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Dairy Effluent Treated by a Hybrid Anaerobic Biofilm Baffled Reactor

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Dairy Effluent Treated by a Hybrid Anaerobic Biofilm Baffled Reactor 1980 © 2021 The Authors Water Supply | 21.5 | 2021 Water reuse: dairy effluent treated by a hybrid anaerobic biofilm baffled reactor and its application in lettuce irrigation K. A. Santos, T. M. Gomes, F. Rossi, M. M. Kushida, V. L. Del Bianchi, R. Ribeiro, M. S. M. Alves and G. Tommaso ABSTRACT There is a synergy between the large quantities of organics-rich effluents generated by the dairy K. A. Santos T. M. Gomes industry and the continually increasing water needs for crop irrigation. In this sense, this study F. Rossi M. M. Kushida aimed at evaluating the effect of decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the stability and R. Ribeiro efficiency of a hybrid anaerobic biofilm baffled reactor (HABBR) treating simulated fat- and salt-rich G. Tommaso (corresponding author) Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, dairy wastewater, followed by its agricultural reuse. The reactor was monitored over 328 days, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, during which 72, 24, and 12 h were the hydraulic detention times. After achieving steady-state, the University of São Paulo, ± Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassuunga SP, reactor presented organic matter removal greater than 90% and produced biogas with 41 23%, Brazil [email protected] 53 ± 3%, and 64 ± 12% of methane for HRTs of 72, 24, and 12 h, respectively. The best process E-mail: performance was observed for an HRT of 24 h, and thus, a lettuce culture was irrigated with the V. L. Del Bianchi Bioprocess Laboratory, Engineering and Food treated effluent. The irrigation was performed in five different treatments, for which the amount of Technology Department, fl fl São Paulo State University, treated ef uent added to tap water varied from 0 to 100%. Both the ef uent and the harvested São José do Rio Preto, vegetables were evaluated for microbial contamination. Apart from the 75% effluent supply Brazil condition, there were no losses in leaf mass or area observed; instead, there was an increase of M. S. M. Alves Centre of Biological Engineering, these parameters for the 25% and 50% effluent supply treatment. The use of dairy effluent treated University of Minho, Braga, by the HABBR allowed for microbiologically safe food production. Therefore, the process offered Portugal both potential cost reduction for fertilizers, preservation of water resources, and a renewable energy source. Key words | agro-industrial effluent, anaerobic digestion, hybrid anaerobic biofilm baffled reactor, Lactuca sativa HIGHLIGHTS • The anaerobic baffled reactor was stable during treatment of fat-rich salt dairy wastewater. • The methane content was enhanced with hydraulic retention time reduction. • The use of dairy effluent reduced the needs related to N fertilizer by up to 50%. • The use of drinking water for lettuce irrigation has been reduced by 50%. • The effluent did not present a risk of contamination in lettuce production. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). doi: 10.2166/ws.2020.276 Downloaded from http://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/21/5/1980/920283/ws021051980.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 1981 K. A. Santos et al. | Anaerobic treatment from a dairy effluent and its agricultural reuse Water Supply | 21.5 | 2021 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The milk processing industry is one of the most important either in their original configuration or presenting some sectors in the food industry. However, as a consequence, optimizations. ABR are used in the treatment of sanitary there is a large volume of fat-rich and salty effluents gener- effluent (Nasr et al. ), fish meal wastewater (Putra ated. Anaerobic digestion has many advantages, in addition et al. ), vinasse from corn ethanol production (Sayedin to treating wastewater, because it also produces a methane- et al. ), slaughterhouse wastewater (Al Smadi et al. rich biogas that can be recovered and used as a fuel, provid- ), vegetable waste (Gulhane et al. ), as well as efflu- ing 20% of energy requirements from the dairy factory and ents from oil refineries (Arvin et al. ) or heavy oil that reducing the total carbon footprint emissions by 13%, accord- produce water with high salt concentrations and poor nutri- ing to Stanchev et al. (). Although several studies have ents (Ji et al. ). highlighted advantages of using anaerobic digestion for the Although very versatile, this reactor presents some limit- treatment of dairy effluents (Demirel et al. ; Karadag ations. According to Sayedin et al. (), the main et al. ), the effective treatment of such effluents remains conventional ABRs limitations are related to low biomass a challenge due to its high lipid content and the inhibitory growth rate and biomass washout. Problems related to effect that long-chain fatty acids may present in certain con- sludge washout are commonly reported in literature when centrations (Alves et al. ). granular reactors are used to treat dairy effluents (Passegi The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is a simple and effi- et al. ). One option to overcome such problems is the cient configuration for many wastewater treatments. The granular or flocculent biomass combination with fixed main advantage is the natural capability of phase separation, films. These reactors are called hybrid biofilm reactors and allowing acidogenesis and methanogenesis optimization they were defined by Büyükkamaci & Filibeli () as a (Cohen et al. ; Weiland & Rossi ). Consequently, combination of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket different microbial groups can develop under favorable con- (UASB) in the lower part, with a filter in the upper part. ditions. This configuration also has longer biomass retention According to the authors, hybrid reactors may provide the time as an advantage, in addition to the resistance to organic advantages of the UASB and anaerobic film reactors, redu- and hydraulic shocks (Barker & Stuckey ). cing their limitations. According to Karadag et al. (), Proposed by Bachmann et al. () and extensively hybrid biofilm reactors have been widely applied for dairy studied since then (Zhu et al. ; Soh et al. ), ABRs wastewaters treatment. Gomes et al. () have observed have been widely used for treating several types of effluent, organic matter removal efficiencies greater than 90% using Downloaded from http://iwaponline.com/ws/article-pdf/21/5/1980/920283/ws021051980.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 1982 K. A. Santos et al. | Anaerobic treatment from a dairy effluent and its agricultural reuse Water Supply | 21.5 | 2021 an hybrid UASB reactor equipped with a superior poly- health care, as well as agricultural products consumers, urethane bed for dairy effluents treatment, even with high especially in the case of vegetables grown on the ground À À volumetric organic loads, such as 16 kg·m 3·d 1. The con- and consumed raw. Most studies that consider agro-indus- cept of hybrid biofilms reactors can easily be applied to trial reuse have been carried out to evaluate the quality of ABRs, due to its natural compartmentalization. In this effluents and post-harvested vegetables in relation to way, Fujihira et al. () introduced a polyurethane bed physic-chemical parameters, and further studies are required inside an ABR with four chambers treating a solid/lipid- on their microbiological quality (WHO ). rich wastewater, while Nguyen et al. () included a Considering a circular economy scenario implemen- fixed-bed stage outside an ABR used for synthetic dyeing tation, through water reuse in agriculture, this research effluents treatment. has aimed to present data on a modified ABR, a hybrid Even with an elevated performance, anaerobic reactors anaerobic baffled biofilm reactor (HABBR), treating simu- have not been able to produce effluents that meet such strict lated fat-rich and salt dairy wastewater, posteriorly reused standards required for treated effluent discharge in water for irrigation of lettuce crops. Regarding the reactor oper- bodies, both in relation to residual organic matter and nutri- ation, the objective was to verify the hydraulic retention ent concentrations. The complete treatment is expensive time (HRT) influence, and hydraulic and organic shocks because it aims to remove nutrients and salts, thus including application on the overall organic matter removal effi- tertiary and advanced level (thus including tertiary and ciency. Our hypothesis was that, if properly operated, the advanced level), and small- to medium-sized dairy plants HABBR could combine advantages from suspended bio- have therefore frequently encountered difficulties in mass use to the treatment of fatty rich wastewaters, as controlling their emissions. Based on this scenario, the anae- preconized by Alves et al. (), while also preventing bio- robically treated effluents reuse would be advantageous mass losses, as observed by Gomes et al. (), providing a for resources recycling, eliminating the need for a further solid-free effluent as the necessary, considering irrigation post-treatment. In fact, the reuse of anaerobically treated purposes. The treated effluent from the best operational wastewaters for crop irrigation can be an alternative for conditions was used to irrigate a lettuce crop to verify small wastewater treatment plants, which saves resources the influence on the amount of effluents used on the related to moisture and nutrient provision (Bame et al. crop yield as well as on the biological
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