The Genome Sequence of the Cereal Pest Sitophilus Oryzae: an Unprecedented Transposable Element Content
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Associative Learning in Response to Color in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia Vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Journal of Insect Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2000 Associative Learning in Response to Color in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) S. E. Oliai1 and B. H. King1,2 Accepted July 1, 1999; revised August 2, 1999 A parasitoid that can learn cues associated with the host microenvironment should have an increased chance of future host location and thereby increase its reproductive success. This study examines associative learning in response to simultaneous exposure to the colors yellow and blue in mated females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Preference was measured as the proportion of time spent on a color. When trained with one color rewarded with hosts and honey and the other unrewarded, females showed an increase in preference for the rewarded color with increasing number of training days (1, 3, and 7 days). Hosts and honey together produced a slightly greater preference toward the rewarded color than just hosts, which produced a greater preference than just honey. When trained with a variable reward on one color and a constant reward on the other, females preferred the color associated with the variable reward when it was yellow, but not when it was blue. Thus, relative to no reward, the presence of a variable reward decreased the strength of preference toward the constantly rewarded color. Finally, females trained with regular hosts on one color and used hosts on the other preferred the color associated with the regular hosts when that color was blue but showed no preference in the reverse situation. The presence of used hosts instead of no reward did not increase the strength of preference for the color associated with the regular hosts. -
Recent Advances and Perspectives in Nasonia Wasps
Disentangling a Holobiont – Recent Advances and Perspectives in Nasonia Wasps The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Dittmer, Jessica, Edward J. van Opstal, J. Dylan Shropshire, Seth R. Bordenstein, Gregory D. D. Hurst, and Robert M. Brucker. 2016. “Disentangling a Holobiont – Recent Advances and Perspectives in Nasonia Wasps.” Frontiers in Microbiology 7 (1): 1478. doi:10.3389/ fmicb.2016.01478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01478. Published Version doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01478 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29408381 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA fmicb-07-01478 September 21, 2016 Time: 14:13 # 1 REVIEW published: 23 September 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01478 Disentangling a Holobiont – Recent Advances and Perspectives in Nasonia Wasps Jessica Dittmer1, Edward J. van Opstal2, J. Dylan Shropshire2, Seth R. Bordenstein2,3, Gregory D. D. Hurst4 and Robert M. Brucker1* 1 Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 3 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, 4 Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK The parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a well-established model organism for insect development, evolutionary genetics, speciation, and symbiosis. -
PESTS of STORED PRODUCTS a 'Pest of Stored Products' Can Refer To
PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS A ‘pest of stored products’ can refer to any organism that infests and damages stored food, books and documents, fabrics, leather, carpets, and any other dried or preserved item that is not used shortly after it is delivered to a location, or moved regularly. Technically, these pests can include microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, arthropods such as insects and mites, and vertebrates such as rodents and birds. Stored product pests are responsible for the loss of millions of dollars every year in contaminated products, as well as destruction of important documents and heritage artifacts in homes, offices and museums. Many of these pests are brought indoors in items that were infested when purchased. Others originate indoors when susceptible items are stored under poor storage conditions, or when stray individual pests gain access to them. Storage pests often go unnoticed because they infest items that are not regularly used and they may be very small in size. Infestations are noticed when the pests emerge from storage, to disperse or sometimes as a result of crowding or after having exhausted a particular food source, and search for new sources of food and harborage. Unexplained occurrences of minute moths and beetles flying in large numbers near stored items, or crawling over countertops, walls and ceilings, powdery residues below and surrounding stored items, and stale odors in pantries and closets can all indicate a possible storage pest infestation. Infestations in stored whole grains or beans can also be detected when these are soaked in water, and hollowed out seeds rise to the surface, along with the adult stages of the pests, and other debris. -
IVO MOES Unraveling the Genetics of Lifespan in Nasonia Using GWAS in an Inbred Line Panel
UNRAVELING THE GENETICS OF LIFESPAN IN NASONIA USING GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS IN AN INBRED LINE PANEL IVO MOES Unraveling the genetics of lifespan in Nasonia using GWAS in an inbred line panel MSc Thesis Report By Ivo V. Moes Registration number: 910306576010 Chair group: Laboratory of Genetics Course code: GEN-70424 Supervisor: Bart Pannebakker, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen UR Examiner: Bas Zwaan, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen UR Date: 4-9-2015 Wageningen UR Ivo Moes | Laboratory of Genetics | Wageningen UR 2015 Abstract An important part of our understanding of the genetics underlying lifespan and ageing is generated through research in model organisms. The parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis has been subject of research for decades. This model organism possesses many favorable characteristics, such as a short generation time and a haplodipolid sex determination system. This, and the increasing availability of next generation sequencing techniques, has made Nasonia re-emerge as a model organism in the field of genetics. In this study, a sequenced line panel of 34 inbred lines of Nasonia is used to identify genes associated with lifespan. A genome wide association study (GWAS) has been performed, which led to the selection of two candidate genes: beta-syntrophin 1 and neurogenic locus protein delta. In addition to the GWAS, a linkage analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been used to define haplotype blocks. These blocks have also been subjected to an association analysis, in order to support the GWAS results. Relative expression levels of the candidate genes have been measured with quantitative PCR, which showed a trend, but yielded no significant results. -
Selective Arcing Electrostatically Eradicates Rice Weevils in Rice Grains
insects Article Selective Arcing Electrostatically Eradicates Rice Weevils in Rice Grains Koji Kakutani 1, Yoshihiro Takikawa 2,* and Yoshinori Matsuda 3 1 Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute and Anti-Aging Centers, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan; [email protected] 2 Plant Center, Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan 3 Laboratory of Phytoprotection Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Rice stored in warehouses is frequently attacked by rice weevils, which must therefore be controlled. We developed an electrostatic method as an alternative to pesticides. An arc discharge exposer (ADE) kills insects entering an electric field. The apparatus has pairs of identical metal plates, one of which is linked to a voltage generator for negative charging, the other is grounded. A −7 kV electric field forms between the two plates. When an insect enters the electric field it is arced by the charged plate and killed. We combined this method with a technique that lures insects hiding in rice grains. When a vessel containing rice and insects was rotated and then returned to the initial position, the weevils climbed up the vessel walls and entered the ADE. Dead insects were collected to minimize rice contamination. This method efficiently killed pests in stored rice. Abstract: We developed an arc discharge exposer (ADE) that kills rice weevils nesting in dried rice. The ADE features multiple identical metal plates, half of these are linked to a voltage generator and Citation: Kakutani, K.; Takikawa, Y.; the others are grounded. -
Nasonia Vitripennis Is a Deep Reddish-Brown
Biology 322 Fall 10 Wasp Genetics This experiment will explore the genetic principles of complementation. You will set up various crosses, and manage the life cycles of the model organism Nasonia vitripenni in order to address the following questions: Wild-type eye color in Nasonia vitripennis is a deep reddish-brown. You have isolated two new mutations that result in scarlet eyes, stM and st N. Is either mutant strain a new allele of the stDR gene, previously mapped to chromosome I? Or a mutation at another genetic locus that results in the same phenotype? Determine the set of crosses that would best address these questions. You will be required to show meaningful results in the F1 and F2 generations. Be sure to read about sex determination and life cycles in wasps (below) before you design your experiments. Phenotypes Wild-type eye color: dark reddish-brown Mutant eye color: scarlet (st) Strains that we will be working with: • stDR stDR is located on chromosome I • st M scarlet eyes • st N scarlet eyes • st + wildtype eyes Introduction to the wasp Nasonia vitripennis Nasonia vitripennis is a solitary wasp which parasitizes dipteran pupae. This species is easily reared in the laboratory on Sarcophaga pupae at temperatures ranging from 15oC to 30oC. The generation time is similar to that of Drosophila melanogaster: ~ 10 days at 28oC and one month at 18oC . Male and female pupae can be held at 4o (no meaningful development). Eclosed males can be held at 4o if they have been fed honey water for 24h. The adult female drills into the host puparium, feeds on host fluids and deposits her eggs. -
Diatomaceous Earth As Insecticide Rice Weevil
Pest Control Newsletter Issue No.43 July 2016 Published by the Rice weevil Pest Control Advisory Section Issue No.43 JULY 2016 The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, is one of the 300 to 400 eggs in her average lifetime of four INSIDE Diatomaceous Earth most economically important pests of stored whole to five months. The egg hatches into a legless THIS Rice weevil grains in the world. This weevil is widely distributed larva which has a short, stout, whitish body and ISSUE as Insecticide worldwide in warmer regions. They are usually tan head. It feeds on the interior of the grain found in grain storage facilities or processing plants, kernel. When mature, the larva changes to a infesting rice, wheat, oats, corn, nuts, rye, and barley. white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle. At home, infestations are generally found in rice, The adult can fly and is attracted to light. They feign Diatomaceous Earth as Insecticide beans, sunflower seeds, whole corn, and occasionally death when disturbed by drawing their legs close to in old pasta such as macaroni and spaghetti. the body and then lying still for several minutes. Rice weevils are harmless to people, pets, furniture Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a naturally occurring, soft, or get into the eyes. To achieve effective pest control, and clothes. They do not bite, sting or transmit siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into sanitation efforts are keys. Elimination of food sources diseases. The damage they do is destruction of the a fine white powder. It contains fossilized remains of and harbouraging places for pests are the basic and grains they infest. -
Nasonia Biology - Werren Lab, University of Rochester, Department of Biology
Nasonia Biology - Werren Lab, University of Rochester, Department of Biology Nasonia Biology Introduction Nasonia are excellent organisms for research and teaching. These parasitoid wasps have been the subject of genetic, eco- logical, evolutionary and developmental research for over 50 years. Two general features that make these insects such excel- lent study organisms are (a) ease of handling and rearing, and (b) interesting and diverse biology. Nasonia are readily reared on commercially available fly pupae (the hosts). Virgin females and males are easily collected in the pupal stage (there is a 3 day time window for virgin collection). Adults are "user friendly" and can be handled without the need for anaesthetization. Na- sonia has a short generation time (two weeks), but can be stored under refrigeration for periods of time, allowing for flexi- bility in experimental timing. A diapausing larval stage allows storage of strains for up to two years without maintenance. Both visible mutants and molecular markers are available for genetic mapping and instruction in genetics. The system is excellent for basic studies in genetics, ecol- ogy, behavior, development and evolution. Four closely related species of Nasonia are present. The species are interfertile, al- lowing movement of chromosomal regions (and phenotypes) between the species for genetic and molecular genetic analyses of species differences in behavior, development, morphology and physiology. Nasonia is an excellent candidate for compara- tive genomic studies, as well. A key feature of Nasonia is haplo- diploid sex determination; males are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs and females are diploid and develop from fertil- ized eggs. This feature makes Nasonia a very useful organism for genetic research (advantages of this feature are described further below). -
Chalcid Forum Chalcid Forum
ChalcidChalcid ForumForum A Forum to Promote Communication Among Chalcid Workers Volume 23. February 2001 Edited by: Michael E. Schauff, E. E. Grissell, Tami Carlow, & Michael Gates Systematic Entomology Lab., USDA, c/o National Museum of Natural History Washington, D.C. 20560-0168 http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov (see Research and Documents) minutes as she paced up and down B. sarothroides stems Editor's Notes (both living and partially dead) antennating as she pro- gressed. Every 20-30 seconds, she would briefly pause to Welcome to the 23rd edition of Chalcid Forum. raise then lower her body, the chalcidoid analog of a push- This issue's masthead is Perissocentrus striatululus up. Upon approaching the branch tips, 1-2 resident males would approach and hover in the vicinity of the female. created by Natalia Florenskaya. This issue is also Unfortunately, no pre-copulatory or copulatory behaviors available on the Systematic Ent. Lab. web site at: were observed. Naturally, the female wound up leaving http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov. We also now have with me. available all the past issues of Chalcid Forum avail- The second behavior observed took place at Harshaw able as PDF documents. Check it out!! Creek, ~7 miles southeast of Patagonia in 1999. Jeremiah George (a lepidopterist, but don't hold that against him) and I pulled off in our favorite camping site near the Research News intersection of FR 139 and FR 58 and began sweeping. I knew that this area was productive for the large and Michael W. Gates brilliant green-blue O. tolteca, a parasitoid of Pheidole vasleti Wheeler (Formicidae) brood. -
Rice Weevil,Sitophilus Oryzae
ENY261 Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)1 P. G. Koehler2 Appearance Habits The rice weevil (Figure 1) is small, 1/10 inch (2 to 3 mm) and The rice weevil is one of the most serious stored grain pests stout in appearance. It is very similar in appearance to the worldwide. This pest of whole grain originated in India granary weevil. However, the rice weevil is reddish-brown and has been spread worldwide by commerce. It now has a to black in color with four light yellow or reddish spots on cosmopolitan distribution. It is a serious pest in the south- the corners of the elytra (the hard protective forewings). ern United States. The rice weevil is replaced by the granary The snout is long (1 mm), almost 1/3 of the total length. weevil north of North Carolina and Tennessee. Both the The head with snout is as long as the prothorax or the adults and larvae feed on whole grains. They attack wheat, elytra. The prothorax (the body region behind the head) corn, oats, rye, barley, sorghum, buckwheat, dried beans, is strongly pitted and the elytra have rows of pits within cashew nuts, wild bird seed, and cereal products, especially longitudinal grooves. The larva is legless and stays inside macaroni. The adult rice weevil can fly and is attracted to the hollowed grain kernel. It is fat with a cream colored lights. When disturbed, adults pull in their legs, fall to the body and dark head capsule. ground, and feign death. The larval rice weevil must com- plete its development inside a seed kernel or a man-made equivalent, like macaroni products. -
Rice Weevil Fact Sheet
Rice weevil fact sheet Rice weevils are usually found in grain storage facilities or processing plants, infesting wheat, oats, rye, barley, rice, and corn. Although not often found in the home, they are sometimes found infesting beans, birdseed, sunflower seeds, dried corn, and too a lesser degree macaroni and spaghetti. Rice weevils do not bite, nor do they damage wood or furniture. Life cycle The adult female rice weevil lays an average of four eggs per day and may live for four to five months (producing 250-400 eggs). A single generation can be completed in around twenty eight days. The eggs hatch in about 3 days. The larvae feed inside the grain kernel for an average of eighteen days. The pupal stage lasts an average of six days (5-16 range). The new adult will remain in the seed for three to four days while it's cuticle hardens and matures. Description Adult weevils are about 3/32 to 1/8 inch long (2-3mm). The adult rice weevil is a dull reddish-brown to black with round or irregularly shaped pits on the thorax and four light reddish or yellowish spots on the elytra (wing covers). The adult weevil can fly and is attracted to lights. The larval stage is legless, humpbacked, and white to creamy white, with a small tan head. The maize weevil is very similar to the rice weevil, but larger. Control Control of these insects involves inspection and removal of infested food products, discarding the heavily infested material, repackaging material in new containers, and vacuuming kitchen cabinets. -
Rice Weevil (Pantry Pest)
Rice Weevil (Pantry Pest) Fact Sheet Latin Name Sitophilus oryzae Appearance Adult rice weevils measure approximately 4 mm in length and are reddish brown in color. Their wings feature faint yellow or red patterns. Deep, irregular pits are found behind the heads of these weevils, and their snouts can grow as long as 1 mm. Behaviour, Diet & Habits Although rice weevils are not known to cause direct harm to humans, their destructive feeding habits can lead to grain loss. Contrary to their name, rice weevils feed on a variety of grains, including barley, wheat, corn, oats, rye and sorghum. They may even infest processed cereal goods such as macaroni. Reproduction Each female rice weevil is capable of laying four eggs a day and can produce up to 300 eggs in her lifetime. Females perforate kernels or seeds in order to lay single eggs inside. After doing so, the affected grain is sealed with gelatinous secretions. Larvae consume the kernel from the inside out, leaving behind an emptied husk. In colder temperatures, the development cycle of the rice weevil may span more than 32 days. However, on average, larvae emerge within three days and develop into pupae within 18. Six days afterwards, adults emerge from the husk. Adults may live as long as six months. Control Measures Controlling Weevil starts with a careful inspection to identify all the infestation’s food sources. Pay particular attention to items that have remained in the cupboard for long periods or foods that are loosely sealed or are in thin wrapping. you need to first go thru your pantry throw out all items past their use by date, open all cereals, nuts, cake mixes, raisins, packages, even if unopened and sort thru.