ledro municipalities 18.2 22.8 Province of Trento 12.0 24.8 Presence of women (%) within local Italy 11.4 20.5 administrations

Cultural activity to promote the agricultural heritage and landscape for the purposes of tourism, managed by the tourist office of Comano Terme

LEDRO ALPS 346 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.4. The management/cooperation plan/policy:

17.4.1 Is there a management/ and the plan for the safeguarding of cooperation plan/policy for the waters. biosphere reserve as a whole? As regards development (2), the There is not yet a Management Plan plan will interact with the plans of the for the Biosphere Reserve. However, valley communities, PNAB’s CETS the creation of such a management (Annex 8.1), the policy documents of tool for the reserve is provided for as the tourist offices and the Fondazione soon as it has been set up. Dolomiti UNESCO, and in future also What is more, given the point of with the Management Plan of the departure, already equipped with a Ledro Network of Reserves (which will wealth of planning tools and strategic also need to deal with processes of documents, it would make no sense sustainable local development). for the Management Plan of the Finally, as regards logistical aspects reserve to represent the umpteenth linked to training, research and level of planning within the area. education on sustainable development The Management Plan should rather (3), reference will be made to PNAB’s be understood as a framework environmental plan (Annex 4.2), and document serving to coordinate the reserve will also be able to interact actions already underway or planned with various public institutions which by the different bodies participating implement environmental education in the management of the designated policy and research statutorily, such areas in an overall vision, on the basis as PNAB and the Ledro Alps Network of the three fundamental functions of of Reserves (RR), along with MUSE the Biosphere Reserve. in Trento - which coordinates the In relation to conservation, the Ledro museum network (ReLED) - Management Plan of the Biosphere the Architectural and Archaeological Reserve will therefore make reference Heritage Office, the Museo Civico in as relevant (1) to the Implementation Rovereto, APPA and the Judicaria Plan of the Ledro Alps Network Ecomuseum. of Reserves (Annex no. 4.3) , the Efforts have been made to network Adamello Brenta Park Plan (Annex aspects related to research, no. 4.2) and the conservation dissemination and sustainable measures of Natura 2000 sites development in the Ledro area (Annex no 3.3) in addition to forestry through the OPENLOC project, and planning instruments, the PGUAP1 more efforts towards the definition of an integrated development plan are 1 PGUAP, general Plan fot Public Water Use

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 347 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda being made within the LIFE+ TEN preparing the plan is with the Working project, Action C191. Group/Executive Committee, as Letters of support for the nomination stated in article 6 of the Memorandum received from MUSE, FBK and the of Understanding (Annex 3.1) , Fondazione Mach show the interest of whereas the Steering Committee, the main provincial research institutes which has the task of approving the in this area, which will offer the proposal document, has responsibility opportunity for research in the field of for policy. social sciences, agrotechnology and According to the provisions of article new technologies, acting as an “open 6, the plan will follow a participatory space laboratory” (Annex 8.11) approach, through the involvement A final fundamental aspect regards of “representative of local authorities, the fact that the plan will need to young people and other stakeholders” be accompanied by a phase of and naturally the Area Forum. intensive information and participatory In addition to this it should be recalled, activities for the local population and as stated in the previous section, that stakeholders. As already provided the plan will refer to other planning for in the case of the Management instruments, in their turn drawn up Plans for the Park and the Network using a participatory approach (e.g. of Reserves, participation is a PNAB’s CETS and Park Plan, the fundamental requisite for concrete preliminary planning document of the implementation. CdG etc.). It is therefore possible to aspire to an agreed and streamlined plan, not costly in financial terms, capable of 17.4.3 Do local authorities bringing together all the public and formally adopt the private sector players participating in management/cooperation the sustainable development of the plan? Are local authorities Reserve area, in a relatively brief time making reference to it in other (expected to be around a year). policies and/or plans? If so, please provide details. The plan, which also involves 17.4.2 Which actors are financial planning directly involving involved in preparing the the promoters of the reserve, will management/cooperation necessarily be formally approved by plan? How are they involved? all the bodies concerned in the area. The technical responsibility for As regards links with local planning, 1 Within Action C19 of the LIFE+ TEN Project as stated in section 17.4.1, the a participatory process within the area of Management Plan will be strongly Ledro Valley is being carried on. The goal of this process is to define a shared strategy for rooted in existing planning local development, aiming at putting together instruments, many of which have agricultural issues, tourism and citizens.

LEDRO ALPS 348 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda underlying objectives which are very the implementation of the Ledro Alps coherent with those of the Biosphere Network of Reserves – (Annexes 4.3 Reserve, albeit in a fragmentary and 4.3), which are very detailed. manner. As regards socioeconomic It goes without saying that when development activities, in addition reviews take place, the planning to investigating activities already instruments and programmes carried out by different parties and of the promoting organisations identifying the ways in which they can (municipalities, communities, PNAB, be coordinated, the plan will provide tourist offices) will make reference detailed indications of other actions to the Biosphere Reserve, the in line with the policy contained in coordinating opportunities that it the Memorandum of Understanding offers and the active protection and and more clearly explained in section sustainable development initiatives 13 of the Nomination Dossier. It can that may be identified by the therefore be affirmed that the plan will Management Plan of the reserve. also represent a useful coordinating instrument for development policy in the area of the reserve. It will also 17.4.4 What is the duration of contain specific measures coherent the management/cooperation with the development objectives of plan? How often is it revised the reserve, also with reference to or renegotiated? projects underway, as in the case The Plan will have a duration of 10 of the previously cited TEN project, years, with three-yearly updates action 19. aimed at periodic financial planning.

17.4.6 Indicate how this 17.4.5 Describe the contents management/cooperation of the management/ addresses the objectives cooperation plan. Does it of the proposed biosphere consist of detailed measures reserve (as described in or detailed guidelines? Give section 13.1). some examples of measures Section 13.2 provides a broad outline or guidelines advocated by the with examples of activities for the plan? (Enclose a copy). Management Plan, establishing a As regards nature conservation, series of themes/objectives. These the plan will refer to conservation include a series of projects belonging measures provided for in the case to initiatives which are similar in terms of Natura 2000 sites, the protection of their underlying objectives, such as: measures in the Park Plan and the • the setting up of the RR (Annex actions contained in the project for 4.3, Programme Agreement and

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 349 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda implementation project); 17.4.8 Which authorities are in • the putting into effect of the charge of the implementation PNAB’s API21 (Annex 4.2, Park of the plan, especially in Plan underway); the buffer zone(s) and the • the activities of ReLed; transition area(s)? Please • the ‘Qualità Parco’ project. provide evidence of the role of these authorities. Other possible specific projects could The Management Plan will be represented by: coordinate the responsibilities of the • the creation of an area EMAS following authorities in their areas of protocol, referred to the whole of jurisdiction: the proposed Biosphere Reserve; In the buffer zones : • the extension of the CETS (Annex 8.1, CETS) to the whole of the • northern buffer zone: proposed Biosphere Reserve; o the PNAB in the park area; • the participation of all the o outside the park, the municipalities in the Covenant of Municipality of Stenico will Mayors; manage the area through its • the development of internal PRG, which will be coordinated partnerships within the MAB by the community plan, in its turn network; following the policy of the PUP; • the setting up of a Smart • central buffer zone: Biosphere Reserve. o the Municipalities of Ledro, Tenno and Riva del Garda, which manage their areas through 17.4.7 Is the plan binding? Is it their own PRGs, which will be based on a consensus? coordinated by the community Due to the participatory methods plan, in its turn following the policy with which the plan will be drawn up, of the PUP; it will automatically be based on the • southern buffer zone: the RR, consensus of a majority of the local which will act in accordance with population. the conservation measures of SICs In the absence of regulatory until a specific Management Plan restrictions, this aspect will has been drawn up; guarantee the establishment of a strong tie between policy and the in the transition area: implementation of the plan. • the municipalities, which act according to their own PRGs, coordinated by the community plan, in its turn following the policy of the PUP. 1 API: areas of particular interest

LEDRO ALPS 350 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.4.9 Which factors impede or of the proposal and a consensus as help its implementation (e.g.: regards the initiative on a wider scale. reluctance of local people, conflicts between different levels of decision-making). 17.4.10 Is the biosphere With the exceptions of the points reserve integrated in regional/ raised in section 17.2.1, regarding national strategies? Vice problems of conflict in terms of versa, how are the local/ the use of natural resources, the municipal plans integrated in main problem emerging during the the planning of the biosphere information process was represented reserve? by the opposition of hunting The Biosphere Reserve is included associations. The reason for this within a broad and complex opposition was linked to the fear range of strategies aimed at that the setting up of the proposed safeguarding natural resources and Biosphere Reserve could lead to a encouraging balanced socioeconomic limitation of hunting activities. development. At national level On the other hand there are a series one cannot fail to cite the National of factors which essentially encourage Strategy for Biodiversity, thanks to the initiative underway: which “biodiversity and ecosystem • the existence of projects started up services, our natural capital, are in the last few years which share conserved, evaluated and, in so far many of the viewpoints of this as this is possible, restored, due to initiative; their intrinsic value and so that they • the nomination process has can continue to support economic created a consensus between prosperity and human wellbeing in a numerous different administrative lasting manner, despite the profound bodies of different kinds (11 changes underway at global and local municipalities, two valley level”. communities), through a series of This is in turn structured around the meetings, debates and discussions Communication of the European (Annex 3.1, Memorandum of Commission “Our life insurance, our Understanding); natural capital: an EU Biodiversity • the participation and appreciation Strategy to 2020”, which describes recorded during the public a strategy for protecting European meetings; biodiversity, while highlighting its • external support manifested by importance for the development of numerous bodies of different kinds the human communities who survive (Annex, letters of support 8.9). thanks to this very biodiversity. Overall, there are therefore a series of At supranational level it is also positive factors in relation to reception appropriate to mention the Alpine

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 351 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Convention, and in particular the 2013 the running of the reserve. document with the 4th report on the The Programme Agreement stated state of Alps: “Sustainable tourism in in article 2 of the Memorandum of the Alps”. This focuses on the main Understanding will therefore establish problems generated by uncontrolled “ the programme of activities for the tourist development, also suggesting first three years and the financial which challenges need to be faced. commitments, with the relative These objectives are entirely in line division of costs”. with those of the Biosphere Reserve All the promoting organisations with project. financial autonomy will contribute Furthermore, at provincial level it partially to running costs, specifically: is necessary to cite the “PASSO”, PAT, the valley communities, the namely the Pact for Sustainable municipalities, presumably also by Development in Trentino, approved making use of funds coming from in 2013, which has the task of fees for hydroelectric energy plans describing and specifying principles managed partly by the communities and methods of application for and partly by the BIM. sustainable development in the As regards the division of costs Province, including the cultural and among the municipalities, for those environmental dimension, above all whose territory is entirely within from an environmental point of view. the reserve, the agreed criteria Vice versa, local and municipal regards the proportional number of plans will be coordinated with the inhabitants. For the municipalities only Management Plan, as already partially involved (Storo, Bondone illustrated in the previous section and Riva del Garda) a lower share 17.4.1. Furthermore, the MAB project is surmised, linked to the surface will be able to take advantage of past area included within the proposed experience and a long process of Biosphere Reserve. sharing values and visions which led As repeated several times, the to the setting up of the Network of objective is to create a system Reserves, and which will become a of management for the reserve part of the future planning of the area. with limited costs, drawing on the 17.4.11 Indicate the main source of operational skills of the various bodies the funding and the estimated yearly already operating there. budget. The running costs will therefore The principle of responsible be limited to expenditure for the subsidiarity and participation provides Coordinator and for communication for duties in addition to rights. It (management of the web site, specific is therefore neither plausible nor material on paper etc.), with an coherent for PAT to bear the whole expected annual budget of around financial commitment resulting from 50,000 €. It is indeed necessary

LEDRO ALPS 352 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda to consider that the presence of a structured and specialised. number of promoting organisations The costs of the operational with objectives very similar to those headquarters will also be very limited, of the reserve (PNAB, municipalities, given that use will be made of the through the RR, and the ecomuseum) offices of the Lead Partner, as stated makes considerable economies in section 13.6. Similarly, in the case of scale possible: in other words, of the representative office – which the management of the Biosphere it has been suggested could be at Reserve can in some ways also be Castel Stenico – the costs will be supported by bodies that are already borne by PAT.

Stenico Castle

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 353 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 17.5 Conclusions the forefront in the management of local areas and the landscape, with the approval of the Piano urbanistico provincial (provincial planning scheme), the last version 17.5.1 In your opinion, of which (2008) contains methods what will ensure that both for participatory management and the functioning of the effective subsidiarity at different biosphere reserve and the institutional levels, in particular structures in place will be with the area plans of the valley satisfactory? Explain why communities, the Park Plan and and how, especially regarding the planning schemes of the the fulfillment of the three municipalities. functions of biosphere The presence of the Adamello- reserves (conservation, Brenta Nature Park, the Ledro development, logistic) and Alps Network of Reserves, the the participation of local Judicaria Ecomuseum and the Ledro communities. museum network, along with all the The wealth of biological and cultural cultural and natural sites managed diversity in the areas included in by various bodies and scientific the proposed Biosphere Reserve institutions, ensures that management distinguishes a local environment complies with the conservation that has been enhanced by the and development objectives of the sensitivity of local populations reserve. and the administrative foresight of Environmental and sustainable local and provincial governments development education is ensured over the years. All this represents by the network made up of APPA, the a consolidated and appropriate Adamello-Brenta park and MUSE, background, guaranteeing a with their respective visitors centres. sustainable future for the Biosphere There is also active collaboration with Reserve. research institutes, including the Mach The area nominated has a and Kessler foundations and the consolidated and widespread Museo Civico in Rovereto. awareness of the need to guarantee For several years the area nominated the conservation of biodiversity and has seen the integrated action of cultural values for future generations. players operating in a coordinated The proof lies in ancient cultural manner in the field of tourism, the institutions, such as the collective main local business sector, through rights and municipal statutes. From the tourist offices and Pro Loco the second half of the 20th century associations, encouraging the the Province of Trento has been at relationship with the farming sector

LEDRO ALPS 354 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda and promoting the use of local scattered extensively throughout products. the proposed area, ensures that all The extensive presence of citizens have the chance to participate associations (particularly volunteer in the management of social and organisations) and cooperatives, economic activities.

Gorg Abiss (Tiarno di Sotto, Val di Ledro)

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 355 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 18. SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS

It is recognized the karst systems. It is characterized by importance of the following dynamic processes with frequent sites: landslides, floods and avalanches. a) UNESCO World Heritage The property also features one of the Site best examples of the preservation The proposed Biosphere Reserve of Mesozoic carbonate platform includes two different WH sites (see systems, with fossil records.” following map) • The Dolomites, The pile-dwellings, of great cultural • Prehistoric Pile dwellings around interest, were included in the WHS the Alps list in 2011 (35COM 8B.35). In the proposed Biosphere Reserve they are The Dolomites, a site of great present at Fiavé – Lake Carera and naturalistic value, included in the Molina di Ledro). As stated at the site WHS list in 2009 (33COM 8B.6), http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/, is only present in the proposed “This serial property of 111 small Biosphere Reserve with a section of individual sites encompasses the the Brenta Dolomites. As stated at the remains of prehistoric pile-dwelling (or site http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1237/ stilt house) settlements in and around “The site of the Dolomites comprises the Alps built from around 5000 to a mountain range in the northern 500 B.C. on the edges of lakes, Italian Alps, numbering 18 peaks rivers or wetlands. Excavations, only which rise to above 3,000 metres conducted in some of the sites, have and cover 141,903 ha. It features yielded evidence that provides insight some of the most beautiful mountain into life in prehistoric times during the landscapes anywhere, with vertical Neolithic and Bronze Age in Alpine walls, sheer cliffs and a high density of Europe and the way communities narrow, deep and long valleys. A serial interacted with their environment(…). property of nine areas that present a The settlements are a unique group diversity of spectacular landscapes of exceptionally well-preserved and of international significance for culturally rich archaeological sites, geomorphology marked by steeples, which constitute one of the most pinnacles and rock walls, the site important sources for the study of also contains glacial landforms and early agrarian societies in the region.

LEDRO ALPS 356 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda fig. 18.1 Location of the WH sites within the proposed Biosphere Reserve

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 357 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda b) RAMSAR Wetland IT3120177, IT3120159, IT3120068, Convention Site IT3120069, IT3120127, IT3120076, No sites are present. IT3120093, IT3120096, IT3120094, IT3120133 and IT3120140. As stated c) Other international/regional in section 4.2, the Natura 2000 conservation conventions/ network is the largest ecological directives (specify) network in the world. The protected 36% of the surface area of the areas it identifies cover 20% of EU proposed Biosphere Reserve is territory. The percentage rises to covered by a system of areas falling 30% at local level in the Province within the Natura 2000 European of Trento. The network is based on network, specifically in SCI/SPA sites two European directives: the “Birds”

fig. 18.2 Sites of European Importance

LEDRO ALPS 358 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda directive (2009/147/CEE) and the d) Long term monitoring site “Habitats” directive (92/43/CEE). (specify) The “Birds” directive protects all wild There are two monitoring sites of birds in Europe and is designed to great interest in terms of fauna and conserve the main habitats of rare, the forest ecosystem: vulnerable or threatened species. The • the Bocca di Caset site (Ledro); “Habitats” directive extends the field of • the Ludrin site (Stenico). application of protection measures to The Bocca di Caset site is a pass of other threatened habitats, plants and the greatest importance at alpine level animals, rare or endemic, for a total of in terms of post-reproductive migration more than 1000 species. of birdlife. The site, already protected

fig. 18.3 Location of the monitoring sites

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 359 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda by the EU (see the ZPS directive Turin, for more than 10 years PAT has stated in the previous section) is in the provided for a series of permanent core area of the proposed Biosphere sampling areas, with the scope of Reserve (see sections 4.1 and 4.5). monitoring populations. The site is As mentioned in section 16.1.1, since the object of permanent research by 1993 the site has been involved in a the University of Turin (as stated in study programme of migration through section 16.1). (Motta, R. et. al. 2008. scientific ringing carried out by MUSE. At the ornithological station post- e) Long Term Ecological reproductive migration is monitored Research (LTER site) from the middle of August until the No sites are present. end of October. Since 1997 the station has been included in the ‘Progetto f) Other (specify) Alpi’, a national project coordinated The Fiavé peat bog is a protected by ISPRA and MUSE, which has area in the Natura 2000 network, seen the participation of more than according to the EU Habitat Directive 37 stations scattered throughout the (mentioned in the previous section). Italian Alps. More than 70 species It is the site of large-scale seasonal have been recorded and almost migration of amphibians and since 100,000 birds logged, demonstrating 2000 has been a monitoring site for the significance of this pass as a very this migration (see section 17.2). valuable conservation area (Negra et The surveys are carried out by al. 2006). the Associazione Pro Ecomuseo The Ludrin site regards a forest and PAT’s Nature Conservation ecosystem not subject to intervention Department (Cisaro Martinoli G., or use for more than 50 years. In Bronzini L. 2006, Bonardi A. 2011). collaboration with the University of

LEDRO ALPS 360 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 19. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (TO BE SUBMITTED WITH NOMINATION FORM)

1. Location and zonation map with coordinates

1.1 Location and zonation map (1:50.000)

2. Vegetation map or land cover map

2.1 Land cover map (1:50.000)

2.2 Natura 2000 Habitats map (1:50.000)

3. List of legal documents

3.1 Memorandum of a. English version (ENG) Understanding b. Signed original copy (ITA) c. Original resolutions of approval (ITA) c.1 PAT c.2 Comano terme c.3 Bleggio Superiore c.4 Bondone c.5 Dorsino c.6 Fiavé c.7 Ledro c.8 San Lorenzo in Banale c.9 Stenico c.10 Storo c.11 Tenno c.12 Riva del Garda c.13 Upper-Garda and Ledro Community of Valley c.14 Giudicarie Community of Valley c.15 PNAB c.16 BIM Sarca-Mincio-Garda c.17 BIM Chiese c.18 APT Comano c.19 InGarda Trentino c.20 Turistic Consortium Ledro Valley

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 361 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 3.2 Policy directive no. 411 a. English version (ENG) of the Provincial Council b. Signed original copy (ITA) – March 2013

3.3 Natura 2000 a. Identification of SCI’s and conservation measures conservative measures (ENG) b. Resolution on conservation measures DGP 632/2013 (ITA) b.1 Resolution 1799/2010 b.2 Resolution 2378/2010

3.4 PUP (provincial a. Table of PUP content and policy planning scheme) in relation to the PBR (ENG)

b. Maps b.1 Map of PBR area b.2 Zoom northern buffer zone b.3 Zoom central buffer zone c. Provincial Law 5/2008 (ITA)

3.5 Provincial Law 11/2007 a. Policy chart, Provincial Law 11/07 (ENG) b. Text of Provincial Law 11/07 (ITA)

4. List of land use and management/cooperation plans

4.1 CdG preliminary PTC a. Chart with objectives of the PTC document (ENG)

4.2 PNAB park plan a. Description sheet of PP and API2 objectives (ENG) b. Original copy of resolution to adopt the PP by the management committee (ITA)

4.3 Ledro Alps Network of a. Project implementation sheet (ENG) Reserves b. Project implementation sheet (ITA) c. Pdf signed programme agreement (ITA)

LEDRO ALPS 362 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 5. Species list (to be annexed)

5.1 Lists of flora List of protected flora, LR or endemic flora

5.2 Lists of fauna List of species of interest

6. List of main bibliographic references

6.1 Bibliography

7. Original Endorsement letters according to Chapter 5

7.1 Signatures See Chapter 5

8. Further supporting documents

8.1 PNAB’s CETS a. CETS principles (ENG) (European Charter for b. PNAB’s CETS certificate (ENG) Sustainable Tourism)

8.2 EMAS certification a. Illustrative EMAS sheet (ENG) b. EMAS certificates (ITA) b.1 Comunità delle Giudicarie b.2 Fiavé b.3 Ledro b.4 Tenno b.5 PNAB

8.3 PEFC certification a. Description sheet (ENG) b. Cumulative PEFC certification (ITA)

8.4 Judicaria Ecomuseum a. Description sheet (ENG) b. Convention 511 (ITA)

8.5 Research and a. List of PNAB, MUSE and MCR monitoring activities research activities (ITA-ENG) sheets

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 363 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 8.6 Vegetation series a. Geosigmeta sheets (ITA-ENG) (geosigmeta)

8.7 LIFE+ T.E.N. a. TEN project summary (ENG) b. Ecological network maps b.1 Ecological network map of Trentino b.2 Ecological network map of PBR

8.8 Stenico Castle a. Description sheet (ENG)

8.9 Letters of support a. Explanatory note on the institutions signing (ENG) b. Copy of original letters signed (ITA) b.1ASUC Comano Terme b.2ASUC Stenico b.3 ASUC Favrio b.4 ASUC Fiavé b.5 ASUC Storo b.6 ASUC Stumiaga b.7 ASUC Villa del Monte b.8 Centro Studi Judicaria b.9 CIPRA Italia b.10 Mach Foundation b.11 Dolomiti Foundation b.12MUSE b.13 Upper-Garda Bresciano Park b.14 Civic Museum of Rovereto b.15 SAT b.16 Alpine Convention b.17 FBK Foundation b.18 Museo Usi e Costumi della Gente Trentina

LEDRO ALPS 364 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 20. ADDRESSES

20.1 Contact address of the proposed biosphere reserve

Name: Provincia Autonoma di Name: di Comano Terme Trento – I.D. per la Valorizzazione Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Ponte Arche della Rete delle Aree Protette – Via G. Prati, n° 1 Street or P.O. Box: Via Guardini, 75 City with postal code: Comano Terme City with postal code: Trento - 38122 (TN) - 38077 Country: Italia Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0461 497885 Telephone: +39 0465 701434 E-mail: reteareeprotette@provincia. E-mail: protocollo@comune. tn.it comanoterme.tn.it Web site: http://www.areeprotette. Web site: http://www.comune. provincia.tn.it comanoterme.tn.it

20.2. Administering entity of the core area(s)

Name: Comune di Comano Terme dorsino.tn.it Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Ponte Arche Web site: http://www.comunedorsino.it/ – Via G. Prati, n° 1 City with postal code: Comano Terme Name: Comune di Ledro (TN) - 38077 Street or P.O. Box: Via Vittoria, n° 5 Country: Italia City with postal code: Pieve di Ledro Telephone: +39 0465 701434 (TN) - 38067 E-mail: protocollo@comune. Country: Italia comanoterme.tn.it Telephone: +39 0464 592711 Web site: http://www.comune. E-mail: [email protected] comanoterme.tn.it/ Web site: http://www.comune.ledro.tn.it/

Name: Comune di Dorsino Name: Comune di Riva del Garda Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Di Dorsino, n° 3 Street or P.O. Box: Piazza III City with postal code: Dorsino (TN) - Novembre, n° 5 38070 City with postal code: Riva del Garda Country: Italia (TN) - 38066 Telephone: +39 0465 734021 Country: Italia E-mail: [email protected]. Telephone: +39 0464 573888

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 365 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda E-mail: [email protected] City with postal code: Riva del Garda Web site: http://www.comune. (TN) - 38066 rivadelgarda.tn.it/ Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0464 571701 Name: Comune di San Lorenzo in E-mail: [email protected] Banale Web site: http://www.altogardaeledro. Street or P.O. Box: Piazza delle Sette tn.it/ Ville, n° 4 City with postal code: San Lorenzo in Name: Comunità di Valle delle Banale (TN) - 38078 Giudicarie Country: Italia Street or P.O. Box: Via P. Gnesotti, n° 2 Telephone: +39 0465 734023 City with postal code: Tione (TN) - E-mail: segreteria@comune. 38079 sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it Country: Italia Web site: http://www.comune. Telephone: +39 0465 339555 sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it/ E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www. Name: Comune di Stenico comunitadellegiudicarie.it/ Street or P.O. Box: Via G. Garibaldi, n° 2 City with postal code: Stenico (TN) - Name: Parco Naturale Adamello 38070 Brenta Country: Italia Street or P.O. Box: Via Nazionale, n° 24 Telephone: +39 0465 771024 City with postal code: Strembo (TN) - E-mail: [email protected] 38080 Web site: http://www.comune.stenico. Country: Italia tn.it/ Telephone: +39 0465 806666 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Comune di Tenno Web site: http://www.pnab.it/ Street or P.O. Box: Via Dante Alighieri, n° 18 City with postal code: Tenno (TN) - 38060 Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0464 500624 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.comune.tenno. tn.it/it/

Name: Comunità di Valle Alto Garda e Ledro Street or P.O. Box: Via Rosmini, n° 5/b

LEDRO ALPS 366 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 20.3. Enti amministrativi delle buffer zone(s)

Name: Comune di Comano Terme Telephone: +39 0464 592711 Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Ponte Arche E-mail: [email protected] – Via G. Prati, n° 1 Web site: http://www.comune.ledro. City with postal code: Comano Terme tn.it/ (TN) - 38077 Country: Italia Name: Comune di Riva del Garda Telephone: +39 0465 701434 Street or P.O. Box: Piazza III E-mail: protocollo@comune. Novembre, n° 5 comanoterme.tn.it City with postal code: Riva del Garda Web site: http://www.comune. (TN) - 38066 comanoterme.tn.it/ Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0464 573888 Name: Comune di Bondone E-mail: [email protected]. Street or P.O. Box: Via G. Giusti, n° tn.it 48 Web site: http://www.comune. City with postal code: Bondone (TN) - rivadelgarda.tn.it/ 38080 Country: Italia Name: Comune di San Lorenzo in Telephone: +39 0465 689133 Banale E-mail: [email protected]. Street or P.O. Box: Piazza delle Sette tn.it Ville, n° 4 Web site: http://www.comune. City with postal code: San Lorenzo in bondone.tn.it/ Banale (TN) - 38078 Country: Italia Name: Comune di Dorsino Telephone: +39 0465 734023 Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Di Dorsino, n° 3 E-mail: segreteria@comune. City with postal code: Dorsino (TN) - sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it 38070 Web site: http://www.comune. Country: Italia sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it/ Telephone: +39 0465 734021 E-mail: [email protected]. Name: Comune di Stenico dorsino.tn.it Street or P.O. Box: Via G. Garibaldi, n° 2 Web site: http://www.comunedorsino.it/ City with postal code: Stenico (TN) - 38070 Name: Comune di Ledro Country: Italia Street or P.O. Box: Via Vittoria, n° 5 Telephone: +39 0465 771024 City with postal code: Pieve di Ledro E-mail: [email protected]. (TN) - 38067 tn.it Country: Italia Web site: http://www.comune.stenico.tn.it/

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 367 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Name: Comune di Storo Telephone: +39 0464 571701 Street or P.O. Box: Piazza Europa, n° 5 E-mail: segreteria@altogardaeledro. City with postal code: Storo (TN) - tn.it 38089 Web site: http://www.altogardaeledro. Country: Italia tn.it/ Telephone: +39 0465 681200 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Comunità di Valle delle Web site: http://www.comune.storo. Giudicarie tn.it/ Street or P.O. Box: Via P. Gnesotti, n° 2 City with postal code: Tione (TN) - Name: Comune di Tenno 38079 Street or P.O. Box: Via Dante Alighieri, Country: Italia n° 18 Telephone: +39 0465 339555 City with postal code: Tenno (TN) - E-mail: info@comunitadellegiudicarie. 38060 it Country: Italia Web site: http://www. Telephone: +39 0464 500624 comunitadellegiudicarie.it/ E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.comune.tenno. Name: Parco Naturale Adamello tn.it/it/ Brenta Street or P.O. Box: Via Nazionale, n° Name: Comunità di Valle Alto Garda 24 e Ledro City with postal code: Strembo (TN) - Street or P.O. Box: Via Rosmini, n° 5/b 38080 City with postal code: Riva del Garda Country: Italia (TN) - 38066 Telephone: +39 0465 806666 Country: Italia E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.pnab.it/

LEDRO ALPS 368 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 20.4. Enti amministrativi delle transition area(s)

Name: Provincia Autonoma di Country: Italia Trento – I.D. per la Valorizzazione Telephone: +39 0465 734021 della Rete delle Aree Protette E-mail: [email protected]. Street or P.O. Box: Piazza Dante, n° 5 dorsino.tn.it City with postal code: Trento - 38122 Web site: http://www.comunedorsino.it/ Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0461 495111 Name: Comune di Fiavé E-mail: [email protected] Street or P.O. Box: Piazza S. Web site: http://www.provincia.tn.it/ Sebastiano, n° 24 City with postal code: Fiavé (TN) - Name: Comune di Comano Terme 38075 Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Ponte Arche Country: Italia – Via G. Prati, n° 1 Telephone: +39 0465 735029 City with postal code: Comano Terme E-mail: info@comune.fiave.tn.it (TN) - 38077 Web site: http://comuniinrete. Country: Italia comunitrentini.it/fiave/ Telephone: +39 0465 701434 E-mail: protocollo@comune. Name: Comune di Ledro comanoterme.tn.it Street or P.O. Box: Via Vittoria, n° 5 Web site: http://www.comune. City with postal code: Pieve di Ledro comanoterme.tn.it/ (TN) - 38067 Country: Italia Name: Comune di Bleggio Telephone: +39 0464 592711 Superiore E-mail: [email protected] Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Santa Croce, Web site: http://www.comune.ledro.tn.it/ n° 40 City with postal code: Bleggio Name: Comune di San Lorenzo in Superiore (TN) - 38071 Banale Country: Italia Street or P.O. Box: Piazza delle Sette Telephone: +39 0465 779550 Ville, n° 4 E-mail: info@comune. City with postal code: San Lorenzo in bleggiosuperiore.tn.it Banale (TN) - 38078 Web site: http://www.comune. Country: Italia bleggiosuperiore.tn.it/ Telephone: +390465 734023 E-mail: segreteria@comune. Name: Comune di Dorsino sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it Street or P.O. Box: Fraz. Di Dorsino, n° 3 Web site: http://www.comune. City with postal code: Dorsino (TN) - sanlorenzoinbanale.tn.it/ 38070

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 369 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Name: Comune di Stenico Telephone: +39 0464 500624 Street or P.O. Box: Via G. Garibaldi, n° 2 E-mail: [email protected] City with postal code: Stenico (TN) - Web site: http://www.comune.tenno. 38070 tn.it/it/ Country: Italia Telephone: +39 0465 771024 Name: Comunità di Valle Alto Garda E-mail: [email protected] e Ledro Web site: http://www.comune.stenico. Street or P.O. Box: Via Rosmini, n° 5/b tn.it/ City with postal code: Riva del Garda (TN) - 38066 Name: Comune di Storo Country: Italia Street or P.O. Box: Piazza Europa, n° 5 Telephone: +39 0464 571701 City with postal code: Storo (TN) - E-mail: [email protected] 38089 Web site: http://www.altogardaeledro. Country: Italia tn.it/ Telephone: +39 0465 681200 E-mail: [email protected] Name: Comunità di Valle delle Web site: http://www.comune.storo. Giudicarie tn.it/ Street or P.O. Box: Via P. Gnesotti, n° 2 City with postal code: Tione (TN) - Name: Comune di Tenno 38079 Street or P.O. Box: Via Dante Alighieri, Country: Italia n° 18 Telephone: +39 0465 339555 City with postal code: Tenno (TN) - E-mail: [email protected] 38060 Web site: http://www. Country: Italia comunitadellegiudicarie.it/

LEDRO ALPS 370 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda ANNEX I

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 371 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Annex I

Annex I to the Biosphere Reserve Nomination Form, January 2013 MABnet Directory of Biosphere Reserves

Biosphere Reserve Description1

ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

Country:

ITALY

Name of BR:

Ledro Alps and Judicaria UNESCO Biosphere: from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Year designated: (to be completed by MAB Secretariat)

1 To be posted on the MABnet once the nomination has been approved. The numbers refer to the relevant sections of the nomination form.

LEDRO ALPS 372 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 

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LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 373 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Social networks: (16.4.3) https://www.facebook.com/EcomuseoDellaJudicaria

DESCRIPTION General description: (Site characteristics in 11.1; human population in 10)

Approximately 25 lines

The area of the Biosphere Reserve is representative of the southern slopes of the carbonate central-eastern Alps and represents an imaginary transect of environments leading from the Mediterranean to the alpine tundra, passing through a wide pre-alpine band with a mantle of spruce and beech woods, alternating with traditional crops.

The central and southern part of the proposed area is characterised by the presence of steep rocky mountain slopes, mostly covered with broad-leaved or mixed woods and interrupted by pastureland or agricultural crops. Open areas predominate in the higher band (primary grasslands on ridges, rich in endemic flora) or on the valley floor (hay meadows, arable crops, vineyards, walnut, chestnut and olive orchards etc.). The southern part is characterised by the presence of higher mountains, with conifer woods, above which the extensive grasslands and the rocky pinnacles of the Dolomites offer spectacular scenery (included within the UNESCO Dolomites WHS).

On the valley floors and lower slopes there are dozens of small villages, many of which of considerable historic and architectural value (almost all the settlements are situated in the transition area). The resident population amounts to around 16,000 (with a density which is markedly lower than in the rest of the Province), but this doubles in the summer due to the presence of seasonal tourists. In socioeconomic terms, in the past the area was characterised by the rearing of cattle, based on a model of vertical transfer to pasture. The use of pastureland and the forests has always been based on collective ownership of resources. The propensity of the population for cooperation and volunteer work still remains today.

The presence of tourists and walkers in summer is today encouraged by the network of mountain dairies, refuges and small guest houses (or restaurants). The relative isolation (there area has its own identity which can be recognised starting from the Roman or Medieval era), the magnificent natural landscape and the numerous architectural, historic and prehistoric remains (two lake-dwelling settlements recognised as UNESCO WH sites) represent the capital on which the area wishes to base its future development.

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LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 375 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Major habitats & land cover types: (11.6)

The area is characterised by extensive (semi)natural landscapes (around 90%) or agricultural landscapes and limited urban areas. Corine Land Cover - Level 1 (surface %)

100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% Water bodies 60.00% Agricultural areas 50.00% Forest and semi natural areas 40.00% Artificial surfaces 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00%

Natural and semi-natural environments make up 32 Natura 2000 habitats, including 7 priority habitats, with no less than 15 present in the Red List for Trentino. Of the most important habitats in terms of conservation, the following are noted:

Nat.2000 Trentino National Habitat priority red list red list Bushes with Pinus mugo and 4070 Rhododendron hirsutum yes / low Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic 6110 grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi yes CR low Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous 6210 substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) yes EN/CR low Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, in Continental 6230 Europe) yes LR low 8240 Limestone pavements yes EN low Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and 9180 ravines yes VU low 91E0 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and yes VU/EN high

LEDRO ALPS 376 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Nat.2000 Trentino National Habitat priority red list red list  ! ! (       ) Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the    and/or  3130     no CR high 4080 Sub-Arctic !spp. scrub no CR / Natural eutrophic lakes with   or 3150    - type vegetation no EN medium Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with 3240 !   no EN low M meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-siltladen soils ( 6410  ) no EN high Lowland hay meadows (   , 6510    ) no EN medium 6520 Mountain hay meadows no EN low Transition mires and quaking bogs medium- 7140 no EN high 7230 Alkaline fens no EN high

Bioclimatic zone (11.5)

The area falls mainly within the «Per-humid» bioclimatic zone, with a temperate oceanic climate and a humidity gradient decreasing towards the North-East (Moist Sub-humid).

Location (latitude & longitude): (6.1)

The geographical coordinates are given in the table below.

Cardinal points: Latitude Longitude

Most central point: 5093290.705299 638713.93225 5 Northernmost point: 5116737.322389 640987.09453 2 Southernmost point: 5073238.573482 624292.45002

 

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LEDRO ALPS 378 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

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LEDRO ALPS 380 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda

Specific variables (fill in the table below and tick the relevant parameters)

Abiotic Biodiversity Abiotic factors X Afforestation/Reforestation X Acidic deposition/Atmospheric factors Algae X Air quality X Alien and/or invasive species X Air temperature X Amphibians X Climate, climatology X Arid and semi-arid systems Contaminants Autoecology Drought Beach/soft bottom systems Erosion Benthos X Geology X Biodiversity aspects X Geomorphology X Biogeography X Geophysics Biology X Glaciology X Biotechnology Global change X Birds X Groundwater X Boreal forest systems X Habitat issues X Breeding Heavy metals Coastal/marine systems Hydrology X Community studies X Indicators X Conservation X Meteorology X Coral reefs Modeling X Degraded areas Monitoring/methodologies X Desertification Nutrients Dune systems Physical oceanography Ecology X Pollution, pollutants X Ecosystem assessment X Siltation/sedimentation Ecosystem functioning/structure X Soil X Ecosystem services X Speleology X Ecotones X Topography Endemic species X Toxicology Ethology UV radiation Evapotranspiration Evolutionary studies/Palaeoecology X Fauna X Fires/fire ecology Fishes X Flora X Forest systems X Freshwater systems X Fungi X Genetic resources Genetically modified organisms Home gardens Indicators X Invertebrates X Island systems/studies

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 381 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda Lagoon systems Lichens X Mammals X Mangrove systems Mediterranean type systems Microorganisms Migrating populations X Modeling X Monitoring/methodologies X Mountain and highland systems X Natural and other resources X Natural medicinal products X Perturbations and resilience Pests/Diseases Phenology Phytosociology/Succession X Plankton Plants X Polar systems Pollination Population genetics/dynamics X Productivity Rare/Endangered species X Reptiles X Restoration/Rehabilitation Species (re) introduction X Species inventorying X Sub-tropical and temperate Taxonomy Temperate forest systems X Temperate grassland systems X Tropical dry forest systems Tropical grassland and savannah Tropical humid forest systems Tundra systems Vegetation studies X Volcanic/Geothermal systems Wetland systems X Wildlife X

LEDRO ALPS 382 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda 

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LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 383 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 384 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda ANNEX II

LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 385 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 386 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 387 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS 388 and JUDICARIA from the Dolomites to Lake Garda LEDRO ALPS and JUDICARIA 389 from the Dolomites to Lake Garda