REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this research work both the primary and secondary sources will be discussed. Among them some are most relevant to the topic and others are inequality important. Some of them are mentioned bellow name wise-

1. I found the topic related point from the books by Dr. Hazrat hssanuzzaman, 2013, Glimpses literature, ISBN - 81-7231-839. Page no 207.

In his early age he received only traditional and Islamic education. Later on, graduated in English language and literature from University. When Bakathir was early age he received the first Indonesian traditional and second time his Egyptian traditional got him on early age. But, Bakathir was both Countries very good attacked and knowledge in his mind. Bakathir was primary taught primary education in . But when he migrated to in 1934 A. D, his higher education in Egypt.

2. I found the topic related point from the book by Majed Naseeb Al Tamimi. Edition- 2012, book name page no 3.

The Impact of Shakespeare Ali Ahmad Bakathir was famous dramatist, novelist, and poet in the one of the supporter in modern Arabic Islamic literature. The different whole culture and civilization Islamic and other inspire from their literature, myths, traditions and customs to the elevate the level of Arabic and Islamic society in Egypt and Indonesia. WaIslam which has been rendered from the Islamic culture tragedy which has been inspired from Greek literature the research in an attempt to study the effect of Shakespeare on Ali Ahmad bakathir and to reflect the letters the creatively in adapting Shakespeare to highlight the conflict between Arab people.

3. I found the topic related point from the book by Dr. Abdul Kayum Ahmad Hamini. Edotion-2010, Book name-Shirr Ali Ahmad Bakathir al – Rowayat wa al- fa’an.

Bakathir was an ancient Islamic dramatics, literature and poet, but he and ( ا رؤ ا س ادي ) was leprosy as like as pre- Islamic poet of Amra’ul Kaies Bakathir was an ancient Egyptian writers highborn and respectable family. But he thinking of developed in the Islamic community Bakathir’s poetry compares to the Amra’ul Kaies and others bellows-

1 ا داد ن دا ر ادي-

-2 ا دادر ن أد ر ادي

-3 ا دارن ن  ر ادي.

4 - ا  دارم ر ادي-

-5 ا  ن داد ر ادي.

6 . ا د ن ر ر ادي

4. The topic relaed point by Dr. Abdullah Al Khateeb, edition 2009, the book name - Rewayat Ali Ahmad Bakathir. page no-8.

But Bakathir’s environmental duel on the development on

Arabic drama, Literature, novel and religious hadith book. When

Bakathir was 18 years old his educational talent was very fine, and

very powerful, more than very ا  وارئ اس detention poet are powerful Ali Ahmad Bkathir was at 18 years

5. The reference of my topic related point by Dr. Muhammad

Abu Bakkar Hamid, edition-2008, book name - Shairul Endee Fkhru al

Iyamen, page no- 12, 13. The first attempt to produced a unified front in the Egyptian theatre and drama was in March. When the Jami’at Ansar al

Tamthiliyya was formed under the leadership of Muhammad abd al-

Rahim to further the interests “an Independent and national theatre”.

But the theatre first theatre was very good in Egypt of modern period. That time the theatre are two characteristic in the practice of play writing in Egypt. The theatre was famous start from Egypt and then after drama and theatre focus in the other country. Tawfik al-

Hakim was a European dramatist, Bakathir’s was Egyptian dramatist.

That drama was restricted to a particular people and a particular

Egyptians culture and by implication, closed to other but relation to the men’s attraction with drama, theatre.

6. My topic related reference by Roger Allen,edition – 2000, the book name An Introduction to Arabic literature.ISBN no – 0521-77230-3, page no- 195.

The pre – modern Arabic literary heritage does not provide us with examples of types of drama that can be conveniently linked to other Western tradition, but, as Yusuf Idris’s remarks cited above imply, there are a number of indigenous genres which exhibit dramatic qualities. He was a famous modern Arabic dramatists in Egypt and Indonesia. But his heritages does not dramatic, start from very famous dramatic Ali Ahmad Bakathir.

7. My topic related point was by Chand Muhammad Ali edition- 1996, Book name- A Study of Literary History of the Arabs. Page no –135.

Egypt included a number of dramatists who set up a theatre in Egypt for army entertainment. Fifty years elapsed before the first drama in Arabic appeared not in Egypt but in .The fifty years ago Egyptian Arabic drama should have very developed before the period of Ali Ahmad bakathir. After the next fifty years his drama have been very focus in Egypt.

8. My topic related reference is by Dr.Abu Bakkar Hamid, edition- 1990, book name-Masahiyat Ali Ahmad bakathir fi Mirrat

Aserh, ISBN no - 977-11-0658-9 page no-10.

And when you lord said to the angels: I will create the ground of khalifa. And he taught all the names. The angel said Onbioni the names of those that you are friends. The Arabic verses compare to the Islamic Arabic drama Harut al Marut. The Quranic verse the Allah said that the angel (Farista) you do not know that who is I know.

Bakathir was very knowledge in all saywun city and when he was child and sent to Egypt and Bakathir settle in Egypt and the development

9. The drams book development of Turkish writers, the republication is without previous decision not only , but in the whole Middle East. Some the views point the Arab & Iranian in the quality and quantity about the theatre and play writing. The dramatic of Turkeys and Middle East man’s sense of isolation and alienation as because the drama was not developed. Bakathir’s drama was not alienation, so his drama was very famous in the Egypt and European in the modern period. Bakathir play concerning social revolution and ideal and famous Egyptian women in the society. 10. Bakathir, the great Arabic poet and dramatist, influences every generation of writers since his death and he continues to have an enormous impact on contemporary dramas plays and poems. Here are some examples of Shakespeare’s influence in the west. In 20th century Arab world witnessed a revelation in literature in general and specifically in drama the literary production of Arabic drama is prolific, but "there are genuine plays of great values not less in level than the most famous world plays". Among these great Arabic dramatists: Al-Naqqash, Taymour, Al-Hakeem, Idris, Bakathir. Ali Ahmed Bakathir’s was one of Egyptian great nature ability of Arab literary. Bakathir’s ability to create very large works proves his dramatically, novels and awareness not only of the Arabic and Islamic literature but also of the universal cultures and civilizations. From his early life, Bakathir’s is affected by his surroundings. His reputation takes place among the society after he writes Wa Islamah which has been rendered from Islamic culture.

11. The Modern Arabic Drama from some of the Drama Taziy, Khayl al- Zill and Mimicry. But the Drama was developed in a civilized manner. 19 th century the Drama was introduced when Arabic speaking directed European literature and culture. 20 th century Arabic Dramas role played by different dramatists such as Egypt, Lebanese and . Tawfik al-Hakim Muhammad Taymur, Ibrahim Ramzi and Farah Antum writers are full-fill and contribution the Drama by demand of the public .

12. Tawfiq al-Hakim was a renowned schoolar, hailed from Egypt, made enormous contributions to Modern Arabic Literature. His position Arabic drama excelled all other individuals of Arabic literature in the modern period. In the Arab world he has been champion as a playwright. He wrote more than fifty plays, which helped cement his reputation as the founder of modern Arab drama. Arabic short stories developed the writers are Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti, Jibran Khalil Jibra, Makhail Nu’ima and Mahmood Taymoor. Taymoor was a considerable pioneer short story writer. As like as Bakathir was Modern Arabic Dramatist writer in Egypt and Indonesia. His concentration on characterization, especially hopeless, injured and defeated figures, was a step forward. Bakathir was well-versed in these tyes of Arabic Dramatist. 13. Taimur was particularly influenced by the works of Maupassant, Tolstoy, Turgenev and Chekhov. He was able to present different types of stories such as Realism, Romanticism, Social and Historical. Modern Arabic literature was three types Drama, Novel and Short story. All these was consisted from Modern Arabic literature and developed from direct authority of European literature. It was only by the middle of the 19 th century that the Arabs, influence by these components from the literature attempted this new form their own languages. Thousands Drama, Novel and Short Story from French, English and Russian translated by Arabs writers.

14. In Ali Ahmad Bakathi’s Haroot wa Maroot the plot of the play is inspired y ancient Babylonian myth, quar’anic verses and theories of anthropology. A herdsman’s sister and wife the queen compete in gaining the public loyalty by wearing charming cloths. The queen is also interested in travelling into space as she the wants to be a ruler of the whole galaxy.

15. The Arabic Dramatic works in the modern Egypt that are based are power of fancy position. These plays are to unite with elements are all playwrights. A few playwrights have experimented in the both drama and fantasy mixed with folkloric and legend making up. The study highlights these fantasy plays, the next time: Tawfiq al-Hakim, Bayt al-Naml (The House of

Ants), Al-Mukhrij (The film Director) and more others. The Arabic education in

Egypt.

16. The second group coming purely from a critical literary approach is less favorable. They regard Bakathir’s idealistic Islamic world view of tunnel ‐vision’that significantly inhabits all aspects of his work. Academics of this pattern prefer the ideological freedom that is virtually non ‐existent in Bakathir’s works. Yet, at the same time, they do acknowledge some of the outstanding works of Bakathir in terms of ingenuity and style. Naturally, biases are witnessed from both groups and both approaches form an integral part of literary analysis. It was an essential part of literary Analysis to be able appreciate the writer of Ali Ahmad Bakathir’s context, drama,

Novel, poet and Islamic religious and his background, ideology and famous in the world.

17.

As an Islamic dramatist and novelist, Bakathir has contributed greatly to it’s establishment and development, and he is often viewed as the pioneer of Islamic literature. His contributions to modern Arabic literature are manifested in the various styles he pioneered and experimented with.

His prolific writing of plays, novels and poetry certainly deserve more

atten-tion both in terms of readership and academic research.

1. My topic related journal by Hussain Ahmad Bhuiya journal name- IJHSSS, title- An analytical study Naguib Mahfuz Novel, edition

– 2015, ISSN non- 2349-6711.

The Egyptian drama in the worked dof Bakathie modern Aarabic literature was gaint hero. Who can not the developed in modern arabic literature with influence in the country. Bakathir was developed in 19 th century in Egypt as famous on his drama wa Islam.

2 My topic related journalby Abdul Latif Ansary,edition-2015,

Abdul Latif Ansari, journal name- Pratidhani Echo, title- Development of arabic Short Story, ISSN no-1178-5246, page no- 127

At first Drama was unknown to the Arabs. Arabs scholars translated literary masterpieces from the other languages in early times, but they had left out Drama. The theatre Napoleon had established in Egypt in 1798 to entertain French troops which made no impression on the Arabs, mainly because the performances were not in Arabic . At first in early Islamic period was not the Arabic drama . But they come to the Egypt and spread his book in the Egypt.

3. My topic related journal by Dr. Mahbubur Rahman edition

2015 journal name IRJMS, TITLE- A drama in Arabic literature : A brief study. ISSN no – 2349-7950 page no – 29. Drama was not seen in classical Arabic literature like that of real Drama is performed on a stage through dialogue by actors.

According to M.M. Badawi, “Classical Arabic Literature did know drama in the sense of an established art from which provide an imitation of an action on a stage through dialogue in verse or prose by human actors”. Actually drama was not come to thde classical Arbic literature. But the drama has been come in to the modern Arabic literarure, specially after Knowledge of Bakathir.

4. My topic related Journal by F. O Jamio edition – 2014,

Journal name- Tai solarin university journal, title- African journal of history and culture. ISSN no – 2141-6672, page no-114.

The second stage of acquisition of Islamic knowledge is the

Makaranta Ilmi whereby the student beings to acquire more knowledge. He first learn to the rudiments of Islamic theology, jurisprudence, hadith text, Islamic history, Quranic exegesis, Arabic grammar and literature a host of others. His Islamic theological hadith was very interested in the early age stage.

5. My topic related point by Abu Tahir Mahmood edition-2014, journal name- IJHSSS, Title- Contribution Mohmood Taymur development of short story, ISSN no- 2349-6711 page no 202.

His elder brother Muhammad Taymur was a prominent person in Arabic literature and had made a marvelous contribution in different fields in person i.e. short story, Novel and drama. He says in his book the art of drama through personal experience that before writing new plays shylock in 1945has been following with interested . 6. My topic related journal by Eeqbal Hassim edition 2009, journal name- NCEIS research Paper, title- the significance of quranic verses, ISSnN no-1836-5442 page no- 4.

Bakathir lived in a time of ideological conflect between the traditional and modernist reformist schools in the arab Islamic world.

The reformist school cslled for an end to the alleged stagnation and decline in the scholarly thought that had affricated the Muslim since

11 th century. His was higher educated person. But he always thinking about the education purpose not only me higher but also all are

Egyptian and the world man should be learnt higher education and

Islamic religious person.

7. My topic related journal by Hisham J. Jawad edition-

2009, journal name- Sultan Qaboos University journal, title- Repetation in Litaray Arabic, ISSN no-0026-0452.

Taha Hussein (1889 -1973), blind from early childhood, managed to pursue a distinguished career in Egyptian and Arab culture life. UN officially known as dean of Arabic letters, he was mostly influential through his varied and controversial writings.

Bakathir’s at the eight years old his father sent to him in saywun, in

Hadramawt. But when he was grew and the study here, but his career was very fine, before start from his study. But he was also English literature. He was very experience in English literature and drama specially Shakespeare.