Perspective Digest Volume 15 Article 2 Issue 1 Winter

2010 The hrC istian and Politics (I) John Wesley Taylor V. Southern Adventist University

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Recommended Citation Taylor, John Wesley V. (2010) "The hrC istian and Politics (I)," Perspective Digest: Vol. 15 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/2

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Adventist Theological Society at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Perspective Digest by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) BY JOHN WESLEY TAYLOR* violence, and repression. The net re- issue of how a Christian should re- sult has been a dramatic shift in the late to politics—a matter increas- way think and act in the ingly relevant in a world of growing political realm. polarization and political agitation. * * * Tired of being viewed by religious A Gamut of Perspectives THE CHRISTIAN voters in the United States as too sec- While there are probably as many ular or even hostile toward religion, nuanced perspectives on politics as the Democratic Party has launched a there are faith communities, one determined effort to win their votes. might classify these positions in cer- AND This focus was evident on the 2008 tain conceptual clusters. These cate- primary campaign trail, where many gories could be defined as 1. rejection, of the Democratic candidates spoke 2. paradox, 3. critical col labo ra tion, 4. openly of and of religion. Sena- synthesis, and 5. imposition. tor Hillary Clinton described how Rejection—Christ Against Poli- POLITICS faith carried her through the turmoil tics. Many fundamentalists view cul- of Bill Clinton’s infidelity. Senator ture as inherently evil, the domain of This article is the first of two parts. John Edwards spoke candidly of his Satan. In this exclusive one-kingdom “deep and abiding love for [his] Sav- approach, advocated by Tertullian, The role of a Christian in issues ior, Christ.”2 Christians are citizens only of the pertaining to government has generated In a message to a multiracial heavenly kingdom. The gospel is evangelical congregation in Green - limited to the personal life, and the great discussion and debate. ville, South Carolina, candidate world is left to the devil. Politics is Barack Obama stated that Democ- rejected, and the faith community istorically, the Mennonites, a ical structures” and that “our service rats are not “fearful of talking about seeks to separate and insulate itself Christian faith community de- cannot escape the of power faith.”3 Obama’s campaign, in fact, from its corrupting influence. scended from the Anabaptists in the world system.”1 Formerly insu- soon launched a grass-roots effort Carl Knott,4 for example, asserts H of the Protestant , lated, Mennonites have been cata- called “40 Days of Faith and Family,” that politics is a prohibited arena for have avoided any involvement pulted into the world as their under- intended to reach out to voters the Christian, a web of worldly en- in political issues. The increasingly standing of the divine mission has through a series of faith forums and tanglement. There is an underlying global reach of the denomination, brought them into contact with the gospel concerts. Senator Obama assumption that government is fa- however, and its involvement in mis- cataclysmic events of revolution, war, concluded his remarks in Greenville tally flawed and incapable of solving sion and service activities have famine, deprivation, racism, injustice, by saying, “We’re going to keep on even the most basic problems of hu- brought about significant changes in praising together. I am confident manity. The greater concern, how- the Mennonite understanding of the *John Wesley Taylor V, Ph.D., is pro- that we can create a Kingdom right ever, is that involvement in politics place of politics. fessor of Christian philosophy and here on Earth.” will result in “wasted hours, wasted Administrators and constituents Dean of the School of Education and * * * funds, [and] wasted lives.” With pol- alike have come to recognize that “all Psychology at Southern Adventist What do these vignettes have in- itics seen as hopelessly inept and the service is woven into social and polit- University, Collegedale, Tennessee. common? Each, in essence, raises the end of all things at hand, Knott

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,24 2010 1 25 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 BY JOHN WESLEY TAYLOR* violence, and repression. The net re- issue of how a Christian should re- sult has been a dramatic shift in the late to politics—a matter increas- way Mennonites think and act in the ingly relevant in a world of growing political realm. polarization and political agitation. * * * Tired of being viewed by religious A Gamut of Perspectives THE CHRISTIAN voters in the United States as too sec- While there are probably as many ular or even hostile toward religion, nuanced perspectives on politics as the Democratic Party has launched a there are faith communities, one determined effort to win their votes. might classify these positions in cer- AND This focus was evident on the 2008 tain conceptual clusters. These cate- primary campaign trail, where many gories could be defined as 1. rejection, of the Democratic candidates spoke 2. paradox, 3. critical col labo ra tion, 4. openly of God and of religion. Sena- synthesis, and 5. imposition. tor Hillary Clinton described how Rejection—Christ Against Poli- POLITICS faith carried her through the turmoil tics. Many fundamentalists view cul- of Bill Clinton’s infidelity. Senator ture as inherently evil, the domain of This article is the first of two parts. John Edwards spoke candidly of his Satan. In this exclusive one-kingdom “deep and abiding love for [his] Sav- approach, advocated by Tertullian, The role of a Christian in issues ior, Jesus Christ.”2 Christians are citizens only of the pertaining to government has generated In a message to a multiracial heavenly kingdom. The gospel is evangelical congregation in Green - limited to the personal life, and the great discussion and debate. ville, South Carolina, candidate world is left to the devil. Politics is Barack Obama stated that Democ- rejected, and the faith community istorically, the Mennonites, a ical structures” and that “our service rats are not “fearful of talking about seeks to separate and insulate itself Christian faith community de- cannot escape the realities of power faith.”3 Obama’s campaign, in fact, from its corrupting influence. scended from the Anabaptists in the world system.”1 Formerly insu- soon launched a grass-roots effort Carl Knott,4 for example, asserts H of the Protestant Reformation, lated, Mennonites have been cata- called “40 Days of Faith and Family,” that politics is a prohibited arena for have avoided any involvement pulted into the world as their under- intended to reach out to voters the Christian, a web of worldly en- in political issues. The increasingly standing of the divine mission has through a series of faith forums and tanglement. There is an underlying global reach of the denomination, brought them into contact with the gospel concerts. Senator Obama assumption that government is fa- however, and its involvement in mis- cataclysmic events of revolution, war, concluded his remarks in Greenville tally flawed and incapable of solving sion and service activities have famine, deprivation, racism, injustice, by saying, “We’re going to keep on even the most basic problems of hu- brought about significant changes in praising together. I am confident manity. The greater concern, how- the Mennonite understanding of the *John Wesley Taylor V, Ph.D., is pro- that we can create a Kingdom right ever, is that involvement in politics place of politics. fessor of Christian philosophy and here on Earth.” will result in “wasted hours, wasted Administrators and constituents Dean of the School of Education and * * * funds, [and] wasted lives.” With pol- alike have come to recognize that “all Psychology at Southern Adventist What do these vignettes have in- itics seen as hopelessly inept and the service is woven into social and polit- University, Collegedale, Tennessee. common? Each, in essence, raises the end of all things at hand, Knott

24 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/225 2 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) questions: “Who would go into a voting or by membership. A Christ- The stance of minimal involvement is predicated upon condemned building and start ian’s vote has already been given to painting the walls and replacing bro- the Lord Jesus Christ as King.”7 the concept that Christ’s kingdom is not of this world, that we ken windows? Who would stay on a Kerby Anderson notes that many look for a city “whose architect and builder is God,” and sinking ship washing dirty dishes in evangelical Christians—especially that we already have a full agenda with the gospel commission. the galley? ... The ship of this world premillennial evangelicals—have is sinking like the Titanic, and our developed a “psychology of eschatol- Furthermore, we must repress the urge to pull up the tares job is to get people in the lifeboat, to ogy,” withdrawing from social and that we find in the political field and instead allow the wheat safety in Christ, not to paint the Ti- political involvement because they tanic or elect a new captain or look- feel that political systems are evil and tares to grow together until the final judgment day, out because the old ones failed!”5 and a fulfillment of prophecy. Be- when God Himself will be the Judge. Though acknowledging that lieving that the current social, eco- Christian revivals in the time of nomic, and political systems are Whitefield and Wesley are attributed headed for destruction, they see pol- full confidence that God’s purpose disobedience, which may, in fact, be with averting civil war in England, itics as “worldly and ultimately a will “‘be done on earth as it is in proposed and supported by church Knott also maintains that the impact culmination of the Antichrist.”8 heaven’” (Matt. 6:10).9 leaders. came through preaching and Other Christian denominations, Paradox—Christ and Politics. For This stance of minimal involve- meetings, not by canvassing, cam- including the , historic Men- others, the Christian lives in the ment is predicated upon the concept paigning, or getting out the vote. nonites, and Christadelphians, have world as best he or she can. Christian- that Christ’s kingdom is not of this Similarly, Robert Saucy argues taken a similar stance. Christadel- ity and culture are in paradox, with world, that we look for a city “whose that “believers are here to witness to phians, for example, maintain that no resolution in sight. In this separate architect and builder is God” (Heb. the coming kingdom, not to inaugu- the Bible teaches that believers kingdoms approach, politics is seen as 11:10, NASB), and that we already rate the kingdom rule.”6 The ratio- should avoid all involvement in pol- evil, yet necessary. As a Christian, one have a full agenda with the gospel nale is that the Christian at present is itics. They hold that God, not hu- should play no significant role in pol- commission. Furthermore, we must but a pilgrim traveling to the heav- mankind, is in control, and that God itics, participating in government repress the urge to pull up the tares enly kingdom. As a “foreigner,” the will work out His plan and purpose only when required by law, endeavor- that we find in the political field and believer should not engage in poli- in due time. Consequently, non-in- ing meanwhile to avoid its contami- instead allow the wheat and tares to tics, apart from desiring freedom to volvement in politics is a deliberate nating influence. The church, as an grow together until the final judg- serve God, and should have no con- statement of allegiance to God, of institution, withdraws into the sphere ment day, when God Himself will be cern about who runs the territory full submission to His will. How, of the religious. the Judge. wherein he or she temporarily re- they ask, are we to know which of Such “passive identification”10 es- Critical Collaboration—Christ sides. A pamphlet produced by The our leaders is the one God wants to pouses three fundamental premises: Above Politics. Thomas Aquinas Testimony magazine contends: “Nei- be in power? How shall we be sure, if (1) that the Christian should “give to maintained that though the Christ- ther does the Christian participate in we cast our vote, that we are voting Caesar what is Caesar’s”; (2) that a ian and culture must coexist, Chris- the processes of democracy to select for the person who is the right one Christian’s political involvement tianity is superior to culture. In this a new government, nor in political in God’s eyes? Christadelphians con- should not extend beyond those higher-lower kingdoms perspective, protest against the existing arrange- sequently believe that God has His matters clearly required by law; and politics is viewed as basically good, ments. The Christian will abstain own perfect political agenda and (3) that in matters of conscience, the or perhaps neutral, but still defi- from supporting political groups by that all the believer must do is rest in believer’s stand may include civil cient. Though accommodation and

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,26 2010 3 27 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 questions: “Who would go into a voting or by membership. A Christ- The stance of minimal involvement is predicated upon condemned building and start ian’s vote has already been given to painting the walls and replacing bro- the Lord Jesus Christ as King.”7 the concept that Christ’s kingdom is not of this world, that we ken windows? Who would stay on a Kerby Anderson notes that many look for a city “whose architect and builder is God,” and sinking ship washing dirty dishes in evangelical Christians—especially that we already have a full agenda with the gospel commission. the galley? ... The ship of this world premillennial evangelicals—have is sinking like the Titanic, and our developed a “psychology of eschatol- Furthermore, we must repress the urge to pull up the tares job is to get people in the lifeboat, to ogy,” withdrawing from social and that we find in the political field and instead allow the wheat safety in Christ, not to paint the Ti- political involvement because they tanic or elect a new captain or look- feel that political systems are evil and tares to grow together until the final judgment day, out because the old ones failed!”5 and a fulfillment of prophecy. Be- when God Himself will be the Judge. Though acknowledging that lieving that the current social, eco- Christian revivals in the time of nomic, and political systems are Whitefield and Wesley are attributed headed for destruction, they see pol- full confidence that God’s purpose disobedience, which may, in fact, be with averting civil war in England, itics as “worldly and ultimately a will “‘be done on earth as it is in proposed and supported by church Knott also maintains that the impact culmination of the Antichrist.”8 heaven’” (Matt. 6:10).9 leaders. came through preaching and prayer Other Christian denominations, Paradox—Christ and Politics. For This stance of minimal involve- meetings, not by canvassing, cam- including the Amish, historic Men- others, the Christian lives in the ment is predicated upon the concept paigning, or getting out the vote. nonites, and Christadelphians, have world as best he or she can. Christian- that Christ’s kingdom is not of this Similarly, Robert Saucy argues taken a similar stance. Christadel- ity and culture are in paradox, with world, that we look for a city “whose that “believers are here to witness to phians, for example, maintain that no resolution in sight. In this separate architect and builder is God” (Heb. the coming kingdom, not to inaugu- the Bible teaches that believers kingdoms approach, politics is seen as 11:10, NASB), and that we already rate the kingdom rule.”6 The ratio- should avoid all involvement in pol- evil, yet necessary. As a Christian, one have a full agenda with the gospel nale is that the Christian at present is itics. They hold that God, not hu- should play no significant role in pol- commission. Furthermore, we must but a pilgrim traveling to the heav- mankind, is in control, and that God itics, participating in government repress the urge to pull up the tares enly kingdom. As a “foreigner,” the will work out His plan and purpose only when required by law, endeavor- that we find in the political field and believer should not engage in poli- in due time. Consequently, non-in- ing meanwhile to avoid its contami- instead allow the wheat and tares to tics, apart from desiring freedom to volvement in politics is a deliberate nating influence. The church, as an grow together until the final judg- serve God, and should have no con- statement of allegiance to God, of institution, withdraws into the sphere ment day, when God Himself will be cern about who runs the territory full submission to His will. How, of the religious. the Judge. wherein he or she temporarily re- they ask, are we to know which of Such “passive identification”10 es- Critical Collaboration—Christ sides. A pamphlet produced by The our leaders is the one God wants to pouses three fundamental premises: Above Politics. Thomas Aquinas Testimony magazine contends: “Nei- be in power? How shall we be sure, if (1) that the Christian should “give to maintained that though the Christ- ther does the Christian participate in we cast our vote, that we are voting Caesar what is Caesar’s”; (2) that a ian and culture must coexist, Chris- the processes of democracy to select for the person who is the right one Christian’s political involvement tianity is superior to culture. In this a new government, nor in political in God’s eyes? Christadelphians con- should not extend beyond those higher-lower kingdoms perspective, protest against the existing arrange- sequently believe that God has His matters clearly required by law; and politics is viewed as basically good, ments. The Christian will abstain own perfect political agenda and (3) that in matters of conscience, the or perhaps neutral, but still defi- from supporting political groups by that all the believer must do is rest in believer’s stand may include civil cient. Though accommodation and

26 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/227 4 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) In the changing Mennonite view, moral responsibility Synthesis—Christ of Politics. In cal world and proved to be valuable assets in God’s plan. Based on this shifted away from a strict two-kingdom approach toward a the tradition of Justin and reinvigorated by liberalism, govern- understanding, Craswell warns that perspective that called for action within the social arena. ment is viewed as inherently good, the privatization of the Christian The ethical norm of nonresistance changed to a concern for an element of the divine plan for faith could result in the complete humankind. In this inclusive, one- secularization of government and justice, and the posture of separatism was traded for that of kingdom view, there is little or no that this would be “an affront to a cooperation with the larger society. tension between the Christian and Holy God.”15 Christians are seen to politics. is, in fact, iden- be the salt and light of the world, tified with politics at its best. and consequently cannot opt out of Hugo Zorrilla, for example, con- the political process. This “active compromise may be inescapable in endorse candidates or finance polit- tends that the question is not identification” perspective16 has, in certain areas, the Christian’s role is ical campaigns, Christians and their whether the church is involved in fact, yielded leading politicians who primarily that of 1. critique—evalu- leaders should nevertheless speak politics, but rather what kind of po- seek to be known as practicing ating political policies from the out on social issues, such as abor- litical position should be taken. Christians and even political parties framework of the gospel, and of 2. tion, gambling, pornography, ho- “Every Christian, every church, is in - that include a Christian descriptor judicious involvement in social is- mosexuality, contraceptives for un- volved in politics. . . . Every Christian in the party name. sues—without compromising gos - married teens, and an educational activity—interpreta tion, preach ing, Certain parameters, however, are pel priorities. system that justifies these.12 He views prayer, singing—is carried out proposed within this perspective, In the changing Mennonite view, this engagement as fulfilling one’s within a political framework. . . . namely that the Christian’s involve- for example, moral responsibility God-given duty to preach truth and Whether we like it or not, we are at ment in politics must be peaceful, shifted away from a strict two-king- rebuke error. the service of human beings in soci- lawful, and honorable; respectful of dom approach toward a perspective Peter Flamming, pastor of the ety for the glory of God.”13 Similarly, other people’s opinions; and con- that called for action within the so- First Baptist Church in Richmond, Paul Marshall, from a Reformed cerned for promoting righteousness. cial arena. The ethical norm of non- Virginia, similarly draws the line be- perspective, asserts that “political Imposition—Christ Dominates resistance changed to a concern for tween personal and institutional in- authority is not an area apart from Politics. Some Christians, perhaps justice, and the posture of sepa- volvement, maintaining that though the gospel, but can be an area of best exemplified by liberation theol- ratism was traded for that of cooper- there ought to be a separation of ministry just as much as any office ogy and the Christian Right, main- ation with the larger society. Mathies church and state, there need not be a in the church. . . . The state is what tain that Christianity must dramati- notes that the major theological separation of citizen and state. He God through Jesus Christ has set up cally reshape culture. Through the forces forging these changes were ec- warns, however, that pastors, as to maintain justice. Its officers are as political process, evil must be op- umenical conversations and libera- church leaders, should not themselves much ministers of God as are posed and divine standards estab- tion theology.11 engage in politics. Further delimita- prophets and priests.”14 lished as the law of the land. In this Other Christians have likewise tions in this perspective include an Supporting this position is the revolutionary kingdom perspective, focused on the “cultural mandate,” over-emphasis on so c i o logical issues rationale that civil government was the world is viewed as fallen, yet re- seeking to improve living conditions to the abandonment of evangelistic instituted by God and that through- deemable. Christians are God’s and address moral corruption. priority and aligning the cultural out the Bible, godly leaders, such as agents for dramatic renovation, re- Pratte, for example, maintains that mandate with a particular political David, Moses, Daniel, and Ne- aligning government according to while churches should not officially party or philosophy of government. hemiah, were engaged in the politi- God’s political agenda.

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,28 2010 5 29 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 In the changing Mennonite view, moral responsibility Synthesis—Christ of Politics. In cal world and proved to be valuable assets in God’s plan. Based on this shifted away from a strict two-kingdom approach toward a the tradition of Justin Martyr and reinvigorated by liberalism, govern- understanding, Craswell warns that perspective that called for action within the social arena. ment is viewed as inherently good, the privatization of the Christian The ethical norm of nonresistance changed to a concern for an element of the divine plan for faith could result in the complete humankind. In this inclusive, one- secularization of government and justice, and the posture of separatism was traded for that of kingdom view, there is little or no that this would be “an affront to a cooperation with the larger society. tension between the Christian and Holy God.”15 Christians are seen to politics. Christianity is, in fact, iden- be the salt and light of the world, tified with politics at its best. and consequently cannot opt out of Hugo Zorrilla, for example, con- the political process. This “active compromise may be inescapable in endorse candidates or finance polit- tends that the question is not identification” perspective16 has, in certain areas, the Christian’s role is ical campaigns, Christians and their whether the church is involved in fact, yielded leading politicians who primarily that of 1. critique—evalu- leaders should nevertheless speak politics, but rather what kind of po- seek to be known as practicing ating political policies from the out on social issues, such as abor- litical position should be taken. Christians and even political parties framework of the gospel, and of 2. tion, gambling, pornography, ho- “Every Christian, every church, is in - that include a Christian descriptor judicious involvement in social is- mosexuality, contraceptives for un- volved in politics. . . . Every Christian in the party name. sues—without compromising gos - married teens, and an educational activity—interpreta tion, preach ing, Certain parameters, however, are pel priorities. system that justifies these.12 He views prayer, singing—is carried out proposed within this perspective, In the changing Mennonite view, this engagement as fulfilling one’s within a political framework. . . . namely that the Christian’s involve- for example, moral responsibility God-given duty to preach truth and Whether we like it or not, we are at ment in politics must be peaceful, shifted away from a strict two-king- rebuke error. the service of human beings in soci- lawful, and honorable; respectful of dom approach toward a perspective Peter Flamming, pastor of the ety for the glory of God.”13 Similarly, other people’s opinions; and con- that called for action within the so- First Baptist Church in Richmond, Paul Marshall, from a Reformed cerned for promoting righteousness. cial arena. The ethical norm of non- Virginia, similarly draws the line be- perspective, asserts that “political Imposition—Christ Dominates resistance changed to a concern for tween personal and institutional in- authority is not an area apart from Politics. Some Christians, perhaps justice, and the posture of sepa- volvement, maintaining that though the gospel, but can be an area of best exemplified by liberation theol- ratism was traded for that of cooper- there ought to be a separation of ministry just as much as any office ogy and the Christian Right, main- ation with the larger society. Mathies church and state, there need not be a in the church. . . . The state is what tain that Christianity must dramati- notes that the major theological separation of citizen and state. He God through Jesus Christ has set up cally reshape culture. Through the forces forging these changes were ec- warns, however, that pastors, as to maintain justice. Its officers are as political process, evil must be op- umenical conversations and libera- church leaders, should not themselves much ministers of God as are posed and divine standards estab- tion theology.11 engage in politics. Further delimita- prophets and priests.”14 lished as the law of the land. In this Other Christians have likewise tions in this perspective include an Supporting this position is the revolutionary kingdom perspective, focused on the “cultural mandate,” over-emphasis on so c i o logical issues rationale that civil government was the world is viewed as fallen, yet re- seeking to improve living conditions to the abandonment of evangelistic instituted by God and that through- deemable. Christians are God’s and address moral corruption. priority and aligning the cultural out the Bible, godly leaders, such as agents for dramatic renovation, re- Pratte, for example, maintains that mandate with a particular political David, Moses, Daniel, and Ne- aligning government according to while churches should not officially party or philosophy of government. hemiah, were engaged in the politi- God’s political agenda.

28 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/229 6 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) In this perspective, political in- foundational must begin with the As noted, differing perspectives on the relation of the volvement must go beyond merely account of Creation, in which hu- Christian and politics appeal to particular biblical passages speaking out on social issues. A mankind is created in the image of Christian worldview implies a Chris - God. Consequently, all individuals, in formulating an underlying rationale. Indeed, it is vital tian world order. Christians, in fact, ethnic groups, and nations are cre- to consider biblical principles when formulating a have a right and responsibility to help ated on a par, in the divine image. determine who runs the country and This becomes the basis of the legal Christian position on any issue. to install a Christian platform. Votes and ethical system, in which all and political activism can make a dif- members of the community are ference. To sit back and do nothing considered equal in the eyes of the in national prosperity (Ps. 33:12; Similarly, Leviticus 13 and 20 ad- but pray would, in this perspective, law. In the New Testament, we find Prov. 14:34). Individuals with a dress public health laws, and the be failing God, duty, and country. this concept of the equality of hu- Christian perspective and commit- first chapter of Deuteronomy de- “Our nation” can be “turned around manity reiterated by Paul to the ment can contribute to this well- scribes a judicial system established only through the dedicated, un - Athenians, when he observed that being of society: “When the right- jointly with cities of refuge, “so that swerving, relentless involvement of God “has made from one blood eous are in authority, the people a person accused of murder may true Christians.”17 every nation of men to dwell on all rejoice” (Prov. 29:2). The implica- not die before he stands trial” Christianity’s main task, then, is the face of the earth” (Acts 17:26). tion seems to be that Christians can (Numbers 35:12, NIV). In subse- to work toward creating a Christian This concept of divinely endowed be placed in positions of govern- quent chapters (Deuteronomy political order that will result in es- human potential gives purpose, di- ment, and that this involvement is 17–22), laws are delineated regard- tablishing the kingdom of God on rection, and optimism to Christians beneficent. ing violation of a court order, per- earth. In essence, this is a move from serving within society. God’s Role in Government: jury, malicious accusations, build- quietism to militant activism, a 2. Stewardship of the Environ- 1. God Establishes Civil Govern- ing codes, juvenile delinquency, and mandate to bring the values and pri- ment. The Genesis account assigns ment. After the Flood, God in- rape. orities of Christianity to govern- to humanity the task of caretaker of structed Noah regarding civil penal- Given this Old Testament back- ment, to ensure that the “righteous the creation. “The Lord God took ties, “‘Whoever sheds man’s blood, drop, Paul declares, “There is no au- are in authority” (Prov. 29:2). the man and put him in the Garden By man his blood shall be shed; For thority except from God” (Rom. of Eden to tend and keep it” (Gen. in the image of God He made man’” 13:1). One should note, however, Biblical Principles 2:15)—a stewardship mandate that (Gen. 9:6). In Exodus 21–23, God that along with specifying the re- As noted, differing perspectives has never been rescinded. Revela- gave Moses a detailed plan for civil sponsibilities of civil government, on the relation of the Christian and tion 11:18, in fact, indicates that, at government, which addressed God also delineated qualifications politics appeal to particular biblical the end of earth’s history, God will manslaughter, premeditated mur- for its leaders. These criteria stipu- passages in formulating an underly- “destroy those who destroy the der, assault, kidnapping, abortion, lated that political leaders should be ing rationale. Indeed, it is vital to earth”—those who have been negli- infanticide, property crimes, crimi- those who “fear God, men of truth, consider biblical principles when gent in caring for the domain over nal negligence, and robbery. This hating covetousness” (Ex. 18:21). formulating a Christian position on which they had jurisdiction. divine plan also indicated that jus- 2. God Speaks Out Regarding any issue. 3. Morality and Prosperity in tice must be provided in court for Corruption in Government. God Foundational Principles: Government. Scripture provides the underprivileged and that checks does not simply ignore political cor- 1. The Equality of Humankind. ample evidence that a government must be established to ensure that ruption; He directly confronts evil in Any politics that takes the Bible as founded upon divine values results the innocent are not condemned. government. “‘Woe to those who de-

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,30 2010 7 31 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 In this perspective, political in- foundational must begin with the As noted, differing perspectives on the relation of the volvement must go beyond merely account of Creation, in which hu- Christian and politics appeal to particular biblical passages speaking out on social issues. A mankind is created in the image of Christian worldview implies a Chris - God. Consequently, all individuals, in formulating an underlying rationale. Indeed, it is vital tian world order. Christians, in fact, ethnic groups, and nations are cre- to consider biblical principles when formulating a have a right and responsibility to help ated on a par, in the divine image. determine who runs the country and This becomes the basis of the legal Christian position on any issue. to install a Christian platform. Votes and ethical system, in which all and political activism can make a dif- members of the community are ference. To sit back and do nothing considered equal in the eyes of the in national prosperity (Ps. 33:12; Similarly, Leviticus 13 and 20 ad- but pray would, in this perspective, law. In the New Testament, we find Prov. 14:34). Individuals with a dress public health laws, and the be failing God, duty, and country. this concept of the equality of hu- Christian perspective and commit- first chapter of Deuteronomy de- “Our nation” can be “turned around manity reiterated by Paul to the ment can contribute to this well- scribes a judicial system established only through the dedicated, un - Athenians, when he observed that being of society: “When the right- jointly with cities of refuge, “so that swerving, relentless involvement of God “has made from one blood eous are in authority, the people a person accused of murder may true Christians.”17 every nation of men to dwell on all rejoice” (Prov. 29:2). The implica- not die before he stands trial” Christianity’s main task, then, is the face of the earth” (Acts 17:26). tion seems to be that Christians can (Numbers 35:12, NIV). In subse- to work toward creating a Christian This concept of divinely endowed be placed in positions of govern- quent chapters (Deuteronomy political order that will result in es- human potential gives purpose, di- ment, and that this involvement is 17–22), laws are delineated regard- tablishing the kingdom of God on rection, and optimism to Christians beneficent. ing violation of a court order, per- earth. In essence, this is a move from serving within society. God’s Role in Government: jury, malicious accusations, build- quietism to militant activism, a 2. Stewardship of the Environ- 1. God Establishes Civil Govern- ing codes, juvenile delinquency, and mandate to bring the values and pri- ment. The Genesis account assigns ment. After the Flood, God in- rape. orities of Christianity to govern- to humanity the task of caretaker of structed Noah regarding civil penal- Given this Old Testament back- ment, to ensure that the “righteous the creation. “The Lord God took ties, “‘Whoever sheds man’s blood, drop, Paul declares, “There is no au- are in authority” (Prov. 29:2). the man and put him in the Garden By man his blood shall be shed; For thority except from God” (Rom. of Eden to tend and keep it” (Gen. in the image of God He made man’” 13:1). One should note, however, Biblical Principles 2:15)—a stewardship mandate that (Gen. 9:6). In Exodus 21–23, God that along with specifying the re- As noted, differing perspectives has never been rescinded. Revela- gave Moses a detailed plan for civil sponsibilities of civil government, on the relation of the Christian and tion 11:18, in fact, indicates that, at government, which addressed God also delineated qualifications politics appeal to particular biblical the end of earth’s history, God will manslaughter, premeditated mur- for its leaders. These criteria stipu- passages in formulating an underly- “destroy those who destroy the der, assault, kidnapping, abortion, lated that political leaders should be ing rationale. Indeed, it is vital to earth”—those who have been negli- infanticide, property crimes, crimi- those who “fear God, men of truth, consider biblical principles when gent in caring for the domain over nal negligence, and robbery. This hating covetousness” (Ex. 18:21). formulating a Christian position on which they had jurisdiction. divine plan also indicated that jus- 2. God Speaks Out Regarding any issue. 3. Morality and Prosperity in tice must be provided in court for Corruption in Government. God Foundational Principles: Government. Scripture provides the underprivileged and that checks does not simply ignore political cor- 1. The Equality of Humankind. ample evidence that a government must be established to ensure that ruption; He directly confronts evil in Any politics that takes the Bible as founded upon divine values results the innocent are not condemned. government. “‘Woe to those who de-

30 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/231 8 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) Peter’s instruction to submit to authority does not mean spise authority, nor show contempt Rome to accept, particularly at a time for a judge. Ezra 7:26, for example, when the empire was brutally op- that the believer must mindlessly obey government demands warns that “whoever will not ob- pressing and dominating the land of that are contrary to the Christian faith. Peter himself clarified serve the law of your God and the Palestine, the Promised Land.18 To that in such situations one must “obey God rather than men.” law of the king, let judgment be exe- heed Paul’s advice would mean plac- cuted speedily on him, whether it be ing obedience to instituted authori- It is perhaps significant that when Paul asks, “Do you want to death, or banishment, or confisca- ties ahead of love for race and home- be unafraid of the authority?” he does not say, “Then do what tion of goods, or imprisonment.” land. Christians consequently are to re- 3. Christians Are Not to Blindly the authority says,” but rather, “Do what is good.” spect the state and to submit to civil Obey Civil Authority. God orders authority. Peter writes, “Submit the powers, but this does not mean yourselves to every ordinance of that rulers will always do God’s will. cree unrighteous decrees’” (Isa. 10:1). God, in the biblical view, is actively man for the Lord’s sake, whether to Consequently, it is not by accident “He who justifies the wicked, and he engaged in placing and removing the king as supreme, or to governors, that the imperative is not literally who condemns the just, both of them rulers. “The king’s heart is in the as to those who are sent by him for one of obedience, but rather of sub- alike are an abomination to the Lord” hand of the Lord, like the rivers of the punishment of evildoers and for ordination. A conscientious objec- (Prov. 17:15). Similarly, those who ac- water; He turns it wherever He the praise of those who do good. For tor, for example, who refuses to bear cept bribes, who distort justice, and wishes” (Prov. 21:1). this is the will of God, that by doing arms despite the command of his who do not defend the cause of weak Government, however, is influ- good you may put to silence the ig- government, still remains under the and marginalized members of society enced, but not predestined, by God. norance of foolish men” (1 Peter sovereignty of that government and are reproved (Isa. 1:23; Micah 3:9). In “The instant I speak concerning a 2:13-15). accepts the penalties that it imposes. biblical times, God spoke out against nation and concerning a kingdom, 2. Compliance With Civil Laws Is He is subordinate, even though he is corruption in government through to pluck up, to pull down, and to de- the Christian’s God-given Duty. De- not obeying. the voice of His prophets. So today, stroy it, if that nation against whom spite the shameful treatment he had Similarly, Peter’s instruction to Christians can serve as channels of the I have spoken turns from its evil, I often received at the hands of the submit to authority does not mean divine perspective and take their will relent of the disaster that I Roman government, Paul wrote: “Let that the believer must mindlessly stand against injustice, corruption, thought to bring upon it. And the in- every be subject to the governing obey government demands that are and oppression. stant I speak concerning a nation authorities. . . . Therefore you must be contrary to the Christian faith. Peter 3. God Is Ultimately in Control of and concerning a kingdom, to build subject, not only because of wrath but himself clarified that in such situa- Earthly Government. “Dominion and to plant it, if it does evil in My also for conscience’ sake. For because tions one must “obey God rather belongs to the Lord and he rules over sight so that it does not obey My of this you also pay taxes, for they are than men” (Acts 5:29). It is perhaps the nations” (Ps. 22:28, NIV). If God voice, then I will relent concerning God’s ministers attending continually significant that when Paul asks, “Do is indeed “Lord of heaven and earth” the good with which I said I would to this very thing. Render therefore to you want to be unafraid of the au- and has given all authority to His benefit it” (Jer. 18:7-10). all their due: taxes to whom taxes are thority?” (Rom. 13:3), he does not Son, then it stands to reason that The Believer’s Relationship to Gov- due, customs to whom customs, fear say, “Then do what the authority Jesus Christ is Lord of the political ernment: to whom fear, honor to whom honor” says,” but rather, “Do what is good.” realm. Both politicians and political 1. God Expects Citizens to Re- (Rom. 13:1, 5-7). Neufeld notes that The implication seems to be that processes should therefore be willing spect and Submit to Civil Authority. Paul’s counsel may have been rather there is a reflective intermediate step to recognize His Lordship. Moreover, Believers are not to revile rulers, de- difficult for a Jewish Christian in of discerning whether the demand

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,32 2010 9 33 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 Peter’s instruction to submit to authority does not mean spise authority, nor show contempt Rome to accept, particularly at a time for a judge. Ezra 7:26, for example, when the empire was brutally op- that the believer must mindlessly obey government demands warns that “whoever will not ob- pressing and dominating the land of that are contrary to the Christian faith. Peter himself clarified serve the law of your God and the Palestine, the Promised Land.18 To that in such situations one must “obey God rather than men.” law of the king, let judgment be exe- heed Paul’s advice would mean plac- cuted speedily on him, whether it be ing obedience to instituted authori- It is perhaps significant that when Paul asks, “Do you want to death, or banishment, or confisca- ties ahead of love for race and home- be unafraid of the authority?” he does not say, “Then do what tion of goods, or imprisonment.” land. Christians consequently are to re- 3. Christians Are Not to Blindly the authority says,” but rather, “Do what is good.” spect the state and to submit to civil Obey Civil Authority. God orders authority. Peter writes, “Submit the powers, but this does not mean yourselves to every ordinance of that rulers will always do God’s will. cree unrighteous decrees’” (Isa. 10:1). God, in the biblical view, is actively man for the Lord’s sake, whether to Consequently, it is not by accident “He who justifies the wicked, and he engaged in placing and removing the king as supreme, or to governors, that the imperative is not literally who condemns the just, both of them rulers. “The king’s heart is in the as to those who are sent by him for one of obedience, but rather of sub- alike are an abomination to the Lord” hand of the Lord, like the rivers of the punishment of evildoers and for ordination. A conscientious objec- (Prov. 17:15). Similarly, those who ac- water; He turns it wherever He the praise of those who do good. For tor, for example, who refuses to bear cept bribes, who distort justice, and wishes” (Prov. 21:1). this is the will of God, that by doing arms despite the command of his who do not defend the cause of weak Government, however, is influ- good you may put to silence the ig- government, still remains under the and marginalized members of society enced, but not predestined, by God. norance of foolish men” (1 Peter sovereignty of that government and are reproved (Isa. 1:23; Micah 3:9). In “The instant I speak concerning a 2:13-15). accepts the penalties that it imposes. biblical times, God spoke out against nation and concerning a kingdom, 2. Compliance With Civil Laws Is He is subordinate, even though he is corruption in government through to pluck up, to pull down, and to de- the Christian’s God-given Duty. De- not obeying. the voice of His prophets. So today, stroy it, if that nation against whom spite the shameful treatment he had Similarly, Peter’s instruction to Christians can serve as channels of the I have spoken turns from its evil, I often received at the hands of the submit to authority does not mean divine perspective and take their will relent of the disaster that I Roman government, Paul wrote: “Let that the believer must mindlessly stand against injustice, corruption, thought to bring upon it. And the in- every soul be subject to the governing obey government demands that are and oppression. stant I speak concerning a nation authorities. . . . Therefore you must be contrary to the Christian faith. Peter 3. God Is Ultimately in Control of and concerning a kingdom, to build subject, not only because of wrath but himself clarified that in such situa- Earthly Government. “Dominion and to plant it, if it does evil in My also for conscience’ sake. For because tions one must “obey God rather belongs to the Lord and he rules over sight so that it does not obey My of this you also pay taxes, for they are than men” (Acts 5:29). It is perhaps the nations” (Ps. 22:28, NIV). If God voice, then I will relent concerning God’s ministers attending continually significant that when Paul asks, “Do is indeed “Lord of heaven and earth” the good with which I said I would to this very thing. Render therefore to you want to be unafraid of the au- and has given all authority to His benefit it” (Jer. 18:7-10). all their due: taxes to whom taxes are thority?” (Rom. 13:3), he does not Son, then it stands to reason that The Believer’s Relationship to Gov- due, customs to whom customs, fear say, “Then do what the authority Jesus Christ is Lord of the political ernment: to whom fear, honor to whom honor” says,” but rather, “Do what is good.” realm. Both politicians and political 1. God Expects Citizens to Re- (Rom. 13:1, 5-7). Neufeld notes that The implication seems to be that processes should therefore be willing spect and Submit to Civil Authority. Paul’s counsel may have been rather there is a reflective intermediate step to recognize His Lordship. Moreover, Believers are not to revile rulers, de- difficult for a Jewish Christian in of discerning whether the demand

32 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/233 10 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) of government is good or not, in not effective if cloistered. Given that The concept of “watchman” does not appear to be limited light of divine requirements. government is a dimension of the Finally, we should note that Jesus larger society, it would seem to fol- to individuals, but to society, as well. Psalm 12:8 notes, for in- warned that true believers would be low that Christians have a strategic stance, that neglecting to address societal wrongs can result in arrested and brought to trial before responsibility to be socially and po- the proliferation of evil. Furthermore, Paul writes that we, as governors and kings. Implicit in this litically involved. passage is that Christ did not expect 2. Christians Have a Moral Re- Christians, are to “have no fellowship with the unfruitful works His followers to obey every author- sponsibility to Critique Govern- of darkness, but rather expose them” (Eph. 5:11). ity, but to bear witness to those au- ment. “‘Son of man, I have made you thorities. Thus, for the Christian, the a watchman for the house of Israel; state is not the highest authority. therefore hear a word from My 4. God Enjoins Believers to Pray mouth, and give them warning from come actively involved in the issues cepts as pure and faultless is this: to for Secular Rulers. God’s chosen Me: when I say to the wicked, “You facing society. “‘Is this not the fast look after orphans and widows in people are urged to “pray for the shall surely die,” and you give him no that I have chosen: to loose the their distress and to keep oneself well-being of the king and his sons” warning, nor speak to warn the bonds of wickedness, To undo the from being polluted by the world” (Ezra 6:10, NIV) and for the of wicked from his wicked way, to save heavy burdens, to let the oppressed (James 1:27, NIV). In essence, as nations. When the Jews were captive his life, that same wicked man shall go free, and that you break every Paul observes, “All the law is fulfilled in Babylon, for example, the prophet die in his iniquity; but his blood I yoke?’” (Isa. 58:6). in one word, even in this: ‘You shall Jeremiah sent a directive indicating will require at your hand. Yet, if you In a dramatic parable, Jesus out- love your neighbor as yourself’” (Gal. that they were to pray for the em- warn the wicked, and he does not lined the standards by which indi- 5:14). pire’s peace and prosperity. Simi- turn from his wickedness, nor from viduals and entire communities 4. Christians Are to Be Advocates larly, in the New Testament, Paul his wicked way, he shall die in his in- would be judged: “‘I was hungry and of Peace. Implementing God’s plan urged that “supplications, , iquity; but you have delivered your you gave Me food; I was thirsty and for humanity, nations “shall beat intercessions, and giving of thanks soul’” (Eze. 3:17-19). you gave Me drink; I was a stranger their swords into plowshares, and be made for all men, for kings and The concept of “watchman” does and you took Me in; I was naked and their spears into pruning hooks; na- all who are in authority, that we may not appear to be limited to individu- you clothed Me; I was sick and you tion shall not lift up sword against lead a quiet and peaceable life in all als, but to society, as well. Psalm 12:8 visited Me; I was in prison and you nation, neither shall they learn war godliness and reverence” (1 Tim. 2:1, notes, for instance, that neglecting to came to Me’” (Matt. 25:35, 36). anymore” (Isa. 2:4). The passage 2). As Christians, we must not un- address societal wrongs can result in Clearly, those who inherit God’s suggests that Christians are to be ad- derestimate the power of prayer in the proliferation of evil. Further- kingdom are actively involved in vocates of . Paul reiter- politics. more, Paul writes that we, as Chris- bettering the lives of those around ated this concept on various occa- Action in Relation to Politics: tians, are to “have no fellowship with them. These concrete acts of com- sions: “If it is possible, as much as 1. Christianity Must Permeate the unfruitful works of darkness, but passion for the less fortunate mem- depends on you, live peaceably with Society. In His inaugural address, rather expose them” (Eph. 5:11). bers of society are linked to attaining all men” (Rom. 12:18). “Let us pur- Christ indicated that believers 3. God Encourages Active In- a personal relationship with God— sue the things which make for peace should be the “salt of the earth” and volvement in Social Causes. Chris- “‘as you did it to one of the least of and the things by which one may the “light of the world.” Salt does not tians are admonished to “act justly these My brethren, you did it to Me’” edify another” (14:19). As “Prince of properly flavor, however, unless it and to love mercy” (Micah 6:8, (vs. 40). Similarly, James notes that Peace,” Jesus Christ instructed His permeates its subject matter; light is NIV). They are encouraged to be- the “religion that God our Father ac- followers: “‘To him who strikes you

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,34 2010 11 35 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 of government is good or not, in not effective if cloistered. Given that The concept of “watchman” does not appear to be limited light of divine requirements. government is a dimension of the Finally, we should note that Jesus larger society, it would seem to fol- to individuals, but to society, as well. Psalm 12:8 notes, for in- warned that true believers would be low that Christians have a strategic stance, that neglecting to address societal wrongs can result in arrested and brought to trial before responsibility to be socially and po- the proliferation of evil. Furthermore, Paul writes that we, as governors and kings. Implicit in this litically involved. passage is that Christ did not expect 2. Christians Have a Moral Re- Christians, are to “have no fellowship with the unfruitful works His followers to obey every author- sponsibility to Critique Govern- of darkness, but rather expose them” (Eph. 5:11). ity, but to bear witness to those au- ment. “‘Son of man, I have made you thorities. Thus, for the Christian, the a watchman for the house of Israel; state is not the highest authority. therefore hear a word from My 4. God Enjoins Believers to Pray mouth, and give them warning from come actively involved in the issues cepts as pure and faultless is this: to for Secular Rulers. God’s chosen Me: when I say to the wicked, “You facing society. “‘Is this not the fast look after orphans and widows in people are urged to “pray for the shall surely die,” and you give him no that I have chosen: to loose the their distress and to keep oneself well-being of the king and his sons” warning, nor speak to warn the bonds of wickedness, To undo the from being polluted by the world” (Ezra 6:10, NIV) and for the peace of wicked from his wicked way, to save heavy burdens, to let the oppressed (James 1:27, NIV). In essence, as nations. When the Jews were captive his life, that same wicked man shall go free, and that you break every Paul observes, “All the law is fulfilled in Babylon, for example, the prophet die in his iniquity; but his blood I yoke?’” (Isa. 58:6). in one word, even in this: ‘You shall Jeremiah sent a directive indicating will require at your hand. Yet, if you In a dramatic parable, Jesus out- love your neighbor as yourself’” (Gal. that they were to pray for the em- warn the wicked, and he does not lined the standards by which indi- 5:14). pire’s peace and prosperity. Simi- turn from his wickedness, nor from viduals and entire communities 4. Christians Are to Be Advocates larly, in the New Testament, Paul his wicked way, he shall die in his in- would be judged: “‘I was hungry and of Peace. Implementing God’s plan urged that “supplications, prayers, iquity; but you have delivered your you gave Me food; I was thirsty and for humanity, nations “shall beat intercessions, and giving of thanks soul’” (Eze. 3:17-19). you gave Me drink; I was a stranger their swords into plowshares, and be made for all men, for kings and The concept of “watchman” does and you took Me in; I was naked and their spears into pruning hooks; na- all who are in authority, that we may not appear to be limited to individu- you clothed Me; I was sick and you tion shall not lift up sword against lead a quiet and peaceable life in all als, but to society, as well. Psalm 12:8 visited Me; I was in prison and you nation, neither shall they learn war godliness and reverence” (1 Tim. 2:1, notes, for instance, that neglecting to came to Me’” (Matt. 25:35, 36). anymore” (Isa. 2:4). The passage 2). As Christians, we must not un- address societal wrongs can result in Clearly, those who inherit God’s suggests that Christians are to be ad- derestimate the power of prayer in the proliferation of evil. Further- kingdom are actively involved in vocates of nonviolence. Paul reiter- politics. more, Paul writes that we, as Chris- bettering the lives of those around ated this concept on various occa- Action in Relation to Politics: tians, are to “have no fellowship with them. These concrete acts of com- sions: “If it is possible, as much as 1. Christianity Must Permeate the unfruitful works of darkness, but passion for the less fortunate mem- depends on you, live peaceably with Society. In His inaugural address, rather expose them” (Eph. 5:11). bers of society are linked to attaining all men” (Rom. 12:18). “Let us pur- Christ indicated that believers 3. God Encourages Active In- a personal relationship with God— sue the things which make for peace should be the “salt of the earth” and volvement in Social Causes. Chris- “‘as you did it to one of the least of and the things by which one may the “light of the world.” Salt does not tians are admonished to “act justly these My brethren, you did it to Me’” edify another” (14:19). As “Prince of properly flavor, however, unless it and to love mercy” (Micah 6:8, (vs. 40). Similarly, James notes that Peace,” Jesus Christ instructed His permeates its subject matter; light is NIV). They are encouraged to be- the “religion that God our Father ac- followers: “‘To him who strikes you

34 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/235 12 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) It seems evident that the Scriptures provide guiding the world” while not “of the world.” seeking to establish positive rela- This tension can be resolved by seek- tionships and to favorably influence principles for each facet of life, including politics. These in- ing “‘first the kingdom of God and decisions in the nation to which he clude an understanding of God’s role in government, the His righteousness’” (vs. 33), and or she has been assigned. then all other aspects of life, includ- 4. Christians Must Answer to a believer’s relationship to government, and the Christian’s re- ing one’s relationship to politics, as- Higher Standard. Paul observes that lation to politics—both in terms of tension and action. sume their proper place. as Christians we are to align our- 3. Heavenly Citizenship Carries selves with that which is honorable Both Limitations and Responsibili- “in the sight of the Lord,” and not on the one cheek, offer the other head back to his campsite. In this ties. Describing the “enemies of the merely what is legal “in the sight of also. And from him who takes away way, the Christian community is not cross of Christ” (Phil. 3:18), Paul men” (2 Cor. 8:21). Certain political your cloak, do not withhold your passive, but overcomes “evil with notes that “their mind [is] on earthly strategies, for example, may be inap- tunic either’” (Luke 6:29). good” (vs. 21). things” (vs. 19). By contrast, he propriate for the Christian— 5. Christians Must Overcome Evil Tension in the Relation to Politics: states, “Our citizenship is in heaven, “Though we live in the world, we do With Good. In Romans 12:14-21, 1. Political Relationships Involve from which we also eagerly wait for not wage war as the world does. The Paul calls believers to a life charac- Inherent Risks. Throughout Scrip- the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ” (vs. weapons we fight with are not the terized by nonstandard behavior— ture, the believer is repeatedly 20). The implication is that the weapons of the world. On the con- “bless those who persecute you,” “as- warned of worldly entanglements. Christian’s primary focus cannot be trary, they have divine power” (10:3, sociate with the lowly,” and “do not “Do not be unequally yoked to- on “earthly things”—on politics 4, NIV). repay anyone evil for evil.” He then gether with unbelievers. For what from a purely secular perspective, In essence it seems evident that continues with reminders to “live fellowship has righteousness with for example. the Scriptures provide guiding prin- peaceably with all” and to “never lawlessness? And what communion Paul reiterates this concept in Colos- ciples for each facet of life, including avenge yourselves, but leave room has light with darkness?” (2 Cor. sians 3:1, 2: “If then you were raised politics. These include an under- for the wrath of God”—a divine 6:14). “No one serving as a soldier with Christ, . . . set your mind on standing of God’s role in govern- vengeance which involves the “pub- gets involved in civilian affairs—he things above, not on things on the ment, the believer’s relationship to lic righting of wrong.” wants to please his commanding of- earth.” government, and the Christian’s re- He then provides a directive to ficer” (2 Tim. 2:4, NIV). Passages In a similar vein, Peter adds, “You lation to politics—both in terms of “heap burning coals on their heads” such as these suggest that political are a chosen people, a royal priest- tension and action. (12:20, NRSV). At first glance, this relationships may involve potential hood, a holy nation, a people be- It is necessary, however, to con- might seem manipulative, a form of risks. longing to God” (1 Peter 2:9, NIV), sider context in applying biblical psychological revenge to get an 2. Christians Are Christians First. although “aliens and strangers” (vs. principles. Historical and political enemy to say “I’m sorry.” In , it Christians cannot live dualistic 11) here on earth. circumstances can create important may be a reference to an ancient lives—“‘No one can serve two mas- While there are clearly limitations differences in the relevance and ap- Egyptian reconciliation ritual.19 In ters; for either he will hate the one for heavenly citizens, there are also plicability of a given principle. The early civilizations, fire was a valuable and love the other, or else he will be responsibilities. Paul notes, for ex- Old Testament state of theocracy, for commodity for cooking and heating. loyal to the one and despise the ample, that “we are ambassadors for example, is quite distinct from the Consequently, it was a life-giving act other. You cannot serve God and Christ” (2 Cor. 5:20). As an ambas- New Testament situation of a mar- to heap coals into a person’s pot so mammon’” (Matt. 6:24). Neverthe- sador, each Christian is an official ginalized and often despised Christ- that he might carry them on his less, Christ’s believers are both “in representative of another kingdom, ian community. Furthermore, the

Published by Digital Commons @ Andrews University,36 2010 13 37 Perspective Digest, Vol. 15 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2 It seems evident that the Scriptures provide guiding the world” while not “of the world.” seeking to establish positive rela- This tension can be resolved by seek- tionships and to favorably influence principles for each facet of life, including politics. These in- ing “‘first the kingdom of God and decisions in the nation to which he clude an understanding of God’s role in government, the His righteousness’” (vs. 33), and or she has been assigned. then all other aspects of life, includ- 4. Christians Must Answer to a believer’s relationship to government, and the Christian’s re- ing one’s relationship to politics, as- Higher Standard. Paul observes that lation to politics—both in terms of tension and action. sume their proper place. as Christians we are to align our- 3. Heavenly Citizenship Carries selves with that which is honorable Both Limitations and Responsibili- “in the sight of the Lord,” and not on the one cheek, offer the other head back to his campsite. In this ties. Describing the “enemies of the merely what is legal “in the sight of also. And from him who takes away way, the Christian community is not cross of Christ” (Phil. 3:18), Paul men” (2 Cor. 8:21). Certain political your cloak, do not withhold your passive, but overcomes “evil with notes that “their mind [is] on earthly strategies, for example, may be inap- tunic either’” (Luke 6:29). good” (vs. 21). things” (vs. 19). By contrast, he propriate for the Christian— 5. Christians Must Overcome Evil Tension in the Relation to Politics: states, “Our citizenship is in heaven, “Though we live in the world, we do With Good. In Romans 12:14-21, 1. Political Relationships Involve from which we also eagerly wait for not wage war as the world does. The Paul calls believers to a life charac- Inherent Risks. Throughout Scrip- the Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ” (vs. weapons we fight with are not the terized by nonstandard behavior— ture, the believer is repeatedly 20). The implication is that the weapons of the world. On the con- “bless those who persecute you,” “as- warned of worldly entanglements. Christian’s primary focus cannot be trary, they have divine power” (10:3, sociate with the lowly,” and “do not “Do not be unequally yoked to- on “earthly things”—on politics 4, NIV). repay anyone evil for evil.” He then gether with unbelievers. For what from a purely secular perspective, In essence it seems evident that continues with reminders to “live fellowship has righteousness with for example. the Scriptures provide guiding prin- peaceably with all” and to “never lawlessness? And what communion Paul reiterates this concept in Colos- ciples for each facet of life, including avenge yourselves, but leave room has light with darkness?” (2 Cor. sians 3:1, 2: “If then you were raised politics. These include an under- for the wrath of God”—a divine 6:14). “No one serving as a soldier with Christ, . . . set your mind on standing of God’s role in govern- vengeance which involves the “pub- gets involved in civilian affairs—he things above, not on things on the ment, the believer’s relationship to lic righting of wrong.” wants to please his commanding of- earth.” government, and the Christian’s re- He then provides a directive to ficer” (2 Tim. 2:4, NIV). Passages In a similar vein, Peter adds, “You lation to politics—both in terms of “heap burning coals on their heads” such as these suggest that political are a chosen people, a royal priest- tension and action. (12:20, NRSV). At first glance, this relationships may involve potential hood, a holy nation, a people be- It is necessary, however, to con- might seem manipulative, a form of risks. longing to God” (1 Peter 2:9, NIV), sider context in applying biblical psychological revenge to get an 2. Christians Are Christians First. although “aliens and strangers” (vs. principles. Historical and political enemy to say “I’m sorry.” In reality, it Christians cannot live dualistic 11) here on earth. circumstances can create important may be a reference to an ancient lives—“‘No one can serve two mas- While there are clearly limitations differences in the relevance and ap- Egyptian reconciliation ritual.19 In ters; for either he will hate the one for heavenly citizens, there are also plicability of a given principle. The early civilizations, fire was a valuable and love the other, or else he will be responsibilities. Paul notes, for ex- Old Testament state of theocracy, for commodity for cooking and heating. loyal to the one and despise the ample, that “we are ambassadors for example, is quite distinct from the Consequently, it was a life-giving act other. You cannot serve God and Christ” (2 Cor. 5:20). As an ambas- New Testament situation of a mar- to heap coals into a person’s pot so mammon’” (Matt. 6:24). Neverthe- sador, each Christian is an official ginalized and often despised Christ- that he might carry them on his less, Christ’s believers are both “in representative of another kingdom, ian community. Furthermore, the

36 http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/pd/vol15/iss1/237 14 Taylor: The Christian and Politics (I) incarnation of God in Jesus of tury in Christian Mission (Grand Rapids, BY ALBERTO TIMM* Nazareth provides an expanded eth- Mich.: Eerdmans, 1993), p. 363. 9 ical framework and clarifies the R. J. R. Mathies, “Witness and Struggle or Politics and Power: MCC Engages the Christian stance regarding politics. World,” Direction 23:2 (1994), p. 77. Consequently, it can be particularly 10 D. E. Pratte, “Should Christians Be In- enlightening to examine how indi- volved in Political Issues?” (2000): viduals throughout Scripture, under http://www.gospelway.com/christianlife/pol- WHAT DOES a variety of circumstances, applied itics.php. 11 Hugo Zorrilla, “The Christian and Po- the divine principles in their rela- litical Involvement,” in Victor Adrian and tionship to politics. Donald Loewen, eds., Committed to World Mission: A Focus on International Strategy (Winnipeg: Kindred, 1990), pp. 103-105. “INSPIRED” MEAN— 12 P. Marshall, Thine Is the Kingdom: A REFERENCES Biblical Perspective on the Nature of Govern- 1 P. Hamby, “Obama: GOP Doesn’t Own ment and Politics Today (Basingstoke: Mar- Faith Issue,” posted October 8, 2007, via shall Morgan Scott, 1984), pp. 46, 47. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLI- 13 E. Craswell, “The Biblical Basis for AND NOT MEAN TICS/10/08/obama.faith/index.html. Christians in Politics and Government” 2 Carl Knott, “The Christian and Politics” (2007): http://www.whateveristrue.com/her- (2001): itage/ticipate.htm. http://www.nlbchapel.org/politics.htm. 14 N. E. Thomas, “Church-State Relations 3 Ibid. and Mission,” op cit. One of the keys to interpreting 4 Robert L. Saucy, “The Presence of the 15 T. Anderson, “The Christian in Poli- Kingdom and the Life of the Church,” Biblio- tics,” Straight Talk 53:4 (January 28, 1988). Scripture is understanding the nature theca Sacra 145 (January-March 1988), p. 46. 16 M. G. Neufeld, “Submission to Govern- 5 “Basic Bible Principles: The Christian ing Authorities: A Study of Romans 13:1-7,” of inspiration. and Politics,” The Testimony (undated): Direction 23:2 (1994), pp. 90-97. http://www.testimonymagazine.org/back/ 17 W. Klassen, “Coals of Fire: Sign of Re- rophetic inspiration is a myste- from recognizing that God’s Word The Christianandpolitics.pdf. pentance or Revenge? (Rom. 12:20; Prov. rious and complex subject that provides helpful knowledge of His 6 K. Anderson, “A Christian View of Poli- 25:22),” New Testament Studies 9 (1963), pp. has generated many discussions mysterious communication process. tics, Government, and Social Action” (2002): 337-350. in Seventh-day Adventist circles While humbly admitting the limita- http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/xi 20 K. G. Miller, “Wise as Serpents, Inno- P an-pol.html. cent as Doves: American Mennonites Engage over the years. Those discus- tions of our own reasoning, we 7 Unless otherwise noted, all Scripture Washington” (unpublished Ph.D. disserta- sions result largely from the nature should thoroughly study what the references are quoted from The New King tion, Emory University, 1994), p. 93. of divine inspiration and the human inspired writings actually say about James Version. 21 C. Brinberg, “Democratic Voters Trying inability to fully grasp the supernat- themselves. 8 N. E. Thomas, “Church-State Relations to Reach Religious Voters,” posted July 23, ural inspiration process. William G. and Mission,” in James M. Phillips and 2007, via http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLI- Robert T. Cootes, eds., Toward the 21st Cen- TICS/07/22/democrats.religion/index.html. Johnsson suggests that “defining in- *Alberto R. Timm, Ph.D., is rector of spiration is like catching a rainbow. the Latin-American Adventist Theo- When we have put forth our best ef- logical Seminary (LATS) and Spirit of forts, there will remain an elusive Prophecy Coordinator for the South factor, an element of mystery.”1 American Division of Seventh-day But this should not prevent us Adventists, Brasilia,Brazil.

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