EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
E-242 VOL. 1 Public Disclosure Authorized
THE TOWNHALL OF SALVADOR
SPECIAL PROJECTS COORDINATION - CPE Public Disclosure Authorized
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTREPORT (RIMA)FOR THE IMPLEMENTATIONOF AN INTEGRATEDTRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - THE SALVADORMETRO. Public Disclosure Authorized
ENtIRONMENTAL IRMPAT ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVIRSUMMARY Public Disclosure Authorized
RP-216198 .UNE/98 ~~~BRAZIL t92~~~~~~~~~~~~Nt
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0 0d
METRO SYSTEM GENERAL LOCALIZATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
NAME MAJOR
Jose Roberto Facchinette GevtechnicalEngineer (Director)
Maria ThafsMenezes Freire SanitaryEngineer
Jose MauricioFiuza EnvironmentalEngineer
Maria GravinaOgata Lawyer
Jose Mario G. Miranda CivilEngineer/Water Resources
Eduardo Cesana ChemistEngineer
EmanuelBarros Geologist
Carleci Souza da Silva Biologist
DBriaMaria C. Nascimento Geographer
Maria da ConceicaoCunha Geographer
George Coreia dos Santos CivilEngineer/Transport
Eduardo Neira Alva UrbanistArchitect
AngelaBorges Sociologist
Cesar VazJunior Economist
Edgard Porto Urbanist
Paulo Gonzalez Economist
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I, PRFS VNAVIiO N
2. (JILJ'CTI\ I'S
3. LEG\L IALSELINIK.
4. iET I-I)()I rGN
l-11. ENTERPRISE
6. ENA IRON\1iENIA \ENIFll OA1-1SS AREA
- S' N 11 ESIS (OF IIPA\(I S
S. X}IITIIGVJIINC1 NSILt REs
9. 1,VIRO [VIN'\AL .RINGNIONI I
10. C(OS] 's
II. ('CON(I'SIONSA \F) RE( OX1XIEND A\IONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. PRESE.,^ ...... T-Ah&-. BASELINE
I IG; NA I presents in this Inadditionto responding to abasic requirement document an overview of the Environmental from the Environmental Impact Assessment Impact Assessment on the Integrated (ETA) and its respective Environmental Impact Transportation System of Salvador - the Report (RIMA), referred to previously, these Salvador Metro. on its first phase of studies are based upon guidelines and specific implementation, the Lapa-Piraja line. legislative standards of which the several segments are part. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aims to respond to the specific Terms of Federal. state and municipal legislative Reference developed and approved by the CRA standards for protection of river springs, native - Environmental Resource Center of the State woods. appropriation of private properties due ofBahia and CEPRAM - the State Environment to social interest have been surveyed. Council, in accordance also with the Federal Law which governs such matters, in a similar way. Water, air and noise pollution are topics governed by specific legislative standards both 2. OBJECTIVES at federal and state levels based on international guidelines which are usually internationally The Environmental Impact Assessment was adopted, with the possibility of being carried out with the objective of conducting a implemented for the improvement of the wide range assessment of the possible environment as a whole, thus increasing the environmental impacts resulted from the quality of life of the population. construction and operation of the Integrated TransportationSystem of Salvador- the Salvador Unfortunately,at municipallevel, there is no Metro. Thereare four objectivesto it: legal baseline that may be compared to the federal and state instances, except for the *to describe the system, detailing the major infra- prsnleiaivstdrsfoniepluin structure and activities involved in its present legislativestandards for noisepollution, construction and operation which have withincity limits. significant potential environmental implications; 'to predict, describeand evaluatethe potential 4. METHOD O LOGY positive and negative environmentalimpacts arising from the construction and operation Based on the fact that the EIA/RIMA sets of the project; out the basis for the administrative decision to identifypractical and cost effectivemeasures making process which governs the which could be employed during the implementationofanyplan, the severalphases implementationand operation stages of the which constitute the referred study are: project in order to remove or mitigate the Designing the work team, designing the adverse impacts: methodology to be applied to respond to the to identift and define plans and programs for EIA/RIMA,definition ofthe Plan, definitionof monitoringand auditing requirementswhich areas of influence,enironmental assessment of could ensure that impacts are kept within the area to be affectedby the enterprise, study acceptable limits during the implementation of technological and site alternatives, and operation of the project. identificationand prediction of enviromnental impacts, definition ofmitigating, preventive and with two stations at ground level. The route compensating measures, definition of a Follow- will then run across elevated concrete sections up and Monitoring Plan. for another 980 m, including the R6tula do Abacaxi station.
5. THE B 'NTr F!lRPRFrom R6tula do Abacaxi to Piraja station the route will run on different levels of terrain l1w S~lleacl\ltIidoi '. 'through cuts and dirt fill or elevated sections with three viaducts one of which will cross the The rail system planned for the city of Salvador BR 324 freeway. This section will include two will operate in the final network along two route c raeda tion Pir inal. the corridors: the north-south line from Cajazeiras clevated stations and the Pirajt temiinal. The to Lapa, and the east-west from Mussurunga benPraj whereasta smaller c ity to Calcada including the reorganization of the present bus system which will feed the stations equipment for train parking and the central - operatin commnandwill both be in R6tula do of the Metro network. The east-west line will Abatcax gtnand b ed be built in three stages: The first one will be ' 4 Rodoviaria - Calcada, the second Imbuf - The 11.73 km will be distributed as follows: Rodovidria and the last one Mussurunga - 2.2 km through tunnel: 3.7 km through elevated Imbui. routes: 5.8 km at ground level, totaling eight stations of which three will be for integration T he north-south line will be the first one to be and five stop points; two underground stations, builtandransort lw-inomeill assegers three elevated ones and three at ground level. from the central-northern region of Salvador to the Lapa terminal station to be built in the heart of the downtown area next to the already existing bus terminal. This line will be built in The Metro system is the suitable technological three stages: the initial 11.73 km operational alternative for Salvador, responding to the segment of the Metro system from Lapa to demand for transportation within the scope of Pirajdto be extended to Pau daLima (2.84 kin) the project. resulting in lower emission of in a second stage and the last one from Cajazeiras to PauCajazeiras da Lima. to Pau ~pollutants per user-vehiche-kflometer. Regarding the location alternatives the initial The proposed alignment for the Iitial Operatmg plans which called for a ground level rail system System will have a minimum radius of 300 in., were changed due to the need for preservation a maximum gradient of 4%, platform length of of an ecological sensitive area recently 145 m. and it will use a standard gauge track recuperated tenstaab vernmentr(Dique andcurret an verhea coflction.recuperated by the State GSovemnment(Dique de Toror6), in addition to other system operational circumstances which made the The line willlstart at the Lapa terminal and It deiso tobida22k.udrrudsse will run through an 80 rn2 cross-section of an pevail. underground tunnel approximattely 35 m below prev ground level, with an approximate 300 i It will also minize environmental impacts in a segment through residual soil. The Stations of populated area from Lapa to Campo da Polvora Lapa and Campo da P6lvora will both be Station. underground ones, excavated through rock. At the end of the tunnel the route goes along the road level to the end of the Bonoco corridor, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
the city valleys to the city exit - the BR 324. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL Some commercialand industrialbusiness sites ASSESSMENT OF THE may be found in the low areas, whereas a AREA process of dense housing occupation can be found in part of the more slopedareas. Social Aspects Physical Aspects
The city of Salvador, capital of the state of As for the existingwater resourcesaffected by Bahia, has a population of 2.5 million the Metro system, it is worth mentioningthat inhabitants,implying in a total of four million the Camaragiperiver, where the Mata Escura joumeys a day, of which 50% are taken by dam is located, the Bonoco brook and the means of a public transportationsystem. Lucaia river are located, are highly polluted. Those rivers are located in denselypopulated The transportation system proposed for areas and due to urban pressures they lack Salvadoris multi-modaland it includessuburb protection banks as required by existing trains, buses, ferry boats and the new Metro legislativestandards. In addition,not only are system to be built along the cityrsmain north- they polluted,but they have also had their flow south corridor. lines changed due to channeling works (Camaragipe,Lucaia and Bonoc6). The three initial means of transportation mentioned above connect suburb areas to The occupationresults in deteriorationof the commercialones being buses responsiblefor water resources and in recurring floods as a 98% ofthe two miHionjourneystaken daily by consequenceof waste accumulationand the approximately400 bus lines. Some of those paved roads that surroundthe rivers. lines operate through independentroutes, i.e., without a centralfeeder corridor. The number Air Quality. As for air quality, Salvador is of buses circulatingon public corridorsis high located near the sea and is under the action of (up to 370 buses/hour)and that resultsin serious local air circulation,of sea-earth breeze type, traffic jams and long journey periods for the influenced by the South Atlantic subtropical buses and other smallervehicles. anti-cyclone, which reaches the region with trade winds. The city climateis typical of the The area contemplatedby the enterprise (see warm seacoast, with high temperatures in the map) covers a large and heterogeneousstretch surnmerand a well-definedwinter period with of Salvador,from its old downtownarea to the rain and pleasanttemperatures. urban sites recentlyoccupied. Air circulationin the region is in the quadrant One of its extreme points, Lapa station, is E-SE most of the time. The rainy season is situatedin the old downtownarea, wherethere well definedfrom Aprilthrough July. is an intense and diversifiedform of residential and economicoccupation. At night there is an inversionin air circulation, giving origin to the earth breeze which is From this point the route runs across some of importantfor the region,since it lowersthe high
6 temperaturesreached during the day. At night various services and industries located in the there may also be periods of doldrums with nearbyregions, are characterizedby emissions atmosphericstagnation. of particulate material, combustionproducts and hydrocarbons. In the urban area, the most sensitivesegments to pollutionare the regionslocated in the valleys The main source of atmosphericemissions is and along the rivers. The coincidence of the automobile,although diesel trucks and buses doldrumsin the morningor early eveningwith also contribute significantlyto the particulate a high numberof vehiclecirculation, causes an materialemissions. increasein pollutionrates, when there may be a cooling of the superficial limit layer, under The atmosphericemissions from fixed sources certain climaticconditions. in the vicinity of the Metro route are
M______ain contributions to the subway area of inen Station Factors Characteristics Pollutants
411
tLapaStation Bus terml inal vehicle emissions* DD Piedade, Lapa 13 Sho"ppings centers, com merce
Campoda Poltora S ste an vehicle em issions * _ _ _ C ourts of Law, comm erce Bonoco it Gas station, ceomaeeu, gasages toad & unloading O of fuel
Bonoco I Eleteicity company, commerce velsiule em issions
Rotula do Abaeaxi Industries, Furniture Industry, vehicle em issions * o D * * Concretclab,DNOCS i.d-tsrial m issio.s Retiro Viaqao Bonfim,Concreto vehicle emissions * 5 U O Engemri,,DepeaMadereira, industrial emissions Tecnusolo Mata Escura BR-354, Gas station vehicle emissions
Piraja Bus terminal station, El Jail House
Table of reference: * significant emaissions o non-significant emissions
The urbanemissions in the area underinfluence characteristicof the urban-industrialsegment, of the enterprise were classified in two involvingcommercial activities and small and categories:movable sources andfixed sources. average size industrial operations. Those The movablesources, representedby vehicles, activities involve ernissionsresulted from the comprehend the vast majority of urban burning of combustibleoil in boilers, storage emissions that contain volatile organic and transferenceof inflammablematerial in gas compounds,nitrogen oxides,carbon monoxide stations,operations of wood processing,use of and particulate material. The fixed sources, thinners by mechanics, painting workshops, representedby vehicleparking lots, gas stations, small metallurgical activities and activities
7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
related to construction. level.
There is no historical register of air quality It must be pointed out that only recently,in the 90s, effective,although rather flexiblelegislative standardsin their implementationperiod, have operation are located in the Petrochemical been introduced for noise control in motor complexand in the areas near some industries. vehicles.The low vegetation densityin the city There is no systematicor oriented evaluation also contributesnegatively to the existingrates of vehiclepollution. of pollution. In the EnvironmentalImpact Assessmnent some In order to obtain a referenceof air qualityin specificdeterminations were conductedat peak the regionwhere the Metro systemwill be built time in locations designated to be the future two representatives sites were selected: the Metro stations,but on a cloudy and quiet day - terminal station of Piraja and the crossover in thereforefavorable to an attenuationof noises. R6tula do Abacaxi. The SoundPressure Integrator Soundmeter was used in the measuringprocedures according to The choice took into consideration the flow state laws and the technicalpolicy in force. of vehicles, the wind direction and the Severalstatistical levels ofnoise were obtained. circulation of passengers. In R6tula do The Leq levelsare presentedin the tablebelow. Abacaxiand in the Piraja Terminal,HiVol type The use of the Leq is particularlyuseful in the monitors of total particulate material were evaluation of disturbance, situationsof noise installed. In each station, five 24 hour pollutionand subjectivereactions before noise. It has been observed that some values are determinations took place. That evaluation alreadyvery close to the 85 dB(A) definedby consists of a preliminary exploratory study BrazilianThechinical Standards (ABNTJNBR to determine the nature and the magnitude of 13,068) which is the condition of pondered pollutants. It was conducted during rainy sound pressure for moving wagons in the periods and hence the low rates, due to stations. atmosphereandstrginstability . On the other hand the MunicipalLaw (5,354/ atopeeisaiit-n togwns 98) requires that the maximumlevel from any Deeper studies must take into consideration sourcesoure bebbeo below tde 70dB(A), a a levellevel wich wasas longer periods of time and consider the surpassedseveral times duringmonitoring. evaluation of other pollutants such as: carbon PREDICTEDLEW'OF CKAPROUDfl NOlfISEPOLLUTIONl monoxide, hydrocarbons and photochemical IVLlII0I pollutants, mainly at the Lapa station, where there are indicatorsof considerablepollution. Lapa 74,2 The following points presented in the table C- da P6lvora 75,6 below were considered as the most sensitive -EBonocoI 75,8 regarding air pollution. Bonoc 11 77
Noise. Salvador suffers seriously from noise R. do Abaca)d 77,2 pollution,being that a componentof the local Rebro 76,7 culture. Small and larger vehicles, which Mata Escura 69,5 circulateintensely in the city center and in the : raja 67,7 corridor chosen for the Metro route in particular,also contributeto the increasingnoise ABNT.13.068 85Dba Lei Municipal 5354198-70 dBA
8 BIOTIC ASPECTS.
The naturalvegetation alongthe intendedroute is nearlydying out due to urban expansion. There are some remainingareas such as the woods of the botanical gardens of Horto Florestal, of Cabula and Mata Escura Dam.
In the most central area, near the Youth Support Servicebuilding, where the rail system is elevated, some native speciesof Spondiaslute, Byrsonimeasericea, Cecropiaspp and Tipiriraguianensis were identified.
There is an implantedvegetation (gardening)close to the Bonoc6 II Stationthat spreadsalong that bus route (1.5 kmn)on a mediumstrip of the road, turning the surroundingsinto quite a harmoniousurban landscape. Speciessuch as Clitorearacemosa, Cassia siamicaand Agave sisalanacan be identifiedin this site.
KEY SENSITIVE RECEIVERS
The assessmenthas identifiedkey sensitiveareas that are particularlysignificant. These are:
The Mata Escura Dam. The justificationto includethe Mata Escura dam as a sensitivereceiver lies on historicalgrounds related to basic and environmentalsanitation.
The dam's operation started in 1903 and was shut in 1987 due to an artificialeutrophication process that took place in this ecosystem. Thisonce important sourceof water supplyto Salvador,considered by the state governmentas a SourceProtected Area, is now siltedup thus clashingwith its past ecological and sanitationvalue.
MATAESCURA (two decades ago) MATAESCURA (nowadays - 1998)
Campo da Polvora Square.
It is on this squarethat one of the oldest and most impressivebuildings of Salvadoris located - the Courts of Law. That on itselfdefines the importanceof the site. The square also presentsa marginal architecturestyle that is compatiblewith that of the Courts of Law building.
Near the square is the Fonte Nova Stadium,one of the most importantleisure facilities in town, which demandsa high flow of transportationusage on certain days and times.
9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The construction of a stop station is being planmedfor this area in order to serve the Metro rail systent
Lapa Connecting Station
It is one of largest concentrations of people in town due to intense commercial, civic and religious activities located in the area.
In this site several battles for the state independencetook place. This station will allow access to Joana Angelica Avenue, one of the most traditional and old roads in town, which in the past was a streetcar route. It became modernized and it grew old fashioned. The rails that once gave support to it are now covered by several layers of asphalt.
Environmental conditions of Lapa and Campo da Polvora stations
OINTS OF PARTICULAR SENSITIVITY: 1. ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL (UFBa) 2 OUR LADY OF PIEDADE CONVENT 3. PORTUGUESE READING CABINET 4 AGUIA SCHOOL 5 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY INSTITUTE (IGHB) 6. LAPA SHOPPING CENTER 7. PIEDADE SHOPPING CENTER 8. OUR LADY OF LAPA CONVENT 9. BAHIA STATE SCHOOL 0. RUI BARBOSA COURTS OF LAW 1. BAIXA DOS SAPATEIROS SHOPPING CENTER 2. OUR LADY OF DESTERRO CONVENT 3. SANTANA CHURCH
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I0 It is also a bus terminal,close to two shopping integrating a mass transportation system and centers and small neighboring streets; with generatinga structurewhich can establisha new intense informal commerce, posing serious urban landscape,characterized today by a lack urban problemsthat may be increasedwith the of coherenceamong its several components. construction of the Lapa Integration Station which will also serve the Metro system (see The negativeimpacts relate to the construction drawing). and operationalphases.
7. SYNTHESIS OF The nature of this project, involves intense IMPACTS constructionwork for a periodof approximnately three years in the area under assessment, The constructionof the Metro systemwill have generatinga significantimpact and concern with a significant impact on the urban setting of environmentalproblems which will arise. Salvador. The longterm impactsmay be greatlymniiized The environmentalanalysis of an urban area during the planning stages of the project by comprisesnecessarily the urban space and its means of pro-active measures such as reconmendations/suggestions,implementation urelatinhi wnithnmtheapo rpulationvnehscas ine of norms which address not only land use but urban environmental rsties a w also specific regulations restricted to urban relaionhipwitth mero, athr tanjst ithtraffic. These aim to improve the benefits of its possible users should be considered. The the new structure which may be achieved Metro imnpactover the ordinarycitizen will take naturally by means of a process of users' place in two dimensions:a micro level one education(construction and operationalphase specialy in stations with high concentration of the system). of people with differentfeelings of comfort or conflict and a sensorial impact in a macro The negativeimpacts related to the construction diMension(visual and accoustics)generated by ofMetro systemsrefer to noise,vibrtion, water the metro materialstructure. pollution,air polution,social and scenic fahctors.
The possibilityof imnprovingthe accessof massSOILFAUE transportation to a wider range of the sO Lte RES population,thus avoidingthe use of individual vehicles,wil resul in the improvementof users' wellbeing, reducingtraffic jams in areas which are perceived today as being problematic, reducing air and noise pollutionas well as the numberof accidents.
The substitutionof a non-renewablesource of energy (petroleum) by hydroelectric energy must also be considered as a positive irnpact resulted from the construction of the Metro system.L
In additioni,the Metro systemmay offer a unique opportunity for improving urban traffic, - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Landscape and Vsual Impacts. These impactsare more significantafter conclusionof the project and may be ignored duringthe constructionperiod due to being transitory.
The Metro systemof Salvadorwill undoubtedlyimply changes in the urban landscapeof the city. This fact shouldresult in new visual and aesthetic patterns.
Hencethe importanceofthe structure and facilitydesign, especially applied to the stations. The formal effectsof the Metro systemalso reach the topographyand morphologyofthe urbanterrain by meansof treatmentof slopes, brooks, canals and vegetation. It is therefore importantthat the Metro structures,mainly in its elevatedsegments, do not destroythe remainingharmony of what was once the representativelandscape of the urban culture of Salvador. Some suggestionsrelated to the type section and the elevatedground level,and undergroundstructures are presented along this report. On the other hand since the corridors will mostly ge at grade will ocuupy areas the visual intrusion impactswill be kept at a minimumlevel, even in its elevated segments.
GenericEnvironmental Disturbance The settingof constructionsupporting areas duringthe building phase will implyseveral impacts to some of the segmentsof this study. Even though these facilitiesare of short duration, the amount of people, equipment,machinery, etc. in such a limited space tend to disturbthe environmentwith noise, dust,mud, solidand liquidwaste, in additionto socialand economic changes.
Locomotion Disturbance.Urban interference in traffic will occur in the following ways during
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jams on other when thse isus r bigd ressedU.+a constructionphase: The relocated populationnot always finds in their future neighborhood (Baixa de Santo restrictionsto the free flow of pedestriansfor Ant6nio) the conditions they previously had security reasons due to barriers separating whichmay causedissatisfaction and integration the Metro lines from the rest of the urban issues regarding the new place of residence, traffic; even when all the aspects related to the • ieviablofroa clsin inersctins ndmaintaining of community habits(soc ial shinevitablehclscinofrouadtionterasecionstandi relationships,work, etc.). The highnumber of shifs in vehier ciclto,cuigtafcdissatisfaction and socialproblems is common Sixwork stages were identified as beingthe cause we hs susaebigadesd of most significantforms of disturbance,such as Relocation is not foreseen for commercial the segmnentnear RodolfoPimentel Street up to business. Thosewill be compensatedfor losses the area close to the NorthernAccess. relative to their premises and interruption of
Rupture of residents/comimerce relationships activities.This siinpile substitution of economic and difficulty, of insertion for thte relocatedul activityby monetarycompensation not always indemnifi'ed population. The buying off or guaranteesthe satisfatctionof the beneficiary. relocationof residentialor commercialpremises in areas located along the corridor (513 units, The relocation is being addressed in a more comprisingapproximately 90% of residential) specificstudy hence it will not be detailed in will cause imnpactsto the populationimplying a this report. rupture of personal friendships and commercial relationships, generating community disruption.
13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The arising of new attractive real estate and in this respect, due to presenting this sort of commerce The increase in value of the areas problem nowadays. surrounding the Metro system is likely to generateresidential and commercial poles, being the latter, particularlythe ones located in the neighboring areas, probably incompatible with - the standards of modernity and space improvement which the system will try to achieve.
BIOTIC FEATURES
Drainage The changesi pre-existingdrainage patterns may worsen the lack of balance of -, -> - - : -= X water streamsregarding their flow capacitythus generatingfloods. The followingpoints must Biologic Stress-The destruction of native and be carefully considered in the designing of a , . ., ~~~~Metrosystem project (drainage): exotic vegetation may have a significant importance in two sites along the corridor, The canal behind the TrafficDepartment of Bonoc6 andthe Mata Escuradamn, where native Salvador(DETRAN - Saramandaia)- There andeven exoticvegetation already incorporated are pipeline bottlenecks in the canal which to the local landscapewas identified in some cause floodmngof the adjacentareas; smallareas. Av. Barros Reis (Pau Miudo) - Bridges and pipelinebottlenecks on the Camaragiperiver canalon an extremelysilted up place; - Low SantoAnt6nio (Sao Goncalo)- Flooding PHYSICAL FEATURES of low areas due to siltingup and deficient drainagesystem; Water and Water Resources Pollution. The construction of such a system implies an * Low Camaragipe(Sao Caetano) - Flooding increasingamount of suspendedsolid residues of the low areas due to insufficientdraining whichmay interfere in the color of the water or sections fromthe culverts under the BR-324 the silting up of the stream beds. That may freeway.Those culverts are cloggedand need resultin possiblefloods during the rainyseason, maintenance. beingMata Escura,a significantarea of concern
14 Water Table. When submitted just to the marginal for a large proportion of time to natural process of the hydrologicalcycle, the significantduring extended periods of increased freaticwater tables oscillateon a seasonalbasis, activities. There will also be short periods of increasing during the rainy seasons, or one to two hours duration when the presence immediatelyafter thern, and decreasingin the of high levelimpact and vibrator noise during dry periodsto their originallevel. In an area of the pouringof in-situ concretewill create severe high occupationdensity, such as some stripsof noiseimpacts for receiversnear the construction Bonoc8 Ave., the freatic water tables have activity, which may reach a 20 m range from graduallybeen decreasingdue to inhibitingof the origin of noise. infiltration,occupation of the rechargingzones or even pumping. There may be the following main sources of noise during the operationphase: operational Withthe constructionof the Metro systemthe train noise,reverberation from road trafficnoise drawdowntends to be more intensein the tunnel undermeaththe stations and nearby buidings, sectionsbelow water level,with the possibility noise from the ventilationsystem, depot noise of affecting the stability of some buildings. Quick drawdowns are extremely dangerous A diagnosticassessment revealed that in case especiallyif one considersthe weather changes the project does not contemplate special which take place in the region, requiring structuresfor the attenuationofnoise generated prevention through monitoring of the water by the movingtrains, some stationswill end up tables in order to mminiizethe effects of their presenting noise levels above maximum lowering. Associatedto the quick loweringof legislativestandards. the water tables is the fact that the loss of water in the interiorof the excavationalways leads to soilremoval, with the possibilityof subsidence. Air Pollution. The greatestproblem during the implementation of the enterprise are particulates, which may arise at sensitive Uibratious. Thisimpact consists of propagation rciesi h tto oain n ln h of soundwaves which transmit vibrations to the length of the route. neighboring buildings, from 'open-air' g detonations of rocks. These can eventually generate material damage associated to air The SalvadorMetro systemwill be fed by an shiftingwith the possibility,in extreme cases, electricalsystem and most probably,during the of glass window breaking in buildingslocated operational phase, there will not be any opposite the shiftingof the sound wave. problemsrelated to air emissions. It is true to say that the removal of ignition motors from The concern during the phase of opening of circulation will generate a positive impact. tunnels applies only to the initial 15 meters However, in the areas surrounding station approximately. After that the sound energy locations, there should be an increase in the resulted from frictionwith the tunnel walls is number of vehicleswhich will feed them, and reduced to tolerable levels. The buildings that willprobably inhibit dispersion of emissions, located within a radius of approximately100 which added to the background ones may metersfrom the detonationsites may get a slight generatea substantialimpact. vibration.
Noise.Construction noise will vary from
15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
8. MITIGATING MEASURES
SOCIAL FEATURES
The project willaffect a wide part of the communityin Salvador,and somegroups in particular,during the construction and operational phases, i.e., services which are now conducted in the area (some informalcommercial activities) as well as communicationwill be harmed under the influenceof the Metro system.
Problems with accidents may occur during the constructionphase during the circulationof heavy vehiclesspecially in areas where highvelocity traffic is commonpresently such as in the BR-324 and Bonococorridors. Specialattention should be givento these areas in order to minimizethe occurrence of accidents.
The most relevantaspect in this segmentmight occur due to the constructionwork, when familieswill be relocatedto another area. It is therefore necessaryto design a widespreadinformation plan for the population, through social agents, in order to provide orientation on the reasons for relocation of familiesand their new livingconditions. The relocationplan shouldbe carefullyplanned and performed so that the process is natural.
A similarissue, eventhough of minormagnitude, refers to indemnificationto the ownersof commercial businesses,based on monetarytransactions (different from the residents'relocation) thus expediting
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practices, especially the informal ones, will a whole, the future users of the system, avoid the generationof a negativeassociation employees, dwellers of neighboring areas, of the Metro systemto formerchaotic practices aiming preparation of the community for of land use for commercial purposes which construction and operation of the new generates an inadequate behavior on the part transportationsystem to be implementedin the of the population. In the Metro systemsof Rio city. de Janeiro and Sao Paulo one may notice, for instance,collective behavior patterns far higher than thoseofthe samnepopulation on the streets, BIOTIC FEATURES being that a result of order, cleanlinesswithin and around the Metro facilities. Due to the fact that the construction of the Metro will take place in an area whose Two stationareas Campo da Polvoraand Rotula vegetation is already resultant from man's do Abacaxi should receive special attention action, the impacts over the biotic media will regardingarchitecturalaspects surroundingthe beaicht. It must be reinforcednevertheless that future station (Campoda P6lvora) and limited be igt. t speied nevenue at condtionaces ofpublc Rotla d Abcaxi thenative tree species (Bonoc6 Avenue and conditionsof public acces (Rotula do Abacaxi Mata Escura) should, within the possibilities, - see drawing).
17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
be preserved. The incorporationof native and even exotic tree and bush species, with which the populationis already familiar, must not be sparedin stationsand corridors. Those,e.g., Clitoriarecemosa, Cassiasiamica, Terminaliacattapa (trees); Hibiscusrosa sinensis,Burguenville sp., Lantanacamara and Agave sisalana (bushes),will provide beauty and will create smallnatural oases in urban spaces.
On the other hand, the incorporationof dense alignedvegetation, wherever possible,will soften the
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unobtedL'~B6ly atnut hegneaeDetailed typenie.Temiiatn section and treatmentof sectionseaue pertanig o th continuum~~~of stutue in cocrt in segmentsan it will9of the elevated system LtTI
visualimpact of the presence of the Metro, as benefits of suchinterventions, so that they can it will break the homogeneity of the visual better accept the temporayndiscomfort. continuumof structures in concrete and it will ndoubtedlyattenuate the generated noise. the mitigating measures pertaining to the attenuation of noise pressure resulted from The MataEscura area, dueto themseveralaaspects explosions, consist basically of the already mentioned, deserves a differentiated implementationof proceduresfor vibrationand treatment upon the constructionof the metro, soundwave controlinherent to the construction and remedial (landscape recuperation and phase,e.g., controlof the amountof explosives so as to keep the soundpressure below the 115 improvement of the urban standards), and d.. lii .. tebidnsnarytedtnto should be addressed in a later stage with thenst Te keyt stategovernmenthasuppcarryingort workssuchasThearmanagement of risksconsist in the use of a
tHiSIone, andinlightoftheseveralworksalreadyisecondary PHYSICALFEATURES ~~~~(narrowdBlmtmthe pathbuidnsloctdcover protection overinth the cover),nearby detonationthegieonation in order area to attenuatethe wavepropagation and in keeping Problems relatednature,~~ to noise ~ thatdre and~ th vibration ~ municitrpalnthe~ expriyc are~~~lts the widw*pndrn eoain ota h expectedmainly during the constructionperiod. shifing of air willbe facilitatedand windowsin It is expected that these impacts will be thebuildings lctein the nearbyrgon
aoulwaysonwort m oentiingftheredto khefuturepthtee buildngs locaatherdibuo 10y meternsf poputisoneasd anwightolte informed wofks theaflreadetonationdsitesythepossibilityofperceiv 1S aroncrne th ons nar he unnl nrr8 some vibration. of noise will dependmainly on the locationof the noisesand the proximity to sensitivereceivers. Another factor which must be taken into consideration in terms of sound pressure The cumulativeeffect in the station locationis resulted from explosionsrefers to stability of due to trafficnoise increaseand reverberation. certainrmarginalslopes, specially the ones along That can be controlled through the use of Bonoc8 Avenueand BR-324,which will have absorbingmaterials under the structure and by to be studiedunder a greater amountof detail. intenseuse of vegetationin order to ensurethat The vibrationsresulted from detonations which resulting noises will be within enviromnental are transmittedto rock substratacan, when not legislativestandards. The cumulativeeffect controlled, induce tensions which may cause outside the station location is due to trains movementof slopes and/or slidingof soilunder movingor undergoingoccasional maintenance, precarious levels of stability. and it will probablybe significantdue to the levels already shown in the assessmentarea. The staboiityof unstablesoils and rock blocks, Oncemore, the use of densevegetation barriers the monitoring of the existing structures for or specificstructures for attenuationof noises slope contentionand above all the program of must be stimulated. vibrationcontrol are measures,which must be strictlyfollowed, for the control and prevention Due to the natureofthe constructionsite (within of accidentsin that type of constructionwork. city limits)it will be importantto ensurea high .standardof caution, minimizingthe emission The subsidenceproblems in the foundationsof of solid wastes whichare generated. It is also existingbuildings and viaducts, are a result of important to bear in mind that an adequate soil excavations(sedimentary or colluvial) or drainage system both during the construction rock excavations,which transmit vibrations to and operational phases may prevent impacts the rock substratum and the adjacent soil over the qualityof water. Project parameters inducingtensions which can turn unstablethe with higher factors of security (e.g., duration grounds on which the foundations are of rain intensity,draining coefficients) must be sulpported.In both cases,therearrangement of used in the sites which were considered as the layers is the crucialfactor for subsidence. critical ones by this assessment,so that greater The generationof dust and mud is inherentto drainagemay be obtainedin those areas. the open air and underground excavation Such recomendationsare alreadybeing taken operations, in additionto the ones carriedout in considerationin the engineeringproject. in concrete central stations. Soil excavation, rock perforation, disassembly, loading and transportationof materialproduce dust. It also 9. ENVIRONMENTAL comes from truck traffic in the service fronts MON ITORI NG and from the industrialsupport sites.
As for the foundations. the assessment Environmentalmonitoring schedules have been recommendsthe use of in situ molded piling proposed to: rather than percussivepiling which may cause noise problemsat the momentof nailing. v ensure that environmentalimpacts resulting from the constructionand operation of the There shouldbe occasionalnoises in the station SalvadorMetro systemare minimizedor kept locationsin its severaloperations, but thosemust to acceptablelevels; not be consideredas significant. On the other - establish procedures for checking that hand,the cumulativeeffect of the main sources
19 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
mitigation measures have been effectively 11. CONCLUSIONS AND applied, and that appropriate corrective RECOMMENDATIONS actions are appropriatelyundertaken; *provide a meansof checkingcompliance with As mentionedabove, the constructionof the environmental objectives, recording any Salvador Metro system will represent a anomalies and documenting necessary significantpositive impact to the city's urban corrective action. setting. The possibilityof improvingmass transport will Monitoringwill be required to measurenoise, result in a decreasein the use of privatevehicles, particulate and gaseous levels, and waste thus implyingan improvementof users' well management practices during both the being,reduction oftrafficjams and accidentsin construction and operation of the Salvador areas which today are characterized as Metro system. problematic ones, and attenuation of air and noise pollution. A during-projectaudit (ComissaoTecnica de GarantiaAmbiental) will be carriedout, as per The mitigationmeasures have been proposed state requirements, with a team formed by to minimize the environmental impacts technicians employed by the municipal whereverpossible. Environmentalmonitoring government,who will implement,execute and willbe essentialin order to ensurethat potential coordinatethe control actions proposed in the impactsare kept at acceptablelevels. EIA/RIMA, ensuring that the environmental entity is duly informedof the steps taken. Recommendationshave been made and the most importantones are sunnarized below. In It is recommendedthat periodicalauditing is order for the potentialenvironmental impacts carried out after the system becomes fully of the systemto be minimized, it is essential operational, in order to systematicallyensure that these recommendations be observed that the performance of the organizational throughout the conclusionof the project. structure of environmentalmanagement meets the managementpatterns of the equipmentused. Key detected environmental impacts and The EnvironmentalImnpact Assessment will act summarized recommendationsare presented as a basis for the periodical auditing and will below: guaranteeits correctachievement and updating, making it an essential document for Noise!bralion: high level impact noise, environmentalmanagement. includingvibrator noise, during construction will be significant,and is likelyto cause sleep 10. COSTS disturbance to sensitive receivers in close proximityto constructionactivities. It has been recommended that the use of percussive Since the detected ipctsnareof min constructionmethods be kept to a minimum, signficance someofate re dto ill andthat slopesand existing building foundations the project in general terms. The expensives are carefullyevaluated so as to predictand avoid regardingmitigation should be includedin the possibledamage enginneringcosts. Air: resultsfrom evaluation of qualitymodeling have establishedthat the level of air pollution in some specificpoints (stations) is high. Due
20 to the short time spent on monitoring,it is recommendedthat a more detailed and extendedcampaign be carried out aimiingthe acquisitionof better-defineddata even duringthe constructionof the Metro system. The forced ventilationsystem will have to take into considerationthe sensitivesituation of the existingstations.
Landscape and visual impacts: the development of the Salvador Metro system will create significant visual impacts. The most important ones are associatedto the developmentof stations where the proximityto sensitivereceivers is most critical(Campo da P61vora) as well as in the proximity to the Mata Escura Dam.
The communityimpacts resulting fromthe constructionof the SalvadorMetro systeminclude impact over the traffic,issues related to existingservices and generalimpact over the communityactivities in the area. The relocationof people and extinction of commercialbuildings along the Metro route are permnanentimpacts of the constructionof the Metro systemL
Strictcontrol is recommendedin terms of the future relationshipof use and occupationof neighboring areas to the stations and alongthe corridor,in order to avoida negativeassociation ofthe Metro system to old and inadequatecollective habits and/or patterns of conduct related to chaotic land occupation.
Measures to mitigate the impacts are specified, in greater detail in the "EnvironmentalImpact Assessment"and "EnvironmentalImpact Report" which are also parts of this assessmentand shouldbe
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21 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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Finally, with the objective of maximizing the benefits derived from an equipment which will tend to improve life conditions in the urban setting, it is recommended that a campaign of Environmental Education is carried out among the population as a whole, the future users of the system, employees, dwellers of neighboring areas, aiming preparation of the community directly affected or not by the construction and operation of the new transportation system to be implemented. U
22 ATTACH
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