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In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
Administration of India Under the Mughul Emperors
Course: B.A History Honors Semester: B.A. 4th semester Code: 410 Topic:Administration of India under the Mughul Emperors Prepared by: Dr Sangeeta Saxena, Assistant Professor Department: History, Patna Women's College, Patna E mail: [email protected] Administration of India under the Mughul Emperors Content: 1 Central Administration of India under the Mughul emperors 2. Provincial Administration and local administration 3.. Military administration. 4. Financial Administration 5. Law and Justice. The Central Administration: Mughul emperors brought about certain fundamental changes in the administrative structure in India. Babur, the founder of the Mughul empire, assumed the title of Padshah (emperor) which was continued by his successors. It meant that the Mughul emperors did not accept the Khalifa even as their nominal overlord. Thus, the Mughul emperors were completely free from even the nominal authority of any foreign power or individual. Akbar enhanced further the power and prestige of the emperor. He declared himself the arbiter in case of difference of opinions regarding Islamic laws. The Mughul rule was also not theocratic. Except Aurangzeb no other Mughul emperor attempted to carry his administration on principles of Islam. The Mughul rule was not a police state as well. The emperors accepted two primary duties for themselves—Jahanbani (protection of the state) and Jahangiri (extension of the empire). Besides, they tried to create those conditions which were conducive to economic and cultural progress of their subjects. Another novelty of the Mughuls was that they began the policy of religious toleration. Babur and Humayun were no bigots while Akbar pursued the policy of equal respect to all religions. -
History) (M.A.History)
Directorate of Distance Education J.R.N. Rajasthan Vidyapeeth University Pratap Nagar, Udaipur Course Structure & Syllabus For MASTER OF ARTS (HISTORY) (M.A.HISTORY) 1 COURSE STRUCTURE SECOND YEAR: (FINAL) Code Course Title Credits MAHIS16 Historical Method and Historiography 7 MAHIS17 History of India (1526 to 1707) 7 MAHIS18 History of the Wodeyars of Mysore (1500 to 1956) 7 MAHIS19 History of Freedom Movement in India (1885-1947_ 7 MAHIS20 History of United States of America (1765-1990) 7 2 SYLLABUS (FINAL YEAR) MAHIS16: Historical Method and Historiography BLOCK 1: UNIT 1: Meaning and Definitions – Nature and Scope of History 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning and Definition 1.3 Nature of History 1.4 Scope of History 1.5 Let us sum up 1.6 Self Assessment Questions 1.7 Selected Bibliography UNIT 2: Subject Matter of History and kinds of History 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Subject Matter of History 2.3 Kinds of History 2.4 Let us sum up 2.5 Self Assessment Questions 2.6 Books for further study UNIT 3: Purpose (Aims) and uses of History 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Purpose (Aims) of History 3.3 Uses of History 3.4 Let us sum up 3.5 Self Assessment questions 3.6 Bibliography 3 UNIT 4: History and the relations with social science and other sciences 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 History and its relations with social sciences 4.2.1 History and Geography 4.2.2 History and political science 4.2.3 History and Economics 4.2.4 History and Sociology 4.2.5 History and Psychology 4.2.6 History and Ethics 4.2.7 History -
Medals, Orders and Decorations
Medals, Orders and Decorations To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Wednesday 26 November 2014 at 10.30am and 2.00pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Monday 24 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 25 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 71 Price £15 Enquiries: James Morton, Paul Wood or Stephen Lloyd Cover illustrations: Lot 421 (front); lot 86 (back); lot 453 (inside front); lot 583 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com and www.invaluable.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion. -
Khanan: - Khan-I- Khanan Means Khan Among the Khans Or the Greatest Khan
Chapter 04 Akbar Class: 12th Khan-i- Khanan: - Khan-i- Khanan means Khan among the Khans or the greatest Khan. Akbar had bestowed this title upon his teacher and guardian Bairam Khan who had served him during the first four crucial years of his reign i.e. 1556-1569 A. D. Qanungo: - ‘Qanungo’ were local revenue officers who were conversant with the measurement of land, actual produce, state of cultivation and local prices etc. They were always ready to supply the government with useful information. Kirori: - Kirori were the revenue officials appointed by Akbar to collect revenue. They were responsible for the collection of a crore dams or Rs. 250,000. That is why they were called Kirors. They also checked their facts and figures supplied by the Qanungo. Bigha: - A ‘Bigha’ was a measurement of land used for fixing the state’s demand in the produce. The size and the kind of land held by a peasant was recorded in ‘bighas’. The revenue payable was fixed on the basis of average produce thereupon. Zabti: - The system of measurement and assessment of revenue based on actual size of the holding and the type of productivity was called Zabti. This system, which was first introduced by Raja Todar Mal under Sher Shah Suri was later on adopted by Akbar with some modifications. Dahsala: - 'Dahsala' was the system of revenue assessment based on figures of the last ten years. It was introduced by Akbar in 1580 A.D. It was calculated on the average produce and prices of different crops during the last ten years. -
Ancient Coins
ANCIENT COINS GREEK COINS 1. Satraps of Caria, Pixodorus (340-334 BC), gold hekte or stater, head of Apollo to r., rev. Zeus Labraundos standing to r. holding double axe and lotus-tipped sceptre, wt. 1.35gms. (Sear 4963; F.440), very fine and rare ⅙ $1000-1200 2. Kings of Lydia, temp. Alyattes-Kroisos, circa 610-546 BC, electrum ⅓ stater or trite, Sardes mint, head of roaring lion to r., rev. two incuse square punches, wt. 4.70gms. (GCV.3398; F.448), very fine $500-700 3. Bactria, Eucratides I (170-145 BC), tetradrachm, dr., cuir. bust r., wearing crested helmet adorned with bull’s horn and ear, rev. BAΣIΛEΩΣ MEΓAΛOY, Dioskouroi holding palm fronds and lances, on horses rearing r., monogram to lower r., in ex. ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ, wt. 16.94gms. (Sear 7570), certified and graded by NGC as Choice About Uncirculated, Strike 5/5, Surface 4/5 $3200-3500 ANCIENT COINS 4. Kyrene, Kyrenaika (322-313 BC), gold stater, Magistrate Polianthes, KYPANAION, Nike driving quadriga r., sun above r., rev. Zeus stg. l. by thymiaterion, holding patera and sceptre, wt. 8.70gms. (BMC.117), flan a little irregular, extremely fine $4000-4500 5. Kingdom of Thrace, Koson, King of Scythians (died 29 BC), gold stater, c. 40-29 BC, consul between lictors, all togate, walking l., rev. eagle standing l., holding wreath in one claw, wt. 8.33gms. (GCV.1733), obverse struck off-centre, otherwise extremely fine $650-850 ANCIENT COINS ROMAN COINS 6. Roman Republic, C. Servilius (136 B.C.), silver denarius, helmeted head of Roma facing r., wearing a necklace, a wreath and mark of value (XVI monogram) behind, ROMA below, rev. -
Central Administration of Akbar
Central Administration of Akbar The mughal rule is distinguished by the establishment of a stable government and other social and cultural activities. The arts of life flourished. It was an age of profound change, seemingly not very apparent on the surface but it definitely shaped and molded the socio economic life of our country. Since Akbar was anxious to evolve a national culture and a national outlook, he encouraged and initiated policies in religious, political and cultural spheres which were calculated to broaden the outlook of his contemporaries and infuse in them the consciousness of belonging to one culture. Akbar prided himself unjustly upon being the author of most of his measures by saying that he was grateful to God that he had found no capable minister, otherwise people would have given the minister the credit for the emperor’s measures, yet there is ample evidence to show that Akbar benefited greatly from the council of able administrators.1 He conceded that a monarch should not himself undertake duties that may be performed by his subjects, he did not do to this for reasons of administrative efficiency, but because “the errors of others it is his part to remedy, but his own lapses, who may correct ?2 The Mughal’s were able to create the such position and functions of the emperor in the popular mind, an image which stands out clearly not only in historical and either literature of the period but also in folklore which exists even today in form of popular stories narrated in the villages of the areas that constituted the Mughal’s vast dominions when his power had not declined .The emperor was looked upon as the father of people whose function it was to protect the weak and average the persecuted. -
MUGHAL EMPIRE Mughal Administration
M A HISTORY SEM-2 HY222 INDIAN HISTORY-2 MODULE-5 MUGHAL EMPIRE Mughal Administration Sources of information The Ain-I-Akbari of Abul Fazl Tabqat-I-Akbari of Nizam-ud-din Official handbooks or Dastur-ul-Amals Mundtakhab-ul-Tavarikh of Badauni Iqbal Namah of Muhammad Khan Foreign accounts and factory records Padshah Namah of Abdul Hamid Lahauri MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION • The history of the Mughals from 1526-1707 • Colorful and Splendid • Brought about immense Prestige • Beautification of Delhi • Development of administrative apparatus • Started purely as a military state but gradually gained the acceptance of the people • National Character under Akbar but reversed by Aurangzeeb Nature of Government • It was a military rule and was necessarily a centralised despotism • To the Muslims King was the head of government and religion • To the non-Muslims King was only their temporal head • Success of administration depended upon the personality of the King • Mughals were indebted to Shershah and the Persin rulers for administration Central Government • The King was the pivot of all administrative machinery • The power of the King depended upon the strength of the army under his command • There was no accepted law of succession • The rulers did not recognised any Khalifa as a superior overlord • The Kings except a few were hardworking in nature Central Government • Ministers are • Vakil or Prime Minister-important Vakils under Akbar were Bairam Khan and Sadullah Khan • Diva-I-Ala or Finance Minister-Muzafar Khan,Todarmal and Shah Manzur • -
5. Indian History -2- Iv Semester
INDIAN HISTORY - 2 IV SEMESTER (2019 Admission) BA HISTORY Core Course HIS4 B06 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT School of Distance Education Calicut University P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, India - 673 635 19309 School of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT School of Distance Education Study Material IV SEMESTER (2019 Admission) BA HISTORY Core Course (HIS4 B06) INDIAN HISTORY - 2 Prepared by: Sri.Vivek. A. B, Assistant Professor, School of Distance Education, University of Calicut. Scrutinized by: Dr. Santhoshkumar L, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram. Indian History - 2 2 School of Distance Education CONTENTS INTERPRETING EARLY MODULE I MEDIEVAL INDIAN 5 HISTORY DELHI SULTANATE, VIJAYA NAGARA MODULE II EMPIRE AND BHAMANI 20 KINGDOM FORMATION OF MODULE III MUGHAL EMPIRE 116 RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND MODULE IV BHAKTHI TRADITION 200 Indian History - 2 3 School of Distance Education Indian History - 2 4 School of Distance Education MODULE I INTERPRETING EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY Introduction The early medieval period spanning from c.600CE to 1300C is to be situated between the early his-torical and medieval. Historians are unanimous on the fact that this phase in India history had a distinct identity and as such differed from the preceding early historical and succeeding medieval. This in turn brings home the presence of the elements of change and continuity in Indian history. It is identified as a phase in the transition to the medieval. Perception of a unilinear and uniform pattern of historical development is challenged. Changes are identified not merely in dynastic upheavals but are also located in socio-economic, political and cultural conditions. -
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This course material is designed and developed by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University (KKHSOU), Guwahati and Vidya Mitra(MHRD). BACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS) IN HISTORY (BAHI) BHI-09 History of India V (c.1526-1750) BLOCK – 2 CONSOLIDATION OF MUGHAL RULE UNIT-1 INCORPORATION OF RAJPUT’S AND OTHER INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN MUGHAL NOBILITY UNIT-2 MUGHAL ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS: ZABTI, MANSAB AND JAGIR, MADAD-I-MAASH UNIT-3 EMERGENCE OF THE MARATHAS; SHIVAJI; EXPANSION UNDER THE PESHWAS UNIT 1: INCORPORATION OF RAJPUT’S AND OTHER INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN MUGHAL NOBILITY Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Ruling Class under Babur and Humayun 1.3 Development under Akbar 1.4 Composition of the Mughal Ruling Class 1.4.1 Racial and Religious groups 1.4.2 The Foreign Elements – Turanis and Iranis 1.4.3 'The Afghans 1.4.4 Indian Muslims 1.4.5 Rajput’s and Other Hindus 1.4.6 Marathas and other Deccanis 1.5 Organisation of the Ruling Class 1.6 Distribution of Revenue Resources among the Ruling Class 1.7 Life Style of the Ruling Class 1.8 Let Us Sum Up 1.9 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 1.0 OBJECTIVES This unit will discuss important features of the structure and working of the Mughal ruling class down to Aurangzeb's period. After reading this unit you will know about the origins and development of the ruling class; understand the racial composition of the ruling class; learn about its organisation; have some idea about the share of the ruling class in the revenue resources of the empire; and be acquainted with the life style of the ruling class. -
Relations Between the British and the Indian States
THE POWER BEHIND THE THRONE: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND THE INDIAN STATES 1870-1909 Caroline Keen Submitted for the degree of Ph. D. at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, October 2003. ProQuest Number: 10731318 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731318 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the manner in which British officials attempted to impose ideas of ‘good government’ upon the Indian states and the effect of such ideas upon the ruling princes of those states. The work studies the crucial period of transition from traditional to modem rule which occurred for the first generation of westernised princes during the latter decades of the nineteenth century. It is intended to test the hypothesis that, although virtually no aspect of palace life was left untouched by the paramount power, having instigated fundamental changes in princely practice during minority rule the British paid insufficient attention to the political development of their adult royal proteges. -
The Power, Subjectivity, and Space of India's Mughal Architecture
monumental matters monumental matters The Power, Subjectivity, and Space of India’s Mughal Architecture Santhi Kavuri-Bauer Duke University Press | Durham and London | 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Designed by April Leidig-Higgins Typeset in Garamond Premier Pro by Copperline Book Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. In memory of my father, Raghavayya V. Kavuri contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Breathing New Life into Old Stones: The Poets and Artists of the Mughal Monument in the Eighteenth Century 19 2 From Cunningham to Curzon: Producing the Mughal Monument in the Era of High Imperialism 49 3 Between Fantasy and Phantasmagoria: The Mughal Monument and the Structure of Touristic Desire 76 4 Rebuilding Indian Muslim Space from the Ruins of the Mughal “Moral City” 95 5 Tryst with Destiny: Nehru’s and Gandhi’s Mughal Monuments 127 6 The Ethics of Monumentality in Postindependence India 145 Epilogue 170 Notes 179 Bibliography 197 Index 207 acknowledgments This book is the result of over ten years of research, writing, and discus- sion. Many people and institutions provided support along the way to the book’s final publication. I want to thank the UCLA International Institute and Getty Museum for their wonderful summer institute, “Constructing the Past in the Middle East,” in Istanbul, Turkey in 2004; the Getty Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship during 2005–2006; and the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts Grant Award for a subvention grant toward the costs of publishing this book.