A New Family of Soft-Switching DC-DC PWM Converters Using a True ZCZVT Commutation Cell

Hélio L. Hey and Carlos M. de O. Stein Federal University of Santa Maria UFSM - CT - DELC 97105-900 - Santa Maria - RS - BRAZIL [email protected]

Abstract – In this paper is introduced a new family of DC-DC II. A FAMILY OF DC-DC ZCZVT PWM CONVERTERS PWM converters using a true Zero Current and Zero Voltage Transition (ZCZVT) commutation cell. The soft-switching A. Common Equivalent Circuit of DC-DC PWM Converters technique utilized provides Zero Current Switching (ZCS) and An common equivalent circuit of DC-DC converters was Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) simultaneously, at both turn-on proposed in [9] and it is shown in Fig. 1.a. It represents all and turn-off of the main switch and ZVS for the main diode. The types of non isolated DC-DC converters, which are obtained family of ZCZVT PWM converters is obtained from an common by connection of the input (Vi) and output (Vo) voltage equivalent circuit of ZCZVT PWM converters and the ZCZVT sources and the smoothing C, when it exists. The PWM is analyzed, simulated and implemented. connection scheme of these elements is shown in Fig. 1.b. In It is demonstrated the construction of state-plane diagram, which is obtained by using a proper state variable the case of buck, boost and buck-boost converters, where the transformation. Based on the commutation analysis and the c terminal is not connected, the L1 can be suppress. relations between the most important circuit parameters, it is a a Components Connection presented a design guidelines and a design example. S Experimental results are presented, taken from a laboratory Vi Vo C prototype rated at 1 kW, input voltage of 155 V, output voltage L Buck a - d b - d  340 V and operating at 40 kHz. The measured efficiency at full b L1 Boost a - b a - d  load was 97.9 %. c Buck-boost a - b b - d  Cúk a - b c - d a - d D I. INTRODUCTION RL Sepic a - b c - d a - c Zeta a - b c - d b - d A wide variety of soft-switching techniques have been d d proposed to improve the energy conversion efficiency of the (a) (b) PWM converters. These techniques consist in to become Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of DC-DC PWM converters. possible Zero Voltage Switching – ZVS and/or Zero Current (a) Circuit; (b) Components connection scheme Switching – ZCS on the power semiconductors devices [1-8]. B. ZCZVT PWM Commutation Cell The choice of the soft-switching technique, i.e., ZCS or The ZCZVT PWM commutation cell proposed in [10], is ZVS, it taken into account the technology of the shown in Fig. 2. It is composed by two resonant semiconductor device that will be used. For example, Power C and C , a resonant inductor L , a bi-directional auxiliary Mosfet presents a better performance when is commutated R1 R2 R switch SA-DA1 and two auxiliary diodes DS and DA2 form this under ZVS, since it exhibits turn-on capacitive losses when auxiliary circuit. operating in ZCS increasing the switching losses and EMI. On x the other hand, the IGBT presents better results when is a1 commutated under ZCS, which can avoid its lathup and the + D C C turn-off losses caused by its tail current. S R2 + R1 In [10] was proposed a ZCZVT commutation cell applied a SA LR PWM boost converter. This cell provides ZCS and ZVS a2 a3 DA2 simultaneously, at both turn-on and turn-off of the main DA1 switch and ZVS for the main diode. The shunt resonant Fig. 2. ZCZVT PWM Commutation Cell. network of the ZCZVT commutation cell is placed out the C. Equivalent Circuit of ZCZVT DC-DC PWM Converters power path and therefore, there is no voltage stresses on Figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit of ZCZVT DC-DC power semiconductor devices. Furthermore, it is activated PWM converters, which is achieved by incorporation of the during the main switch transitions only and is composed by ZCZVT commutation cell, shown in Fig. 2, in the equivalent fewer auxiliary devices, rated at small power. circuit of DC-DC PWM converters, shown in Fig. 1.a. The aim of this paper is to introduce a family of DC-DC a a PWM converters using the ZCZVT commutation cell + x DS CR2 ZCZVT proposed in [10]. The generation of this family is presented in SA CR1 commutation LR + section II. In section III is obtained the state plane diagram of S cell DA1 DA2 the ZCZVT boost converter, using a proper state variable L b transformation. The commutation analysis is presented in L1 section IV. Design guidelines and a design example are c presented in section V. In section VI are presented the DRL simulation and experimental results, taken from a laboratory prototype rated at 1 kW, input voltage of 155 V, output d d voltage 340 V and operating at 40 kHz. The measured Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of DC-DC ZCZVT PWM converters efficiency at full load was 97.9 %. The family of ZCZVT PWM converters is obtained using

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1030 the connection scheme shown in Fig. 1.b. The x terminal can = LR , = LR be connected in the input voltage source, in the output voltage Zx Stages Z1 Z2 CR CR source or in the common point between them. The operation Z1 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 and 10 1 2 Z 4, 5, 6, 12 and 14 of these configurations differs only by the voltage across the 2 L C C Z 11 and 13 = R , = R1 R2 resonant capacitor C . Figure 4 shows the configuration of e Ze Ce R1 C C + C ZCZVT DC-DC PWM converters obtained by the connection e R1 R2 of the x terminal in the input voltage source. To illustrate the procedure used for the obtainment of the D +C C + state variable transformation, normalization and equations for S R2 + R1 DS CR2 CR1 S SA LR SA L + S R Vi each circuit stage, will be utilized the stage 4 (t , t ). L 3 4 V DA1 DA2 DA1 L DA2 i Vo A. State Variable Transformation and Normalization of the D V RL o DRL Initial Conditions: i ()t (a) (b) ()= LR 3 = Iin = in t3 1 ( 5 ) + + I I DS CR2 CR1 DS CR2 CR1 in in SA L + SA L + S R Vi S R Vi ()− () L L vC t3 vC t3 − DA1 DA2 DA1 DA2 R2 R1 Vo Vi ′ L v ()t = = =V ( 6 ) 1 C n 3 n3 DRL Vo Iin Z x Iin Z 2 DRL Vo where V ′ is the normalized voltage in the instant t3 and Z2 is n3

(c) (d) the characteristic impedance of the stage 4. D +C C D +C C B. Current normalization. S R2 S + R1 S R2 S + R1 S A LR Vi S A LR Vi C The equation (7) defines the resonant inductor current DA1 L DA2 DA1 L DA2 L1 L1 during the stage 4 and is given by: di ()t v ()t − v ()t C LR CR2 CR1 D V D V = ( 7 ) RL o RL o dt L R (e) (f)

Fig. 4. DC-DC ZCZVT PWM converters L Iin DRL (a) Buck; (b) Boost; (c) Buck-boost; (d) Cúk; (e) Sepic; (f) Zeta D SA A2 LR III. CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE PLANE + DIAGRAM + DA1 S CR2 Vi C Vo To analyze the operation of the proposed ZCZVT DC-DC R1 DS PWM converters was selected the ZCZVT PWM boost converter. Figure 5 shows the ZCZVT PWM boost converter Fig. 5. ZCZVT PWM boost converter. represented in the conventional topological form. It differs I I I from the boost converter presented in Fig. 4.b only by the in in in SA LR DA2 SA LR components placement. The operation stages are represented DRL Vi in Fig. 6. A complete analysis of the operation principles of + DRL DRL Vo Vi CR1 Vi this converter was presented in [10] and will be suppressed in Vo s Vo stage 1 - t0, t1 this paper. tage 2 - t1, t2 stage 3 - t2, t3

Since the ZCZVT commutation cell contains three reactive Iin Iin Iin components (CR1, CR2 and LR), during one switching cycle D SA LR D SA LR D SA LR there are three resonant frequencies and third order equations A2 A2 A2 + [10]. Therefore, the state plane analysis of these converters by Vi CR2 Vi DS Vi S conventional techniques are difficult and so that, the state s stage 4 - t , t stage 6 - t , t plane will be obtained using a proper state variable 3 4 tage 5 - t4, t5 5 6 transformation. A similar analysis applied to a multi-resonant Iin Iin Iin converters was reported in [11]. DA1 LR SA LR Vi S The state variable transformation is done considering as the + + Vi CR1 S Vi CR1 S state variables, the inductor resonant current and the s difference between the voltage of the resonant capacitors as stage 7 - t6, t7 tage 8 - t7, t8 stage 9 - t8, t9 follows: Iin Iin Iin ()= () i t iL t ( 1 ) R SA LR SA LR DA2 SA LR ()=− () () e vt vC t vC t ( 2 ) + + + + R21R Vi CR1 DS Vi CR1 CR2 Vi CR2 The normalization is done with base in the input current Iin s stage 10 - t9, t10 tage 11 - t10, t11 stage 12 - t11, t12 and the generic characteristic impedance Zx as follows: () Iin Iin it() itL ()==R ( 3 ) itn DA1 LR I I + in in Vi C + + R2 ()− () Vi CR1 CR2 vt() vtvtC C ()==R21R ( 4 ) s vtn stage 13 - t12, t13 tage 14 - t13, t0 IZin x IZin x

The value of the generic characteristic impedance Zx depends on the reactive components enveloped in each stage. Fig. 6. Operation stages of ZCZVT PWM boost converter. Then: Then, this normalized current is:

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1031 () i ()t v ()t − v ()t plane diagram of the ZCZVT boost converter as shown in Fig. din t d LR CR2 CR1 = = ( 8 ) 7. The discontinuous jumps in the normalized voltage are dt dt I I L in in R caused by changes in the values of the characteristic Substituting ( 4 ) in ( 8 ): impedance Zx. In the state plane diagram, the normalized di ()t v ()t Z n = n 2 ( 9 ) equations represents a point, when the input filter inductor is dt LR adding/transferring energy from/to load, a straight, when the C. Voltage Normalization. resonant inductor LR or the resonant capacitor CR2 are be The equations (10) and (11), define the voltage across the charging or discharging linearly, or a semi-arc, when the stage resonant capacitors and are given by: is resonant. () dvC t R1 = 0 ( 10 ) dt () − () dvC t Iitin L R2 = R ( 11 ) t4 dt CR2 Then, the normalized voltage is given by:  ()− () − () dv() t d vtvtCR CR Iitin L n  21 R t5 t10 t9 t3 =   = − 0 ( 12 ) t2 dt dt  IZin 222 CIZRin

Substituting ( 3 ) in ( 12 ): C e t11 () − C dvn t 1 in (t) R2 = t6 t12 t13 ( 13 ) in t7, t8 t0, t1 dt CR2Z 2 D. Stage Equation. The equation that define the stage 4 is obtained by division of ( 9 ) by ( 13 ), as follows: di ()t v (t) n = n or (1− i (t) ).di ()t = v (t).dv ()t () − n n n n ( 14 ) dvn t 1 in (t) By mathematical manipulation and substituting the initial vn Fig. 7. State plane diagram of the ZCZVT PWM boost converter. values, the equation (14) can expressed by (15), which define the stage 4. IV. COMMUTATION ANALYSIS 2 2 2 v + ()i −1 =V′ ( 15 ) n n n3 A. Main Switch The equations of each operation stage can be obtained In order to achieve commutation under ZVS and ZCS using the same procedure, which are shown below. simultaneously for both turn-on and turn-off of the main i ()t = 0 v ()t = V Stage 1(t0, t1): n n n1 ( 16 ) switch S is necessary that the diode DS is conducting during 2 2 2 these commutations. To assure this condition, some Stage 2(t , t ): v + i = V ( 17 ) 1 2 n n n1 restrictions must be guaranteed. Stage 3(t , t ): iI=+ Vω () tt − ( 18 ) 2 3 nn22 n12 - Main Switch Turn-on: As shown in Fig. 8, the condition 2 2 2 mentioned above is guaranteed if the normalized resonant Stage 4(t , t ): v + ()i −1 = V ′ ( 19 ) 3 4 n n n3 inductor current is greater than unity at the end of stage 4. =+ω () − This condition can be expressed as follows: Stage 5(t4, t5): iInn V n24 tt ( 20 ) 44 2 ′ 2 =−+2 ( 30 ) Stage 6(t , t ): iVtt=+1 ω () − ( 21 ) VInn()1 V n 5 6 nn4 25 3 4 4 2 + 2 = ′ 2 isolating : = ′ 2 −+≥2 Stage 7(t , t ): v i V ( 22 ) I n IVVnnn11 ( 31 ) 6 7 n n n6 4 434 i ()t = 0 v ()t = V Stage 8(t7, t8): n n n8 ( 23 ) then: VV′ ≥ ( 32 ) nn34 2 2 2 Stage 9(t , t ): v + i = V ( 24 ) 8 9 n n n8 Substituting the normalized voltagesV ′ and V in (32), is n3 n4 2 2 2 Stage 10(t , t ): v + i = V ( 25 ) 9 10 n n n8 defined the following restriction: ≥  2  2 VVoi2 ( 33 ) 2 +  − Ce  = ′ 2 +  − Ce  Stage11(t10,t11): vn in  Vn 1  ( 26 ) 10 or k ≥ 2 ( 34 )  CR2   CR2  v 2 2 2 2 V Stage 12(t , t ): v + ()i −1 = V ′ + (I −1) ( 27 ) = o 11 12 n n n11 n11 where k v ( 35 ) Vi  2  2 ′ 2  Ce  ′ 2  Ce  represents the DC voltage ratio of the converter. Stage 13(t12, t13): V + i − = V + ( 28 ) n11  n  n12    CR2   CR2  - Main Switch Turn-off: As shown in Fig. 9, the main switch = ′ + ω ()− turn-off under ZCS and ZVS is achieved if the diode Ds is Stage 14(t , t ): vn Vn 2 t t14 ( 29 ) 13 0 13 conducting during the stage 10. The existence of the stage 10 V and I are the normalized voltage and the normalized ni ni is guaranteed if the normalized resonant capacitor voltage is greater than zero at the end of stage 9. This condition can be current in the instant ti respectively, and V ′ is the normalized ni expressed as follows: voltage in the instant ti referred to the characteristic 2 VV′ =+1 ( 36 ) impedance of the stage (i+1). nn69 Using these equations is possible to construct the state

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1032 isolating : = 2 −≥ ratio between the resonant capacitors CR2 and CR1, as function Vn VV′ 10 ( 37 ) 9 nn96 of parameter kc1 for a given value of voltage ratio kv, which ′ ≥ assure the existence of stage 13. In Fig. 10 is shown a graph then: Vn 1 ( 38 ) 6 that define the mean value to the ratio between the resonant Substituting the normalized voltage V ′ in (38), results: n6 capacitors CR2 and CR1 ratio, named kc2, as a function of the V kc1 and kv parameters. ≥ i Z1 ( 39 ) Iin V. DESIGN GUIDELINES AND EXAMPLE 2  I  In this section, a design procedure and an example to or: ≥  in max  ( 40 ) CLRR1 determine the component values of the proposed ZCZVT  Vimin  2 PWM boost converter is given.  I  CkL=  in max  ( 41 ) a) The input specifications consists of : RcR11  Vimin Output Power Po = 1000 W where I is the maximum value of the input inductor filter Output Voltage Vo = 340 V in max ± current, V is the minimum value of the input voltage Input Voltage Vi = 155 V ( 10%) i min η ≥ source and k ≥ 1 is a factor that guarantee the Approximate efficiency 95 % c1 Ripple of the input filter inductance ∆ inequality ( 38 ). IL% = 50 % b) DC voltage conversion ratio: from the input specifications it is possible to obtain the DC voltage conversion ratio, ()VI, which is given by: nn44 = Vo = 340 ≈ kv 2.2 ( 42 ) t4 V 155 V ′ i V ′ n3 n3 c) From the output power and output voltage, is defined the − ()V ′ , 1 I 1 n n4 3 output current: Vn t5 4 P 1000 I = o = = 2.94 A t3 o ( 43 ) Vo 340 d) The output diode: Taking into account the output current and voltage was chosen the hyperfast RHRP870 (700 V, 8 t6 in A) from Harris Semiconductor, which present a reverse recovery time of 65 ns for a current of 8A and v n di = A . Fig. 8. Partial State plane diagram – stages 4, 5 and 6. dt 100 µs

()V , 1 e) The resonant inductance LR: It is calculated to control the n9 t10 t9 di/dt rate and therefore, to minimize the reverse recovery of A V the output diode. This value was chosen equal to 40 µs , n9 1 ′ and then: ()V ′ , 0 Vn n6 6 V −V 340 − ()0.9 ⋅155 L = o i min = ≈ 5 µH R 6 ( 44 ) in di 40 ⋅10 t6 t7, t8 dt V ′ n6 f) From the input specifications is defined the input current value, as follows: P 1000 I = o = = 6.79 A in η ⋅ ( 45 ) Vi 0.95 155 g) Maximum DC input current: Taking into account the minimum input voltage and the ripple of the input filter vn Fig. 9. Partial State plane diagram – stages 7, 8, 9 and 10. inductance is defined the maximum value of DC input current, as follows: B. Auxiliary Switch 1000 I =1.25 = 9.43 A ( 46 ) - Auxiliary Switch Turn-on: As presented in [10], the auxiliary in max 0.95⋅()0.9⋅155 switch is activated two times by period. The auxiliary switch h) The resonant capacitance CR1: choosing k =1.3 and from ( 41 turn-on under ZCS is achieved without restrictions, thanks to c1 ), the CR1 value is defined by: the presence of the resonant inductor LR in series with this 2 switch. −  9.43  C =1.3⋅5⋅10 6   = 29.7 nF ( 47 ) - Auxiliary Switch Turn-off: On the other hand, to achieve the R1  0.9⋅155  auxiliary switch turn-off under ZCS and ZVS, the auxiliary = Commercial value utilized: 33 nF. Therefore, kc1 1.44 . diode DA1 must be conducting during these commutations. To the first turn-off, this condition is satisfied if the stage 7 i) The resonant capacitance CR2: with the values of the kc1 exists. Since this stage always occur in a normal operation and kv, from Fig. 10 the kc2 value is equal to 1.05. Then: = = ⋅ ⋅ −9 = there isn’t any restriction. To the second turn-off, is necessary CR2 kc2CR2 1.05 33 10 34.65 nF ( 48 ) that the stage 13 exists. Unfortunately, due the complexity of Commercial value: 33 nF. Then, k =1. the equations, a close-form solution that guarantee the c2 existence of stage 13 cannot be found analytically. By several simulations of the converter in the Matlab software and using an iterative process, was obtained a boundary values to

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1033 1.7 m) The active switches: the active switches were implemented 1.6 with a UFS (UltraFast Switches) series IGBTs from Harris 1.5 Semiconductor, which present built-in an anti-parallel 1.4 C = R2 hyperfast diodes. The main switch was a HGTP7N60C3D 1.3 k c2 C R1 1.2 (600 V, 7 A) and the auxiliary switch was a

1.1 HGTP3N60C3D (600 V, 3 A). kc2 1.0 VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 0.9 0.8 kv=2.0 Following the design example shown in preceding section, k =2.2 0.7 v kv=2.5 a 40 kHz, 1 kW ZCZVT PWM boost converter prototype has k =3.0 0.6 v kv=4.0 been implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed 0.5 ZCZVT PWM converters. The power stage circuit is shown in 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 Fig. 12. kc1 Fig. 10. Average relation between two resonant capacitors. Figure 13 shows the experimental waveforms. They confirm the previously mentioned analysis. As can be seen in j) Maximum switching frequency: It is interesting that the Fig. 13.a, the commutations of the main switch S occur truly sum of the resonant time intervals involve a small fraction  without losses, i.e., under ZCS and ZVS simultaneously. It is of the switching period. By simulations realized in Matlab a very interesting feature of this proposed ZCZVT software, with the calculated parameters, this sum is equal commutation cell. The maximum voltage of the main switch µ to 4.1697 s. In this example design this sum has been is equal to the output voltage. defined equal to 20 % of the switching period. Therefore, L RHRP870 the maximum switching frequency is given by 1 mH SA D ≤ 20 = RHRP870 LR fC −6 47965 Hz ( 49 ) ⋅ ()⋅ DA2 100 4.1697 10 S HGTP3N60C3D Cf The switching frequency was assumed equal to 40 kHz. Vi CR1 CR2 RL 330 µF k) Effective duty cycle: The effective duty cycle can be HGTP7N60C3D defined as the fraction of the switching period which the main switch is conducting. Without taking into account the converter losses, the effective duty cycle of the converter is Fig. 12. Power stage circuit. given by: Figure 13.b shows that the auxiliary switch S is turned F 1 A D =−1 − ( 50 ) on under ZCS and turned off under ZCS and ZVS. Since e Tk v the resonant inductor LR control the di/dt rate of the output where F is the sum of the time of the resonant stages rectifier, it helps to minimize the reverse recovery losses of which the main switch is not conducting and is obtained this diode. From Fig. 13.c, it can be seen that the maximum by Fig.11. Then: voltage of the output rectifier is equal to output voltage and 2.12⋅10−6 1 D =1− − = 0.46 ( 51 ) it is commutated under ZVS at turn-on and ZCS and ZVS e 25⋅10−6 2.2 at turn-off. Using the approximate efficiency of the converter equal to The experimental results show that the converter operate 95 %, is possible to calculate the new effective duty cycle: with very low ringings and with slow di/dt and dv/dt reducing 0.46 its EMI emission. Owing to this, in the breadboarded D = = 0.48 ( 52 ) e 0.95 converter was not necessary to use any clamped circuit. 2.6

kv=3.0 vS 2.5 iLR F (µs) v 2.4 SA iS kv=2.5 2.3 kv=2.2 2.2 kv=2.0

ZCS ZCS ZCS; ZVS 2.1 ZCS; ZVS ZCS; ZVS ZCS; ZVS

2.0

1.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 (a) (b)

kc1 vC vDRL R2 Fig. 11. Determination of the F factor. iLR l) Average and RMS current values: by simulation in the i  DRL v Matlab software this values can be defined as follows: CR1 Component Average RMS Current Maximum Current (A) (A) Voltage ZVS ZCS; ZVS Main switch S 4.8106 7.2725 Vo Diode DS 0.0939 0.6080 -Vo

Auxiliary switch SA 1.5080 4.9511 − Vo VC1 (c) (d) 1 Auxiliary diode DA1 0.4454 2.0310 Fig. 13. Waveforms for the ZCZVT PWM boost converter. − o − C1 V V 1 (a) Main switch (S) voltage and current Auxiliary diode DA2 1.0604 4.4970 ( -2Vi ) (b) Auxiliary switch voltage and resonant inductor current Output diode DRL 4.3806 6.4164 -Vo (c) Output diode (DRL) voltage and current Resonant capacitor CR1   -Vi (d) Resonant capacitors voltages and resonant inductor current Resonant capacitor CR2   Vo (scales: 100 V/div.; 5 A/div.; 2.5 µs/div.). Resonant inductor LR 1.0627 5.3515 

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1034 The measured efficiency of the boost converter with the semiconductor devices. Moreover, it is activated during proposed ZCZVT commutation cell was equal to 97.9 % at the switching transitions only; full load (1 kW). !"The soft switching for all power semiconductor devices VII. TOPOLOGICAL VARIATIONS is achieved. The main switch commutates under ZCS As can be seen in Fig. 13.a., there is a resonant peak and ZVS simultaneously at the both turn-on and turn- current through the main switch S during the stage 7. Adding off. Thus, it is suitable for both minority and majority an additional resonant inductor in series with the auxiliary carriers semiconductor devices applications such as Power Mosfets, IGBTs, MCTs, etc.. The auxiliary diode DA1, as shown in Fig. 14, the characteristic impedance of the stage 7 will be increased, reducing the resonant peak switch commutates under ZCS at turn-on and under current through the main switch S [5]. Figure 15 shows this ZCS and ZVS at turn-off. The output rectifier peak current reduction, obtained by simulation. The commutates under ZVS and its reverse recovery is simulation parameters are the same of the breadboarded minimized; converter and the additional inductance value used was equal !"Taking into account the experimental results, the to 40 µH. converters operate practically without ringings and with As reported in [5], the LA value is given by: slow di/dt and dv/dt on power devices, which can = ()2 − reduce the EMI emission; LA LR n 1 ( 53 ) where n represents the resonant current peak reduction. In the !"The converters are regulated by the conventional PWM simulation results shown in the Fig. 15.b was used n = 3. technique at constant frequency; The drawbacks of this topological variation are the larger component number, which increase the size and weight of the !"Among several soft-switching techniques presented in converter, and an increase at the time of the resonant stages, the literature, mainly the ZCS techniques, the proposed which can represent a switching frequency reduction. ZCZVS commutation cell is more attractive, and can be

L Iin DRL implemented in any member of the PWM family.

SA DA2 LR REFERENCES

DA1 LA + S + Vi CR2 Vo [1] K. Wang, G. Hua and F. C. Lee, “Analysis, Design and CR1 DS Experimental Results of ZCS-PWM Boost Converters”, in Proceedings of the 1995 IEEJ IPEC, pp. 1197-1202. [2] G. Ivensky, D. Sidi and S. Ben-Yaakov, “A Soft Switcher Fig. 14. Circuit of the first topological variation. Optimized for IGBT´s in PWM Topologies”, in Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, pp. 900- vS vS 906.

iS iS [3] I. Barbi, J. C. Bolacell, D. C. Martins and F. B. Libano, “Buck Quasi-Resonant Converter Operating at Constant Frequency: Analysis, Design and Experimentation”, in Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 873- 880. [4] L. C. de Freitas and P. R. C. Gomes, “A High-Power High-

(a) (b) Frequency ZCS-ZVS-PWM Using a Feedback Fig. 15. Main switch waveforms. Resonant Circuit”, in Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Power (a) Without LA; (b) With LA Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 330-336. (scales: 100 V/div.; 5 A/div.; 2.5 µs/div.). [5] R. C. Fuentes and H. L. Hey, “An Improved ZCS-PWM Commutation Cell for IGBT´s Applications”, in Proceedings of VIII. CONCLUSIONS the 1997 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, pp. 805- 810. A new family of soft-switching DC-DC PWM converters [6] G. Hua, E. X. Yang, Y. Jiang and F. C. Lee, “Novel Zero- using a true ZCZVT commutation cell was proposed in this Current-Transition PWM Converters”, in Proceedings of the paper. State plane construction technique and commutation 1993 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 538- analysis were presented. With base in these studies, a design 544. guidelines was proposed. [7] K. Chen and T. A. Stuart, “A Study of IGBT Turn-off Behavior To verify the feasibility of this commutation cell, it was and Switching Losses for Zero-Voltage and Zero-Current applied to a PWM boost converter. A prototype of 1 kW Switching”, in Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE Applied Power operating at 40 kHz, with an input voltage rated at 155V has Electronics Conference, pp. 411-418. been built. The measured efficiency at full load was 97.9%. [8] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang and F. C. Y. Lee, “Novel Zero- Voltage-Transition PWM Converters”, in IEEE Trans. on Power The state plane construction technique applied show be a Electronics, vol. 9, no. 2, Mar. 1994, pp. 213-219. helpful and simple tool, because is not necessary a previous [9] H. Irie, “ Resonant Switches in Common Equivalent Circuit of knowledge of the state variable governing equations for each DC/DC Converters”, in Proceedings of the 1991 IEEJ IPEC, circuit stage. pp.362-368. The experimental results demonstrate what the design [10] C. M. de O. Stein and H. L. Hey, “A True ZCZVT guidelines is adequate, guaranteeing the correct converter Commutation Cell for PWM Converters”, in Proceedings of the operation. 1998 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, pp. 1070- As shown by theoretical analysis and experimental results, 1076. the main features obtained are as follows: [11] C. Q. Lee, Rui Liu and Somboom Sooksatra, ”Nonresonant and resonant coupled zero voltage switching converters”, in IEEE !"The ZCZVT PWM commutation cell is placed out of Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 4, Oct. 1990, the main power path of the converters and therefore, pp. 404-412. there is no additional voltage stresses on power

0-7803-4503-7/98/$10.00 1988 IEEE 1035