International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXIV: Stone Statues Industry (11th to 17th Dynasties)

Galal Ali Hassaan Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

Abstract: th This paper is the 34 research paper in a series investigating the evolution of mechanical engineering in ancient Egypt. It tries to achieve this purpose through investigating the production of ancient Egyptians stone statues during the era from the th th 11 to the 17 Dynasties. Each stone statue is presented chronically with present location if known and with engineering analysis showing its creativity. The stones used in producing the statues are assigned.

Keywords — Mechanical engineering, ancient Egypt; stone statues; 11th to 17th Dynasties.

King Senwosret III from the 12th Dynasty [3]. I. INTRODUCTION Teeter, Alexander and Greuel (2001) in their work Ancient Egyptians produced wonderful about art of the Mediterranean world presented the stone statues for their Kings, Officials and even granite head of an official from the 13th Dynasty servants to authorise their role and existence in the and the basalt stattue of Shebenbu from the 26th ancient Egyptian society. They mastered this Dynasty [4]. industry and left statues from different types of Magdolen (2002) studied the existence of stones with sizes ranging from miniature to huge two fragments of a statue in the City Museum and located them in Tombs and Temples. This is Bratislava. He discussed some of the conclusions the second paper in this aspect where the first paper presented by Mr. Josef Hudec in his paper covered stone statues from Naqada II to the Old presented in the 8th International Congress of Kingdom. Egyptologists in Cairo [5]. Teeter (2003) in her Alerd (1950) in his book about the Middle book about the treasures from the collections of the Kingdom art in ancient Egypt presented stone Oriental Institute of Chicago presented selections th th th statues from the 11 , 12 and 13 Dynasties most First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom, New th of them from the 12 Dynasty [1]. Smith (1960) in Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Late Period his book about ancient Egyptians as represented in and Ptolmaic-Roman Periods. Among her the Museum of Fine Arts at Boston presented some presentations are statue from the 18th Dynasty, stone statues such as the granite head of Lady quartzite statue of Pharaoh Tutankhamun from the th Sennuwy from the 12 Dynasty, Statue of Senostris 18th Dynasty and a limestone statue of a Priest from th III from the 12 Dynasty and the statue of the 22nd – 25th Dynasties Period [6]. Bard (2007) in Amenhotep III and head of Tutankhamun from the her book about the archaeology of ancient Egypt th 18 Dynasty [2]. Watts (1998) in his resources for presented a statue for King Mentuhotep II from the educators about the art of the ancient Egyptians 11th Dynasty [7]. Sadikoglu (2007) in her book presented the limestone head of Pharaoh about the ancient Egyptian art influences on modern Tutankhamun wearing the Blue Crown from the time through history presented stone statues from th 18 Dynasty, the grandiosite setting statue of the Karnak Temple at Luxor, statue of Priest th Pharaoh Horemheb and his wife from Late 18 Imhotep, statue of Queen Hatshepsut at Amun Dynasty , the limestone statue Yuny and his wife Temple, sphinx statue of a king, statues of th from Early 18 Dynasty and a Gneiss sphinx of Memmon at Thebes, statue of Myretamun, daughter

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 171 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 of Pharaoh Ramses II, stattue of Pinudjem, Priest of Amun Temple, block statue of Amun-Re in Karnak, bust of Pharaoh Akhenaten, statue of Seneb and his family, statue of Thutmose IV and his wife, statue of Amenhotep III and his wife and statue of Ramses II and his wife Nefertari in Hator Temple [8]. Brooklyn Museum (2011) arranged an exhibition for over 120 collections of its Egyptian treasures. The collections included statues and covered a time span from 3650 BC to 365 CE [9]. Pienoski (2016) in her Master of Arts thesis about he historical evolution of the Cleveland Museum of Art's Egyptian collectiob presented a number of stone statues such as the statue of Pharaoh Fig.1 Limestone statue of Meri from the 11th Amenhotep III from the 18th Dynasty [10]. Dynasty [14]. Wikipedia (2016) wrote an article about block statues emerged in the Middle Kingdom of ancient - The second example of stone statues in the Egypt and continued to the Late Period. As an 11th Dynasty is for King Mentuhotep II, the example they presented the block statue of Official 5th King of the dynasty (2061-2010 BC). It Senwosret from the 12th Dynasty [11]. Hassaan is carved from sandstone, has a height of (2016) investigated the evolution of mechanical 2.53 m, in display in the Metropolitan engineering in ancient Egypt through studying the Museum of Art and shown in Fig.2 [15]. industry of stone statues during the time span from The King is standing wearing a short Naqada II to the Old Kingdom Periods. He Schenti, a cloak and a Modius Crown. He is presented a large number of stone statues including putting both hands crossed on his chest with singe, pair and group statues for classes from holded palm. Pharaohs to servants. He outlined the characteristics - The third example is again for King of each statue [12]. Mentuhotep II which is a painted limestone statue in display in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo and shown in Fig.3 [16]. The King II. MIDDLE KINGDOM here is shown setting wearing a white cloak The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt and the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. Here th th includes the 11 and 12 Dynasties over a time also he is holding his hands while crossed span from 2050 to 1800 BC [13]. Stone statues on his chest. have achieved great development during the Old - The fourth example of stone statues in the Kingdom [12]. Here, we will show how this Middle Kingdom is a quartzite statue for industry was developed during the Middle Sealer Nemtihotep from the 12th Dynasty Kingdom through a number of presentations from (1981-1802 BC) in display in the th th both 11 and 12 Dynasties: Metropolitan Museum, of 0.765 m height - Fig.1 shows a limestone statue for Steward and shown in Fig.4 [17]. The Sealer is Meri (2124-1981 BC) in display in the shown wearing a long Schenti, cloak rapped Metropolitan Museum of Art at NY [14]. around his hands and a decorated Nemes- The designer showed Meri setting and like headdress. Even though the quartzite putting both arms crossed on his chest, stone is one of the hardest rocks, ancient wearing a short Schenti and a nicely Egyptians could carve it to the accuracy and decorated Khat headdress and having a light high quality shown in Fig.4. moustache as clear in the zoomed view in Fig.1.

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 172 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 Nemtihotep and putting his two hands on his legs holding an object by the right palm and extending the fingers of the left hand.

Fig.2 Sandstone statue of Fig.3 Limestone statue Mentuhotep II [15] of Mentuhotep II [16]. Fig.5 Statue of Sehetepibreankh from the 12thDynasty [18].

- The sixth example is a granite statue for King Senusret III (1870-1831 BC), the 5th King of the 12th Dynasty in display in the Brooklyn Museum at NY and shown in Fig.6 [19]. The designer showed the King wearing a short decorated Schenti and a Nemes headdress, putting his hands on his legs in a pose similar to that shown in Fig.5. - The seventh example is a red granite head for King Senusret III in display in Luxor Fig.4 Statue of Sealer Nemtihotep from the 12th Museum and shown in Fig.7 [20]. The King Dynasty [17]. is shown wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt. - The fifth example is a limestone statue for - The eighth example is granodiorite statue Steward Sehetepibreankh from the 12th for King Amenemhat III, the 6th King of the Dynasty (1919-1885 BC) in display in the 12th Dynasty in display in the Claveland Metropolitan Museum, having an 0.945 m Museum of Art having an 0.512 m height height and shown in Fig.5 [18]. The and shown in Fig.8 [21]. The designer designer showed the Steward setting, showed the King standing with his hands wearing a short Schenti, decorated Nemes extending downward and wearing a headdress similar to this in Fig.4 for Sealer

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 173 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 decorated short Schenti, a belt and a decorated Nemes headdress.

- The last example of stone statues produced III. SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD during the Middle Kingdom is a quartzite The Second Intermediate Period of ancient th th block statue for Senwosret-Senebefny from Egypt covers the 13 to 17 Dynasties over a time Late 12th Dynasty (1836-1759 BC) in span from 1802 to 1550 BC [23]. The examples of display in the Brooklyn Museum and shown stone statues available from this period are all from th in Fig.9 [22]. The designer showed the the 13 Dynasty presented as follows: owner of the statue setting on the ground - The first example is a diabase, 0.35 m th and putting both hands on his legs under a height statue for King Neferhotep I, the 25 th cloak and wearing a Khat headdress while King of the 13 Dynasty in display in the his wife is standing in front of his legs. Archaeological Museum of Bolognat, Italy and shown in Fig.10 [24]. Even though the diabase is one of the hardest stone, the ancient Egyptian carver mastered carving it and produced a setting statue for the King with his hands on his legs, wearing a short Schenti and a Nemes Crown. The statue is shining meaning it was well polished.

Fig.6 Statue of Senusret III Fig.7 Head of Senusret III From 12th Dynasty [19] From 12th Dynasty [20]

Fig.10 Statue of King Neferhotep I from the 13th

Dynasty [24].

- The second example is a diorite statue for King Sobekhotep IV (1732-1720 BC), the 27th King of the 13th Dynasty in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown in Fig.11 [25]. The designer using a hard stone produced a wonderful statue for the King wearing the standard short Schenti with belt and tail wearing a decorated

Nemes headdress and putting his two hands

on his thighs.

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 174 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 The designer shoed the King kneeling, wearing the standard short Schenti with belt and tail and wearing a nicely decorated Nemes headdress as clear from his zoomed view. - The fourth example is a statue for King Mentuhotep of Upper Egypt (1585 BC) from the 16th Dynasty of Thebes in display in the British Museum and shown in Fig.13 [27]. The King is wearing a standard fashion of the Kings since the Old Kingdom. The Schenti is short and decorated with belt and front tail, the Nemes headdress is decorated and his hands are extending downwards and holding an object.

Fig.11 Statue of King Sobekhotep IV from the 13th Dynasty [25].

- The third example is a granite statue for King Sobekhotep V, the 28th King of the 13th Dynasty in display in the Neues Museum at Berlin and shown in Fig.12 [26].

Fig.13 Statue of King Mentuhotep from the 16th Dynasty [27].

- The fifth and last example from the 2nd Intermediate Period is a limestone statue of Siamun (1580-1550 BC) from the 17th Dynasty in display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and shown in Fig.14 [28]. The designer showed him setting on a backless chair, wearing a short Schenti and a decorated Khat headdress as clear in the zoomed view in Fig.14.

Fig.12 Statue of King Sobekhotep V from the 13th Dynasty [26].

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 175 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 - Some statues appeared with the owner holding an ointment jar in his hand. - All the Royal Nemes were decorated and carrying the Copra icon on its front-top end.

REFERENCES 1. C. Aldred, Middle Kingdom art in ancient egypt 2300- 1590 BC, AlecTiranti Ltd, London, 1950.

2. W. Smith, Ancient Egypt as represented in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1960. 3. E. Watts, The art of ancient egypt: a resource for educators, 1998. Fig.14 Limestone statue of Siamun from the 17th 4. E. Teeter, K. Alexander and M. Greuel, Art of the ancient Mediterranean world, The Art Institute of Chicago, 2001. Dynasty [28]. 5. D. Magdolen, Two fragments of an ancient Egyptian statue in the City Museum Bratislava, Asial and African Studies, vol.11, issue 2, pp.147-160, 2002. VI. CONCLUSIONS 6. E. Teeter, Ancient egypt: Treasures from the collection of - Ancient Egyptians were pioneers in the Oriental Institute of Chicago, Oriental Institute of the producing stone statues. University of Chicago, 2003. 7. K. Bard, An introduction to the archaeology of ancient - They authorized the history of Kings, high egypt, Blackwell Publishing, 2007. officials and lower-rank people through 8. P. Sadikoglu, Ancient Egyptian art influences on modern stone statues set in Temples and Tombs. time through history, Boyut Publisher, Istanbul, 2007. - During the 11th to 17th Dynasties of ancient 9. Brookyn Museum, To live forever: Egyptian treasures Egypt they used a number of Egyptian from the Brooklyn Museum, Exhibition from June 11 to September 4, 2011, www.nevadaart.org/exihibition/to- stones in carving their statues such as: live-forever-from-the-Brooklyn-museum/ , 2014. limestone, sandstone, quartzite, granite, 10. C. Pienoski, Pyramids of lake Erie: The historical granodiorite, diabase and diorite. evolution of the Cleveland Museum of Art's Egyptian - The ancient Egyptians could carve statues collection, Master of Arts Thesis, M. A. Kent State using very hard stones such as: granite, University, 2016. 11. Wikipedia, Block statue, diabase and quartzite. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_statue , 2016. - The ancient Egyptians during the era under 12. G. A. Hassaan, Mechanical engineering in ancient egypt, study designed stone statues in different Part XXXIII: Stone statues industry (Predynastic to Old positions such as: setting on chairs statues, Kingdom), International Journal of Recent Engineering setting on the ground status, standing statues Science, vol.19, December 2016 (Accepted for Publication). and kneeling statues. 13. Wikipedia, Middle Kingdom of ancient egypt, - The statue arms took different positions www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt , such as: Extending vertically with opened 2016. 14. Metropolitan Museum, Statue of the Steward Meri seated, palm in standing statues, holding objects in http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7 each palm, crossing arms on the chest in B36bfd863-bd71-4d58-b1b2- setting on chair statues and holding the f3f865084dbb%7D&oid=591338 , 2016 knees by both hands in block statues. 15. Alchetron, Mentuhotep II, http://alchetron.com/Mentuhotep-II-947975-W , 2016. - The designer was keen to present the statue 16. R. Dunlap, A new treasures from the Egyptian Museum, owner with his favourable headdress Cairo, http://ronalddunlapphotography.net/a-few- including: Khat, Modius, Red Crown, treasures-from-the-egyptian-museum-cairo-egypt Nemes, Nemes-like and White Crown. 17. R. Casas, Statue of the Sealer Nemtihotep seated, - The men dressing through this era as https://www.pinterest.com/pin/10133167889442939/ Metropolitan depicted by the stone statues presented was the short Schenti, either plain or decorated..

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 176 International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, Nov – Dec 2016 18. Metropolitan Museum, Seated statue of the Steward  Has got his Ph.D. in 1979 from Bradford Sehetepibreankh, University, UK under the supervision of http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/573446 Late Prof. John Parnaby. 19. Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Senusret III,  Now with the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_III , 2016 University, EGYPT.

 Research on Automatic Control, Mechanical 20. N. Cassano, Senusret III, 12th Dynasty, Vibrations , Mechanism Synthesis and https://www.pinterest.com/pin/473018767089863152/ History of Mechanical Engineering. 21. Cleveland Museum, Statue of Amenemhat III, https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1960.56  Published more than 190 research papers in 22. L. Morales, Block statue of Senwosret-Senebefny, Middle Kingdom, international journals and conferences. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/420664421418186656/  Author of books on Experimental Systems 23. Wikipedia, Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Perio Control, Experimental Vibrations and d_of_Egypt , 2016. Evolution of Mechanical Engineering. 24. Bologna Museum, Statue of Neferhotep I,,  Chief Justice of the International Journal of http://www.museibologna.it/archeologicoen/percorsi/662 Computer Techniques. 87/id/75337/oggetto/74877/  Member of the Editorial Board of some 25. Dreams Time, Statue of Sobekhotep IV seated at Metropolitan Museum of Art, international journals including IJET. https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-statue-  Reviewer in some international journals. khaneferre-sobekhotep-iv-seated-metropolitan-museum-  Scholars interested in the authors art-manhattan-new-york-ny-dioritic-gabbo-egypt-th- publications can visit: dynasty-image64553756 26. E. Emmanuel, Granite statue of Sobekhotep V, http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/galal www.pinterest.com/pin/508273507927021440/ 27. Wikipedia, History of ancient egypt, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ancient_Egypy , 2016. 28. Metropolitan Museum, Statue of Siamun, http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/558083

BIOGRAPHY

Galal Ali Hassaan  Emeritus Professor of System Dynamics and Automatic Control.  Has got his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Cairo University in 1970 and 1974.

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