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Real-Time System for Driver Fatigue Detection Based on a Recurrent Neuronal Network
Journal of Imaging Article Real-Time System for Driver Fatigue Detection Based on a Recurrent Neuronal Network Younes Ed-Doughmi 1,* , Najlae Idrissi 1 and Youssef Hbali 2 1 Department Computer Science, FST, University Sultan Moulay Sliman, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco; [email protected] 2 Computer Systems Engineering Laboratory Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 January 2020; Accepted: 25 February 2020; Published: 4 March 2020 Abstract: In recent years, the rise of car accident fatalities has grown significantly around the world. Hence, road security has become a global concern and a challenging problem that needs to be solved. The deaths caused by road accidents are still increasing and currently viewed as a significant general medical issue. The most recent developments have made in advancing knowledge and scientific capacities of vehicles, enabling them to see and examine street situations to counteract mishaps and secure travelers. Therefore, the analysis of driver’s behaviors on the road has become one of the leading research subjects in recent years, particularly drowsiness, as it grants the most elevated factor of mishaps and is the primary source of death on roads. This paper presents a way to analyze and anticipate driver drowsiness by applying a Recurrent Neural Network over a sequence frame driver’s face. We used a dataset to shape and approve our model and implemented repetitive neural network architecture multi-layer model-based 3D Convolutional Networks to detect driver drowsiness. After a training session, we obtained a promising accuracy that approaches a 92% acceptance rate, which made it possible to develop a real-time driver monitoring system to reduce road accidents. -
Adaptive Resonance Theory
Adaptive Resonance Theory Jonas Jacobi, Felix J. Oppermann C.v.O. Universitat¨ Oldenburg Gliederung 1. Neuronale Netze 2. Stabilität - Plastizität 3. ART-1 4. ART-2 5. ARTMAP 6. Anwendung 7. Zusammenfassung Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.1/27 Neuronale Netze Künstliche neuronale Netze sind Modell für das Nervensystem Aufbau aus einzellnen Zellen Paralelle Datenverarbeitung Lernen implizit durch Gewichtsveränderung Sehr unterschiedliche Strukturen Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.2/27 Neuronale Netze Summation der Eingänge Vergleich mit einem Schwellenwert Erzeugen eines Ausgabesignals Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.3/27 Stabilität $ Plastizität Lernen mit fester Lernrate Die Lernrate gibt an wie stark ein neues Muster die Gewichte beeinflusst Lernen erfolgt bei überwachtem Lernen nur in einer Trainingsphase Im biologischen System wird das Lernen nicht beendet Meist kein direktes Fehlersignal Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.4/27 Stabilität $ Plastizität Stabilität Einmal Gelerntes soll gespeichert bleiben Das trainieren neuer Muster soll vermieden werden, da diese die Klassifikation stark verändern könnten Plastizität Neue Muster sollen kein vollständiges Neutrainieren erfordern Alte Klassifikation sollten beim Hinzufügen neuer Muster erhalten bleiben Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.5/27 Stabilität $ Plastizität Beide Anforderungen konkurrieren Hohe Stabilität oder hohe Plastizität Plastizitäts-Stabilitäts-Dilemma Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.6/27 Stabilität $ Plastizität Lösungsansätze: Kontrolle ob das neue Muster bereits bekannt ist Für neue Muster eine neue Klasse öffnen Bei hoher Ähnlichkeit zu bekannten Mustern Einordnung in diese Klasse Der Parameter der Kontrolle kann als Aufmerksamkeit betrachtet werden Adaptive Resonance Theory – p.7/27 Stephen Grossberg Stuyvesant High School, Manhattan, 1957 Rockefeller University, Ph.D., 1964-1967 Associate Professor of Applied Mathematics, M.I.T., 1969-1975. -
Neural Networks Towards Building a Neural Networks Community
Neural Networks 23 (2010) 1135–1138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neural Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neunet Editorial Towards building a neural networks community December 31, 2010 is my last day as the founding editor-in- Data about reinforcement learning in animals and about chief of Neural Networks and also my 71st birthday! Such vast cognitive dissonance in humans kindled a similar passion. What changes have occurred in our field since the first issue of Neural sort of space and time representations could describe both a Networks was published in 1987 that it seemed appropriate to thought and a feeling? How could thoughts and feelings interact my editorial colleagues for me to reflect on some of the changes to guide our decisions and actions to realize valued goals? Just as to which my own efforts contributed. Knowing where we as a in the case of serial learning, the non-occurrence of an event could community came from may, in addition to its intrinsic historical have dramatic consequences. For example, the non-occurrence of interest, be helpful towards clarifying where we hope to go and an expected reward can trigger reset of cognitive working memory, how to get there. My comments will necessarily be made from a emotional frustration, and exploratory motor activity to discover personal perspective. new ways to get the reward. What is an expectation? What is The founding of Neural Networks is intimately linked to the a reward? What type of dynamics could unify the description founding of the International Neural Network Society (INNS; of cognition, emotion, and action? Within the reinforcement http://www.inns.org) and of the International Joint Conference learning literature, there were also plenty of examples of irrational on Neural Networks (IJCNN; http://www.ijcnn2011.org). -
Using Memristors in a Functional Spiking-Neuron Model of Activity-Silent Working Memory
Using memristors in a functional spiking-neuron model of activity-silent working memory Joppe Wik Boekestijn (s2754215) July 2, 2021 Internal Supervisor(s): Dr. Jelmer Borst (Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen) Second Internal Supervisor: Thomas Tiotto (Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen) Artificial Intelligence University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract In this paper, a spiking-neuron model of human working memory by Pals et al. (2020) is adapted to use Nb-doped SrTiO3 memristors in the underlying architecture. Memristors are promising devices in neuromorphic computing due to their ability to simulate synapses of ar- tificial neuron networks in an efficient manner. The spiking-neuron model introduced by Pals et al. (2020) learns by means of short-term synaptic plasticity (STSP). In this mechanism neu- rons are adapted to incorporate a calcium and resources property. Here a novel learning rule, mSTSP, is introduced, where the calcium property is effectively programmed on memristors. The model performs a delayed-response task. Investigating the neural activity and performance of the model with the STSP or mSTSP learning rules shows remarkable similarities, meaning that memristors can be successfully used in a spiking-neuron model that has shown functional human behaviour. Shortcomings of the Nb-doped SrTiO3 memristor prevent programming the entire spiking-neuron model on memristors. A promising new memristive device, the diffusive memristor, might prove to be ideal for realising the entire model on hardware directly. 1 Introduction In recent years it has become clear that computers are using an ever-increasing number of resources. Up until 2011 advancements in the semiconductor industry followed ‘Moore’s law’, which states that every second year the number of transistors doubles, for the same cost, in an integrated circuit (IC). -
Integer SDM and Modular Composite Representation Dissertation V35 Final
INTEGER SPARSE DISTRIBUTED MEMORY AND MODULAR COMPOSITE REPRESENTATION by Javier Snaider A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Computer Science The University of Memphis August, 2012 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Stan Franklin, for his unconditional support and encouragement, and for having given me the opportunity to change my life. He guided my first steps in the academic world, allowing me to work with him and his team on elucidating the profound mystery of how the mind works. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Vinhthuy Phan, Dr. King-Ip Lin, and Dr. Vasile Rus. Their comments and suggestions helped me to improve the content of this dissertation. I am thankful to Penti Kanerva, who introduced the seminal ideas of my research many years ago, and for his insights and suggestions in the early stages of this work. I am grateful to all my colleagues at the CCRG group at the University of Memphis, especially to Ryan McCall. Our meetings and discussions opened my mind to new ideas. I am greatly thankful to my friend and colleague Steve Strain for our discussions, and especially for his help editing this manuscript and patiently teaching me to write with clarity. Without his amazing job, this dissertation would hardly be intelligible. I will always be in debt to Dr. Andrew Olney for his generous support during my years in the University of Memphis, and for being my second advisor, guiding me academically and professionally in my career. -
The Cognitive Computing Era Is Here: Are You Ready?
The Cognitive Computing Era is Here: Are You Ready? By Peter Fingar. Based on excerpts from the new book Cognitive Computing: A Brief Guide for Game Changers www.mkpress.com/cc Artificial Intelligence is likely to change our civilization as much as, or more than, any technology thats come before, even writing. --Miles Brundage and Joanna Bryson, Future Tense The smart machine era will be the most disruptive in the history of IT. -- Gartner The Disruptive Era of Smart Machines is Upon Us. Without question, Cognitive Computing is a game-changer for businesses across every industry. --Accenture, Turning Cognitive Computing into Business Value, Today! The Cognitive Computing Era will change what it means to be a business as much or more than the introduction of modern Management by Taylor, Sloan and Drucker in the early 20th century. --Peter Fingar, Cognitive Computing: A Brief Guide for Game Changers The era of cognitive systems is dawning and building on today s computer programming era. All machines, for now, require programming, and by definition programming does not allow for alternate scenarios that have not been programmed. To allow alternating outcomes would require going up a level, creating a self-learning Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Via biomimicry and neuroscience, Cognitive Computing does this, taking computing concepts to a whole new level. Once-futuristic capabilities are becoming mainstream. Let s take a peek at the three eras of computing. Fast forward to 2011 when IBM s Watson won Jeopardy! Google recently made a $500 million acquisition of DeepMind. Facebook recently hired NYU professor Yann LeCun, a respected pioneer in AI. -
Machine Learning to Improve Marine Science for the Sustainability of Living Ocean Resources Report from the 2019 Norway - U.S
NOAA Machine Learning to Improve Marine Science for the Sustainability of Living Ocean Resources Report from the 2019 Norway - U.S. Workshop NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-199 November 2019 Machine Learning to Improve Marine Science for the Sustainability of Living Ocean Resources Report from the 2019 Norway - U.S. Workshop Edited by William L. Michaels, Nils Olav Handegard, Ketil Malde, Hege Hammersland-White Contributors (alphabetical order): Vaneeda Allken, Ann Allen, Olav Brautaset, Jeremy Cook, Courtney S. Couch, Matt Dawkins, Sebastien de Halleux, Roger Fosse, Rafael Garcia, Ricard Prados Gutiérrez, Helge Hammersland, Hege Hammersland-White, William L. Michaels, Kim Halvorsen, Nils Olav Handegard, Deborah R. Hart, Kine Iversen, Andrew Jones, Kristoffer Løvall, Ketil Malde, Endre Moen, Benjamin Richards, Nichole Rossi, Arnt-Børre Salberg, , Annette Fagerhaug Stephansen, Ibrahim Umar, Håvard Vågstøl, Farron Wallace, Benjamin Woodward November 2019 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-199 U.S. Department National Oceanic and National Marine Of Commerce Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service Wilbur L. Ross, Jr. Neil A. Jacobs, PhD Christopher W. Oliver Secretary of Commerce Acting Under Secretary of Commerce Assistant Administrator for Oceans and Atmosphere for Fisheries and NOAA Administrator Recommended citation: Michaels, W. L., N. O. Handegard, K. Malde, and H. Hammersland-White (eds.). 2019. Machine learning to improve marine science for the sustainability of living ocean resources: Report from the 2019 Norway - U.S. Workshop. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-199, 99 p. Available online at https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/tech-memos/ The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, or NOAA Fisheries) does not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in the publication. -
Prepare. Protect. Prosper
Prepare. Protect. Prosper. Cybersecurity White Paper From Star Trek to Cognitive Computing: Machines that understand Security Second in a series of cybersecurity white papers from Chameleon Integrated Services In this issue: The rise of cognitive computing Data, Data, Everywhere – how to use it Cyber Defense in Depth Executive Summary ur first white-paper on cybersecurity, “Maskelyne and Morse Code: New Century, Same Threat” discussed the overwhelming nature of today’s cybersecurity threat, where O cyberwarfare is the new norm, and we gave some historical perspective on information attacks in general. We also discussed preventative measures based on layered security. In our second in the series we delve into the need for the “super analyst” and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Cyber Defense and build on the concept of “defense in depth”. Defense in depth, describes an ancient military strategy of multiple layers of defense, which is the concept of multiple redundant defense mechanisms to deal with an overwhelming adversary. The application of AI to cybersecurity is the next frontier and represents another layer of defense from cyber-attack available to us today. The original television series Star Trek, is a cultural icon that inspired significant elements of the evolution of technologies that we all take for granted today, from the original Motorola flip phone to tablet computers. Dr. Christopher Welty, a computer scientist and an original member of the IBM artificial intelligence group that was instrumental in bringing Watson to life was among those heavily influenced by the fictional technology he saw on Star Trek as a child (source startrek.com article)i. -
VLSI Technology: Impact and Promise
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 350 762 EC 301 569 AUTHOR Bayoumi, Magdy TITLE VLSI Technology: Impact and Promise. Identifying Emerging Issues and Trends in Technology for Special Education. INSTITUTION COSMOS Corp., Washington, DC. SPONS AGENCY Special Education Programs (ED/OSERS), Washington, DC. PUB DATE Jun 92 CONTRACT HS90008001 NOTE 45p.; For related documents, see EC 301 540, EC 301 567-574. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Computer Uses in Education; *Disabilities; Educational Media; Educational Trends; Elementary Secondary Education; History; Microcomputers; *Research and Development; Special Education; *Technological Advancement; Technology Transfer; Theory Practice Relationship; Trend Analysis IDENTIFIERS *Very Large Scale Integration Technology ABSTRACT As part of a 3-year study to identify emerging issues and trends in technology for special education, this paper addresses the implications of very large scale integrated (VLSI) technology. The first section reviews the development of educational technology, particularly microelectronics technology, from the 1950s to the present. The implications of very high computational power available at low cost are then examined for the fields of education, medicine, assistive devices for individuals with disabilities, home electronics, business, management information systems, music, defense applications, space programs, industrial applications, and super computing. The second section then briefly considers future applications of new technologies including gallium arsenide technology, fuzzy logic, and neural networks. A high level of technological integration is predicted for the 21st century based on the immense power of VLSI-based automation. An appendix outlines, through text and figures, the fundamentals of VLSI. (Contains 25 references and 5 figures.) (DB) ******AA..*******A*************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. -
Outline of Machine Learning
Outline of machine learning The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to machine learning: Machine learning – subfield of computer science[1] (more particularly soft computing) that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory in artificial intelligence.[1] In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed".[2] Machine learning explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data.[3] Such algorithms operate by building a model from an example training set of input observations in order to make data-driven predictions or decisions expressed as outputs, rather than following strictly static program instructions. Contents What type of thing is machine learning? Branches of machine learning Subfields of machine learning Cross-disciplinary fields involving machine learning Applications of machine learning Machine learning hardware Machine learning tools Machine learning frameworks Machine learning libraries Machine learning algorithms Machine learning methods Dimensionality reduction Ensemble learning Meta learning Reinforcement learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Semi-supervised learning Deep learning Other machine learning methods and problems Machine learning research History of machine learning Machine learning projects Machine learning organizations Machine learning conferences and workshops Machine learning publications -
An Overview of Cognitive Computing
elligenc International Journal of Swarm nt e I an rm d a E w v S o f l u o t l i o a n n a r u r Intelligence and Evolutionary y o C J l o a m n p ISSN:o 2090-4908 i t u a t a n t r i o e t n I n Computation Editorial An Overview of Cognitive Computing Nihar M* Department of Biomedical computing and engineering, Dayalbagh University, UP, India DESCRIPTION Iterative and stateful Cognitive computing is that the use of computerized models to Cognitive computing technologies also can identify problems by simulate the human thought process in complex situations asking questions or pulling in additional data if a stated problem where the answers could also be ambiguous and unsure. The is vague or incomplete. The systems do that by maintaining phrase is closely related with IBM's cognitive computing system, information about similar situations that have previously Watson. Cognitive computing overlaps with AI and includes happened. many of an equivalent underlying technologies to power cognitive applications, expert systems, neural networks, robotics Contextual and computer game. Understanding context is critical in thought processes then cognitive systems must also understand, identify and mine HOW COGNITIVE COMPUTING WORKS contextual data, like syntax, time, location, domain, Cognitive computing systems can synthesize data from various requirements, a selected user's profile, tasks or goals. They will information sources, while weighing context and conflicting draw on multiple sources of data, including structured and evidence to suggest the simplest possible answers. To realize this, unstructured data and visual, auditory or sensor data. -
Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Goods
Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Goods Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Goods The Consumer Goods Forum 1 End-to-End Value Chain Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Goods EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PAGE 3 A brief history of AI EARLY DAYS PAGE 5 DEEP BLUE AND BEYOND PAGE 5 AI today CORE CONCEPTS PAGE 7 BUILDING BLOCKS PAGE 9 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS PAGE 10 Getting ahead LESSONS FROM THE LEADERS PAGE 14 CHALLENGES PAGE 15 Final thoughts WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? PAGE 18 The Consumer Goods Forum 2 End-to-End Value Chain Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Goods EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence (AI) is over 50 years old, but how far has AI The AI field is not without challenges. Access to data and progressed really? Is it just the latest overhyped subject from IT high-performance computing and science and technology vendors? Indeed, what do we mean today by AI and terms like skill gaps, issues of trust in algorithms and impact on em- machine learning and deep learning? Are they the same thing? ployment also. Being aware of the challenges and building Why should Consumer Goods companies invest now? mitigating actions into business plans is essential. After a series of boom and bust cycles in AI research and ap- It is worth remembering that this latest (more successful) plication, AI technologies are now delivering some significant part of the AI story is in its early stages for Consumer Goods. successes. Some make headlines in newspapers such as a Longer term, will AI make auto-replenishment direct from the man’s life being saved in Missouri when his Tesla car drove ‘fridge or store cupboard’ a reality? What about the role of AI him to hospital on autopilot.