DOCSLIB.ORG

SCCVCD Environmental Evaluation-APPENDIX E-Alternatives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SCCVCD Environmental Evaluation-APPENDIX E-Alternatives Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Program APPENDIX E ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS REPORT Appendix E: Alternatives Analysis Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Program Document Information Project Name Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Program Environmental Evaluation Date July 2014 This Page Intentionally Left Blank July 2014 Santa Clara County Vector Control District Document Information i APPENDIX E Alternatives Appendix E: Alternatives Analysis Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Program Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1 Program Background ..................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Program History ................................................................................................................ 1-1 2 Potential Tools ................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Integrated Pest Management ........................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Vector Surveillance ........................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-2 2.2.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Physical Control ................................................................................................................ 2-2 2.3.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-2 2.3.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-4 2.3.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-4 2.4 Vegetation Management .................................................................................................. 2-5 2.4.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-5 2.4.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-6 2.4.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-6 2.5 Biological Control Pathogens (Viruses) ............................................................................ 2-7 2.5.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-7 2.5.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-7 2.5.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-7 2.6 Biological Control Pathogens (Bacteria) ........................................................................... 2-7 2.6.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-7 2.6.2 Examples of Tool Use ....................................................................................... 2-9 2.6.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-9 2.7 Biological Control Parasites/Parasitoids ........................................................................... 2-9 2.7.1 Description ........................................................................................................ 2-9 2.7.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-11 2.7.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-12 2.8 Biological Control Predators ........................................................................................... 2-12 2.8.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-12 2.8.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-25 2.8.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-25 2.9 Biological Control Plants ................................................................................................. 2-26 2.9.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-26 2.9.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-26 2.9.3 Application to District IMVMP .......................................................................... 2-27 2.10 Synthetic Insecticides ..................................................................................................... 2-27 2.10.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-27 ii Table of Contents Santa Clara County Vector Control District July 2014 Appendix E: Alternatives Analysis Report Integrated Mosquito and Vector Management Program 2.10.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-27 2.10.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-27 2.11 Natural Insecticides ........................................................................................................ 2-27 2.11.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-27 2.11.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-31 2.11.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-31 2.12 Insect Growth Regulators ............................................................................................... 2-31 2.12.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-31 2.12.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-32 2.12.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-32 2.13 Mineral Oils/Surfactants ................................................................................................. 2-33 2.13.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-33 2.13.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-34 2.13.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-34 2.14 Mass Trapping ................................................................................................................ 2-34 2.14.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-34 2.14.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-38 2.14.3 Applicability to IMVMP .................................................................................... 2-38 2.15 Attract and Kill ................................................................................................................ 2-39 2.15.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-39 2.15.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-42 2.15.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-42 2.16 Inundative Releases ....................................................................................................... 2-43 2.16.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-43 2.16.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-46 2.16.3 Applicability to District IMVMP ........................................................................ 2-46 2.17 Regulatory Control .......................................................................................................... 2-46 2.17.1 Description ...................................................................................................... 2-46 2.17.2 Examples of Tool Use ..................................................................................... 2-46 2.17.3 Applicability to District IMVMP .......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Black Flies of Maine
    THE BLACK FLIES OF MAINE L.S. Bauer and J. Granett Department of Entomology University of Maine at Orono, Orono, ME 04469 Maine Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 95 May 1979 LS-\ F.\PFRi\ii-Nr Si \IION TK HNK \I BUI I HIN 9? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank Dr. Ivan McDaniel for his involvement in the USDA-funding of this project. We thank him for his assistance at the beginning of this project in loaning us literature, equipment, and giving us pointers on taxonomy. He also aided the second author on a number of collection trips and identified a number of collection specimens. We thank Edward R. Bauer, Lt. Lewis R. Boobar, Mr. Thomas Haskins. Ms. Leslie Schimmel, Mr. James Eckler, and Mr. Jan Nyrop for assistance in field collections, sorting, and identifications. Mr. Ber- nie May made the electrophoretic identifications. This project was supported by grant funds from the United States Department of Agriculture under CSRS agreement No. 616-15-94 and Regional Project NE 118, Hatch funds, and the Maine Towns of Brad­ ford, Brownville. East Millinocket, Enfield, Lincoln, Millinocket. Milo, Old Town. Orono. and Maine counties of Penobscot and Piscataquis, and the State of Maine. The electrophoretic work was supported in part by a faculty research grant from the University of Maine at Orono. INTRODUCTION Black flies have been long-time residents of Maine and cause exten­ sive nuisance problems for people, domestic animals, and wildlife. The black fly problem has no simple solution because of the multitude of species present, the diverse and ecologically sensitive habitats in which they are found, and the problems inherent in measuring the extent of the damage they cause.
    [Show full text]
  • Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) Are Specialist Predators of Snails
    Eur. J. Entomol. 112(1): 145–150, 2015 doi: 10.14411/eje.2015.016 ISSN 1210-5759 (print), 1802-8829 (online) Larvae of the water scavenger beetle, Hydrophilus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) are specialist predators of snails TOSHIO INODA1, YUTA INODA1 and JUNE KATHYLEEN RULLAN 2 1 Shibamata 5-17-10, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-0052, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 2 University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; e-mail: [email protected] Key words. Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Hydrophilus acuminatus, feeding preferences, snail specialist Abstract. Hydrophilus acuminatus larvae are known to feed on aquatic prey. However, there is no quantitative study of their feeding habits. In order to determine the feeding preferences and essential prey of larvae of H. acuminatus, both field and laboratory experi- ments were carried out. Among the five potential species of prey,Austropeplea ollula (Mollusca: Lymnaeidae), Physa acuta (Mollusca: Physidae), Asellus hilgendorfi (Crustacea: Asellidae), Palaemon paucidens (Crustacea: Palaemonidae) and larvae of Propsilocerus akamusi (Insecta: Chironomidae), the first instar larvae of H. acuminatus strongly prefered the Austropeplea and Physa snails in both cafeteria and single-prey species experiments. Larvae that were provided with only snails also successfully developed into second instar larvae, while larvae fed Palaemon, Propsilocerus larvae or Asellus died during the first instar. In addition, the size of adult H. acuminatus reared from first-instar larvae and fed only snails during their entire development was not different from that of adult H. acuminatus collected in the field. This indicates that even though the larvae ofH. acuminatus can feed on several kinds of invertebrates, they strongly prefer snails and without them cannot complete their development.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 16 –Number 3 National Park Service • U.S
    PARKARK P CIENCECIENCE SS Integrating Research and Resource Management Volume 16 –Number 3 National Park Service • U.S. Department of the Interior Summer 1996 THE NATURAL RESOURCE TRAINEE PROGRAM: PROFESSIONALIZATION TRIUMPH OF THE 1980S AND EARLY 1990S Who are they and where are they now? See the key on page 17 to identify these participants of the first Natural Resource Trainee Program and learn what they are up to now. BY THE EDITOR imparting the skills. Regional office funding allowed parks to HE NEED TO ESTABLISH AND PROFES- send staff to the training and backfill behind them to take care sionalize science and resource management func- of unfinished park work. Other superintendents soon heard tions and apply them in the management of na- about the training opportunity and wanted to be a part of it. tional parks was recognized as early as the 1930s. Wauer then prioritized individual park needs, opting for placing Then, biologist George Wright published several resource management trainees at parks that formerly didn’t have Tpapers on wildlife management and made the clear connection any resource management expertise. between science and informed park resource management ac- The program went national in the early 1980s following pub- tivities. Yet, for the next 5 decades, resource management work lication of two different conservation organization reports on continued to be done mostly by park rangers who were trained threats to national parks and a response by the National Park primarily in law enforcement and other operational areas, not Service in the form of a state-of-the-parks report.
    [Show full text]
  • Cougar 1 Cougar
    Cougar 1 Cougar Cougar[1] Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene to recent Conservation status [2] Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Puma Species: Puma concolor Binomial name Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) Cougar 2 Cougar range The cougar (Puma concolor), also known as puma, mountain lion, mountain cat, catamount or panther, depending on the region, is a mammal of the family Felidae, native to the Americas. This large, solitary cat has the greatest range of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere,[3] extending from Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes of South America. An adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in every major American habitat type. It is the second heaviest cat in the Western Hemisphere, after the jaguar. Although large, the cougar is most closely related to smaller felines and is closer genetically to the domestic cat than to true lions. A capable stalk-and-ambush predator, the cougar pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources include ungulates such as deer, elk, moose, and bighorn sheep, as well as domestic cattle, horses and sheep, particularly in the northern part of its range. It will also hunt species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, but it can also live in open areas. The cougar is territorial and persists at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While it is a large predator, it is not always the dominant species in its range, as when it competes for prey with other predators such as the jaguar, grey wolf, American Black Bear, and the grizzly bear.
    [Show full text]
  • Husbandry Guidelines for African Lion Panthera Leo Class
    Husbandry Guidelines For (Johns 2006) African Lion Panthera leo Class: Mammalia Felidae Compiler: Annemarie Hillermann Date of Preparation: December 2009 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name: Certificate III Captive Animals Course Number: RUV 30204 Lecturer: Graeme Phipps, Jacki Salkeld, Brad Walker DISCLAIMER The information within this document has been compiled by Annemarie Hillermann from general knowledge and referenced sources. This document is strictly for informational purposes only. The information within this document may be amended or changed at any time by the author. The information has been reviewed by professionals within the industry, however, the author will not be held accountable for any misconstrued information within the document. 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS Wildlife facilities must adhere to and abide by the policies and procedures of Occupational Health and Safety legislation. A safe and healthy environment must be provided for the animals, visitors and employees at all times within the workplace. All employees must ensure to maintain and be committed to these regulations of OHS within their workplace. All lions are a DANGEROUS/ HIGH RISK and have the potential of fatally injuring a person. Precautions must be followed when working with lions. Consider reducing any potential risks or hazards, including; Exhibit design considerations – e.g. Ergonomics, Chemical, Physical and Mechanical, Behavioural, Psychological, Communications, Radiation, and Biological requirements. EAPA Standards must be followed for exhibit design. Barrier considerations – e.g. Mesh used for roofing area, moats, brick or masonry, Solid/strong metal caging, gates with locking systems, air-locks, double barriers, electric fencing, feeding dispensers/drop slots and ensuring a den area is incorporated.
    [Show full text]
  • Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley
    Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Series I. Correspondence, 1871-1894 Box 1 Folder 1 Darwin to Riley. June 1, 1871. Letter from Charles Darwin to Riley thanking him for report and instructions on noxious insects. Downs, Beckerham, Kent (England). (handwritten copy of original). Box 1 Folder 2 Koble to Riley. June 30, 1874. Letter from John C. Koble giving physical description of chinch bugs and explaining how the bugs are destroying corn crops in western Kentucky. John C. Koble of L. S. Trimble and Co., Bankers. Box 1 Folder 3 Saunders to Riley. Nov. 12, 1874. William Saunders receipt to C. V. Riley for a copy of descriptions of two insects that baffle the vegetable carnivora. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Box 1 Folder 4 Young to Riley. Dec. 13, 1874. William Young describes the flat-headed borer and its effects on orchards during summer and winter seasons. From Palmyra Gate Co., Nebraska. Box 1 Folder 5 Saunders to Riley. Dec. 22, 1874. William Saunders receipt of notes of investigation on the insects associated with Sarracenia. William Saunders, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Box 1 Folder 6 Bonhaw to Riley. Jan. 19, 1875. L. N. Bonhaw requesting a copy of his Missouri report, for him to establish a manual or handbook on entomology, and to find out about an insect that deposits eggs. Subject: tomato worm, hawk moth. 1 http://www.nal.usda.gov/speccoll/ Special Collections at the National Agricultural Library: Charles Valentine Riley Collection Box 1 Folder 7 Holliday to Riley.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • We'd Love to Hear from You!
    CSAMA News 1 of 10 Having trouble reading this email? View it in your browser. The Creation Science Association for Mid-America Volume 31: (7) July 2014 "It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in man." Psalm 118:8 “A Close Encounter on Friday the 13th” “What is Baraminology? Part I” We’d love to hear from you! If you have questions or comments, or if you have suggestions for making our newsletter better, please feel free to contact us. We’ll do our best to respond to every query. THANK YOU! (Use the editor link on the contact page at www.csama.org.) th by Douglas Roger Dexheimer Last August, I was contacted by Dr. Don DeYoung, president of The Creation Research Society (CRS) to make advance plans for the CRS annual board meeting to be held in Kansas City in June of 2014. We exchanged several communications in the ensuing months. Then, on Friday, the 13th of June, Kevin Anderson and I enjoyed an unusually “close encounter” with the board members of CRS here in Kansas City. CSAMA was invited to join the leadership of CRS for dinner and, later, coffee. We did a "show & tell" with the CRS leaders, first at Smokehouse BBQ, and, following that, at the Chase Suites Hotel a few miles north. http://www.csamanewsletter.org/archives/HTML/201407/index.html CSAMA News 2 of 10 The group of CRS board members we met. We described to them some of the activities that CSAMA conducts, such as our monthly meetings, creation safaris, and other specially requested events.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Insects: Holometabola – Diptera, Suborder Nematocera
    Glime, J. M. 2017. Aquatic Insects: Holometabola – Diptera, Suborder Nematocera. Chapt. 11-13b. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte 11-13b-1 Ecology. Volume 2. Bryological Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 15 April 2021 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology2/>. CHAPTER 11-13b AQUATIC INSECTS: HOLOMETABOLA – DIPTERA, SUBORDER NEMATOCERA TABLE OF CONTENTS Suborder Nematocera, continued ........................................................................................................... 11-13b-2 Chironomidae – Midges .................................................................................................................. 11-13b-2 Emergence ............................................................................................................................... 11-13b-4 Seasons .................................................................................................................................... 11-13b-5 Cold-water Species .................................................................................................................. 11-13b-6 Overwintering .......................................................................................................................... 11-13b-7 Current Velocity ...................................................................................................................... 11-13b-7 Diversity .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cracking the Curious Case of the Grolar Bear
    CRACKING THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE GROLAR BEAR Overview Welcome to the Grolar Bear Challenge created by the Discovery Educator Network and Polar Bears ​ ​ International. Take part in this challenge before watching our webcast to better understand how bears size ​ ​ up to other creatures, compare grizzly and polar bears, learn about the rare grolar bear, and use your own creativity to help us problem solve. Then join us on Tuesday, November 10 at 1 p.m. (ET) for a live webcast from the tundra where PBI’s panel ​ of Arctic experts, plus the Discovery Educator Network’s Lance Rougeux, will discuss grizzly, polar, and grolar bears and how we use technology to understand the world around us. The questions in this challenge range from basic math to high-level creativity. Some questions have no right answer, but are designed to get students thinking outside of the box. Practicing problem solving gives students the tools and determination to figure out real-world problems they might encounter. You can view the answer key here. ​ ​ Discovery Education Resources From video segments to boards to interactive glossary terms, there are hundreds of resources in Discovery Education about polar and grizzly bears to help you in this challenge. A few of our favorites include: ​ ​ Also, search “polar bear” within Discovery Education and explore our brand new content collection. 1. Animal Birth Weights Every species must reproduce to keep surviving; it’s a fact of life! Because this is such a basic part of the life cycle, it may seem like it should be pretty simple and safe for the mother.
    [Show full text]
  • Noviembre El Mes Del Jaguar
    Noviembre el Mes del Jaguar El Jaguar o Jaguareté (Yaguareté) es el “Nahual” de “Xólotl-Lucifer” el “Doble” o “Reflexión” del Cristo, del Logos Solar. "En cuanto al Tigre (Xólotl-Lucifer), es el símbolo, precisamente, del LUCIFER NAHUA; y así hay que saberlo entender. Los CABALLEROS TIGRES son hombres que estaban luchando, precisamente, por su Autorrealización, luchando contra el Ego animal [los defectos o “yoes-diablos” psicológicos]. Originalmente, los Caballeros Tigres fueron Iniciados.” (V.M. Samael Aun Weor). “… el Tigre representa siempre a Lucifer-Nahua; eran gente perfecta…” (V.M. Samael Aun Weor). "El Tigre, ciertamente, alegoriza o SIMBOLIZA AL LUCIFER- NAHUA. Este Lucifer-Nahua es, propiamente, el Tigre de los Aztecas. Lucifer-Nahua es el Hacedor de la Luz; es la Reflexión del Logos dentro de nosotros mismos y para nuestro bien. En principio, este Lucifer-Nahua, este Tigre, pues, era resplandeciente, luminoso, sublime, el Arcángel de la Luz en cada uno de nos, porque como ya dije, él es, en el fondo, nuestro propio Ser, dijéramos, la primera proyección de nuestro Logoi Interior. Mucho más tarde, en el tiempo, cuando caímos en la generación animal, obviamente cayó también Lucifer-Nahua, y se convirtió en el famoso Diablo de que nos hablan las Religiones: la Sombra negra y tentadora que arroja el fuego siniestro y negativo por la cola. Necesitamos DISOLVER AL EGO para que entonces el Lucifer-Nahua vuelva a resplandecer, es decir, necesitamos CONVERTIR AL DIABLO EN LUCIFER. Él tiene que volver a ocupar el puesto que tenía; él tiene que volver a ser un Kumara; y eso solamente es posible disolviendo el mí mismo, el sí mismo..
    [Show full text]
  • THE STATUS and DISTRIBUTION of Freshwater Biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands Hotspot
    THE THE STATUs aNd dISTRIBUtION OF STAT U Freshwater biodIversIty in MadagasCar s a N aNd the INdIaN OCeaN IslaNds hOtspOt d d I STR Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme IBU t ION OF F OF ION RESHWATER N ds a BIO I N d I ar ar VERS d C N I TY IN IN sla Madagas I N C ar a ar N ea d the I the d d the I the d C N N d Madagas a O I a N O C ea N I sla N IUCN h ds Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland O Switzerland tsp Tel: + 41 22 999 0000 Fax: + 41 22 999 0015 O www.iucn.org/redlist t the IUCN red list of threatened speciestM www.iucnredlist.org THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF freshwater biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands hotspot Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, or other participating organisations. This publication has been made possible by funding from The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Published by: IUCN Cambridge, UK in collaboration with IUCN Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2018 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]