Open Access Journal of Nursing Volume 1, Issue 1, 2018, PP: 1-11 Ethnohistory and Disability and Culture: The Case of a Group of People with , Indigenous in Gregorio Perez Serrano

president of NGO Bioscorpore professor of the department [email protected] occupational therapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile and *Corresponding Author: Gregorio Perez Serrano, professor of the department of occupational therapy, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile.

Abstract This article is a pioneer in disability studies in , since it shows the ethnohistorical relevance of disability. If empre has seen disability as “less than”, in Latin America disability is synonymous with “lack of capacity” by capacity, we understand being able to do something, then it is an even greater challenge for the States in Latin America, to have the capacity to understand a person with a disability and effectively enforce the articles of the “convection on the rights of persons with disabilities”. This Little article refers to occupational health and the eighth article of the convention “Awareness”. This ethnohistorical anthropological reflection will give clues to comply with this article, by positioning not only the disability in a synchronic moment but in a diachronic process Keyword: Hetnohisory, disability, different productions mode

Introduction adopt a national disability strategy and action plan , ensure the participation of persons with disabilities, The problem of disability has recently become a challenge for the Latin American region, with the improve human resource capacity, provide sufficient the Rights of Persons with Disabilities,” by the General funding and improve , promote public ratification of the international treaty “Convention on the collection of disability data, reinforce and support Assembly of the United Nations in 2006. researchawareness on and disability. understanding (BM, WHO of 2011). disability, improve This population has been historically excluded from public work, the World Health Organization and the Disabilities of the United Nations was designed to World Bank recognized a series of disabling obstacles, The Convention on the Rights of Persons with while establishing recommendations on the issue for group in the world: disability, thus complying with the member countries. recommendationsaddress these shortcomings of the organizations of the most alreadydisadvantaged named (UN, 2007). Disability is a cause of inequality, and inequality is also The detected by both institutions refers to: insufficient policies and norms, negative attitudes, insufficient from discrimination, marginalization and illiteracy, provision of services and problems with them, consultation and participation, as well as lack of data poora cause nutrition, of disability, lack of since access people to water, in this unhealthy group suffer and insufficient financing, lack of accessibility, lack of and information. dangerous working conditions. (UN, 2007). According to the World Health Organization, 10% of the established, among them: to enable access to all world population has some type of disability, according To face the above, a series of possible solutions were to the World Bank it is 20% of the population. In short, there are approximately 650 million people with conventional systems and services, to invest in specific programsOpen Access and Journalservices offor Nursing people withV1 . I1disabilities, . 2018 to 1 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile disabilities in the world. (UN, 2007). That is why the Problematic In the article 32 literal (a), it is allowed to glimpse political and legal body that tries to protect this group that the phenomenon of the disability is a cultural ofUnited people. Nations (UN, 2007).Convention on the matter arises, as a problem, this is the paradigmatic change. In capitalist

In the body and first chapter of “The Convention on society, these individuals lose their identity as subjects, because what prevails is to be able to sustain the full Rights and ofequal Disability,” enjoyment it states: of all human“The purpose rights and of a paid job. As seen, in different cultures over time fundamentalthis convention freedoms. is to promote,for all persons protect with and disabilities ensure of changing systems of ideas.Understanding that and different production modes. There was a process and promote respect for their inherent dignity. People structures are what change the systems of ideas, and not the other way around. with disabilities include those who have physical, interpersonal relationships, into relationships where mental, intellectual or sensory long-term deficiencies For Wolf, the capitalist mode of production converts that, when interacting with various barriers, may prevent their full and effective participation in society, group,discriminatory losing identity, treatment and transforming prevails, separating it into a social or onIn orderequal toterms establish with others.a link between “(UN, 2007 the p.128).actions of the excluding the disabled person from the collective States with respect to disability and the purpose of the ofstigma, production we ask like ourselves: the current if there one. will be other forms to face the problem of “disability” in a capitalist mode United Nations Convention, this thesis will focus on Article 32 of said Convention, regarding its dimension Parties recognize the importance of international Questioning what is the vision of disability in the of international cooperation. It states: “The States America? cooperation and its promotion, in support of national different production modes, and specifically in Latin Hypothesis measuresefforts to in realize this regard,the purpose between and the objectives States and of this Convention, and shall take appropriate and effective We have formulated the following hypothesis: culture.Disability Well, in the it is indigenous taken from world another receives logic, awhich different society,where appropriate, particularly organizations in partnership of with persons relevant with cultural value, the value it receives in Western international and regional organizations and civil realities. obeys another system of totally different ideas and disabilities“.In this way, cooperation according to Article 32 of a group of indigenous people. Parameters were To prove, if there is a cultural variable acting within as cultural. The relationship of this dimension built based on ethnomethodology, which consists of the Convention, accounts for other aspects, such separating the world from a disabled subject. This world in theoretical terms is composed of Nationswith disability Organization is recorded for Education, in the “United Science, Nations and Development Program” (UNDP), and the “United several elements, which would be: resilience / mustCulture” refer (UNESCO), to this dimension. these two Agencies pursue the desmoralitations, instrumental / communicative cultural development of a country and for that they rationality, solidarity / charity, normality / abnormality, This article refers to the ideational or cultural way identity / experience, disability / disability, stereotype in which people with disabilities are treated, from a which/ discrimination. through a socialThese process elements can havebe appropriated an alterity, orwhich may hasbe appropriate a negative (Perez part and Serrano a positive 2017). part, and on the thesis of GP to obtain the title of anthropologist, andhybrid aims culture to contribute (Canclini, to 2007).information This articleon disability is based in The current Latin American society appropriates

part of the elements. Building a stereotype of a person Chile. An investigation will be carried out from the people with disabilities, appropriating the negative ethnohistorical2 and anthropological point of view. Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile with disabilities, which the subject sometimes accepts for himself, cementing a deteriorated identity, or the background of society, and its treatment of persons“modes ofwith production” disabilities, will and be the used way to of contextualise seeing these to society and its economic, political and social model people when changing the modes of production and rather putting his identity in negative and giving way its transformation, and the change in the system of ideas. creates a false image of they, calling them “disabled”, “disabled”, “sick”, “poor”. Mode of production based on kinship: people with disabilities, in different Corporally non-conventional people can, through a cultures in the history of mankind sense of resilience (ability to overcome adversity) Throughout ancient history, Western and non-Western, stereotype.appropriate the positive elements of the world of disability and break away from the “disabled” there were treatments for people with some type of The ethnohistoricity of the subject sensory impaired. Testimony of discrimination in the The problem of disability has been present in all disability, in the thesis of Leonora Parrau “The hearing cultures and in all societies as something inherent in the human condition. In all of them we look at the regular education system in Santiago “points out: philosopher Aristotle tried to interpret some non- “In Greece of the 4th century BC the eminent ways.“disability “ or the disabled people, with some conventional corporeal characteristic, in multiple anddeviations. Galen, There who studiedare records epilepsy, of studies dementia, of physical among and mental differences made by Diogenes, Hippocrates People with disabilities do not form a cohesive group, extremely important for this article, a set of historical other forms. In the epoch of flourishing of the first but rather a diaspora. Given that historical data are from the Monte Taigeto to the people with disability, backgrounds has been gathered that will be analyzed, civilizations, the Spartans of the old Greece, threw epochs, and ethnic groups, placing it within the because they did not want that “in their beautiful considering the view that disability is seen in different “. and flourishing civilization” different people existed be considered as an analytical tool, therefore, it is For (Parra the inhabitants Leonora en of Perez the Nordic Serrano countries, 2008) the disabled necessarymodes of to production. know the historical The “cultural tradition variable” of a people. will were true gods. For the ancient Hebrews, physical An ethnohistoric recount will be made, of the mestizo chroniclers Garcilaso de la Vega and Guaman Poma de ofdefects Sudan, were considered a mark ofthat sin. the The disability, Chagga wasof East the Africa work Ayala, who make a critique of the Spanish occupation used the disabled to scare the devil away. The Jukun to die. The Semang of Malaysia, considered people withof the disabilities evil spirits as and wise the men. disabled The Lotuko were abandonedof Uganda, aof few the paragraphsInca Empire, to in people his books with “Royal disabilities, Comments arguing and a workFirst New function Chronicle within and the Good Inca Government”, empire. dedicating neuropaths. The Masai indigenous people murdered childrendestined with to the disabilities. affairs of Formagic the toSelk’nam the invalids and Yámana and the

Then the text of Michel Focault “History of madness” exposed certain ideas forces. To analyze the Spanish- predisposed to meditation and asceticism. and also the text “The life of the infamous men” will be peoples of Tierra del Fuego, the sickly individuals were Lady of Paris”. European case we will deal with Victor Hugo, “Our dialogue with people with disabilities, they do it fromThe stories a parental give mode a vision of production;of how different The symbolic cultures importance in these relationships was of great Finally, we will analyze data from Carlos Méndez Notari, Chilean historian who collected information from veterans of the war in the Pacific, whom I call relevance and they could define what role and status “disabled”, and we will take the thesis of Leonora they gave to the person. Whoever had a corporal Parrau that provides background to complement culturalmark, or meaning. acted differently from the rest of the group, the history of the disabled in Chile. From Eric Wolf was someone different. And those differences had a Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 in “Europe and people without history” the chapter 3 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile In cultures such as the Selknam, they were incorporated into social life, as they were considered as wise and with this horden: the holy and polite deste rreyno, wise men, occupying a place of importance. On the help of his servant ancino to need hospital, or alms, chase away the spirits. In other cultures, such as the Like no rreyno of, Christendom. Neither ynfieles has contrary, in the case of the Chagga, they were used to not had it nor can he have it for more Cristiano very Spartans, they simply excluded them at birth with The chronicles, in addition to describing the treatment some bodily malformation, or were thrown into Mount good []. “(Guaman Poma, 1980, pp 240). Taigedo. For the Masai, the disabled had to be killed. peoplegiven to with people special with training. disabilities, The evidence Inca State, an hadinclusive a tax productionlogic that mode used of the oriental Inca Empire,despotic court. to preserve According all magical-religiousThe different conceptions societies. and These treatments, tribal given societies, to the disabled, were due to the symbolic behavior of these ofto productionWittfogel; “The as: hydraulic elite that works holds theand power, the army. first will have to control some strategic element, for this mode ofbeing ideas mediated to these people,by symbolic the kinship definitions carries between with it, relatives and related, included within their system collect taxes, because the center will be able to interact people in reciprocal social relations. directly“In this with case, the local primary governors producers, are notmaking required possible to symbolic constructions (marriage, affinity) that places People with disabilities in this type of society, due for inclusion”. (Wolf, 2000). the work of all the subjects, thus giving way to a need supernatural function or disappear. Since the body to their corporeal characteristics, must fulfill some was indispensable for the mode of production, in the that Felipe Guaman Poma compares the two ideologies, case of men, and in women it was reproduction. In In “the street of the room of the sick”, it can be deduced these societies, therefore, disability was a spiritual- religious and aesthetic sign. tookimplying charge that of in them. his reign That no is, beneficencethere was inclusion was needed and to include them, since the different ethnic groups Tax production mode: case of people with solidarity. The disabled were useful to society, they disabilities calls in Andino America played a role, whatever it was. They had a place in the itdynamics is mentioned of the that productive the blind system, had the therefore, function they of Garcilazo de la Vega “the disabled for the major jobs were given a functional particularity. In the chronicles, were engaged in some profitable exercise for them to to bring the lice to their decurions or squad ends. The see the dysfunctionality of disabled people, on the catch zero and straw, and to delocate themselves, and removing the granillo or cotton. That is, they did not office of the blind was to clean the cotton or granillos contrary, they took advantage of other skills they they have inside them, and to sow corn from the corn developed, in this case, touch. on which it was believed ... “(De la Vega, 1976, pp. Lady of Paris” to Pedro Gringoire the attention of the Another example, we see it in the French case “Our 298). the sick and crippled, lame and maimed and crippled, moment the procession of the pope of the insane who upa,Guaman mute; Poma cugo de nausa;Ayala “In uncoc, this street sick ..,of uinaythe quarto uncoc, of camebeauty to of thethe Square.gypsy in It the was Plaza a crowdde Gréve, of scoundrels,and at that these yndios and yndias had a good horden of seruido mad brotherhood was Quasimodo the hunchback, de“crippled, Dios. And paquisca multiplied machin, from maimed,jente to swell hanca, ‘the coxo: land Inof whothieves, proudly vagrants, showed among his disgusting the high and dignitaries sad face. of After the people for the great He rose from the magestad of the a lifetime of humiliations, disjuncts, and contempt Inga and princes, counts, marquises of this kingdom, of the people, he felt some satisfaction due to the they married the blind man with blind blindness, clamor of the crowd of people, because he was part the lame with another lame, the mute with another

wasof the deformed, crazy, crippled, somewhat thieves, deaf beggars, and incomplete. lazy, and thatThe andmute, these the dwarfhad their with seedlings, another dwarf,houses, corcovado eredades with and characteristicswas his people. of him,“Quasimodo infused in besidesthe other hunchback, real fears, corcovado. The naris cleft with another of cleft naris, 4 Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile being hunchback was robust; the patituerto, agile; and Capitalist Production Mode: the Case of the deaf, bad. Therefore, there were three qualities People with Disabilities in the History that he possessed that moderated mockery somewhat. of Chile From a tax system to a capitalist system: “(Parrau,The same 2003). author mentions that during the fourteenth direct predecessors of the capitalist system, because Many authors argue that medieval merchants were the century, the disabled were confined to permanent monetary wealth allowed to buy work, losing the link spectacle, a kind of deformed circus. The society between the person and the object created by it. attendedconfinement, as a and family were to see shown them on and weekends they enjoyed as a seeing their faults. The disabled were considered When producers separate from the means of

alignment begins, which instrumentalizes the for their bad acts occurred in the past, so their physical, production, from the final product, a process of sensory,“monsters mental or phenomena” defects were that asuffered punishment a punishment sent by relationship, and the work force depends on others to acquire the means of production. God. It is a historical constant, that the disabled will be considered abnormal beings. With this foundation owners of the means of production, and the owners of correction. These institutions of correction see the theThis workforce, new relationship, whose only forms link a is conflict the workforce. between The the waythey to were make confined, use of their and inmates. confined And to institutionsthey are used of

thework amount produces that amust surplus, be paid which by the is achievedlabor force. in This two to awaken Christian charity, in exchange for monetary ways: By raising the level of surplus produced, above theaid, salvation category and changes, eternal from life are phenomena promised to become those is achieved by increasing the performance of the miserable,who give a Undercontribution this new to role its maintenance. its function is Therefore no longer workersThe other during way is a to given keep period wages of low work. or reduce them to the lowest possible point biologically or socially. This could explain why the disabled are discriminated to entertain like the previous one, on the contrary it were carriers of God’s goal, to free people who had against, since the owners of the means of production was a more dignified role apparently, the disabled been born normal from sin, through charity. Foucault seeking to increase capital, and increasing the shows us that in the Europe of the Middle Ages the performance of their workers, produce the instrumentalization of the social relationship, which disabled could be visible to society, only in times of perform physically to the maximum. themcarvanal to bemarginalized that resembled from a society, circus show.that is, toTherefore exclude leaves out those who do not have the capabilities to there was a rejection and an aversion, which caused The construction of disability in Chile: a paternalistic mentality America, at the same time the disabled were included andthem. respected However, in withinsociety. the existing cultures in Latin he installed a semi-feudal relationship through the systemDuring the of discovery encomiendas and conquest and land of grants,Pedro de and Valdivia, built production mode, in Europe it was feudal, the local gentlemenThe answer were could the be strong found ones in andthe notvariant the center. of the Thetax local collectors, the merchants, controlled coercion lifea Chilean and integrated society basedthem into on feudalto the state Christian system, values, this waswhich maintained excluded for the three disabled hundred from years. everyday According social and strategic means of production. These prevented the land and the workers, formed alliances that needed under the Marian mantle and, the mental structure the flow of taxes to the center and had full control over to Sonia Montesinos, the Creole identity was created ideological charge was creating stereotypes, as Indian work,those who they were were more marginalized fit for work, from this the excluded production the was created from the institution of the fief, and the systemdisabled, and since social they life. could not be part of productive or crippled. This, I believe the culture of pity towards Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 those who were different or abnormal. 5 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile

ofFrom discrimination, the beginning, and Chilean from here society he denied did not it, integrate denying urgent increase of their pensions, since comparatively the disabled. He made it visible from the point of view with an active military man was ostensibly more low”. (Mendes, 2004). all his abilities as well. For example, almsgiving as Having a certain order established by a symbolic charity, is the way people have to help the handicapped, belief system, a very powerful ideology for the Chilean the old feudal Christian tradition allowed to visibilize western world, further highlights the differences in the disabled from charity, giving way to a construction tribal societies, thought was dual and complementary, would be maintained for more than three hundred this vertical and paternalistic system. But, in some years,of paternalistic which responds Christian to values. the logical In Chile, pattern-tenant, paternalism on the other hand, has three components, the father day-night, good-bad, sick-healthy; Christian thought, century if this paternalism was maintained with the dialectic similar to sir-servant, during the twentieth hacienda system. the son and the holy spirit; these three figures are The disabled were generally people of humble origin, structured, one after the other; they have a vertical who were part of the population of the poor, and order creating the duality between lord - servant. As it exists says: Maryonly in Douglas the eye “Dirt, of the as beholder. we know (...) it, The consists dirt substantially of disorder.There is no absolute filth: work,because thus of their generating bodily conformation, their double that exclusion is, different from Under this logic, a person with disabilities would society.morphology they did not have access to education or offends the order “. (Douglas 2007). become the dirt for a man who was made in the image

established canons, and would be the third part of a “Thirty-four years after the creation of the Republic man.and likeness Healthy, ofcrippled God. The or disabled disabled and leaves sick as these Foucault pre- of Chile and two years before the creation of the National Congress, President Manuel Montt created kindthe firstin Latin School America for the and disabled, was created especially with the for aim the customaryasserts “Even law, if the extrapolating cripple does from not conform the legal to burdennature, deaf. At the same time, this was the first School of its in a way is provided by law” in this case, act a kind of cut. The peasants, the indigenous and the disabled, of giving them the possibility of having a teaching, arethat those this term who hasare thePaternalism lowest on would the economic, have a vertical social ofalthough creation), rudimentary. then Secondary This precinct School was for Anormales, first called and political scale. whoNo. 862 attended (which together was the blind, same mentally number impairedof the decree and This paternalism helped by an existing racist deaf. Later it was separated into two areas, with the mentality since the construction of history began; that second area being the School for the Blind and the is based on an idea of ​​a totally aristocratic nation, of the School of the Blind and the School of the Deaf and Deaf. Again, in 1951 it was divided into two Schools, between past and present. This nationality, which Dumb. (Parrau, 2003). a universalist character, with a marked relationship areas that are disseminated by a written language. As soldiers could not return to the labor force, because is the expression of the nation, operates in different As a result of the war in the Pacific, many former granted them a small pension for basic sustenance. anda homogenizing compiled in form books that and diffuses encyclopedias. as it is the Also formal for they were invalidated, or relative cripples. The state symboliclearning expressions of the school such and as dances the university, or certain divulged rituals:

“In summary, the problems faced by the veterans when holidays, on September eighteenth, all these cultural in the Chilean case the commemoration of the national theyreturning only hadto Chile to ask were the mostly authorities economic, for permanent because some did not have access to labor sources, so that createdevices racism armed and in its built source traditions was historiography. create a national identity. This scientific learning helped greatly to economic recognition for the services provided in the Now a historical recapitulation of historiographical war of the pacific and those that had it, as it is the case of the invalids, the widows and the minor orphans that Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 would6 have left the deceased veterans, demanded an knowledge will be rescued and analyzed: four waves Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile marked the path of an exclusionary historiography of in its chairs, departments and history institutes. His both the indigenous and the disabled. such as law, medicine and engineering, or disciplines suchmost as conspicuous economics, representativesanthropology and come sociology. from fieldsWith generally actors of the emancipation and was formedThe first by is chroniclers, composed memorialists of personalities and self-taught that were

problems,them Latin for American history or historiography for the biography overcomes of heroes the almost exclusive concern for political and military historians, creators of a historiographical descriptive of political and military events, certainly not exceeding culture, institutions and forms of social organization. the action of the heroes of the war or the organizers and statesmen, to enter the fields of economics, ofvalue, the republicbut more that concerned by the processes about the and biography problems and of the new societies. up. There was a process of historical engineering In Chilean historiography this spectrum also opens a basis for continuing to mold the history of this historiography, a symbolic engineering begins that countrybuilt on accordingthe basis of to military the interests history of and the its creole events, or formsWith this the first basis moment of a national of gestation historical of Latin memory. American All elite aristocratic class that controlled economic and chroniclers and self-taught historians will examine political power. This has to do with the expansion of on the ideas of the Enlightenment with a strong racist history with the veil of Western ethnocentrism, based and classist component, excluding the indigenous and borders. At the end of the 19th century, the process also the disabled person from this formation. itscalled borders, pacification and it of became the Araucanía essential in tothe control south and colonizethe Pacific these War in new the frontiersnorth developed. to integrate Chile themexpanded into of history, national or local, or to the centers and The second wave, appears linked to the academies character that were founded in almost all the Latin whothe idea was of a ​​a student nation that of the had Mapuche elite groups, people even and from was a institutes of histories, generally without official concernedcultural hegemony. with the This culturalis the case and of Tomas organizational Guevara formation neither of concern for the theoretical and American countries, did not lack this group of scientific time. aspects, with a positivist and evolutionist bias of the geographicmethodological phenomena problems. and racialPositivists factors. in They their exalted vast nation states imposed on the indigenous people is ormajority, underestimated in the explanation the Hispanic of historical cultural heritageevents used and consolidated.In this period, The the disabled assimilative were beings discourse that were that not the in general had little perception of the importance of the indigenous component of American cultures. These intellectuals, had a unitary, integrationist and even considered in the historiography of the nation, statesman look. At that time there is a need to build that is, they were invisible.

SecondIn the fourth World wave, War, withthis discourse this group had appears changes what on several subjects; finally, in the decades prior to the a nation state and an official historiography. In Chile the History of Chile emerges as a valid attempt, greatwe could historical call the panoramas first generation and is orientedof historians, towards the apparatuswith a positive of an andelite rational that holds component, and generates to grant power the monographicnew generation studies, of historians cases and abandonsthe problems the of field social, of canstate be a sustained.civilizing discourse, This was createdfrom which in the a academies,hegemonic economic and political history. elite allowed the exclusion of the person with Although there was a new historiographical course disabilitywhich were and the the vehicles indigenous, from as which the liberal the aristocratic aristocrats it would be said that there was also from the social sciences. That course was not so much the macro did not consider them as is the case of disability. story, but more ethnographic studies or a micro story considered them barbarians and uncivilized, or simply that took the social scientists of that time.

Then came a third wave. The third group arises at the especially in this country, with the studies of Munizaga, end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the It began to visualize the problems of ethnic groups, Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 20th century, its place of origin is in the universities, 7 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile of the disabled, appealing to the morbid, this raises Kessell, Martinez and company among the Aymara, the raiting, which is one of the ways to measure the Faron Titiev, Cooper between the Mapuche and Van they were marked. Also by this time there were expeditionswithout forgetting to Rapa the Nui. positivist In summary influence this with problem which economic convenience of the participating companies. If we consider these two elements: “victimization” and was a disregard for the problem of disability, it was “morbid”, the objective would be to distort the term of was taken from a holistic point of view, but there disabledsolidarity person and convert turning it intoit into charity,where an object of themarket. society constructs a speech of perversity, that annuls the sinceagain invisible, the creation for three of the reasons: nation statethe Jewish , and Christian why the Catholic mantle, the positivist influence that entered of discourse, which Michel Foucault makes, which focusesThis would on twohave discourses an explanation pertaining through to the analysismedical anyone at that time. (It is assumed that the inability disability would not have been a topic of interest for and judicial spheres. inof the the historical disabled discourse). to fulfill a useful function, as before contemporary expertise replaced the reciprocal fulfilled in the Inca Empire,they were not considered exclusion“In general of medical terms, discourse we can sayand legal the following: discourse In the 60’s a new type of language was used, which

by a game that we could call a double qualification, of allowed to give a partial vision of the world of disability, double medical and judicial qualification. This practice, that is, it showed a totally performateed vision of this this technique of double qualification, organizes what minority, through audio visual language. This has been curious notion that begins to appear in the second could be called the domain of perversity, the very occupied since 1978 for more than 29 years, it has half of the nineteenth century and will dominate the byoffered means a totallyof this coarse language, vision they of disability.put on makeup As Foucault and said, the cripples were there to give pity, because the appearance, in the discourse of experts who formed a stereotyped image of a mutilated disabled whole field of double determination and authorizes elements that are manifestly antiquated, ridiculous or body. are nevertheless cults, of a whole series of terms or person and with cybernetic devices attached to the language has meant for this minority, and how it is puerile “(Foucault, 2007). Therefore, a review will be made of what the audivisual of certain people can be detached from their condition responsible for further strengthening the paternalistic asFrom this discourse of perversity, a concept of nullity structure of the disabled. In recent years, this image has been used to construct a certain stereotype to obtain human beings, transforming them into typified objects, into a cause-effect relationship, for example, themthese up. subjects are sick, they have to be improved, andcharity, whose this primary is the caseinstitution of the is Telethon the market, in Chile. and the In these other subjects are dangerous You have to lock waytoday’s of integrationwestern society, is the where exchange the economythat is transacted prevails, discourse, both for the legal sphere and for the in this market, which act jointly in this technological The perverse imaginary constructs an acceptable functionalist traits are fundamental for a harmonious society, generating mass media, such as advertising medical field, which in a technocratic society with and television. coexistence. However, this leaves the subject aside, theThe resources advertising generated campaigns by and this society,the rationing in which by converting it into his stereotype, thereby canceling thewhich disabled the television person seems stations to compete play a role are that some does of the person. This discourse is formed giving room to perversity, thus giving way to a social discourse, in Then we will talk about the ubuesco: bourgeois language generates a kind of annulment of the disabled which perversity is accepted as a form of coexistence. stupidity as a society that is asleep against this issue. personnot correspond by society, to through him, a an role icon of built victim. by Thethe media, visual companies, which use this language to show reality mainly television and audiovisual media controlled by “Now, that ubuesque character is not simply linked 8 to theOpen person Access of Journal those who of Nursing pronounce V1 . it,I1 or. 2018 even Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile to a non-elaborated character of the expertise or From the process of annulment, and how symbols are knowledge linked to it. On the contrary, it is linked used, George H. Mead, refers to the meaning: exerts criminal expertise, is directly linked to the in a very positive way to the role of exchanger that in a position for which it is responsible; He does not functions of this, to return once again to a Ubu, if it is put“We himself say that in the the animal other person’sdoes not placethink. and It is says not heplaced will admitted - as I tried to show them last time- that the of those who exercise it, if the political grotesque is act vertically: he will act in that way and I will act in theexercise annulment of power of through the possessor the explicit of power, disqualification the ritual that other. If the individual can act in this way, and the itself that manifests that power and that possessor, attitude he provokes can become a stimulus for him, then we have the behavior with significance“. (Mead, 2009). will understand that the psychiatrist can not, in effect, sense that meanings are constructed, and that with (Foucault, 2007). This refers to a conscious, rational behavior, in the to be something other than the very character of Ubú“. annulment is directly linked to power. The annulment subject.conformist But thinking what would it is beeasier his thought,to deliver in athe message words Under this discourse of perversity, a process of ofwhatever the author. it is, just this phrase points to a Ubuesco that is established between two social subjects, one generates a process of power, given by the interaction possessor of power and another lacking it. Although sense that birds and animals communicate, but also a here a dual relationship is generated. It necessarily “Thought ...involves, not only communication in the has to establish a Ubu, (bourgeois stupidity) that is, provocation, in the individual himself, of the reaction heNow, is representing we will see in the the other.” tool of (Mead, communication 2009). the the naive people with a paternalistic mentality that symbols, these are a materiality, and the subjects under would be the first social subject. for the disabled, a dialogue must be generated with aIn second order social for this subject, process such of as annulment an elite that to becontrols valid toa mental the materiality, process configure and arecertain accepted common by codes general for all. The symbols covered with power, are transferred

consensus. This materiality is identified as such, and musta power be aexpressed means to throughexpress thisa language discourse of containingperversity some codes are created, highlighting the strange, delivered in the form of a message. In addition, there thebecomes strange, an identifiable the abnormal, material to refer object. to deformations, In this case, charities controlled by an elite that is the bearer of mutilations and cybernetic apparatuses, causing a power.a perverse language, these are the media and the feeling of pity. These act through a coded message, with a certain “ with a meaning is acceptable; but they are always We can say that a whole series of different symbols obtain a product that generates capital. This process of gestures, that is, they are always, parts of the act of meaning to be used for a specific purpose, which is to other person, so that when the person uses the key, he that is used by the media controlled by the elite, which the individual that reveal what the latter will do to the displayscancellation and occurs internalizes in a more a message symbolic in discursive the mind of plane this provokes in himself the attitude of the other “(Mead, a mutilated subject, with cybernetic apparatuses that 2009). social subject ubuesco giving way to the stereotype of already has meaning, is translated into gestures, This materiality, converted into an object that gives the sensation of being completely robotized, certain gesture. This conjunction between meaning generating believable stereotypes for the public that materialitywhich tell the(image), receiver translates how to into behave a meaning, in front which of a toolsees thatit through the mass television. media use, The are nullity the symbols, or cancellation through incorporated into this process of gestures becomes a character has already been defined. The conceptual symbol, and if that happens through an interpretant, certain type of subjects,in this case disabled people. the result is a social action. To paraphrase Ricoeur, a process of signification, categorize and stereotype Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 9 Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile the symbol has multiple meanings, but ubiquitous territorial marginalization. Either, due to ignorance are incapable of abstracting an image and criticizing relation to the countryside-city migration, have faced people always give it a literal meaning, that is, they armed so that there is no speculation. So this armed and lack of available information, which allows them it. Moreover, these images, these symbols are properly ofto have their access cultures. to all And the thealternatives partial knowledgeso that they thatare historiographyin tune with the has autonomoushad for these ethno-development peoples, the racist societystereotype practice. is what makes subjects mechanically give money, it’s charity, almsgiving, the easiest way to help “ attempts to recognize in them an identity of their with the social process that, as such, seems to mean own.ideology that was provided by it. It has clouded the The nature of signification is intimately associated the phases of the social act as the context in which it that meaning involves that triple relationship between also called population with disability, has structural The population with unconventional body formation, arises and develops.” (Ulin, 1999). paternalism, in addition to the basic ideological four basic elements: problem,problems which of poverty has been and grounded exclusion. since Due the tocreation social A social process such as the annulment, is given from One, materiality: the person with a disability. Two, the Ubuesco character: bourgeois stupidity. Three, the this paternalism towards these disabled subjects, of the Nation State. And the media that have reinforced image worked by an elite represented by the charity company. Four, the media, which carry the message bodycreating formation. a very remote stereotype, which is far from the real and true image of people with unconventional everywhere.The media are the central element for a social process References [1] specifically in this society. A society in which new Strategies to enter and exit modernity. Mexico: recent times. In this plane are born the mass media García Canclini, Néstor (1989). Hybrid cultures: industries,technologies Horkheimer such as cybernetics and Theodor have Adorno, emerged they in Grijalbo say: [2] Foucault, Michel (2007). The abnormal -1a

Económica. “The truth that they are nothing more than business ed. 4th reimp. - Buenos Aires Fondo de Cultura serves as an ideology, that it should legitimize the [3] HORKHEIMER, Max and ADORNO, Theodor, rejections they practice deliberately. They define themselves as industries and the published figures of American, Buenos Aires. (1988). Dialectic of the Enlightenment, South intereststhe income in ofit theirlike to CEOs explain remove the anycultural doubt industry regarding in technologicalthe social need terms of . their “ products. Those who have [4] Inca Garcilaso de la Vega ([1609] 1976): First In a context, in which the media are an industry, and [5] part of the Royal Comments. Lisbon.

andGuaman Rolena Poma Adorno, de Ayala, eds Felipe .; Quechua ([1615] translations 1980). New as institutions validate a certain ideology, produced by chronicle and good government. John V. Murra a cultural industry, stereotyping values, behaviors and Veintiuno. forsocial the norms.elite, but Achieving it brings yourabout goal, nefarious produce results profits, for by Jorge L. Urioste. 3 volumes Mexico City: Siglo produce money. The industry is a profitable business [6] society, Paidós, Buenos Aires. the most vulnerable groups. “The treatment given Mead H. George (2009). Spirit, person and [7] to people with disabilities defines the most intimate features of a society and highlights the cultural values ​​ Mendez Notari Carlos (2009). Heroes of thatTo summarize: sustain it.” (HorkheimerThe indigenous and population, Adorno, 1988). either by Estudiosilence: Bicentenario the veterans of the Pacific War (1884- 1924). Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Centro de Open Access Journal of Nursing V1 . I1 . 2018 the10 forced acculturation they have experienced, in Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile Montesinos Sonia (2007). Mothers and Guachos, [12] - Disability; Manual for parliamentarians,

[8] fourth edition. allegories of the Chilean Meztisaje Catalonia, Chapter Five; National Legislation and the [13] Convention,- Disability; United Manual Nations for Organization parliamentarians, 55-82. Persons with Disabilities. United Nations [9] Perez Serrano Gregorio Fernando, BAOJ Med Unidos OrganizationAnnex 1; Convention 125-156. on the Rights of Nursing 2017, 3: 2 3: 040, Wilmington, Estados [10] Parrau Leonora (2003). Thesis. Auditory sensory impaired: testimonies of discrimination in the approach to identity in the Mapuche disabled of Perez Serrano Gregorio Fernando (2008),An [14] educational system in Santiago. [15] the Mapuche community Kallfulikan, Universidad theory XXI century. Ulin Robert (1999). Anthropology and social [11] AcademiaUnited Nations de Hmanismo (2007), Cristiano Disability; Santiago Manual Chile [16] Web: United Nations (2015), United Nations-

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Citation: Gregorio Perez Serrano. Ethnohistory and Disability, Disability and Culture: The Case of A Group of People With Disabilities, Indigenous in Chile. Open Access Journal of Nursing. 2018; 1(1): 1-11

Copyright: © 2018 Gregorio Perez Serrano. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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