Pathworksn1 for Macintosh®
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PATHWORKS n1 for Macintosh® MacX TM User's Guide AA-PBFMB-TE ~ .® PATHWORKS™ for Macintosh® MacXTM User's Guide " Apple Computer, Inc. This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose. The Apple logo is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Use of the "keyboard" Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. © Apple Computer, Inc., 1990 20525 Mariani Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014 (408) 996-1010 Apple, the Apple logo, AppleLink, AppleShare, MacDraw and MacWrite are registered trademarks AppleTalk, A!UX, EtherTalk, ImageWriter, of Claris Corporation. LaserWriter, LocalTalk, Macintosh, MacTCP, and Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft MultiFinder are registered trademarks of Apple Corporation. Computer, Inc. PostScript is a registered trademark, and Illustrator Color QuickDraw, Disk First Aid, Finder, and MacX is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T DECnet, DECterm, DECwindows, PATHWORKS, Information Systems. ULTRIX, VAX, VMS, and VT are trademarks of Varityper is a registered trademark, and VT600 is a Digital Equipment Corporation. trademark of AM International, Inc. ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registered trademark of X Window System is a trademark of MIT. International Typeface Corporation. Simultaneously published in the United States and Linotronic is a registered trademark of Linotype Canada. Company. The Apple Publishing System The MacX User's Guide was written, edited, and composed on a desktop publishing system using Apple Macintosh® computers and Microsoft® Word. proof pages were created on the Apple LaserWriter® . printers; final pages were printed on a Linotronic® 300. Line art was created using Adobe Illustrator™ . PostScript®, the LaserWriter page-description language, was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Contents Figures and Tables / ix Preface / Xll1 About this guide / xiii What you need to know / xiv How to use this guide / xiv For the beginner I xv For the experienced user I xv Summary of contents / xvi Visual conventions used in this guide / xvii For more information / xviii Basics I xviii X programming I xviii XII for AlUX I xx MacX for UNIX I xx MacX for A/UX I xx Usenet I xx Road map to the MacX User's Guide / xx 1 MacX Overview / 1 What is the X Window System? / 2 X Window System structure / 4 X protocol I 5 X server I 5 X library I 5 Window manager / 6 X toolkit / 6 A brief look at how X works / 6 Windows and their hierarchy / 7 Introducing MacX / 8 What you get with MacX / 8 X with a Macintosh flair / 9 What you see on the screen / 10 Using multiple screens / 13 Overview of MacX features / 14 Remote commands / 15 Window management / 16 Editing commands / 17 Preferences / 19 Fonts / 20 Color Namer / 22 File menu commands / 22 Printing commands / 23 Mouse and keyboard differences / 23 Mouse differences / 23 Keyboard differences / 25 Substituting keys for mouse clicks / 25 2 Getting Started / 27 Starting MacX / 28 Making a fast exit / 29 Starting the Session Manager / 29 About connection methods / 30 Selecting a network connection / 32 Selecting a gateway / 34 Configuring and executing the remote command dialog box / 36 Running DECwindows applications / 41 Starting DECterm / 42 Running the DECwindows Window Manager / 43 Quitting DECwindows applications / 43 Quitting MacX / 44 Closing a settings document without quitting MacX / 45 iv Contents 3 Using Remote Commands / 47 The Remote menu / 48 Creating new commands / 49 Specifying screen numbers / 55 Security features / 56 Saving passwords / 57 Access Control/58 Editing remote commands / 58 Executing remote commands / 59 Viewing a command's output / 60 4 Working With Windows / 63 The Window menu / 64 How windows are positioned / 65 Using windows in MacX / 66 Making windows active / 66 Styling and manipulating windows / 67 Window styles / 67 Setting a default window style / 68 Moving and sizing windows / 68 Converting windows to icons / 69 Killing clients and closing windows / 70 About root windows / 71 Starting rooted clients / 73 Showing and hiding the root window / 74 Root window preferences / 74 5 Managing Fonts and Color / 77 Using fonts in MacX / 78 The MacX Fonts folder / 78 The Font Director / 79 The X format for font names / 80 The format for Macintosh font names / 82 Adding a Macintosh font to the Font Director list / 82 Assigning aliases to font names / 83 Copying and pasting font names / 84 Contents v Removing fonts and font aliases / 85 Sorting fonts / 85 Compiling fonts from BDF files / 87 Using color in MacX / 89 The Color Namer / 89 Sorting, scrolling, saving, and canceling / 90 Adding new colors / 91 Removing colors / 92 Changing colors and color names / 92 Copying and pasting color names / 93 6 Troubleshooting / 95 About alert messages / 96 Problems starting MacX / 99 Problems with remote commands / 102 Problems with connection tools / 104 Problems with clients / 105 Problems with fonts / 107 Problems with the keyboard / 112 Problems with printing / 112 Problems saving a settings document / 114 Memory-related problems / 115 Network-related problems / 120 Appendix A MacX Versus Other X Servers / 125 Client incompatibilities / 126 Backward compatibility / 126 Cursor size and movement / 126 Printing images of rootless windows / 126 Standard colormaps / 127 Other differences / 127 Animation and mouse-movement preferences / 127 Color-related differences / 127 Font-path searching / 128 Resetting the server / 128 Screen definitions / 128 Typing international characters / 129 vi Contents Appendix B The MacX Window Manager / 131 Transferring text and graphics between clients / 132 Window positioning / 133 Appendix C Bitmap Distribution Format 2.1 / 135 Appendix D X Logical Font Description Conventions / 147 Appendix E Character Conversion Charts / 173 Glossary / 181 Index / 189 Contents vii Figures and Tables Cha pter 1 MacX Overview / 1 Figure 1-1 Some typical X windows / 3 Figure 1-2 The client/server model / 4 Figure 1-3 Clients and windows on a typical desktop / 9 Figure 1-4 MacX windows in rooted style / 11 Figure 1-5 MacX windows in rootless style / 12 Figure 1-6 A Macintosh with multiple screens attached / 13 Figure 1-7 A Control Panel diagram of multiple screens / 14 Figure 1-8 The Remote menu / 15 Figure 1-9 The Remote Command dialog box / 15 Figure 1-10 The Window menu / 16 Figure 1-11 MacX window styles / 17 Figure 1-12 The Edit menu / 18 Figure 1-13 The Miscellaneous Preferences dialog box / 20 Figure 1-14 The Font Director dialog box / 21 Figure 1-15 The View By pop-up menu / 21 Figure 1-16 The Color Namer dialog box / 22 Figure 1-17 The File menu / 22 Figure 1-18 Substitute mouse buttons / 24 Figure 1-19 The arrow keys preference option / 25 Table 1-1 Keyboard substitutes for mouse clicks and selections / 26 Cha pter 2 Getting Started / 27 Figure 2-1 The Macintosh desktop after starting MacX under MultiFinder / 28 Figure 2-2 The Session Manager window with Applications menu pulled down / 30 Figure 2-3 Starting an application from the Session Manager / 41 Figure 2-4 Starting DECterm / 42 Cha pter 3 Using Remote Commands / 47 Figure 3-1 The Remote menu / 48 Figure 3-2 The Remote Command dialog box / 49 Figure 3-3 The Miscellaneous Preferences dialog box / 57 Figure 3-4 The Access Control alert box / 58 Figure 3-5 The Edit Command dialog box / 59 Figure 3-6 An example of the Command Output submenu / 60 Figure 3-7 An example Output window / 61 Figure 3-8 The Change Settings dialog box / 62 Table 3-1 Screen numbers / 55 Table 3-2 Command Output submenu symbols / 61 Chapter 4 Working With Windows / 63 Figure 4-1 The Window menu / 64 Figure 4-2 Multiple monitors and the Macintosh desktop / 65 Figure 4-3 Styles for rootless client windows / 67 Figure 4-4 The Default Window Style pop-up menu / 68 Figure 4-5 The Kill Client warning / 71 Figure 4-6 MacX on the desktop with the root window visible / 72 Figure 4-7 Viewing the off-screen bitmap / 73 Figure 4-8 The B&W Rooted Screen Setup dialog box / 75 Figure 4-9 The root window warning message / 75 x Figures and Tables Chapter 5 Managing Fonts and Color / 77 Figure 5-1 The Font Director dialog box / 79 Figure 5-2 Font Director icons / 79 Figure 5-3 Removing a font / 85 Figure 5-4 The View By pop-up menu / 86 Figure 5-5 The Color Namer dialog box / 90 Table 5-1 The X Logical font-name format / 81 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting / 95 Figure 6-1 An alert box for an internal error / 97 Figure 6-2 An alert box for an unexpected error / 97 Figure 6-3 A warning box / 97 Figure 6-4 The Chooser window / 113 Figure 6-5 The About MacX window / 116 Table 6-1 Screen numbers / 106 Appendix E Character Conversion Charts / 173 Figure E-1 Character-conversion matrix / 175 Figure E-2 Macintosh extended ASCII to ISO Latin 1 character-mapping chart / 177 Figure E-3 ISO Latin 1 to Macintosh extended ASCII character-mapping chart / 179 Figures and Tables xi Preface The PA mWORKS jor Macintosh: MacX User's Guide describes how to use MacXTM, an X Window System server developed by Apple Computer for the Macintosh® family of computers.