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Reproduced with Permission of the Copyright Owner. Further Reproduction Prohibited Without Permission. Reproduced with Permission of the Copyright Owner Brucella suis type 4 in foxes and their role as reservoirs/vectors among reindeer Item Type Thesis Authors Morton, Jamie Kay Download date 07/10/2021 22:51:08 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9341 INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, i.,l 8106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9017189 Brucella suis type 4 in foxes and their role as reservoirs/vectors among reindeer Morton, Jamie Kay, Ph.D. University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1989 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BRPCELLA SPIS TYPE 4 IN FOXES AND THEIR ROLE AS RESERVOIRS/VECTORS AMONG REINDEER A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Jamie Kay Morton, B.S., M.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 1989 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. m t lO a lA SPIS TEES 4 IN FO B S AND u n m ? RCCJB AS KESERTOIBS/VECTORS AMONG b b i w k h h by Jamie Kay Morten visory Ccmnittee Chair Department Head D *. Bean 71 : Natural Science 5 /’/?9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. BEDCELTA SUIS TYPE 4 IN POXES AND THEIR ROLE AS RESERVOIRS/VECTORS AMONG REINDEER Field and laboratory studies were conducted to test the hypotheses that (1) the reindeer/caribou organism, Brucella suis type 4, is inci­ dentally transmitted to reindeer predators such as foxes but does not cause reproductive disease in them, and (2) infected predators such as foxes are terminal hosts and do not serve as reservoirs of infection for reindeer. In field collections, serologic prevalence of brucellosis was sim­ ilar for male and female foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagcpus). B. suis type 4 was isolated from female Vulpes and Alopex. No associa­ tion between reproductive status of foxes and brucellosis infections was observed. Serologic titers in Vulpes experimentally infected by oral exposure to Brucella suis type 4 were detected first by the standard tube and plate agglutination tests which were followed by the buffered Brucella antigen, rivanol, and conplement fixation tests. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated from the feces 4 to 6 days post-exposure (PE) and from the oral cavity for as long as 3 weeks PE in Vulpes challenged with 10^ or 10^- colony forming units. Brucella suis type 4 was isolated frequently from regional lymph nodes in the 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 head up to 18 weeks PE, and fran only more distant nodes at 22 and 66 weeks PE. Organisms did not localize in the reproductive tract. Clinical effects of brucellosis in Vulpes experimentally-infected were not observed. Pathologic lesions were not detected in the male or non-gravid female reproductive tract. Due to breeding failure, effects of Brucella suis type 4 on the pregnant fox reproductive tract were not determined in experimental infections. Gross and microscopic pathology was limited to lymph nodes. Fox to fox transmission attributed to aerosols from products shed by infected foxes occurred readily. Transmission from Vulpes to lem­ mings (Pierostonyx rubricatus) that were exposed to urine from infected fox occurred infrequently. Transmission from infected Vulpes to two reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) occurred under conditions of close confinement. Ingestion of organisms passed mechanically in the fox feces was considered the prob­ able source of infection. Fox saliva containing Brucella was also impli­ cated in transmitting the organism through bites or aerosols. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. t a h t j : o f O C N U M S Page ABSTRACT...................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................. 5 LIST OF FIGURES............................................... 10 LIST OF TABLES................................................ 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................. 17 INTRODUCTION................................................. 19 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................. 22 HISTORY................................................. 22 ETIOLOGY................................................. 24 BRUCFT.TA SP. IN TYPICAL HOSTS.............................. 26 CATTLE - Brucella abortus............................. 26 Transmission.................................... 26 Pathogenesis.................................... 26 Pathology....................................... 28 SHEEP AND GOATS - Brucells melitensis................... 29 Transmission.................................... 29 Pathogenesis.................................... 30 Pathology....................................... 30 SHEEP - Brucella ovis................................. 30 Transmission.................................... 30 Pathogenesis.................................... 30 Pathology....................................... 31 PIGS - Brucella suis..................................31 Transmission.................................... 31 Pathogenesis.................................... 31 Pathology....................................... 32 DOGS - Brucella canis................................. 33 Etiology........................................ 33 Transmission.................................... 33 Pathogenesis.................................... 34 Pathology....................................... 34 DESERT WOOD RATS - Brucella neotomae.................... 36 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page REINDEER/CARIBOU - Brucella suis type 4 ................. 36 History......................................... 36 Transmission.....................................37 Pathogenesis.................................... 37 Pathology....................................... 38 Significance.................................... 38 Human Infections................................. 39 BRDTTT.TA SP. IN ATYPICAL HOSTS.............................. 40 Cattle.............................................. 40 Sheep and Goats...................................... 41 Pigs....................................... 41 Horses................................... 41 Dogs................................................ 41 Cats................................................ 46 Laboratory Animals....................................46 Poultry............................................. 47 BRrJTTT.TA SP. IN WILDLIFE................................... 49 General............................................. 49 Wild Swine........................................... 50 Hares............................................... 50 Ungulates............................................ 51 Carnivores........................................... 52 Foxes............................................... 54 Opossums and Raccoons................................. 56 Rodents............................................. 56 Miscellaneous........................................ 58 BRLTTT.TA SUIS TYPE 4 IN ATYPICAL HOSTS...................... 59 Ungulates, Carnivores, and Wild Rodents.................. 59 Rodents - Experimental Infections....................... 60 Miscellaneous........................................ 61 METHODS AND MATERIALS.......................................... 62 FIELD STUDIES.............................................62 Animal Collections...................................
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