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The Radiation Chemistry of Polysaccharides

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The Radiation Chemistry of Polysaccharides Edited by: Saphwan Al-Assaf Xavier Coqueret Khairul Zaman Haji Mohd Dahlan Murat Sen Piotr Ulanski THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF POLYSACCHAR IDES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GEORGIA OMAN ALBANIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ALGERIA GHANA PALAU ANGOLA GREECE PANAMA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA GUATEMALA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARGENTINA GUYANA PARAGUAY ARMENIA HAITI PERU AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES AUSTRIA HONDURAS POLAND AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY PORTUGAL BAHAMAS ICELAND QATAR BAHRAIN INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BARBADOS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ RWANDA BELGIUM IRELAND SAN MARINO BELIZE ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA BENIN ITALY SENEGAL BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL JAMAICA SERBIA STATE OF JAPAN SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JORDAN SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA KAZAKHSTAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL KENYA SLOVAKIA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA BULGARIA KUWAIT SOUTH AFRICA BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SPAIN BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SRI LANKA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SUDAN CAMEROON LATVIA SWAZILAND CANADA LEBANON SWEDEN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SWITZERLAND REPUBLIC LIBERIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHAD LIBYA TAJIKISTAN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN THAILAND CHINA LITHUANIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CONGO MADAGASCAR TOGO COSTA RICA MALAWI TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA TUNISIA CROATIA MALI TURKEY CUBA MALTA TURKMENISTAN CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND DJIBOUTI MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICA MONTENEGRO UNITED REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EGYPT MYANMAR URUGUAY EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN ERITREA NEPAL VANUATU ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FIJI NICARAGUA VIET NAM FINLAND NIGER YEMEN FRANCE NIGERIA ZAMBIA GABON NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF POLYSACCHARIDES EDITED BY: SAPHWAN AL-ASSAF XAVIER COQUERET KHAIRUL ZAMAN HAJI MOHD DAHLAN MURAT SEN PIOTR ULANSKI INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2016 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2016 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2016 STI/PUB/1731 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Names: International Atomic Energy Agency. Title: The radiation chemistry of polysaccharides / International Atomic Energy Agency. Description: Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: IAEAL 16-01075 | ISBN 978–92–0–101516–7 (paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Polysaccharides. | Polymers — Effect of radiation on. | Radiation chemistry. Classification: UDC 543.635.25:544.54 | STI/PUB/1731 FOREWORD Radiation processing offers a clean and additive-free method for the preparation of value-added novel materials based on renewable, non-toxic and biodegradable natural polymers and natural polymer waste. Past research has shown that, depending on the irradiation conditions, natural polysaccharides (alginate, chitin, chitosan, carrageeneans, carboxyl methyl cellulose, etc.) can be either degraded or cross-linked by radiation. This paved the way for the development of many successful applications, some of which have been commercialized for use in agriculture, healthcare and environmental protection. This publication provides information to help to disseminate knowledge and encourage researchers from different fields (radiation chemists, plant biologists, agricultural engineers, food safety specialists, medical doctors, etc.) to liaise and develop a variety of products from natural materials using environmentally friendly radiation technology. It complements previous efforts of the IAEA, such as consultants meetings and technical meetings, as well as a coordinated research project (CRP) on the Development of Radiation Processed Products of Natural Polymers for Applications in Agriculture, Healthcare, Industry and Environment. The designation of the Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) as an IAEA Collaborating Centre on Radiation Processing of Natural Polymers in October 2006 also supported successful developments in this field. This publication is a result of a collaborative effort by participants of this CRP, coordinated by five selected editors, who collected and edited the contributions, wrote several chapters and ensured the consistency of the usage of terms throughout this publication. Additional chapters initially prepared for an intended publication initiated by Nuclear Malaysia were also integrated into this publication. In this way, this publication covers basic aspects of the radiation chemistry of polysaccharides, methods for their full characterization, as well as examples of applications of radiation processed polysaccharides in healthcare, food and agriculture, as well as environmental applications. The IAEA wishes to thank all participants for their valuable and timely contributions. In particular, efforts of the editors, X. Coqueret (France), H.M.D. Khairul Zaman (Malaysia), P. Ulanski (Poland), M. Sen (Turkey) and S. Al-Assaf (United Kingdom) are acknowledged. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was A. Safrany of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE Guidance provided here, describing good practices, represents expert opinion but does not constitute recommendations made on the basis of a consensus of Member States. This report does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations. This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 1.1. Background ......................................... 1 1.2. Objectives .......................................... 2 1.3. Scope .............................................. 2 1.4. Structure............................................ 3 References to Chapter 1 . 3 2. POLYSACCHARIDES: ORIGIN, SOURCE AND PROPERTIES... 5 2.1. Introduction ......................................... 5 2.2. Structure and properties of polysaccharides ................ 5 2.3. Extraction and processing .............................. 6 2.4. Viscosity ........................................... 9 2.5. Fine tuning of structure . 15 References to Chapter 2 . 19 3. INTRODUCTION TO THE RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF POLYMERS .......................................... 25 3.1. Introduction ......................................... 25 3.2. Ionizing radiation..................................... 26 3.3. Radiation sources..................................... 27 3.4. Interaction of ionizing radiation
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