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Notes and References Introduction 1. Francis Nicosia, ‘Nazi Persecution in Germany and Austria, 1933–1939’, in The Holocaust: Introductory Essays, ed. by David Scrase and Wolfgang Mieder (Burlington, 1996), pp. 51–64. 2. ‘Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums vom 7. April 1933’, Reichsgesetzblatt, 1. 34 (8 April 1933), 175–7. 3. Claus- Dieter Krohn, ‘Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika’, in Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration 1933–1945, ed. by Claus- Dieter Krohn and others (Darmstadt, 1998), pp. 446–66 (p. 446); Herbert Strauss, ‘The Movement of People in a Time of Crisis’, in The Muses Flee Hitler: Cultural Transfer and Adaptation 1930–1945, ed. by Jarrell Jackman and Carla Borden (Washington, DC, 1983), pp. 45–59 (p. 47). 4. Gerhard Hirschfeld, ‘German Refugee Scholars in Great Britain, 1933–1945’, in Refugees in the Age of Total War, ed. by Anna Bramwell (London, 1988), pp. 152–63 (pp. 152–3); Louise London, Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy and the Holocaust (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 11–12. 5. David Cassidy, ‘Understanding the History of Special Relativity: Bibliographical Essay’, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences (hereafter HSPS), 16. 1 (1986), 177–95 (pp. 182–3). 6. The Bethe- Peierls Correspondence, ed. by Sabine Lee (Singapore, 2007); Sir Rudolf Peierls: Selected Private and Scientific Correspondence, ed. by Sabine Lee, 2 vols (Singapore, 2007–9). 7. Rudolf Peierls, Atomic Histories (Woodbury; New York, 1997); Rudolf Peierls, Bird of Passage: Recollections of a Physicist (Princeton, 1985); Richard Dalitz, ‘Peierls, Sir Rudolf Ernst (1907–1995)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 <http:// www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/60076> [accessed 10 August 2011]; Sabine Lee, ‘Rudolf Ernst Peierls, 5 June 1907–19 September 1995’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (hereafter BMFRS), 53 (December 2007), 265–84. 8. Here two short biographical sketches are perhaps the only exceptions: ‘Fuchs, Klaus Emil Julius’, in Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933, 3 vols, ed. by Werner Röder and Herbert Strauss (Munich, 1980–3), I (1980), p. 206; Mary Flowers, ‘Fuchs, (Emil Julius) Klaus (1911–1988)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2008 <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40698> [accessed 10 August 2011]. 9. Alan Moorehead, The Traitors: The Double Life of Fuchs, Pontecorvo and Nunn May (London, 1952; repr. New York, 1963); Oliver Pilat, The Atom Spies (New York, 1952); Rebecca West, The Meaning of Treason, 2nd enlarged and rev. edn (London, 1952). 178 Notes and References 179 10. Montgomery Hyde, The Atom Bomb Spies (London; New York, 1980); Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb (New York, 1987); Robert Chadwell Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, MA, 1987). 11. Günter Flach, ‘Klaus Fuchs – Sein Erbe bewahren’, Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Mathematik – Naturwissenschaften – Technik, 2/N (1990), 5–10; Gert Lange and Joachim Mörke, Wissenschaft im Interview: Gespräche mit Akademiemitgliedern über ihr Leben und Werk (Leipzig, 1979), pp. 33–44. Here, his father’s autobiography represents an exception and offers some interesting views on Klaus Fuchs; Emil Fuchs, Mein Leben, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1957–9), II (1959). 12. Ronald Friedmann, Der Mann, der kein Spion war: Das Leben des Kommunisten und Wissenschaftlers Klaus Fuchs (Rostock, 2005); Eberhard Panitz, Treffpunkt Banbury oder wie die Atombombe zu den Russen kam: Klaus Fuchs, Ruth Werner und der größte Spionagefall der Geschichte (Berlin, 2003). 13. See Changing Countries: The Experience and Achievement of German- Speaking Exiles from Hitler to Britain, from 1933 to Today, ed. by Marian Malet and Anthony Grenville (London, 2002); Forced Migration and Scientific Change: Émigré German- Speaking Scientists and Scholars after 1933, ed. by Mitchell Ash and Alfons Söllner (Washington; New York, 1996); German-Speaking Exiles in Great Britain, ed. by Ian Wallace (Amsterdam, 1999); Jan- Christopher Horak, ‘On the Road to Hollywood: German- Speaking Filmmakers in Exile 1933–1950’, in Kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Exil – Exile Across Cultures, ed. by Helmut F. Pfanner (Bonn, 1986), pp. 240–8. 14. John Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil’s Pact (New York, 2004), pp. 38–40; Jean Medawar and David Pyke, Hitler’s Gift: Scientists Who Fled Nazi Germany (London, 2001), p. 3. 15. I borrow this approach from Jutta Vinzent, Identity and Image: Refugee Artists from Nazi Germany in Britain 1933–1945 (Weimar, 2006), pp. 23–8. 16. Atomic Culture: How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, ed. by Scott Zeman and Michael Amundson (Boulder, 2004); Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York, 1985; repr. Chapel Hill, 1994); Allan Winkler, Life under a Cloud: American Anxiety about the Atom (New York, 1993; repr. Urbana, 1999). 17. Kirk Willis, ‘The Origins of British Nuclear Culture, 1895–1939’, Journal of British Studies, 34. 1 (1995), 59–89 (p. 60). 18. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973; repr. London, 1975), p. 29. 19. See on the making of the atomic bomb: Margaret Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945 (London, 1964); Lillian Hoddeson and others, Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945 (Cambridge, 1993); and on its consequences: Atomic Culture; Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light; Winkler. A notable exception is The Atomic Bomb and American Society: New Perspectives, ed. by Rosemary Mariner and Kurt Piehler (Knoxville, 2009). 20. Andrew Pickering, The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency and Science (Chicago, 1995), p. 3. 21. Jutta Weldes and others, ‘Introduction: Constructing Insecurity’, in Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, ed. by Weldes and others (Minneapolis, 1999), pp. 1–33 (p. 2). 180 Notes and References 22. See Ulrich Beck, Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne (Frankfurt a.M., 1986). 23. David Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge, MA, 1994), pp. 225–56. 24. Arnold, Windscale 1957, p. xxii. 25. See Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837, new edn (London, 2003); Sonya Rose, Which People’s War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain 1939–1945 (Oxford, 2003). 26. Spencer Weart, Nuclear Fear: A History of Images (Cambridge, MA, 1988), pp. 3–74. 27. See Bernhard Rieger, Technology and the Culture of Modernity in Britain and Germany 1890–1945 (Cambridge, 2005). 28. Bernhard Kellermann, The Tunnel (London, 1915); H. G. Wells, The World Set Free (London, 1914). 29. See Meanings of Modernity: Britain from the Late- Victorian Era to World War II, ed. by Martin Daunton and Bernhard Rieger (Oxford, 2001). 30. Becky Conekin, Frank Mort and Chris Waters, ‘Introduction’, in Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945–1964, ed. by Conekin, Mort and Waters (London, 1999), pp. 1–21 (p. 3). 31. John Baylis, Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 34–66; Margaret Gowing, ‘Britain and the Bomb: The Origins of Britain’s Determination to Be a Nuclear Power’, Contemporary Record, 2. 2 (1988), 36–40. 32. Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War II (Cambridge, MA, 1998), p. 15. 33. Dennis Kavanagh and Peter Morris, Consensus Politics: From Attlee to Major, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1994), pp. 93–4. 34. Jim Tomlinson, ‘Reconstructing Britain: Labour in Power 1945–1951’, in From Blitz to Blair: A New History of Britain Since 1939, ed. by Nick Tiratsoo (London, 1998), pp. 77–101. 35. Central Office of Information, Nuclear Energy in Britain, 2nd end (London, 1960), pp. 9, 11–13. 36. Lorna Arnold, Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 1995), pp. xxi–xxii, 21–6; David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven, CT, 1994), pp. 347–8. 37. Bernhard Rieger, ‘Envisioning the Future: British and German Reactions to the Paris World Fair in 1900’, in Meanings of Modernity: Britain from the Late- Victorian Era to World War II, ed. by Martin Daunton and Bernhard Rieger (Oxford, 2001), pp. 145–64. 38. Margot Henriksen, Dr. Strangelove’s America: Society and Culture in the Atomic Age (Berkeley, 1997), p. xxiii. 39. Rieger, Technology and the Culture of Modernity in Britain and Germany, p. 233. 40. Donald Howard Avery, ‘Atomic Scientific Co- Operation and Rivalry Among Allies: The Anglo- Canadian Montreal Laboratory and the Manhattan Project, 1943–1946’, War in History, 2. 3 (1995), 274–305; Ross Galbreath, ‘The Ruherford Connection: New Zealand Scientists and the Manhattan and Montreal Projects’, War in History, 2. 3 (1995), 306–19; M. M. R. Williams, ‘The Development of Nuclear Reactor Theory in the Montreal Laboratory Notes and References 181 of the National Research Council of Canada (Division of Atomic Energy) 1943–1946’, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 36. 3 (2000), 239–322. 41. See Lorna Arnold and Mark Smith, Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath, rev. edn (Basingstoke, 2006); John Crawford, ‘“A Political H-Bomb”: New Zealand and the British Thermonuclear Weapon Test of 1957–58’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 26. 1 (1998), 127–50. 42. S. J. Ball, ‘Military Nuclear Relations between the United States and Great Britain under the Terms of the McMahon Act, 1946–1958’, Historical Journal, 38. 2 (1995), 439–54; Septimus Paul, Nuclear Rivals: Anglo- American Atomic Relations, 1941–1952 (Columbus, 2000), pp. 94–108. 43. See John Krige, American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2006). 44. ‘Atom village is agog – over duckling’, Daily Mirror, 5 August 1946, p. 5. 45. Cmd. 9075, ‘Statement on Defence 1954’ (London, 1954), p. 4. 46. ‘Atomic Energy Study Group: The Atomic Problem.
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