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A History of Mediation in Somalia Since 1988 Acknowledgements THE SEARCH FOR PEACE Somali Programme A History of Mediation in Somalia since 1988 Acknowledgements A History of Mediation in Somalia since 1988 Lead Researchers Professor Ken Menkhaus, Hassan Sheikh, Ali Joqombe, Dr Pat Johnson Map: Adapted from Mark Bradbury, 2008, James Currey Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace This research study was made possible by the generous contributions of the interviewees, Working Group, and peer reviewers in sharing their unique experiences as well as historical documentation. The Search for Peace series Research Coordinator: Mark Bradbury, Rift Valley Institute Research Consultants: Jeremy Brickhill Andy Carl, Conciliation Resources Professor Ken Menkhaus, Davidson College, USA Ulf Terlinden Dr Justin Willis, the British Institute in Eastern Africa Senior Research Advisor: Abdirahman Osman Raghe, Interpeace Series Coordinator & Editor: Dr Pat Johnson, Interpeace Design and Layout: Cege Mwangi, Arcadia Associates The Center for Research and Dialogue Phone: (+252) 59 32497 or (+252) 1 858 666 Fax: (+252) 59 32355 Email: [email protected] www.crdsomalia.org “This report was produced by Interpeace and the Center for Research and Dialogue and represents exclusively their own views. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the contributing donors and should not be relied upon as a statement of the contributing donors or their services. The contributing donors do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor do they accept responsibility for any use made thereof.” The study is a draft chapter in a forthcoming publication representing the findings of the peace mapping study. 2 The Search for Peace Contents May 2009 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 2 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 5 Preface and Methodology for the Peace Mapping Study .......................................................... 6 Map of Somalia, 1991 .............................................................................................................. 8 A History of Mediation in Somalia since 1988 ........................................................................... 9 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 Background – War and Mediation in Somalia since 1988 ................................................ 9 Mediation in Somalia – Ongoing Debates ...................................................................... 17 Issues and Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 20 The Addis Ababa Agreement of 1993 ..................................................................................... 24 Context.......................................................................................................................... 24 Key Early Decisions ...................................................................................................... 29 Assessment of the Addis Ababa Agreement .................................................................. 33 Implementation of the Accord ........................................................................................ 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 37 Somalia National Reconciliation Conference - Arta, Djibouti 2000 ........................................... 39 Background .................................................................................................................. 39 South-central regions before the Djibouti initiative ........................................................... 40 The Djibouti Initiative and Diplomatic Engagement .......................................................... 41 The Preparations ........................................................................................................... 42 The Traditional Leaders’ Meeting .................................................................................... 43 The Political Phase ......................................................................................................... 45 The Relocation of the Transitional National Government (TNG) ....................................... 46 Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 47 The IGAD-led Somali National Reconciliation Conference: the Mbagathi Process ................... 52 Origins of the IGAD-led Peace Process .......................................................................... 53 Conference Preparation ................................................................................................. 53 Phase I: Agreement on Federal Structure and Cessation of Hostilities ........................... 54 Phase II: Reconciliation Issues ...................................................................................... 55 Phase III: Power-sharing ................................................................................................ 59 Implementation - and Security and Stabilisation ............................................................. 60 Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 62 A History of Mediation in Somalia since 1988 3 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Annex 1: Glossary of Somali Terms in Peace and War ................................................................ 70 Annex 2: General Agreement Signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993 .................................... 75 Annex 3: Extract from Speech of Djibouti President to UN General Assembly 1999 ..................... 83 Annex 4: Declaration of 7th IGAD Summit November 1999 ......................................................... 85 Annex 5: Puntland Position on National Reconciliation in Somalia September 2000 .................... 86 Annex 6: El-Berde Declaration January 2001 Creation of National Restoration Council (NRC) January 24, 2001 ............................................... 90 Annex 7: Eldoret Declaration, December 2002 ........................................................................... 91 Annex 8: Evaluation of EC-supported public outreach during the IGAD-led peace talks............... 94 Annex 9: Press Statement by Kenya’s Special Envoy Ambassador Kiplagat, August 2003 .......... 96 Annex 10: Statement made by Hassan Dahir Aweys 12 April 2004 ............................................. 99 Annex 11: Joint Security Agreement, 24 November 2008 ......................................................... 100 Annex 12: Timeline of Key Political-Security Events Late 2001-2009 ......................................... 102 References ......................................................................................................................................... 106 4 The Search for Peace Acronyms APD Academy for Peace and Development ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism ARS Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia AU African Union AMISOM African Union peace keeping mission in Somalia BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CRD Center for Research and Dialogue ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICU Islamic Courts Union (also known as the Union of Islamic Courts) IGAD Inter Governmental Authority on Development IRDA Inter-Riverine Development Agency JVA Jubba Valley Alliance LAS League of Arab States NGO Non Governmental Organization NRC National Reconciliation Commission NSC National Salvation Council OIC Organisation of Islamic Conference PDRC Puntland Development Research Center RRA Rahanweyn Resistance Army SDM Somali Democratic Movement SNA Somali National Alliance SNF Somali National Front SNM Somali National Movement SNRC Somali National Reconciliation Conference SPM Somali Patriotic Movement SRC Somali Revolutionary Council SRRC Somali Restoration and Reconciliation Council SSDF Somali Salvation Defence Force SRSG (United Nations) Special Representative of the Secretary General TFG Transitional Federal Government TFIs Transitional Federal Institutions TNG Transitional National Government UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNITAF United Nations Task Force UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services UNOSOM I/II United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPOS United Nations Political Office for Somalia UNSC United Nations Security Council USC United Somali Congress USP United Somali Party WSP International War-torn Societies Project International - subsequently known as the International Peacebuilding Alliance (Interpeace) Acronyms 5 Preface and Methodology for the Peace Mapping Study Working to consolidate peace and support better governance across the Somali region The Dialogue for Peace Rebuilding a country after conflict is about far more than repairing damaged buildings and re-establishing public institutions. Fundamentally, it is about rebuilding relationships at all levels, restoring the people’s trust and confidence in governance systems and the rule of law, and providing the population with greater hope for the future. These processes are all
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