GRADE 8 Test Booklet Letter-Number

NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS SIDE 2 2009 SPECIALIZED HIGH SCHOOLS ADMISSIONS TEST GRADE 8 Test Booklet Letter-Number

Student’s First Name (please print) Student’s Last Name (please print)

Student’s Home Address Apartment Borough ZIP Code (Area Code) Home Telephone Number PART 1 VERBAL SCRAMBLED PARAGRAPHS Paragraph 1 LOGICAL REASONING The second sentence is QRSTU 11 ABCDE 33 ABCDE The third sentence is QRSTU 12 FGHJK 34 FGHJK The fourth sentence is QRSTU 13 ABCDE 35 ABCDE The fifth sentence is QRSTU 14 FGHJK 36 FGHJK The sixth sentence is QRSTU 15 ABCDE 37 ABCDE Paragraph 2 38 FGHJK The second sentence is QRSTU 16 FGHJK The third sentence is QRSTU 17 ABCDE 39 ABCDE The fourth sentence is QRSTU 18 FGHJK 40 FGHJK The fifth sentence is QRSTU 19 ABCDE 41 ABCDE The sixth sentence is QRSTU 20 FGHJK 42 FGHJK Paragraph 3 43 ABCDE The second sentence is QRSTU 44 FGHJK The third sentence is QRSTU READING The fourth sentence is QRSTU 21 ABCDE 45 ABCDE The fifth sentence is QRSTU 22 FGHJK 46 FGHJK The sixth sentence is QRSTU 23 ABCDE 47 ABCDE Paragraph 4 24 FGHJK 48 FGHJK The second sentence is QRSTU 25 ABCDE 49 ABCDE The third sentence is QRSTU 26 FGHJK 50 FGHJK The fourth sentence is QRSTU The fifth sentence is QRSTU 27 ABCDE The sixth sentence is QRSTU 28 FGHJK Use this side for Paragraph 5 29 ABCDE marking your The second sentence is QRSTU 30 FGHJK The third sentence is QRSTU 31 ABCDE answers to sample The fourth sentence is QRSTU 32 FGHJK test Form B. The fifth sentence is QRSTU The sixth sentence is QRSTU

PART 2 MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS 51 ABCDE 66 FGHJK 81 ABCDE 96 FGHJK 52 FGHJK 67 ABCDE 82 FGHJK 97 ABCDE 53 ABCDE 68 FGHJK 83 ABCDE 98 FGHJK 54 FGHJK 69 ABCDE 84 FGHJK 99 ABCDE 55 ABCDE 70 FGHJK 85 ABCDE 100 FGHJK

56 FGHJK 71 ABCDE 86 FGHJK 57 ABCDE 72 FGHJK 87 ABCDE 58 FGHJK 73 ABCDE 88 FGHJK 59 ABCDE 74 FGHJK 89 ABCDE 60 FGHJK 75 ABCDE 90 FGHJK

61 ABCDE 76 FGHJK 91 ABCDE 62 FGHJK 77 ABCDE 92 FGHJK 63 ABCDE 78 FGHJK 93 ABCDE 64 FGHJK 79 ABCDE 94 FGHJK 65 ABCDE 80 FGHJK 95 ABCDE

Copyright © 2009 NCS Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reprinted by Permission—Restricted Edition—Not for Distribution 67 Sa m p l e Te s t , Fo r m B Pa r t 1 — Ve r b a l Suggested Time — 75 Minutes 45 QUESTIONS

Sc r a m b l e d Pa r a g r a p h s PARAGRAPHS 1-5

DIRECTIONS: In this section, arrange each group of sentences to create the best paragraph. The first sentence for each paragraph is given; the remaining five sentences are listed in random order. Choose the order for these five sentences that will create the best paragraph, one that is well-organized, logical, and grammatically correct. Each correctly ordered paragraph is worth double the value of a question in any other section of the test. No credit will be given for responses that are only partially correct. To keep track of your sentence order, use the blanks to the left of the sentences. For example, write “2” next to the sentence you think follows the first sentence, write “3” next to the sentence you think follows “2,” and so on. You may change these numbers if you decide on a different order. When you are satisfied with your sentence order, mark your choices on your answer sheet.

Paragraph 1

In many cultures, a baby’s first steps are an occasion to be remembered. �� Q. In traditional Indian families, however, those first steps are celebrated as a ceremonial event. �� R. When a child is ready to begin walking, the parents fit it with specially designed ankle bracelets, adorned with gently ringing bells. �� S. Some of these carts are intricately decorated to resemble the chariot of Krishna, another important Hindu deity. �� T. The sound of these bells mimics the footsteps of the legendary child Rama, a major Hindu deity. �� U. In addition, the child may be given a handcrafted walker or pushcart to provide support for its first steps.

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FORM B 68 Paragraph 2

The Midwestern plains of the United States experience more tornadoes than any other part of the country. �� Q. This funnel is a rotating column of air, with a speed approaching 300 miles an hour. �� R. Still, though tornadoes can be powerful and destructive, each one lasts only a few minutes and then disappears. �� S. The fastest tornado wind speed ever recorded was 318 miles per hour, measured by a Doppler on Wheels radar in Oklahoma City in 1999. �� T. It is here, meteorologists have observed, that the unsettled weather conditions during the spring months are nearly perfect for tornado formation. �� U. When cold dry air from Canada passes over the Rocky Mountains and collides with warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, the resulting disturbance may form a violent funnel cloud.

Paragraph 3

The giant panda, a native of the remote mountainous regions of China, is a most unusual bear species. �� Q. The panda, on the other hand, subsists almost entirely on tender bamboo shoots. �� R. The panda’s paw is quite different; it has an overdeveloped bone jutting out like a thumb below its five other claws. �� S. Most other bear species also have paws that are designed for running, stabbing, and scratching. �� T. For example, most other bears are hunters and gatherers that prey on smaller animals and forage for roots and berries. �� U. It is this thumb-like structure that permits the panda to grip bamboo shoots and strip them of their leaves.

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FORM B 69 Paragraph 4

Most people would argue that it is impossible to tie a knot in the middle of a rope while holding both ends. �� Q. If you do this without letting go of the rope, it will automatically tie itself into a simple knot as your arms unfold. �� R. With your arms folded, bend down and grip one end of the rope in your right hand, the other in your left, and simply unfold your arms and draw the ends of the rope in opposite directions. �� S. Begin by laying a short piece of rope or cord straight out on a table. �� T. However, you can easily prove them wrong by using a simple trick. �� U. Then, fold your arms completely, making sure that one hand is below its opposite elbow and the other hand above.

Paragraph 5

The spirit of the American Revolutionary War is apparent in the songs that were sung during that war. �� Q. Tradition has it that the American army band even played “Yankee Doodle” to the surrendering British at Yorktown in 1781. �� R. Another American original, “Chester,” written by William Billings during the Revolution, was sung around many campfires by American troops. �� S. The first American patriotic ballad, “The Liberty Song,” was published in 1768, well before the Revolution began. �� T. The Americans liked the song, however, and later in the Revolutionary War, took it for their own. �� U. Unlike those two, the song “Yankee Doodle,” also popular during the Revolution, had first been sung by the British in mockery of the colonial troops during the French and Indian War.

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FORM B 70 Lo g i c a l Re a s o n i n g QUESTIONS 11-20

DIRECTIONS: Read the information given and choose the best answer to each question. Base your answer only on the information given. In a logical reasoning test, certain words must be read with caution. For example, “The red house is between the yellow and blue houses” does not necessarily mean “The red house is between and next to the yellow and blue houses”; one or more other houses may separate the red house from the yellow house or from the blue house. This precaution also applies to words such as above, below, before, after, ahead of, and behind.

11. Five students are standing in a line according 13. There are two cars in the driveway. to their heights, from tallest to shortest. 1) One car is a convertible, the other is a 1) Lisa is taller than Mickey, but shorter sedan. than Fernando. 2) The convertible is driven only on Sundays. 2) Mickey is shorter than Noah, but taller 3) One car runs on diesel fuel. than Jodi. 4) One car is driven only on Mondays and 3) Noah is shorter than Fernando. has a scratch on the door. 5) The car that does not have a scratch on In which position is Noah? the door runs on diesel fuel.

A. first Based only on the information above, which of B. second the following must be true? C. third D. fourth A. The sedan runs on diesel fuel. E. Cannot be determined from the B. The sedan is driven on Sundays. information given. C. The convertible has a scratch on the door. D. The convertible runs on diesel fuel. E. The sedan is not driven on Mondays. 12. A person walking along a wooded path will pass five different trees. 1) The last tree is an elm. 2) The second tree is a maple. 3) The hickory tree is after the maple, but CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u before the aspen. 4) One tree is an oak. In which position is the aspen? F. second G. third H. fourth J. fifth K. Cannot be determined from the information given.

FORM B 71 14. John will not go to the party if Sarah goes. Questions 15 and 16 refer to the following Sarah will go to the party if Peter’s mother information. comes home in time. In the code below, (1) each letter always Based only on the information above, which of represents the same word, (2) each word is the following must be true? represented by only one letter, and (3) in any given sentence, the letters may or may not be F. If Peter’s mother comes home in time, then presented in the same order as the words. John will not go to the party. G. If John does not go to the party, then M O R T Y means Sarah will go. “John walked home by himself.” H. If Peter’s mother does not come home in X N M Q R means time, Sarah will not go to the party. “Sally walked home with friends.” J. Sarah will not go to the party unless John M Z R X N means goes. “Manuel walked home with friends.” K. If John goes to the party, then Peter will Q M X R P means go. “Ahmal walked home with Sally.”

15. Which letter represents the word “Manuel”? A. R B. M C. X D. Z E. Cannot be determined from the information given.

16. Which word is represented by the letter X? F. friends G. with H. home J. Sally K. Cannot be determined from the information given.

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FORM B 72 17. All seniors in our club are highly sophisticated 19. Charlie has a headache. The doctor told people. Unfortunately, some of them lack a Charlie that type X flu always comes with sense of humor. fever and a headache, while type Y flu always comes with a headache but no fever. Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion from the statements above? Based only on the information above, which of the following must be true? A. A sense of humor is important to sophistication. A. If Charlie has a fever, then he must have B. Some freshmen in our club lack a sense of type X flu. humor. B. If Charlie does not have a fever, then he C. The most sophisticated people in our club must have type Y flu. are seniors. C. If Charlie has a fever, then he may have D. Most seniors in our club have a sense of type X flu. humor. D. A headache always means that a person E. People with no sense of humor can be has the flu. sophisticated. E. If Charlie has a fever, then he may have type Y flu.

18. At the horse show, four competitors stood in a line, each standing beside his or her horse. 20. The Gobi Desert receives an average of 3 inches of rain each year. The Sawli Desert 1) Anita stood with the bay horse. receives more rainfall than any desert in the 2) Pinh did not stand with the spotted horse. world, with an average yearly rainfall of 3) Mia, who was behind Juan, stood with the 5 inches. white horse. 4) Juan stood directly behind Anita. Based only on the information above, which of 5) The chestnut horse was behind the bay the following must be true? horse. F. Deserts are the driest places on earth. G. Most deserts receive less than 3 inches of Which competitor stood last in line? rainfall each year. F. Juan H. All deserts receive an average of less than G. Anita 6 inches of rainfall each year. H. Mia J. Deserts always have at least some rainfall J. Pinh each year. K. Cannot be determined from the K. Each year, the Sawli Desert receives more information given. rainfall than the Gobi Desert.

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FORM B 73 Re a d i n g QUESTIONS 21-50

DIRECTIONS: Read each passage below and answer the questions following it. Base your answers only on information contained in the passage. You may reread a passage if you need to. Mark the best answer for each question.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective, Stain contains about 1,200 words of hand- Sherlock Holmes, is one of the most popular writing known not to be his own. Actually, fictional characters of all time. The four the handwriting is that of Conan Doyle’s novels and 56 short stories in which he 40 wife, but the players maintain that it is 40 5 appears have been the subject of more than 5 Watson’s handwriting. 12,000 books by other authors. Many of these latter books refer to “the game,” an One scholar has even gone so far as to pub- intellectual exercise in which the players lish a guidebook that locates the real world assume that Holmes was a real person. An counterparts to every place mentioned in 10 important part of the game is analyzing the 10 45 the stories. This required some ingenuity, 45 settings, characters, and plots of the sto- since many places are fictitious. Other ries as though they were historical fact game players have placed plaques in rather than fiction. Complicating the game various locations to commemorate fictional is the fact that Conan Doyle himself cared events. Some recent participants have 15 little for consistency and accuracy. 15 50 become so caught up in the search for real- 50 Narrated in the first person by Watson, istic detail that they occasionally under- Holmes’s friend, Conan Doyle’s stories are mine the enjoyment of a story. True believ- full of contradictory details. ers, however, take pleasure in imagining that Holmes is still living on Baker Street For example, in one story Watson claims he 55 in nineteenth-century London. 55 20 was shot in the shoulder, while in another 20 the wound is in the leg. Because the unwritten rules of the game require that 21. Which of the following best tells what this his every word be considered true, many passage is about? writers have come up with clever theories 25 explaining this inconsistency. Some claim 25 A. More than 12,000 books have been written that one bullet struck Watson in the shoul- about Sherlock Holmes. der and then passed into his leg. Others B. Some people believe that Arthur Conan suggest he may have suffered as many as Doyle did not really write the Sherlock three separate wounds over the course of Holmes stories. 30 seven years. 30 C. Some Sherlock Holmes readers enjoy pre- tending that Sherlock Holmes was a real The game has become ever more complex. person. Most of the players like to pretend that D. The Sherlock Holmes game has become Conan Doyle’s role was simply one of find- more complex. ing and publishing Watson’s manuscripts. E. The Sherlock Holmes stories contain many 35 For example, the actual manuscript of 35 contradictions. Conan Doyle’s The Adventure of the Second

FORM B 74 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u 22. If a new Sherlock Holmes story were discov- 26. Which of the following would most likely be ered, what would be the most likely effect? an activity of the game? F. Scholars would lose interest in the game. F. discovering more about the relationship G. More would be known about the life of between Conan Doyle and his wife Arthur Conan Doyle. G. trying to prove that Holmes’s solutions to H. The issue of Watson’s bullet wound would baffling cases were often incorrect be settled. H. determining how many copies of the J. Game players would integrate details from Sherlock Holmes short stories and novels the new story into the game. have been sold K. New players would be discouraged from J. reading other detective stories written at participating in the game. the same time as the Sherlock Holmes stories 23. The passage suggests that, in order to play K. figuring out where Watson lived the game, a player must A. be able to create believable characters. B. travel frequently around England. C. understand Arthur Conan Doyle’s inten- tions in writing the Sherlock Holmes CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u stories. D. be willing to pretend that Conan Doyle’s fictional detective was real. E. be able to locate all of the fictional locations in the Sherlock Holmes stories.

24. Which of the following does the passage give as an example of the inconsistencies in the Sherlock Holmes stories? F. the discovery that Watson was a real person, while Sherlock Holmes was not G. Watson’s bullet wounds H. a manuscript with handwriting that is not Conan Doyle’s J. the fictional locations K. the plaques commemorating fictional events

25. Which of the following would not be consis- tent with the rules of the game? A. trying to prove that Conan Doyle’s wife actually wrote the stories B. looking for fictional places mentioned in the stories C. assuming that Sherlock Holmes was a real person D. demonstrating that a story’s plot actually occurred E. suggesting that Watson actually wrote the stories

FORM B 75 The legendary Bedouin tribes of Saudi people often say they would not be Bedouin Arabia, a country made wealthy by the oil without sheep and camels to provide milk, industry, still live the nomadic life of desert 50 meat, cloth, and hides. 50 herdsmen. A deeply religious people, the 5 Bedouin (pronounced be´-doo-in) value the 5 laws and customs handed down to them through many generations. Year in and 27. Which of the following best tells what this year out their lives follow the simple, rigor- passage is about? ous calendar of the desert. In autumn, a A. the rhythms of desert life 10 tribe’s migration begins. Every few days, 10 B. storytellers of the desert after its herds of camels and sheep have C. how to survive in the desert grazed and watered, the tribe moves to D. legendary tracking ability of the Bedouin a new place. This cycle ends only in the E. the modern life of a nomadic people severe heat of the following summer, when 15 the herds are settled near a town to wait 15 28. When does the yearly migration of the Bedouin once again for autumn. tribes begin?

To people from other regions, the desert F. in the severe heat of summer seems forbidding and lonely, but the G. after summer is over Bedouin feel at home on its sands. They H. when the tribe has finished doing business in town 20 are skilled in recognizing subtle differences 20 in the landscape and easily distinguish J. when summer begins between different kinds of sand. Perhaps it K. when the Bedouin have enough water is due to the desert’s vastness that the Bedouin cherish family and community. 29. According to the passage, the Bedouin have allowed certain modernizations when those 25 They welcome visitors and are known for 25 their willingness to share what they have. changes Large family groups often gather together A. help them cope with their harsh existence. in a tent to tell stories and discuss the B. are required by their religion. details and events of each other’s day. C. will shorten the length of their migration. D. do not replace something traditional. 30 The Bedouin are extremely skilled in track- 30 E. make it possible to avoid desert travel. ing, and their talents are often in demand by the Saudi police. In one famous criminal 30. Which of the following facts most clearly sug- case, a Bedouin elder was asked to examine gests that the Bedouin have shared some of the footprint left by a killer. A year later, the wealth of Saudi Arabia? 35 while visiting a mosque, the elder recog 35 nized the culprit’s footprint in the sand. F. They spend their summers near a town. The police soon arrested the unlucky mur- G. They own herds of camels and sheep. derer as he left the mosque. H. They are generous to visitors. J. They own pick-up trucks. The Bedouin’s time-honored ways result K. They travel wherever they wish. 40 from centuries of coping with their inhos- 40 pitable environment. Occasionally they 31. Which of the following has had the least adopt new ways, but only when change influence on the Bedouin lifestyle? helps them deal with the hardships of des- A. the desert ert life. For example, they now use pick-up B. their herds 45 trucks to move their belongings and fami- 45 C. their religious beliefs lies and to carry water, but they continue D. their nomadic travels in their work as desert herdsmen. Bedouin E. the oil industry

FORM B 76 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u 32. The story of the Bedouin elder who recognized a criminal’s footprint was included in order to illustrate F. the Bedouins’ deep religious beliefs. G. the closeness of the Bedouin community. H. the cooperation between the Bedouins and their elders. J. the Bedouins’ tracking ability. K. how Bedouins have adopted new ways yet kept many old traditions. CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u

FORM B 77 Nearly all green plants on earth make their trigger hairs. When the trigger hairs are own food using sunlight, water, and nutri- brushed by an insect, the bristles come ents drawn from the soil through their 50 together to form the bars of a cage, and the 50 roots. One of the most important nutrients insect is trapped. Within about ten days 5 is nitrogen compounds, derived from decom- 5 the insect becomes a nitrogen-rich soup of posing organic matter. However, some nutrients that is absorbed by the plant. plants live in wet, marshy areas where such Then the trap opens again, ready to attract compounds have been washed out of the 55 its next victim. One flytrap may capture 55 soil. Without them, these plants could not and digest three “meals” per month. 10 produce their own food and would quickly 10 die. Perhaps the most unusual active trapper is an aquatic plant called the bladderwort. How do these plants survive? Some plant The bladderwort floats below the surface species have developed ways to trap small 60 of the water and extends a network of 60 animals—usually fleas, flies, and spiders, leaves, which are like little airbags or blad- 15 but occasionally mice or frogs—whose 15 ders only half a centimeter long. Like the

bodies contain nitrogen compounds. leaves of a Venus flytrap, the bladders are Because they can digest living animals, equipped with trigger hairs at the open- these plants are called “carnivorous” plants, 65 ing of a trapdoor that opens in only one 65 although none of them actually has a direction—inward. While awaiting its prey, 20 mouth or teeth. Instead, the trapped 20 the bladder lies limp and empty. When an animals are digested by juices secreted by insect larva or other small organism brush- the leaves of the plants. es the trigger hairs, the trapdoor springs 70 open, allowing water to rush in. The prey is 70 Most carnivorous plants use a “passive” sucked inside, the trapdoor closes, and the trap, which means that they employ no bladderwort obtains the nutrients it needs 25 moving parts to capture their prey. Passive 25 to survive. trappers include the pitcher plant, the sun- dew, and the butterwort. Pitcher plants are so called because their leaves curl to form a pitcher or hollow reservoir in which rainwa 33. Which of the following best tells what this 30 ter collects. Many are brightly colored to 30 passage is about? lure insects inside the pitcher to sip nectar. The walls of the reservoir are slippery, and A. the adaptations that carnivorous plants eventually the insect slips into the pool of have made to get nutrients water and drowns. The leaves of the sun- B. the superiority of the bladderwort over other carnivorous plants 35 dew and the butterwort are also covered 35 with sticky, sweet nectar. Once an insect C. the kinds of environments in which alights on a leaf, the nectar acts as flypaper, carnivorous plants thrive holding the insect fast as the leaves secrete D. the similarities between carnivorous their digestive juices. animals and carnivorous plants E. the importance of nitrogen to green plants

40 The best-known “active” trapper species is 40 the Venus flytrap, native to the swamps of North and South Carolina. Its leaves are brightly colored and produce a sweet smelling nectar. Each leaf consists of two 45 lobes joined by a hinge, like a clamshell, 45 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u and each lobe is edged with stiff bristles called cilia. Inside each lobe are three

FORM B 78 34. What does the passage suggest about carnivo- 38. Why is a victim unable to escape from the rous plants? bladderwort after it is sucked into the bladder? F. They feed exclusively on insects. G. They live longer than other green plants. F. The sticky nectar keeps it stuck inside. H. They are unable to absorb nitrogen G. It is trapped between the two lobes of the compounds. bladder. J. They are found only in the southern H. It is entangled in the cilia. United States. J. The trigger hairs come together to form K. They grow in wet, swampy areas and the bars of a cage. marshes. K. The trapdoor opens only inward.

35. Which of the following phrases conveys the same or most nearly the same meaning as the word “fast” in line 38? A. firmly CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u B. rapidly C. crushingly D. helplessly E. unexpectedly

36. Which of the following is not used by carnivorous plants to trap and hold prey? F. sticky liquid G. mouth with teeth H. suction J. hinged leaves that fold together K. a pool of water

37. Why are the plants in the passage called carnivorous? A. They have mouths with teeth. B. They are attractive to insects and small animals. C. They capture and digest live insects and small animals. D. They have stomachs and digestive fluids. E. They digest other plants.

FORM B 79 Sometimes in nature, a plant or animal seals depends on the availability of such depends on another species for its survival. marine life. Had the hunting of sea otters Once in a while, the existence of a single 50 continued unabated into the twentieth cen- 50 species is crucial to the survival of a large tury, the damage to this interdependent 5 number of other life forms. An excellent 5 coastal community would have been much example of such a species is the sea otter, more far-reaching than the loss of an indi- a carnivorous marine mammal that lives in vidual species. the rich kelp forests (dense areas of sea weed) in the coastal waters of the Pacific 10 Ocean. 10 39. Which of the following best tells what this Sea otters have long been hunted for their passage is about? valuable and beautiful fur. Before the gov- ernments of the United States and several A. the sea otter’s key role in kelp forests other countries enacted laws banning their B. why sea urchins are a threat to the 15 slaughter early in the twentieth century, 15 ecology of the Pacific the sea otter’s numbers were dangerously C. how the sea otter was saved from low. Though they presently occupy only a extinction fraction of their original habitat range, sea D. the origin of kelp forests otters are thriving again. Today, they are E. the ecology of the Pacific Coast 20 often seen in California coastal waters in 20 a characteristic pose: floating happily on 40. Why do sea otters leave the water? their backs while eating a seemingly end- F. to sleep less supply of seafood. G. to find food H. to elude violent storms The sea otter seldom visits land, except to J. to escape from predators 25 escape severe wind and waves or to give 25 K. to avoid water pollution birth to young. It is quite at home in the kelp forest, which provides protective cover 41. Which of the following, if it were to occur, from enemies (including sharks and killer could be caused in part by sea otters’ actions? whales) and serves as an abundant source 30 of its favorite seafoods. A sea otter may 30 A. too much commercial fishing in coastal consume as much as twenty pounds of waters shellfish a day, feasting on mollusks, B. a sharp decrease in shellfish populations abalone, crabs, and its favorite treat—sea C. the devastation of kelp forests urchins. D. the extinction of killer whales E. the loss of bald eagle nesting areas 35 The sea otter’s eating habits are good news 35 for the other inhabitants of its environ 42. The passage implies that laws were passed ment. Another big eater, the sea urchin, banning the slaughter of sea otters because lives on a diet of kelp and seaweed. In F. sea otters were being hunted only for some areas, uncontrolled sea urchin growth pleasure. 40 has devastated kelp forests. When sea 40 G. other forms of coastal marine life were in urchin populations are held in check, and decline. water pollution or shoreline development do H. sea otters were in danger of becoming not interfere, kelp forests generally thrive. extinct. Many varieties of fish and shellfish live in J. sea otters were crucial for kelp forests to 45 these seaweed forests, attracting still more 45 thrive. animal species to nearby shores. For exam- K. many people find sea otters very cute. ple, the survival of bald eagles and harbor

FORM B 80 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u 43. Which of the following situations is most like the one involving sea otters and sea urchins as it is presented in the passage? A. Parasites are removed from the digestive system of a mammal and the mammal dies. B. Human beings increase their use of pesticides and the populations of many bird species decrease. C. Acid rain, an industrial pollutant, causes dramatic changes in many forest ecosystems. D. Koala bear populations survive only if the bears obtain sufficient quantities of eucalyptus leaves. E. An area’s wolf population disappears and the deer population increases dramatically.

44. Which of the following has not represented a threat to sea otter populations? F. water pollution G. shoreline development H. fur hunters J. sharks K. harbor seals CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u

FORM B 81 If you look around most preschool direct it or change it. Children were given classrooms, you’ll notice some common ele- the freedom to learn in their own way, while ments: rows of beads to count; wooden at the same time required to follow class- blocks and textured objects to touch; and 50 room rules. In contrast to the commonly 50 5 furniture made to the scale of a small child. 5 held view that children should be “seen and All of these familiar objects reflect the deep not heard,” Montessori’s teachers allowed influence of Maria Montessori and her their students to discover knowledge with- theory of education. out interference.

Born in 1870 in the Italian village of 55 In 1900, Montessori put her ideas into prac- 55 10 Chiaravalle, Maria moved to Rome with her 10 tice by opening a small school for children family when she was five years old. Her with developmental disabilities. The mother encouraged her to pursue broader results were remarkable. Although her stu- schooling than most girls received at the dents were thought to lack ability, they time. Maria began attending a boys’ techni 60 learned to read, write, and participate in 60 15 cal school at age 13, against her father’s 15 classroom activities. In 1907, Montessori wishes but with her mother’s support. She founded a school for preschool children in spent seven years studying engineering— one of Rome’s poorest neighborhoods. Most and developing ideas about what a school of the children were shy and fearful or should not be like. Although she was a 65 unruly and wild, but all responded quickly 65 20 good student, she felt stifled by the strict- 20 to Montessori’s methods. Her students’ suc- ness, formality, and emphasis on learning cess made Montessori famous, and she by memorizing. traveled the world to spread her ideas, revo- lutionizing education everywhere she went. Eventually Montessori enrolled as a med ical student at the University of Rome. In 70 Montessori had her critics as well as her 70 25 1896 she graduated as the first female doc- 25 admirers. Some claimed that her methods tor in Italy. The following year, she joined placed too much emphasis on hands-on the staff at a hospital for children with learning instead of intellectual developmental disabilities. As she observed development. Others questioned whether her patients, Montessori realized that many 75 young children could achieve their own edu- 75 30 belonged in school, not in a hospital. 30 cation without the structure and knowledge Though not trained as a teacher, she wanted that a good teacher can provide. But educa- to find ways to educate these children. tors agree that Maria Montessori recognized the universal characteristics Montessori drew ideas from anthropology, 80 that all children share, and she taught the 80 psychology, and medicine to develop her world that each child is unique, admirable, 35 educational methods. She believed that 35 and worthy of respect. children’s personalities form as children interact with their environment. Everything they experience, she thought, becomes part of them. Montessori believed 40 that the classroom environment was part of 40 education. She was the first educator to CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u provide child-size chairs and tables.

She also believed that education is a natural process that each student conducts 45 in his or her own way. Teachers can help 45 the process, but they should not attempt to

FORM B 82 45. Which of the following best tells what this 49. What is the most likely reason that the author passage is about? began the passage by describing familiar objects found in preschool classrooms? A. how anthropology, psychology, and medicine can help children learn A. to demonstrate how Montessori’s method B. the history of children’s education in Italy has shaped preschool education C. an important educator and the ideas she B. to argue that the Montessori method does promoted not live up to its claims D. the universal characteristics that children C. to illustrate the influence of Montessori’s share own schooling E. how attitudes toward educating girls have D. to give an example of what a school should changed not be like E. to show that students cannot learn without 46. Maria Montessori believed that children’s a teacher personalities form 50. How were Maria Montessori and her mother F. through formality and strict discipline. alike? G. as a result of interaction with their surroundings. F. Both attended technical school to study H. when children spend time in schools engineering. instead of hospitals. G. Both supported her father’s wishes for her J. when children’s intelligence and ability educational goals. are high enough. H. Both believed that girls should have K. after age six. access to the educational system. J. Both held that a child’s personality was 47. In 1907, Montessori established a school for formed through interaction with his or her surroundings. A. children with developmental disabilities. K. Both believed that classrooms should be B. boys who were studying engineering. less strict and formal. C. children who lived in Chiaravalle. D. young children in a poor neighborhood. E. teachers who wanted to learn the Montessori method.

48. The author includes information about CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u Montessori’s childhood to demonstrate that F. she had a good relationship with both of her parents. G. she was never diagnosed with a developmental disability. H. becoming an educator had always been one of her goals. J. education was of primary importance throughout her life. K. her interest in engineering had influenced her career.

FORM B 83 Pa r t 2 — Ma t h e m a t i cs Suggested Time — 75 Minutes 50 QUESTIONS

Ge n e r a l Instructions

Solve each problem. Select the best answer from the choices given. Mark the letter of your answer on the answer sheet. You can do your figuring in the test booklet or on paper provided by the proctor. DO NOT MAKE ANY MARKS ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET OTHER THAN FILLING IN YOUR ANSWER CHOICES. Important Notes: (1) Formulas and definitions of mathematical terms and symbols are not provided. (2) Diagrams other than graphs are not necessarily drawn to scale. Do not assume any relationship in a diagram unless it is specifically stated or can be figured out from the information given. (3) Assume that a diagram is in one plane unless the problem specifically states that it is not. (4) Graphs are drawn to scale. Unless stated otherwise, you can assume relationships according to appearance. For example, (on a graph) lines that appear to be parallel can be assumed to be parallel; likewise for concurrent lines, straight lines, collinear points, right angles, etc. (5) Reduce all fractions to lowest terms.

5 51. M is 20% of N, and N is 5% of 1,000. What is 53. Convert ___ to decimal form. 16 the value of M? A. 0.31 A. 10 B. 0.31125 B. 40 C. 0.312 C. 100 D. 0.3125 D. 250 E. 5.16 E. 1,000

54. If n is positive and n2 5 51, between which 52. XYtwo numbers does n lie? • • –1 0123456789 F. 5 and 6 G. 6 and 7 ___ H. 7 and 8 If XY is divided into 3 equal parts by points J. 8 and 9 R and S (not shown), what position will point R fall on? (Assume R  S.) K. 9 and 10

F. 2 G. 2.5 H. 3 J. 4 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u K. 6

FORM B 84 55. SIT-UPS IN GYM CLASS 59. P is a point that is not on line m. How many lines can be drawn through P that form a 30° Number angle with line m? Sit-ups of Students 20 5 A. 0 21 3 B. 1 25 2 C. 2 27 2 D. 3 E. The number varies. The table above shows the number of sit-ups completed by 12 students in gym class. What is the mean number of sit-ups completed? 60. At 7:00 a.m., the temperature was 12° below zero Fahrenheit. Then the A. 22.25 temperature rose 3° per hour for 9 hours. B. 23 What was the temperature at 2:00 p.m.? C. 23.25 D. 27 F. 21° E. 93 G. 9° H. 6° 56. What is the greatest prime number less J. 3° than 40? K. 26° F. 31 G. 37 61. INCOME FROM TICKET SALES H. 38 J. 39 K. 41 $750

57. 2x(3y 1 1) 5 Amount $500 Received A. 3y 1 2x B. 5xy 1 2x $250 C. 6xy 1 1 D. 5xy 1 2x 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 E. 6xy 1 2x Number of Tickets Sold

27 58. What is the least integer greater than ___ ? The graph above shows the relationship 4 between the number of tickets sold and the F. 5 amount of money received from the sale. G. 6 What is the price of one ticket? H. 7 J. 8 A. $20.00 K. 9 B. $25.00 C. $25.50 D. $50.00 E. $ 250.00

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FORM B 85 62. The product of a nonzero integer and 21 66. What is the difference between 90% of 9 has the same value as the square of the and 9% of 90? integer. What is the integer? F. 0 F. 22 G. 2 G. 21 H. 7.29 _ H. 0 J. 10 _ J. 1 K. 81 _ K. 2

x y 67. If 27,783 5 3 • 7 , what is xy? 63. BECD A. 13 B. 14 C. 19 8 cm D. 12 E. 21

A H G F 68. A train traveling at a speed of 30 miles per ______hour passes point A on its way to point B. At ABDG and HCEF are squares,____ and BCDE the same time, on a parallel track, another is a straight___ line segment.____ DG and the train traveling at a speed of 70 miles per hour diagonals CF and HE pass through the same passes point B on its way to point A. If point A point. What is the area of the shaded region? and point B are 300 miles apart, how far from point B will the trains meet? A. 16 sq cm B. 24 sq cm F. 240 mi C. 32 sq cm G. 210 mi D. 40 sq cm H. 150 mi E. 56 sq cm J. 140 mi K. 190 mi

64. Which of the following is equivalent to the inequality 10 , x 2 6? 69. DEF C F. x , 4 G G. x . 4 MNO B H H. x . 4 J. x , 16 A I K. x . 16 LKJ

The figure above is made up of eight squares. 65. (13 1 2x) 2 (4 2 x) 5 How many rectangles in the figure are similar to BCEN? (Do not count BCEN itself.) A. 9 2 3x B. 9 1 x A. 3 C. 9 1 3x B. 5 D. 13 1 3x C. 9 D. 10 E. 17 1 x E. 11

FORM B 86 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u 1 70. One-half the sum of two numbers is 9. 74. If ^x 5 __ , what is the value of 3 • ^3? If one of the numbers is 5, what is the x product of the two numbers? 1 F. __ 9 F. 45 1 G. __ G. 65 3 H. 85 J. 105 H. 1 K. 115 J. 3

71. There are 10,000 fish in a pond. Of K. 9 50 fish caught in a net, 35 are female and 15 are male. Which is the best estimate of 1 2 the number of male fish in the pond before 75. What is the value of (x y)(y x) when 5 5 the 50 fish were caught? x 5.5 and y 4.5? 2 A. 750 A. 10 B. 1,500 B. 0 C. 3,000 C. 9 D. 3,500 D. 10 E. 7,000 E. 11

72. The area of a rectangular rug is 70 square feet. 76. Lindsey is now x years old and Xiu Dan is If the width is 5 feet, what is the perimeter? 2 years older than Lindsey. In terms of x, how old was Xiu Dan 3 years ago? F. 114 ft F. x G. 119 ft G. x 2 1 H. 138 ft H. x 2 3 J. 150 ft J. x 2 5 K. 350 ft K. 2x 2 3

73. Mei-Ling has paints in 4 different colors. If she is going to paint the inside of a box with one 77. A cylindrical soup can is 4 inches tall and has color and the outside of the box with another 1 color, in how many different ways can she paint a radius of 1 __ inches. What is the area of a 2 the box? label that will completely cover the side of A. 2 the can, with no overlap (not including the B. 4 top and bottom)? C. 6 D. 8 A. 6 sq in. E. 12 B. 12 sq in. C. 16 sq in. D. 6p sq in. E. 12p sq in.

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FORM B 87 78. R 5 3 • 3•7•11 82. A sheet of cardboard measuring 12 inches by S 5 3 •5 •7•7 54 inches is to be cut into squares with equal sides. What is the largest possible size of the What is the least common multiple squares if they are all to be equal, without any of R and S? waste?

F. 3• 5 F. 3 in. by 3 in. G. 3• 7 G. 4 in. by 4 in. H. 3• 5 • 7 • 11 H. 6 in. by 6 in. J. 3• 3 • 5 • 7 • 7 • 11 J. 12 in. by 12 in. K. 3• 3 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 7 • 7 •11 K. 54 in. by 54 in.

79. In a scale diagram, 1 inch represents 100 feet. 83. A pyramid has a square base. Its volume How many square inches on the diagram is 48 cubic centimeters and its height is represent 1 square foot? 4 centimeters. What is the length of one side of the base? A. 0.000001 sq in. B. 0.0001 sq in. A. 2 cm C. 0.01 sq in. B. 6 cm D. 0.1 sq in. C. 12 cm E. 100 sq in. D. 36 cm E. 144 cm

80. Nadia put 23 coins (nickels, dimes, and pennies) with a total value of $1.22 into a 84. What fraction, reduced to its lowest terms, is jar. She removed seven dimes, seven nickels, 4 halfway between __ and 0.9? and seven pennies. Which coins remain in 5 the jar? 1 F. __ F. 2 pennies 2 2 G. 2 nickels G. __ 3 H. 2 dimes 17 J. 1 nickel and 1 penny H. ___ 20 K. 1 dime and 1 penny 6 J. __ 7 1 K. 4 __ 81. x, y, and z are consecutive multiples of 5, 2 counting from smallest to largest. What is x 1 y in terms of z? A. z  10 B. z  15 C. 2z  15 D. 2z  5 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u E. 3z  5

FORM B 88 85. Which of the following indicates that s is 88. In a certain month, Latoya earned twice as greater than or equal to half the value much as Jaclyn earned. Pei-Lin earned three of t and that t is greater than 0? times as much as Jaclyn. If Pei-Lin earned $240, how much did Latoya earn? t A. s $ __ . 0 2 F. $80 G. $160 B. s $ 2t . 0 H. $240 t J. $360 M95-0107 C. s . __ $ 0 2 K. $480 t D. s # __ . 0 2 89. E. s # 2t , 0 N P

y 8 cm 86. If x 5 2 and y 5 3, what is the value of ___x ? y x

8 F. ___ 27 4 G. __ M Q 9 2 H. __ If the area of the rectangle above is 3 112____ square centimeters, what is the length 8 J. __ of MP ? (Hint: The area of rectangle MNPQ 9 is twice that of triangle MNP.) A-106 K. 1 A. 7 cm B. 14 cm C. 16 cm 87. MUSEUM VISITORS D. 28 cm Da y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E. 56 cm Number of 142 106 117 127 106 113 106 95 117 Visitors 90. Suppose that 387 people will travel on a shuttle with room for 420 people. Each What was the median number of visitors for compartment seats 14 people before the next the days shown? compartment opens. How many people will A. 95 ride in the last compartment that opened? B. 106 F. 18 C. 113 G. 19 D. 117 H. 11 E. 142 J. 12 K. 31

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FORM B 89 HB-A091

91. P Q 94. From a box containing 5 black marbles, • • 8 pink marbles, 6 white marbles, and –– 3 2 – 1 01234567 5 yellow marbles, Ingrid removed 4 marbles, one of which was black. If she removes one more marble at random, what is the Point R (not___ shown) ___is located on line probability that it will be black? segment___ PQ so that PR is 6 times as long 1 as RQ . What is the location of point R? F. __ 6 2 A. 1 4 G. ___ B. 2 21 C. 3 1 H. __ D. 4 5 5 E. 6 J. ___ 21 1 K. __ 92. Tamika’s salary is $26,000. Joe’s salary is 4 $24,500. At the end of each year, Tamika is given a $500 raise and Joe is given an $800 n  6 95. For how many values of n is ______ . 0? raise. After how many years will Joe and 6  n Tamika be earning the same amount? (Assume n  6.)

F. 2 A. 0 G. 3 B. 1 H. 4 C. 2 J. 5 D. 3 K. 6 E. 5

93. When n is divided by 5, the remainder is 2. 96. In a list of numbers that starts with What is the remainder when n 1 4 is the number 13, every number is 14 less divided by 5? than twice the number that comes just before it. What will the fourth number A. 1 in the list be? B. 2 F. 22 C. 3 G. 4 D. 4 H. 6 E. 6 J. 9 K. 10

97. One diagonal of a square lies on the y-axis of a coordinate system. The coordinates of one corner of the square are (3, 7). What are the coordinates of the opposite corner?

A. (23, 7) B. (7, 3) C. (3, 27) D. (23, 27) E. (27, 23)

FORM B 90 CONTINUE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE u 2 98. Maria can paint __ of a square wall with 100. The mean score of 10 players was 6.5. One 3 player’s score was dropped, changing the 1 gallon of paint. How much of that same mean of the remaining scores to 6.0. What 3 wall could she paint with __ of a gallon? score was dropped? 5 F. 4.5 1 F. __ 4 G. 5 1 H. 10 G. __ 3 J. 11 2 K. 54 H. __ 5 1 J. __ 2 5 K. __ 2

THIS IS THE END OF THE TEST. IF TIME 3 REMAINS, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR ANSWERS TO 99. Katie swam __ as many laps as Ruby. 4 PART 2 AND PART 1. BE SURE THAT THERE ARE 1 NO STRAY MARKS, PARTIALLY FILLED ANSWER Katie swam 3 __ laps. How many laps did 2 CIRCLES, OR INCOMPLETE ERASURES ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. n Ruby swim?

1 A. 2 __ 4

5 B. 2 __ 8

3 C. 2 __ 4

1 D. 4 __ 4

2 E. 4 __ 3

FORM B 91