NDIRIPOSI’ AND ITS FUNCTION IN TRADITIONAL AHOUSES AT PITU ULUNNA SALU, MAMASA REGENCY,

Mithen Lullulangi*, Raeny Tenriola Department of Architecture, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

Onesimus Sampebua’ Department of Civil Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

Keywords: andiriposi’, structure, custom, practical, function

1. Introduction

The old adage says, “it’s different from the bottom of the fishpond, different from the grass-roots”. Literally, this means that all fishponds are different, and all fields are different, even the grasshoppers that live in those fields are different. But this is only a metaphor which tells us that places or regions are very different. This includes the traditional architectural products of each community in each region and means that the particular traditional architecture of one distinguishes itself from that of another. The saying may therefore be applied to traditional architecture in the Indonesian Ar- chipelago. Various ethnic groups in Indonesia have produced various types of traditional ar- chitecture which, as well as being charming to look at, is of high cultural value and in- teresting to study. It is, moreover, not only ethnicities, but also sub-ethnicities that have different architectural characteristics or typologies, all of them enriching traditional In- donesian culture and architecture. The researchers were interested in studying and examining more closely the tradi- tional architecture in the Pitu Ulunna Salu Region (PUS), an area located in the middle of the West Province, which administratively consists of seven sub-districts in Mamasa Regency, known as ATM (Aralle, Tabulahan, and Mambi) in the aftermath of Law No.11 of 2002 concerning the formation of Palopo City and Mamasa Regency. In Mamasa Regency, there are cultural differences that have penetrated into this region from the outside and have affected the procedures for building houses. This situation has consequently given rise to different architectural models, even though in some areas there are certain similarities. According to Ambe ‘Kapala Mangngi’ (a com- munity leader and traditional figure), who was interviewed by the author in Nosu, mi- gration to Mamasa ocurred through three channels, a view also upheld by Buijs, a re- searcher and anthropologist from Leiden University. The three channels were, namely: 1) The middle route – this route enters the Pana area, Mamasa, and reaches Mambi as stated by Ambe’ Pa’doran in an interview. Its distinctive feature is ‘ ada’ sanda mata, sanda ma’pata’ sibawa kamalangngisan anna gayang sa’de, which means

* Corresponding author: [email protected] 266 M. Lullulangi, R. Tenriola, O. Sampebua - Andiriposi’ and its function in traditional houses at Pitu Ulunna Salu, Mamasa Regency, Indonesia eryday life[5]. ev- of needs the meeting and activities various out carrying of means a as generation tecture is an architectural work designed by traditional communities from generation to archi traditional that explained Mithen Furthermore, [4]. imagination” and from ideas their comes that building a designing in group or individual an by out carried is that is the art architecture In general, craftsman. means which and head, means “techton” ion, expressed by Sholihah, states that “Architecture comes from the word opin “archi”[3]. Another elements” which socio-cultural the more, emphasize that schemes trative tionally carried out to change the physical environment and adapt it to certain adminis is. architecture is Rapoport said “Architecture all kinds of that developments are inten this in area isverydifferent fromotherregions. model architectural traditional the Therefore, [2]. Mandar” the of background the show names PUS many and house, Mandar of the shape to the is similar houses in the with coast. in PUS, of The it ways shape many the is by affected its relationship places some in strong very still is tradition old the “Although said, Buijs region, (PUS) Mambi and surrounding areas, which is commonly referred to as the Pitu Ulunna Salu mary importance and played a major role in all community activities. Specifically, in the pri of was lived, leader) (customary leader community the which in house, main The building houses,for including procedure several customary the relatedin aspects,existed in differences particular, certain means architecturalThis region. ornaments.each in architecture the traditional that has influenced as of the genius the community local fore culture, as an activity, together with the environment it takes place in, can be seen home, within the family, and in social relationships with the people around them. There- at life daily in practices and activities community performing for a forum provided ture container is needed, and that container is architecture. In the past, traditional architec- to theheart. of its neck and, in the case of a buffalo, by spearing it from the base base it at the of is to stab the ceremony neck through a in a pig traditional to slaughter way the Regency, cally, for the Tabone,Sumarorong, Sepang or Messawa, of regions southern Mamasa specifi- But Pa’na, Tabang,region. from Mambi ranging the to areas Mamasa, all and they stab a pig from the side, a buffalo is slaughtered by slitting its neck. This applies to for example, in the practice of slaughtering animals. If in the central and northern regions 3) 2) To understand traditional architecture, some opinions are expressed about what what about expressed are opinions some architecture, traditional To understand today,even Topractices, a community are important which rituals, out these carry Basedtheseonthree routes, theresomearedifferences implementingin customs, mony markedbykillingananimalasoffering bystabbingitinthethroat[1]. one only is is the is Suma- feature interview.distinctive an Its in and by ’Sundidi described Ambe as areas rorong Messawa, Pattae, Simbuang, the enters which route, southern The sacrificial animals asofferingskilling bystabbing themontheside. and heirlooms of form the in artefacts and ceremony traditional full using implemented be to are and area this in approved been have traditions sa’de gayang anna pasayoan sibawa rumpukan sanda the is characteristic main the Here, interview. an in Bobolangi’ Ambe’by ed The northern entrance – this route enters Tabang, Tabulahan, Kalumpang, as stat- principal featuresisthekillingofasacrificialanimalbystabbingitonside. ceremony to the highest traditional ceremony called traditional simplest the from starting adopted be to are rules customary complete ada’ sangkandean sangngayokan sibawa gayang kollong gayang sibawa sangngayokan ada’sangkandean (tradition or custom) and the implementation of a traditional cere- traditional a of implementation the and custom) or (tradition adat malangngi’, ; that is, several kinds of kinds several is, that ; in ; this means there means this ; which one of the ada’ - - - - - is laidout. the order of life in society. Figure 1 shows how the physical form of the traditional house viewed from an interior perspective, it actually has a very important function in fostering palm leaves. Likewise, the physical form from the outside looks very simple, but when sago from made is which covering, roof the of material the as such simple, also are that materials, local with built structure simple very a as appears it outside the from the ancientsite. on relics remaining twothe topreserve action take not does Tourism Office Regional the if extinction with threatened are houses traditional two the that small so is ulation the alukmappurondowhichisstillpracticed,eventhough pop- (ancestral religion) of sites the are villages two These village. Ruba’ Kondo in other the and village Bera anymore. it about cared or it after looked one no because simply ago time some only destroyed in house was the style same traditional houses. Another of the two traditional survival houses with with houses research [7]. the through obtained allthe information by drawn wereexamining finally,conclusions ditional houses in the region, as well as data presentation, data reduction and analysis; the of Andiriposi function the of knowledge had still who elders community with interviews in-depth and by observation done was which collection, data included This areas. research several explored which out carried was study a qualitative objective, this To past. achieve the in area, Salu Ulunna Pitu the in house traditional a in pillar to local ancestral beliefs, or beliefs, ancestral to local sible, traders from the Bugis region followed, who spread Islam. Only a few still adhere acces more became later, area the after decades several in Then, 1907. in area, the Christianity spread who Dutch, the of arrival the with started which Islam, and anity Christi embraced community the since namely abandoned, been long have houses gency and its objective was to determine the function of the the A of function the determine to was objective its and gency design, aretheresultofculturePituUlunnaSalupeople. such ronment, as the rice barn, as well as the rice fieldsthat are an part integral of the envi- built surrounding the and house traditional the of consisting Salu Ulunna Pitu of result of local culture [6]. Therefore, it can be concluded that the traditional architecture is the architecture traditional that explained Yulianus, possess. Indonesia throughout The traditional house of Pitu Ulunna Salu is a form of house on stilts. When viewed Kaju in one villages, different in are intact still are that houses traditional two The After accurately exploring the research area, it was found that only two traditional traditional two only that found it was area, research the exploring accurately After 3.1. 3. The research was carried out in the Pitu Ulunna Salu (PUS) region, Mamasa Re Mamasa region, (PUS) Salu Ulunna Pitu the in out carried was research The 2. Materialsandmethods groups ethnic all that architecture traditional of form a is house traditional The Results Architectural review Andiriposi’ Andiriposi’ were still intact. According to community information, such such information, community to According intact. still were aluk mappurondo, aluk and this is what has contributed to the contributed has is what this and ndiriposi’ as the main main the as in tra- in - - - 267

Conservation science in Cultural Heritage 268 M. Lullulangi, R. Tenriola, O. Sampebua - Andiriposi’ and its function in traditional houses at Pitu Ulunna Salu, Mamasa Regency, Indonesia results). Figure 2. section of Longitudinal the house traditional of Kondo Ruba’ (Source: Authors’ research large meeting room. The top of room. the meeting large a forms which room main the of structure spatial the shows also pillar. plan main The the to connected are house the support that pillars the all because structure, central called pillar, ing rice in the house when it rains; however, it changes its function to become a seat seat a become to function its changes it however, rains; it when house the in rice ing is round and flat, not continuous to the roof. The flat part serves as a mortar for pound Figure 1.Traditional houseplaninKondoRuba’ (arrowindicates Andiriposi) (Source: Authors). In the middle of the plan of the traditional house in Kondo Ruba’, there is a large a large is there Ruba’, Kondo in house traditional the of plan the of middle the In Andiriposi’ (indicated by the arrow) that functions as the main pillar and and pillar main the as functions that arrow) the by (indicated Andiriposi’ Andiriposi’ appears in the middle of the room, and of the room, in the middle appears - cupy one of the rooms; then come their children with their families, who may occupy occupy may who families, their with children their come then rooms; the of one cupy oc to owners first the were who people the namely are ‘families’ These families. eral sev by often family,very one but only by inhabited not is house traditional the cause be- is This families. different by used are that rooms family or bedrooms of consists it and right of the meeting room there is a sleeping area (lombon left the to room; meeting the of middle the in section, longitudinal the in seen be can the Andiriposi’ reach the roof structure, so that the entire structure is seen as a whole single unit with Andiriposi’ thin beams called which go from the ground to the top of the structure and are connectedture and it, supporting which is tothe function of the each other pillars. In fact, other the other pillars, with carrying the weight of the sub-floor structure without however reaching the upper struc- Andiriposi’ Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2 is a longitudinal section of the structure illustrating where the area. Other parts of the structure can be seen in the longitudinal and cross sections in in the leaders as duties parents’ customary their and house continue to the traditional return must child), first the (usually leadership the with entrusted is who children, their of one die, parents their when home, own their have already they however, If, home. though they may be married, live with their parents until they are able to build their own even who, by children his is occupied another while wife his with head customary the ( area is a there sleeping for the customary chairman if a meeting is held at the traditional house. In another part, Figure 3. Cross section of the Kondo Ruba traditional house (Source: Authors’ research results). The Figure 3 is a cross section of the house showing the other smaller pillars around the Andiriposi stands in the middle of the house. In this position it acts as the main pillar by in the centre and connected to each other by the thin beams (pelelen) pillarasthefocalpoint. pelelen in Figure 1(house plan) is situated in the centre of the house and as (literally ‘tendrils’), carry the main load of the floor structure. Lombon ), consisting of four rooms; one room is occupied by is one room occupied of rooms; four ), consisting ). As mentioned earlier, which - - 269

Conservation science in Cultural Heritage 270 M. Lullulangi, R. Tenriola, O. Sampebua - Andiriposi’ and its function in traditional houses at Pitu Ulunna Salu, Mamasa Regency, Indonesia connecting network of pillars and beams (pelelen) beams and pillars of network connecting solid. This isatypicalmodelofthetraditionalhousestructure inKajuBera. (pelelen), beams and poles narrow the by pillars vertical other to connected is pillar corner the in it,soitisestimatedtobeolderthantheoneKondoRuba’. dreds of years old. Today, the seventh generation of descendants of the first owner live the firstowner. long died and the people who inhabit it today are the fifth generation of descendants of be appointed as the customary head to replace the father and called his father lives in the traditional house. If all of the children are women, replaces who son the one Consequently, of son. themthird or may second the by held be may it a girl, in theparents’ houseuntiltheyareabletomaketheir ownhouse. to In they are stay economically. this case, allowed if they are not yet well established anotherroom. Therefore,there isusually more than one family inthe house, especially (Figure 4and5)takenattheresearchlocation. of Kaju Bera. The characteristics of the two remaining homes can be seen in the photos were intact: the traditional house in Kondo Ruba and the other, in the traditional village be agoodcustomaryleadertoo. ness, prioritizing public interests over personal or family interests and others, in order to must meet the criteria of possessing good leadership qualities, which may include fair- (source: Authors’Ruba’ research results). Kondo in house Traditional 4. Figure solid. The structure, moreover, is able to absorb shocks, for example, in the event of of event the in example, for shocks, absorb to able is moreover, structure, The solid. the middle of the house, so that the entire structure is a unified whole and is extremely The corner pillar also functions as a support for the upper section and through the through and section upper the for support a as functions also pillar corner The that seen be can It house. the of structure wooden the of detail a shows 6 Figure hun - also is Bera Kaju in one the Ruba, Kondo in house traditional the to Similar has old, years of hundreds is which house, traditional this of owner original The The position of authority is generally bequeathed to the first child. If the first child is As explained above, research into this type of house revealed two structures that that structures two revealed house of type this into research above, explained As 3.2. Physical featuresofthehouse which reinforce the structure, making the whole much stronger and more and stronger much whole the making structure, the reinforce which Authors’ researchresults). Figure 5. Traditional house in Kaju Bera (source: , is connected to the to connected is , ada’baine Andiriposi , but she ’ in ’ ics of the traditional house, include the stones. To tie the pieces of wood together, a peg and tie system was used. The specif and of fibers uru wood and primarily of hardwood, and consist the the location village, the structureasawhole,strong,stable,solidunit. (pelelen beams narrow the by pillars supporting other to connected is it which in floor lower no is there so structure, the of foundations the form they together the house, the another by the narrow beams called pillar to be installed, then the other pillars follow, after which they are connected to one construction of the houses because everything revolves around this point. It is the first structure ofthetraditionalhouse typicalofthePituUlunnaSaluarea. the is way. example A good particular very a in rated house, made specifically to be the focal point; because of its special function, it is deco- thors’ researchresults). Au (Source: pelelen called beams narrow by to traditional one another connected in Bera Kaju house the of pillars main The 6. Figure dition oftheAndiriposi local wisdom that today’s generation can be proud of. Figure 7 shows the current con- tural modelthat adapted to the naturalconditionsinwhichtheylived;thisisapieceof struc- a create to able were they so experience, empirical their on based was it ited, lim- been have may earthquakes tectonic about Salu Ulunna Pitu of people old the of Sulawesi Province, for approximately 500 km. This shows that although the knowledge from the region, heading south, to the stretches East coast of Selayar Island and South which Fault, Saddang the case, this in plates, tectonic earth’s the of ment move- the to linked line fault a on situated is area the that considering environment, the to adapted been has that construction a of idea the reflects This earthquake. an The structural materials used to build the house are easily obtained from around around from obtained easily are house the build to used materials structural The 4. Figure 7 shows the Pua ‘Sundung, Pua a ‘Sundung, that explains humanist, this main pillar is the point starting for the Discussion Andiriposi’ ’ insidethehouse(indicatedbyarrow). Andiriposi is buried in the ground and is surrounded by large stones; large by surrounded is and ground the in buried is ’ which stands in the middle of the house. Underneath pelelen Andiriposi - . According to stories told by the old people results). than the other pillars (source: Authors’ research traditional house in Kondoruba’ appears larger the of middle the in Andiriposi’ The 7. Figure ’ or the main pillar in the middle of the Andiriposi’ in the center of the the of center the in ) This makes This ) - 271

Conservation science in Cultural Heritage 272 M. Lullulangi, R. Tenriola, O. Sampebua - Andiriposi’ and its function in traditional houses at Pitu Ulunna Salu, Mamasa Regency, Indonesia Andiriposi’ be middle the as the used then in was that ground in the roots its but with of tree the part it the was cause base the at felled not was tree The area. the in grows that ity qual good of wood a wood, uru was wood of type The ground. even on situated and healthy were that trees straight tall, large, for looked people Salu Ulunna Pitu the of ancestors the house, a traditional construct to wanted they if past, the in area, this in be respondentsandhelpthe researchers whileattheresearchsite. to willing were who those especially Salu, Ulunna Pitu of people the all to expressed also are Thanks research. this out carrying and collaborating in researcher the tated facili who University, State Makassar Planning and Engineering Civil of Department the of Chairperson the to go thanks Also, research. this funded and on collaborated who (BAPPEDA) Agency Development and Planning Regional the of Chairman the 3) 2) 1) has thefollowingcharacteristicsandfunctions: [1]. leader customary the of house the of bol a sym as and area living the inside point focal the as acts pillars, smaller other connected all to being and foundations the in pillar main the as functioning besides fore, The occupants. its of welfare the to interconnected directly is and organism living a is itself house the because it, inside objects household and pants occu the as namely life, of which burden the bear belief, also must house a that community states writes, local Buijs with accordance in is This above. roof and walls floors, the of load the their bear to is function all Their upright. have stand and ground the in must bases pillars the house, traditional a in pillars the erecting in For example, correctly. it positioning in taken be must care material, structural a as wood ing install when Thus, inverted. be cannot it bottom, the at be must base the then pillar, a as used is wood the If leaves. and shoots twigs, branches, the with associated top the and roots the near from base the namely ends, two has houses traditional in als Salu. Ulunna the with house, the riposi the around built was house the and later, installed were that pillars smaller the

Acknowledgments were conveyed to the Mamasa Regency Government through Government Regency Mamasa the to conveyed were Acknowledgments Acknowledgments house. for place a as and pounded traditional the inside is performed ritual is a rice traditional there when pigs slaughtering where mortar a as used is it use: Practical and actsasaseatforthetraditionalleaderduring an As the of it, building; above immediately structure floor the and structure lower the of center in the is situated and house of the middle in the pillar main it is the As a structure: 5. materi structural for used wood all that explains who Buijs, by confirmed is This Based on the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that the . So, the base of the tree remained intact with its roots and was integrated into into integrated was and roots its with intact remained tree the of base the So, . Conclusion adat . A hole was then made for each pole ( pole each . for made Athen was hole (custom): it is a starting point for the construction of traditional houses, traditional of construction the for point starting a is it (custom): Andiriposi as the focal pillar inside the traditional house of Pitu Pitu of house traditional the inside pillar focal the as pelelen adat meetings; or ‘tendrils’) to connect with with connect to ‘tendrils’) or Andiriposi Andiriposi’ ’ there Andi ------[1] [2] [3] gency, Indonesia. The aim is to examine and report on the function of the the of function the on report and examine to is aim The gency, Indonesia. scientific meetingsintheformofProceedings. in participates and journals several in writes actively Raeny architecture. in projects Planning in Makassar State University and has conducted many studies and research and Engineering Civil of Department the in Program Study Engineering Building the in scientificmeetingstheformofProceedings. participates actively He Makassar,lives. in author the buildings where several city the built and designed has and practitioner architectural In an as books. active also is and he addition, journals several in write to author, corresponding the with laboration col- in and architecture traditional of field the in studies and research out carries He University.State Makassar Engineering, of Studio Faculty and the tory at Architecture the International Proceedings for the best paper at the Malaysiaticipated University inof scientificTechnology. meetings in the form of alsoProceedings. written several In titles 2016 on he traditional received architecture an award and theat environmentternational and activelyjournals, par as well as in dozens of other theinternational environmental journals. field and Inhas publishedaddition, scientifiche has papers in severalMakassar Scopus-indexed State University. in He hasPlanning, and conducted Engineering Civil of Department many Program, Study studies Engineering Building in traditional architecture and [8] [7] [4] [6] [5]

References Mithen Lullulangi Biographical notes The locationThethisresearch PituUlunnaofthein Salu (PUS) is region, Mamasa Re- Summary Raeny Tenriola, has a master’s in architecture; Raeny currently serves as Chair of Labora of Head former is architecture; in master’s a has Sampebua Onesimus Buijs, K. Buijs, (2018). Sulawesi ture and transformations in the religion of the Toraja in the Mamasa area of South Buijs, K. (2006). 149-153, Makassar: Inninnawa. Rapoport, Amos, (1969).HouseFormandCulture Polewali: Kandepdikbud. Pua’ Sundung, Petrus (2010). Miles, MatthewB.Etal.(2014).QualitativeData Analysis thalesyulianus.blogspot.com/2012/05/arsitektur-vernakular-dan-arsitektur.html Sholihah, Ashihatus.(2018). Yulianus, (2012). Langkau Betang:Vol.2 N.1(ISSN2355-2484). (2015). Mithen, fungsi-dan-teorinya-lengkap (Lengkap). Available at: https://www.studinews.co.id/pengertian-arsitektur-sejarah- . Pp.18.Leiden:KITLV. , is a Doctor of Environmental Architecture and former Chair of the Tipologi Arsitektur Tradisional Mamasa, Sulawesi Barat Sulawesi Mamasa, Tradisional Arsitektur Tipologi Powers of Blessing from the wilderness and from heaven. Struc- Arsitektur Vernacular dan Arsitektur Tradisional. Tradisi Purba Rumah Toraja Barat Sulawesi Mamasa Pengertian Arsitektur,Sejarah, Fungsi, dan Teorinya Selayang Pandang Kebudayaan Pitu Ulunna Salu. . PrenticeHallInc.New York . SagePublishing Available at: Andiriposi’ . Hal.147, . Hal.147, . Jurnal . Jurnal http:// - - - 273

Conservation science in Cultural Heritage 274 M. Lullulangi, R. Tenriola, O. Sampebua - Andiriposi’ and its function in traditional houses at Pitu Ulunna Salu, Mamasa Regency, Indonesia viene eseguitounritualetradizionale. in casa, e come luogo per macellare i maiali, quando all’interno della casa tradizionale incontri degli realizzazione la durante tradizionale leader del sede come e case di costruzione la per partenza di 2) dell’edificio; pavimento e del inferiore struttura della era: 1) Strutturale: come pilastro principale al centro della casa e come punto centrale Salu Ulunna Pitu di zona nella tradizionali case ‘nelle degli Andiriposi funzione la che mostrato hanno risultati I conclusioni. conseguenti le e dati dei sintesi la sentazione, tradizionali. case nelle L’analisi Andiriposi’ comportatodatideiha degli un’analisi qualitativa, inclusohacheraccolta, la funzione pre- la la conosciuto hanno che locali ni dati mediante una metodologia basata sul’osservazione e sulle interviste con gli raccolti anzia stati sono studio Nello Salu. Ulunna Pitu di zona nella tradizionali case nelle degli storica funzione la studiare di è quello L’obiettivo Indonesia. masa, slaughter pigs, when there is a traditional ritual performed inside the traditional house. to place a as and house, the in pounded is rice where mortar a as function: Practical of implementation the during leader traditional the for seat a as the building; 2) of floor the and structure lower the of point central the as and house the of middle the the inthePituUlunnaSaluareawas:1)Structural: houses as themainpillarin traditional of function the that showed results The conclusions. drawing and reduction data presentation, data collection, data included which analysis, qualitative the function of the of function the of knowledge have still who elders local the with interviews in-depth and observation by collected was Data areas. research all exploring by study qualitative a out carrying in traditional houses in the Pitu Ulunna Salu area in the past. The methodology involved Questa ricerca si svolge nella regione di Pitu Ulunna Salu (PUS), reggenza di Ma- Riassunto Adats (customs): as a starting point for the construction of houses and Andiriposi’ adat in traditional houses in the past. Data analysis involved analysis Data past. the in houses traditional in ; e 3) Pratica: come mortaio dove il riso viene pestato pestato viene riso il dove mortaio come ; Pratica: e 3) Adats (tradizioni): come punto punto come (tradizioni): meetings; and 3) and meetings; adat Andiriposi’ Andiriposi in - ’