Number 283 March 2015 Number 283 March 2015

Technical Editor Managing Editor Technical Editor

Wayne Leibel Daryl Hutchins Paul V Loiselle

Associate Editors David Boruchowitz Pam Chin Steve Edie

Eric Hanneman Greg Steeves Klaus Steinhaus Troy Veltrop

Fellows of the American Association

Guy D Jordan, Jr (1972) David D Herlong (1990) Chuck Rambo (2001) Ross B Socolof (1973) Steve Somermeyer (1990) Phil Benes (2010) Rosemary Lewis (1976) Gene Aldridge, Jr (1992) Claudia Dickinson (2010) Paul V Loiselle (1976) Wayne S Leibel (1993) Pam Chin (2011) James K Langhammer (1977) Dick Stratton (1995) Caroline Estes (2011) J Randy Crout (1983) Glen Eaves (1995) Pam Marsh (2011) Jim Mortensen (1983) Rusty Wessel (1997) Timothy Hovanec (2013)

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MarchMarch 2015 ciccichlid.orghlid.org 1 2015 BOARD OF TRUSTEES Chuck Rambo, Chair (‘14-15)...... 6474 ...... Baguio Ct, San Jose, CA 95119 • [email protected] CONTENTS Jan Benes, Vice-Chair (‘13-14)...... 2975 ...... Old Oxford Road, Hamilton, OH 45013 • [email protected] Dave Schumacher, Secretary (‘13-14) ...... 5121 .. Crestway Drive, Suite 300, San Antonio, TX 78239 • daves@davesfi sh.com From the Editors’ Desks Sam Borstein (‘14-15)...... 727.. .. Front.. .. Avenue, Apt #2, Knoxville, TN 37902 • [email protected] Daryl Hutchins / Claudia Dickinson ...... 4-5 Ron Coleman (‘13-14) ...... 1254...... 41st . Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95822 • [email protected] Bob Grauer (‘14-15) ...... 3092...... South.. .. Rosemary St, Denver, CO 80231 • [email protected] Cichlid ("Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum") Wayne Leibel (‘14-15) ...... Dept...... of . Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042 • [email protected] Rusty Wessel (1977) ...... 8-11 Michael Meyer (‘14-15) ...... 305...... Eagle .. . Glen Drv, Raymore, MO 64083 • [email protected] Jim Norris (‘13-14) ...... 7413...... N .. Packwood .. Ave, Tampa, FL 33604 • dogfi [email protected] Guy D Jordan Endowment Fund: 2015 COMMITTEES Gut Symbionts of Tanganyikan Ambassadors-at-Large: Claudia Dickinson ...... PO .. ..Box 5078, Montauk, NY 11954 • [email protected] Karen Sullam ...... 12-20 Ron Georgeone...... 2953.. Erich Drv, Willoughby Hills, OH 44092 • [email protected] Archives Greg Steeves...... 1302 .. Greenhill Drv, Canyon Lake, TX 78133 • [email protected] Spawning duboisi Club Liaison Andy Hudson...... 7960 .. S Wayland Drv, Oak Creek, WI 53154 • [email protected] Rusty Wessel (1977) ...... 22-23 Conservation Paul V Loiselle ...... 374 .. .. Raleigh Road, Rahway, NJ 07065 • [email protected] A Question Mr Heckel: Who is Really Your Heros severus? Convention Donations Stephan Tanner ...... 3075 Rosemary Ln NE, Rochester, MN 55906 • [email protected] Convention Liaison Phil Benes ...... 2975 .. .. Old Oxford Road, Hamilton, OH 45013 • [email protected] Peter Dittrich ...... 26-31 Convention Judge CoordinatorSteve Lundblad ...... 2030 .. North East 42nd Ave, Portland, OR 97213 • [email protected] 2014 ACA Convention Statistics Counsel to the ACA Fred Hamilton ...... 2610 .. Hilola St, Coconut Grv, FL 33133 • [email protected] Election Coordinator Position Awaiting a Volunteer (e-mail: [email protected]) Rusty Wessel ...... 34-35 Jordan Endowment Fund Wayne Leibel...... Dept . of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042 • [email protected] 2014 ACA Convention Photos – Cichlidophiles Membership Sean Danekind. .. .. 1507. E Jefferson Way #210, Simi Valley, CA 93065 • [email protected] Membership Coordinator Claudia Dickinson ...... PO .. ..Box 5078, Montauk, NY 11954 • [email protected] Paul Schellenberger ...... 36-41 Online Trading Post Editor Scott Womack ...... 596 .. . North Stephen Drv, Palatine, Il 60067 • [email protected] 2014 ACA Convention Photos – Cichlids Past BOT Chair Dean Hougen ...... 1708 .. . Pembroke Drv, Norman, OK 73072 • [email protected] Show Sanctioning Position Awaiting a Volunteer (e-mail: [email protected]) Mo Devlin ...... 42-45 Speaker Program Andy Hudson...... 7960 .. S Wayland Drv, Oak Creek, WI 53154 • [email protected] Special Awards Position Awaiting a Volunteer (e-mail: [email protected]) acaconventi n2015.c m ...... 46-47 Treasurer Timothy Hovanec...... 15513 .. .. Mallory Crt, Moorpark, CA 93021 • [email protected] Webmaster Sean Danekind. .. .. 1507. E Jefferson Way #210, Simi Valley, CA 93065 • [email protected] Buntbarsche Bulletin Crew Managing Editor/Publisher Daryl Hutchins ...... 13.. Montanus Crt, Ringwood, VIC 3134 Australia • [email protected] On the Cover | > Technical Editors: Wayne Leibel...... Dept . of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042 • [email protected] Paul V Loiselle ...... 374 .. .. Raleigh . Rd, Rahway, NJ 07065 • [email protected] ‘Fish Spray’ — Mo Devlin Associate Editors: Greg Steeves...... 1302 .. Greenhill Drv, Canyon Lake, TX 78133 • [email protected] David Boruchowitz. .. .4535 E Covert Rd, Trumansburg, NY 14866 • [email protected] The fi sh pictured is the new Albino Acarichthys Pam Chin...... 7230.. .. . High Hill Rd, Sloughhouse, CA 95683 • [email protected] heckelii. The image is a composite with one of Mo’s Steve Edie ...... 5 ..Greenridge .. Crt, St Peters, MO 63376 • [email protected] collection of beautiful Frozen Flower photographs. Eric Hanneman...... 210.. .. NE Eads St, Newport, OR 97365 • [email protected] (No fi sh was harmed in the freezing process. ) Klaus Steinhaus ...... 110. Park Rd North, #310, Oshawa, Ontario L1J 4L3 • [email protected] Troy Veltrop Advertising Mo Devlin ...... 151...... Elmcrest . Dr, Dallas, PA 18612 • [email protected] ACA Website: cichlid.org BB Back Issues Rusty Wessel ...... 6815 .. .. Carolyn Rd, Louisville, KY 40214 • [email protected]

2 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 3 n August 2005, Issue #229, I and the time I have I wrote my fi rst editorial, From shared with it and the Editor’s Desk, humbled by the all of you will for- confi dence that you had placed in me ever be a part of and so looking forward to doing my my heart. What best at the job ahead. In that issue great fortune I Al Klee, the man with the initial in- spiration to form an American Cichlid have had in this Association, treated us to a quest for journey and the From the the red bay snook. special memories Since that time, we have explored that have been made Editors’Editors’ Desks the Amazon and its cichlid inhabitants along the way! [email protected] with New World cichlid legend Wayne Today as we move intoi t a newnew andand Leibel, had the Paratilapia species of exciting era of electronic publication, will now only be published elec- The Buntbarsche Bulletin may seem Madagascar clearly sorted out for us Daryl Hutchins has been so wonder- BB tronically. There’s no denying to have a host of experts on-hand, but by celebrated cichlid authority Paul ful to step up and offer his experience Loiselle, discovered how we can be it’s the way of the future. they do more than their fair share. and skills as the electronic editor of Articles from “new blood” are very much a part of protecting Malawi cichlids Actually, it has been the smart way for BB. How great it is to know that the needed and of great interest to all. through anti-netting devices (ANDs) quite some time. The cost of publishing magazine is in such excellent hands! and delivering printed magazines has While the ACA is a large organisation, under the expert guidance of Ad Kon- I encourage you to please share your become horrendous. The money can it is still an aquarium club whose mem- ings, and learned from lifetime cichlid cichlid experiences with all of us by certainly be put to good use elsewhere bers have a particular interest in cich- afi cionado Joe Ferdenzi how to create and electronic documents do have lids. I for one, am looking forward to ar- the perfect spawning caves and sanc- sending Daryl your articles. I know many advantages over print. ticles about your fi sh, your experiences tuaries out of coconuts in the home that you will offer him the same sup- Not least among those advantages is with them and activities around them. aquarium. port that you have shown me. Thank readibility ... can’t quite make some- Thank you to all of the photographers/ We have taken an in-depth look at you so much, Daryl, for taking this on thing out ... zoom in! The opportunity authors who have contributed to this Lake Victoria haplochromines with and all my very best wishes to you! to include electronic links also becomes edition, but please note that the two Greg Steeves, Troy Veltrop, and Law- A warm thank you to those who have available, saving the frustration of hav- rence Kent, been given a mini series non-convention pieces by Rusty Wessel so graciously contributed your excep- ing to type sometimes quite long, error- tutorial on culturing and feeding live were written in 1977. tional writing and photography to BB prone urls. foods by the man who wrote the book, Thanks also to Claudia Dickinson for throughout the years. Special words of Work is underway to complete the Mike Hellweg, experienced a fi rst-hand her invaluable assistance in the transi- heartfelt appreciation to Wayne Leibel BB Electronic Archive, so you can look tion of the journal. I’m sure we all hope account of Crenicichla celidochilus and Paul Loiselle who have always been forward to being able to electronically that she won’t be moving too far up by pike cichlid expert Vin Kutty, trav- search every edition ever produced. the back of the bus. Thanks also to Mo eled to Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika there for me. Also to members of the If you have attempted the alternative, Devlin for taking on the advertising. as well as numerous ACA conventions, BB Team who have assisted and con- you know only too well, that is what Who else wants a little job to do? and so much more. tributed their own remarkable articles. computers are for. I’ll be MIA for a couple of weeks, so Thank you all so much for the kind For a fi nal time, and as always, a Without the very considerable restric- timely replies to e-mails won’t happen support that you have shown me most special and heartfelt thank you to throughout the years. Working on BB tions that printing and postal costs force ... but keep those submissions coming. you ~ our readers! upon us, BB is effectively open-ended. has been such a privilege and brought It may go to a quarterly, but each issue Regards, me such great joy as well as many Enjoy your Buntbarsche! can now be much larger. Daryl Hutchins treasured friendships. The journal Claudia

4 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 5 The American Cichlid Association

TheT American Cichlid Association, Inc is a tax exempt, not-for- profip t Ohio corporation. TThe mission of the organization is to: a) Gather, organize, and disseminate knowledge of the family Cichlidae; b) Encourage and further the study and conservation of cichlids, in their natural habitats and in the hobby; c) Encourage the study and preservation of cichlids by awarding grants for research and conservation; d) Further the conservation of the natural habitats of cichlids; e) Provide a means for individuals to acquire and distribute cichlids; and f) Promote fellowship amongst the members.

Membership is open to anyone interested in cichlids.

NEW EDITION!!

Ross Socolof Confessions of a Tropical Fish Addict Amazing stories by one of the great pioneers of the aquarium trade.

ISBN 978-1-932892-15-4 Available through the ACA. All profi ts go to the Guy Jordan and Paul 256pp. $26.00 Loiselle funds. Add $4 shipping to an address in the USA Order online at cichlid.org or $24 for an address outside USA. or send a check, payable to the ACA, 6815 Carolyn Road, Louisville, KY 40214

6 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 7 air pump. Now I was set for any kind Carlos” Rivers. The warm weather of fi sh collecting. I could only hope I year-round makes it possible for would be able to catch some different the black bass, catfi sh, and alligator varieties of tropical fi sh. gar to reproduce in great num- It took a long two days to reach bers. In its sur rounds you will fi nd the Mexican border at Brownsville, an abundance of white-winged doves, Texas. Our destination was Lake Vi- ducks, geese, turkeys, and grouse. cente Guerrero, State of Tamaulipas, Many of the birds use the zone to re- Mexico. Lake Guerrero lies about 170 produce in. miles south of Brownsville. The lake Upon our arrival at Big Bass Camp covers an area of 96,000 acres with we were greeted by many friendly a capacity of 5400 million cubic me- Mexicans. Travel was very slow for ters of water. It has been recognized the roads were in desperate need of as one of the best lakes on the conti- repair. The campground provided nent. The lake is fed by the “Purifi - electricity, showers, and hot and cold cación”, “Pilón”, “Corona”, and “San running water. All of these came in handy when you By Rusty Wessel LTFF/ACA (1977) plan to stay for a week or longer. The Photos: Alan L Kelley weather was very comfortable except Early in August I found I had the when it reached the privilege to do some fi shing in Mex- mid- to high-80s. ico with my father and two other The bugs were un- guys from Alabama. After weeks of bearable. At times planning, we decided to start on the I remember being excursion the day after Christmas, almost completely December 26, 1977. covered by gnats The type of transportation used was and bugs of all sizes. a mobile home. It was equipped with Well, now comes all the necessary furnishings. We the good part. Once pulled one boat behind us on a trailer the boats were hitch, while placing a smaller alu- launched and the minum boat on the top of the Win- camp was made nebago. I knew from past knowledge up, everyone was that many varieties of tropical fi sh do anxious to do some exist in the waters of Mexico and Tex- serious black bass as. So I rooted through my fi sh room fishing. Even I and came up with nets, buckets, was glad to be fi sh- bottles of Nova Aqua, and a Hush II ing for bass, but my

8 BuntbarscheBuBuntn barschhe BBuBulletinulllletetinin #283#2#28383 MarchMMarMaararchch 201202201500115 ccicichlid.orgichlchc id.iddd..oorgorrg 9 main concern was for catching some which was equipped for cleaning fi sh. area of about 4’ by 4’. The nest con- Throughout Mexico, Texas, and tropical fi sh. It was very strange to see a dozen or sisted of one huge male with a large Louisiana the tem perature was The lake was very beautiful. I no- so foot-long Texas Cichlids being cranial hump, several sub-dominant around the 70ºF mark. There was ticed on the north-eastern shores cleaned by local fi shermen. In my males, and a half-dozen ripe females. a slight drop in temperature as we there was a mossy plant that cov- opinion the fi sh did not have enough I assume the fi sh remain in these left the coast and headed north. The temperature in Kentucky was much ered the entire bottom of the lake. meat on them to even bother with. nests until the fry are free-swimming warmer than normal. I am very The plant seemed to be very similar Though the Mexicans baked the fi sh, and then move on and spawn again. thankful for that because at the time to Anacharis. The Mexicans referred head and all, over an open fi re. After seven days at the lake it was of this writing the temperature is a to it as “Musgo”. In places the plants A common name for the Texas Cich- time to head home. A few days before mere nine degrees above zero. were so thick you would think you lid is Perch. The Mexi- we planned to leave, I started keeping I did not lose a single fi sh during could walk across it. I just wonder cans refer to them as “Nacauitas”. any Texas Cichlids that were caught. the trip home. But I eventually lost why the price of Anacharis is so ex- The fi shermen consider them a pest After culling the bad ones out I had two of them because they roughed pensive these days. because they are not good for eating. eight beautiful specimens left. Six of Even though they may be considered each other up. I’m sorry to say that During most of the trip I used an these beauties were placed in the live a “pest”, I did notice the bass feeding I don’t have any dead photographs Ambassador fi shing rod. The fi rst wells that are installed in our boat. upon the smaller juveniles. The Tex- to show you. I must still be an ama- type of artifi cial bait I used was a top The two prettiest males were kept in as Cichlid defi nitely brings a sparkle teur fi sh collector because all of the water spinner bait. After several casts 5-gallon buckets that sat inside the to the lake. It is a very impressive well-known explorers take hundreds I felt my pole bend. I roared back and shower room of the camper. sight to see a school of adults lazily of pictures of preserved specimens. knew I had a fi ghter on my hands. swimming and fl ashing their colors After getting the fi sh situated inside Though I may be amateur, I did bring Once I had him close to the boat, against the rays of sunlight. the camper I returned to the boat to them back alive. Just come on over my father grabbed a dip-net and net- prepare the others for the long haul and take a look for yourself.  All along the shores of the lake are ted him out of the water. My father home. I opened the lid on one of the hundreds and hundreds of green sail- lifted him into the boat and I could wells and was shocked to fi nd a four- fi n mollies. The visibility in the lake not believe what I saw. is unbelievable. In places it is 20 feet foot water snake happily swimming It was a Texas Cichlid (Cichlasoma or better. On days that the wind was with two of the nicer females. Dis- cyanoguttatum). It was a large male, not blowing you could see the Texas posing of the snake was no problem. 14” in total length. His height was 6” Cichlids swimming deep down in the Once that problem was eliminated and he weighed a little over a pound- water just as plain as if they were in the fi sh were packed and ready for and-a-half. What a show fi sh this was. your home aquarium. It was rare to the trip home. Once the camper was His cranial hump was about the size see just one individual alone. Usually packed we were, on our way. of a golf ball. I did not try to keep this they stayed in schools of eight or 10. I changed a quarter of the water particular fi sh because we still had an December and January must be their every day. A gasoline gen erator pro- entire week to spend down there. So, spawning season because I caught vided enough electricity to work I let him go. many females with breeding tubes the Hush II air pump. I ran two air After a hard day fi shing from dawn down. outlets into each of the buckets, to dusk we would return to Big Bass In the clear water I was able to This worked out nicely but my big- Camp. As exhausted as we were, there observe their breeding habits in the gest problem was the bitter cold that were still fi sh (bass) to be cleaned. wild. A school of adults would clear usually prevails in Kentucky during The fi sh were laid out on a long table away the mossy green plants in an January.

1010 BuntbarscheBuBuntn barschhe BBuBulletinulllletetinin #283#2#28383 MarchMMarMaararchch 201202201500115 ccicichlid.orgichlchc id.iddd..oorgorrg 1111 By Karen Sullam Invisible Partners (Guy D Jordan Endowment Fund Recipient – 2011) Bacteria are present in all imaginable habitats on Earth, including with- in deep hydrothermal vents and in the extreme cold of the Arctic tundra. In addition to the diverse environments across Earth, microbes also use , including fi sh, as their habitats and take up residence in and on them. The presence and community composition of these microbial com- panions can markedly affect their host’s biology. Although fi sh are the oldest and most diverse group of vertebrates, most research to date has focused on the bacterial symbionts of humans and insects because of their applicability to human health and pest control. Fish, however, and especially cichlids, comprise diverse lineages that have evolved to utilize vastly different niches in the environment. This creates numerous opportunities to study how fi sh and their bacterial symbionts interact over evolutionary time. With support from the Guy Jordan Research Fund, I focused part of my PhD studies while at Drexel University on investigating the gut bacterial communities of cichlids from . Specifi cally, I explored The shores of Kigoma Bay in Lake Tanganyika, where diverse fi sh for the present how the diet, ecology, and evolutionary history of these fi sh species infl u- study were collected. ence their gut microbial communities. Photo: Catherine Wagner

12 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 13 The Effect of Bacteria on its “holobiome”, meaning that both strates that a fundamental aspect of bial constituents appear to shift and Fish Health the organism’s own genes and those their lifecycle is driven not only by become less diverse. Certain microscopic organisms are of its symbionts may contribute sub- the hosts’ genome, but also by genes An exciting new line of inquiry in pathogenic, such as Mycobacterium stantially to the host’s functioning from bacteria. the fi eld of microbiology and evolu- spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila, (Zilber-Rosenberg and Rosenberg As aquatic organisms, fi sh are im- tionary biology is the investigation 2008). In sterile conditions, of- which cause well-known diseases in mersed in an environment full of mi- into how microbiota may be involved ten a host fails to develop properly, fi sh such as Fish Tuberculosis and crobes and are perpetually exposed with an organism’s adaptation to its Hemorrhagic Septicemia. However, illustrating host reliance on inputs to different bacteria. Despite the vast environment. If an ’s biology most microbial constituents on or from bacteria. For instance, zebraf- changes over evolutionary times- diversity in the bacteria that exist inside of animals do not harm their ish without bacteria fail to thrive and cales (for example, in relation to its in the environment, it appears that host and instead are necessary for die young compared to those with diet), it may select for different types only certain microbes reside in or on normal biological functioning. The normal bacterial communities. The of bacteria in its gut that help break microbial community on or in an failure of animals to develop properly fi shes. In general, it also appears that down new diet items. Additionally, if animal can assist their host with without bacteria has been shown in more related individuals are hosts a host acquires new microbes that certain functions, such giving cues diverse animal’s hosts in addition to to more similar bacteria. Therefore, are benefi cial, it would be in the best for development, providing defense fi sh. For example, a polycheate worm somehow the host selects for par- interest of the host to retain these against pathogens and aiding in that is a common bio-fouling animal ticular microbiota, which can also useful microbes. Therefore, the host the digestion of challenging dietary requires bacteria to be present in change depending on environmental may evolve mechanisms to reliably material. Some scientists now con- order to metamorphosize (Huang, conditions. For instance, when fi sh obtain, retain or transmit benefi cial sider an organism in the context of Callahan et al. 2012). This demon- are brought to the lab, their micro- microbial community members.

Petrochromis ‘kazumbe’, which is the second focal algivore in the present study. Although it also eats algae, it does so by Tropheus brichardi, which is one of the focal algivores in the present study and scraping it off surfaces eats algae by picking it off rocks. with its many teeth. Photo: Catherine Wagner Photo: Lesley Kim

14 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 15 Such dynamics may trigger co- makes Tanganyika the ideal place for stictus and Simochromis margin- microbial communities, and we are evolution, so that fi sh adapt to be- this type of research. atus). In order to see how unique the working to tease apart dietary differ- come better hosts to certain mi- For this study, I am examining microbial communities of cichlids ences from phylogenetic differences. crobes and the microbes adapt to life the gut bacteria of 26 cichlid spe- are, I also sampled six non-cichlid There are some examples of dietary in association with the fi sh. How- cies with diverse diets that have been species that are found in the same convergence in our dataset, where ever, complex dynamics occur in an provided from Dr Peter McIntyre’s habitat as cichlids, including an more distantly related hosts have organism’s gut during certain cir- collections. Some representatives of algivorous catfi sh (Synodontis polli), more similar diets. These cases will cumstances that may shift the com- the sampling include a scale-eater a zooplanktivore poeciliid (Lamp- help us determine how both phylog- position of microbial communities, (Perissodus straeleni), zoo- richthys tanganicanus), a fi sh-eating eny and diet impact gut microbial such as during periods of stress or planktivores (Neolamprologus wal- Nile perch (Lates microlepis), and a communities. Because the evolu- disease, as well as shifts in the host’s teri, Cyprichromis leptosoma, and benthic invertivore catfi sh (Lophio- tionary relationship of the hosts has habitat. We are just beginning to un- Haplotaxodon microlepis), benthic bagrus cyclurus). been explored in previous studies, derstand how the genetics and envi- invertivores (Tanganicodus irsacae Through this study, we will deter- we will also explore if the signal of ronment of a host interact and infl u- and Telmatochromis popelini), a fi sh- mine if microbial communities co- evolutionary history is maintained ence the structure and function of eater (Neolamprologus furcifer), diversify with their hosts, or if they in the gut microbiota despite dietary their microbiota. general carnivores that eat inver- shift in response to their hosts’ di- diversifi cation. Exploring Cichlid tebrates and fi sh (Neolamprologus ets. Our preliminary analyses show Aside from assessing how diet af- Microbiota in Lake fasciatus and Lamprologus lemairi), patterns indicating that fi sh with fects gut microbial composition, we Tanganyika and algivores (Eretmodus cyano- different diets host highly distinct are also interested in how micro- Lake Tanganyika provides a natu- bial communities could vary among ral laboratory for evolutionary biol- closely related species that are ogy and speciation, and it is a perfect sampled from different sites in the setting to explore evolutionary dy- lake. Two different algivores, Petro- namics between fi sh hosts and their chromis sp. “kazumbe” and Tropheus bacteria. Multiple cichlid lineages brichardi, were also collected from have colonized the lake during its eight sites in the region surrounding long history (9-12 million years), and Kigoma, Tanzania. Even though both some of these lineages have diversi- of these species eat algae, they do fi ed into a beautiful variety of forms, so in very different manners. in many cases dramatically shift- P. sp. “kazumbe” consumes algae by ing their diets during the process scraping the surface of rocks with of adaptive radiation. Sampling a hundreds of tricuspid teeth, while multitude of species within the same T. brichardi picks algae with a ecosystem is a boon to studying the straight line of unicuspid teeth. This factors infl uencing fi sh microbiota, part of the study will allow us to because it removes the confounding examine more closely how gut bac- effects of geography that result when teria vary among populations within sampling species from multiple A fi sh community composed of many fi sh thatthat have different diets a species. Is host species identity or lakes. In very few places on earth is it as well as different gut bacterial communitiescommunities in one of the sampling environmental location the predomi- possible to sample from such a diver- sites around Kigoma Bay. nant factor in determining the gut sity of closely related species, which Photo: Ellen Hamann bacterial communities of these fi sh?

16 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 17 Asking such questions will lead us to brooding, microbiota could be passed there is much work to be done to bet- locations within the same species. a better understanding of how bac- to young. Tests of this transmission ter understand how and which mi- Therefore, cichlid gut microbiota ap- terial communities are established line could be investigated experi- crobes colonize their animal hosts, pear to be complex and shaped by a and retained in the guts of fi sh. mentally by rearing offspring in the and well-designed experiments number of factors including habitat, Existing knowledge about cichlid lab. Nest-care behavior also provides would enable a more explicit explo- diet and evolutionary history. This diets and evolutionary relationships close quarters for possible transmis- ration of these possible transmission is the fi rst work to address the com- among species enable us to focus sion of microbes between parents routes within cichlids. plex communities of bacterial associ- and offspring. Interesting behaviors ates that inhabit cichlid guts of Lake on differences in physiology and The Future of Cichlid gut bacteria among cichlids from of juveniles, previously described as Tanganyika. contacting, micro-nipping or par- Microbiota various feeding regimes. Tanganyika Although we are just beginning to ent-touching by Noakes and Barlow Our analyses suggest that the cich- cichlids provide a unique opportu- understand the standing diversity in (1973) could be an important mode lid microbiota is extremely diverse nity to compare fi sh hosts that have the guts of cichlids, there is much of microbial transmission. There has and is composed of approximately 24 independently evolved diverse diets. to learn about their function not been speculation that such behaviors different major evolutionary groups only in relation to dietary differences Possible Mechanisms of are a way for fi sh to acquire mucus as of bacteria. It appears that the mi- but also to fi sh health and disease. Inheritance a source of sustenance, but it could crobiota of fi sh species that have dif- In order for hosts and their mi- also serve as a mechanism for bacte- ferent diets are strongly divergent. Previous research in other animals crobes to exhibit co-diversifi cation, rial transmission, which may be vital In addition, gut microbes of fi sh indicates that microbes are also in- mechanisms of transmission must for growth and development. Overall, strongly diverge among sampling volved in relaying and intercepting exist so that individuals pass on their signals to and from their hosts that microbes to subsequent generations. affect host functioning. Such signal- Many questions remain about how ing pathways can result in changes microbes are transmitted among in host metabolism and fat storage, fi sh. The complex behaviors and in- which may help animals adapt to sit- teresting life history strategies of uations in which there is uncertainty cichlids may be important here in about food availability. Additionally, providing opportunities for trans- over time, it is possible for genetic el- mission of microbes via vertical (to ements of microbiota in the environ- hosts’ offspring) and horizontal (to ment to be transferred to their gut hosts from either the environment microbial symbionts. In a Japanese or non-parental hosts) means. human population, it has been found Fish are known to acquire their mi- that a gene assisting in the digestion crobes from their environment, in- of seaweed, found previously only in cluding their food and surrounding marine bacteria has been acquired water, but there are also some poten- by their gut microbiota (Hehemann, tial avenues through which bacteria Correc et al. 2010). Therefore, the in- could be passed within and between terconnections between host and gut individuals of the same population. bacteria can have profound conse- Cichlids may pass their microbes to quences and studying genomes and the next generation through paren- Sunset over Kigoma Bay, Lake Tanganyika. gene expression may help elucidate tal care. For example, during mouth- Photo: Ellen Hamann such connections.

18 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 19 The availability of new technolo- quencing technologies will help us gies for genetic analysis is increas- gain a better understanding of how ing rapidly, and at the same time the microbial symbiosis changes over 6QUJWKPZWUQ[TQ^QVO[\WVQQ costs of such methods are decreas- time and geographic distance. ing. As more data become available, 1XZM[]UM' our understanding of how microbial REFERENCES: communities are shaped and how Hehemann, J-H, et al. (2010). “Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota.” they contribute to their hosts’ biol- Nature 464(7290): 908-912. ogy will be enhanced. Tanganyika Huang, Y, et al. (2012). “Recruitment in the sea: bacterial cichlids are a powerful study system genes required for inducing larval settlement in a polychaete for evolutionary biology and have worm.” Sci. Rep. 2. helped elucidate a number of com- Noakes, D and G Barlow (1973). “Ontogeny of parent- plex biological questions regard- contacting behavior in young Cichlasoma citrinellum (Pisces, ing speciation, sexual selection and Cichlidae).” Behavior 46: 221-255. convergent evolution. The combina- Zilber-Rosenberg, I and E Rosenberg (2008). “Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the tion of using such an extraordinary hologenome theory of evolution.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews system with advances in genetic se- 32(5): 723-735. 

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20 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 21 Within a couple of weeks, I no- plastic divider between the pair and Spawning TropheusTropheus duboisiduboisi ticed one of the Tropheus duboisi patiently awaited the long incubation had a breeding-tube down. I gradu- period. A fl owerpot was added to give ally raised the temperature to 80ºF, the female a dark and secure place in changed one-third of the water and which to hide. added aged tap water with Lake Tang- My Tropheus duboisi female ate anyikan salts. After 24 hours the larg- regularly during the incubation pe- est one of the three started making riod. After 35 days of brooding, the Photo: Manfred WernerCC-BY-SA-3.0 Commons. viaWikimedia quivering motions toward the female female released fi ve (3/4”) fry. This who had her breeding-tube down. small number of fry is an average The extra Tropheus duboisi had to spawn for any Tropheus species. The be removed to a small recovery tank to be treated for several bite wounds fry were fed baby brineshrimp and that came from the dominant male. crushed TetraMin. Late that night the pair were con- Tropheus duboisi have been one of stantly chasing each other in circles. the most interesting cichlids I have After several times tossing and turn- ever successfully spawned. The only ing, the female ejected one large, problem with them is their nasty oval-shaped egg. The male quickly habit of chewing one another up. By Rusty Wessel followed and fertilized the egg. The Once they begin to spawn, the domi- female then gently picked-up the egg nant fi sh tries to make a sizeable ACA, LTFF (1977) in her mouth. This process recurred meal out of any other specimen in for several hours until the females the tank. So all you “cichlid nuts”, buccal cavity was bulging with sev- watch out when you come across any As my interest in Rift Lake cich- I was lucky enough to purchase eral eggs. I then placed an opaque member of the Tropheus genus.  lids increased, there was one cichlid three young adults at a very reason- which I could not pass-up. This be- able price. The three fi sh had already ing Tropheus duboisi, an aggressive lost their spotted, juvenile traits and mouthbrooding cichlid from Lake began to show a white cross-bar. Tanganyika, which grows to about They were placed in a 30-gallon with six inches in length. Juvenile and plenty of rockwork. Their diet con- adult have completely opposite color sisted of brineshrimp, ocean plank- patterns. Mature T. duboisi are black, ton, TetraMin, and plenty of Duck- with a whitish band running verti- weed to munch on throughout the A Heartfelt Th ank You to our BB Advertisers cally through the body. The young day. A Grolux bulb left on 24 hours are black and have numerous white a day provided plenty of light and al- CaribSea, Cichlid News, Rolf C Hagen, Hikari, Seachem, spots spread over the entire body. gae. A 425 Dynafl o fi lter kept the wa- Tropical Fish Hobbyist, Zoo Med Tropheus duboisi are one of the few ter clear of debris. The temperature Your long-time support of the ACA and our journal African cichlids that still demand a was kept at a steady 77ºF and the pH is so appreciated. high price. was 7.5.

22 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 23 24 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 25 A question Mr Heckel: Who is Really Your Heros severus?

By Peter Dittrich

Recently, I have published in the German DCG Informationen an article on a local form of the mouthbrooding Heros from Rio Inirida (DCG-Info 9/2013). At that time, I believed – like many Heros severus adult in the aquarium. aquarists and authors – that this Photo: Uwe Werner is Heros severus. Meanwhile, I have checked the original de- What exactly did Heckel write about these fi ns, partly extends onto the fi ns, mouthbrooder in the Rio Atabapo could th scription and noticed a tiny, but Heros severus? Here is an extract from the 7 bar is only half and reaches just theoretically likewise be the true Heros the original description (note: Heckel from the anal fi n upwards to the lower severus. Because: Is there anywhere a perhaps essential detail. th counted the bars – contrary to the cur- lateral line, the 9 encircles the root of proof that the mouthbrooder occurs at rent method – from the anterior to the the tail.” Marabitanas, the type locality on the Rio On the identity of Heros posterior): “On the whole, there are nine Concerning the arrangement of bars, Negro? I know of none. severus black vertical bars on each side … The this description does not fi t to the ani- On the contrary: all collecting locali- Johann Jacob Heckel (1840) described fi rst of those bars runs from the occiput mals we currently name Heros severus. ties of the mouthbrooder published so 13 cichlids referable to the genus Heros to the eye; the second lies before the dor- Particularly remarkable is the statement far are situated not in the Rio Negro, but th established in the same work, among sal fi n and reaches to the gill slit; the 3rd about the “half” 7 bar! in the Orinoco drainage. This is a little them Heros severus. Over the years, and 4th reach from the dorsal fi n down If the mouthbrooder should be the bit strange, isn’t it? several of those species have been trans- to the belly; the 5th, 6th, and 8th connect true H. severus and occurs demonstra- BUT there is a Heros that has been ferred to other genera, so that only seven dorsal and anal fi n, so that the last one, bly, e.g. in Rio Atabapo, the second Heros found near Marabitanas, namely in the species remain. which lies at the end of the bases of both species occurring syntopically with the Rio Uaupes, which fl ows about 130 km

26 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 27 Drawings after Steindachner (1877), modifi ed by Peter Dittrich. Heros severus fi eldshot with half-bar. Heros sp Casiquiare fi eldshot with Drawing of Heros severus with half-bar. Drawing of mouthbrooding Heros with Photo: Roland Rietsch. complete bar. complete bar. Photo: Roland Rietsch. below Marabitanas in the Rio Negro. why Stawikowski saw the “Mouthbrood- that the vertical bars can be deformed in they are also recorded from wild-caught And, dear reader, do you guess what ing” Heros as the real Heros severus. almost all Heros species, especially in the specimens. In all of these cases, however, THIS ONE has? Yes, exactly: That dratted (But this is only speculation from me.) posterior part of the body. Perhaps Heck- the deformations are very uneven and ir- th “half” 7 bar described by Heckel! el may have accidentally obtained such a regular: Once longer, once shorter, once One might argue now, that Heckel in a different angel, once other or even Uwe Römer (1998) was the fi rst to specimen with deformed bars? had but a single specimen (a very large several bars. They differ from animal to publish a picture of a half-grown Heros animal, but also from one side of the from the Uaupes. It shows the half 7th one, though) at hand for the description Deformed bars are frequently en- body to the other in the same specimen. bar. Obviously, this did not change when of the species. Furthermore, it is known countered in aquarium-bred fi shes, but the fi sh was full-grown. It still reached to The phenomenon in the records listed half the body height. Another unknown Heros from the Atabapo River. Photo: Peter Dittrich. above (Uaupes, Casiquiare, Atabapo) is, however, that the 7th bar has always the Wolfgang Staeck photographed in same length, and this is 100 per cent as- 2006 at the Rio Casiquiare, thus in a trib- described by Heckel! Do you consider utary to Rio Negro above Marabitanas, a this a coincidence? Heros – with the half 7th bar! And Roland Rietsch (2012) proved by means of un- Another fact: in the last paragraph I derwater photos from Rio Atabapo that wrote intentionally that deformed bars two different Heros live there together: occur in almost all Heros species. the mouthbrooder – and a Heros with a Meanwhile, almost 20 years since the half 7th bar. fi rst introduction of the mouthbrooding In January 2014 Roland Rietsch visits Heros to Germany, there are probably the Rio Casiquiare again, he takes some thousands of aquarium-bred fi shes and underwater shots of different Heros, he hundreds of photos of the species. Fur- has proven my Idea. The pictures show thermore, wild-caught fi shes from dif- that the different Heros populations ferent localities have been consistently Heros severus, Heros sp. Casiquiare and imported. Neither I nor the aquarists the “Mouthbrooding” – Heros swim sep- interrogated by me know of a single fi sh arately from each other but in the same of this species showing any deformed habitat. He has found the mouthbrood- bars. On the internet, however, I found a ing Heros at more places than the two single photo on a Russian page showing other species. This could be the reason a fi sh with irregularities on two bars in

28 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 29 the posterior part of the body ... just a gest herewith referring to this species as Morgenstern for the translation from single photo. Heros sp. ‘Mouthbrooder’ in the future. German to English. Another mouthbrooding species of this And another fact: in addition, References genus is obviously not known in the Dittrich, P (2013): Heros severus “Inirida Rot” Eine schöne the statement that the mouthbrooding hobby; hence, this denotation should be Heros was Heros severus has never been Farbvariante des maulbrütenden Augenfl eckbuntbarsches. informative and at the same time unam- DCG- Informationen 44(9): 310-314. confi rmed scientifi cally. At least, I know biguous. Heckel, JJ (1840) Johann Natterer’s neue Flussfi sche of no published information by ichthy- Brasilien’s nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des ologists, which would prove the claim by A mouthbrooding Heros. Fieldshot. And Heros severus? Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Stawikowski (1995) hanging in the air Photo: Roland Rietsch. Either we currently (as far as we know) Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte v. 2: 325- ever since (which by the way, came as a have no fi shes of this species or we fol- 471, Pls. 29-30. real bombshell then). 1. The mouthbrooder from the low my line of evidence and use the Römer, U (1998): Cichliden Atlas. Band 1.Mergus Verlag, Upper Orinoco drainage is not Heros name Heros severus for H. sp. “Uaupes”. Melle. S. 28 und S. 245. Of course I am not able to give a sci- Staeck, W (2009): Die Buntbarsche der Gattung Heros 2. Teil. severus. It wouldn’t be the fi rst correction. entifi c reasoning; this is completely be- AF 207: S. 40-45. Acknowledgements: yond my capabilities. It is, however, pos- 2. There are many indications for Stawikowski, R (1995): Heros. 2. Die Typusart ist Maulbrüter. I thank Roland Rietsch, Wolfgang DATZ 48 (7): 422-427. sible for me to furnish and to evaluate Heros sp. ‘Uaupes’ being the true Staeck and Uwe Werner for providing Steindachner, F (1877) Die Süsswasserfi sche des südöstlichen circumstantial evidence, which I have Heros severus. photos. I am indebted to Lutz Krahn- Brasilien III. Wien, Gerold (In: Sitz.Ber. d.Akad.d.Wiss., Math.- done herewith – and this speaks a clear Therefore, until the identity of the efeld for proofreading and “bringing Nat.Kl. Wien, Abt.1; Bd.74, Heft 4). 8vo. S.559-694 mit 13 language in my view: mouthbrooding Heros is clarifi ed I sug- into shape” the manuscript. I thank Rico lithographischen Tafeln. 

Heros severus, Atabapo River. Photo: Roland Rietsch. A Warm Welcome to the ACA Website

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32 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 MarchMMarch 20120155 cicichlid.orgcchlid.org 33 Most of the fi sh in the fi sh house were personally collected by Rusty and 2014 20142014 ACA Convention some of them have been maintained in LouisvilleLou captivity for many years. The Tropheus July 10-13,10- isville 2014 colony (Limespots) have been in an 13, 2014 existing colony in Louisville since 1982 Thank you for your part ACA (33 years and counting). convention in Louisville, i CONVENTION and help the convention cipation with this past year’s ACA The entire building is controlled by statistics about the event Kentucky. Because of your support one thermostat and the temperature was a huge success. Here are a few • 555 Registrations . is maintained consistent with the • 437 Aquariums set up temperature of Central America. • 20 Junior Registrations This is an effort to mimic the natural • 169 Fish and Art Show En conditions in the wild for the fi shes. • 230 attendees at Banquet During the winter months the tries Thank you for • 35 Vendor Tables temperature drops to about 70°F, • 741 Room Nights Sold at Ho which places the fi sh in a slow pattern attending ACA-CON! • Over 1000 items in the Dry G whereby they continue to eat, but they • Over $7000 donated to Endo tel do not breed. Then, each spring the During their visit to the “fi sh house” • Most Attendees claim it was t oods and Fish Auction temperature is gradually raised over a Convention attendees got to see the ever attended. It was also the wl ment Funds for the ACA. following. • United Pet Group and the BAB he best convention they have period of weeks to a warm 82°F. This their continued support! a is the optimal time to visit the house The fi sh house was constructed about rgest profi t to date for ACA. Bill Merkley, myself and the LouisviE because many of the cichlids will be 10 years ago specifi cally for the housing S s hould be applauded for (the host club) and the American Ci breeding. You should be able to fi nd of tropical fi sh. THANK YOU for your confi dence in lle Tropical Fish Fanciers over 30 pairs with fry or eggs at this hope you plan to attend next year. Th There are 90-plus aquariums full of chlid Association, is July 30 to August 2, 2015 in Spring time of year. Look closely and watch the cichlids and livebearers! The house is our organizations and (ACAconvention2015.com). adult fi sh’s behavior! It is easy to tell if e heated and cooled geo-thermally by the date for next year the fi sh are breeding. addition of three loops which travel 250 Cheers, fi eld, Massachusetts There are also fi ve outdoor ponds on the feet down into the earth whereby they Rusty Wessel property ranging in size from a 100,000 collect the warmth in the winter and gallon dirt pond to a 500 gallon liner the cold in the summer to optimize fuel pond. The dirt pond has mosquito fi sh, consumption. Koi, paddlefi sh and albino channel cats. There are 52 windows which allow The smallest liner pond has Yucatan natural lighting conditions. The mollies and Clemenica swordtails. designer (Tim Rohleder – Architect) The largest concrete pond contains in Seattle designed the most effi cient Otapa (X. helleri) swordtails, Koi and the directionsdi ti of f the th tanks t k that th t allow ll automatically changes water in the large use of light. The windows allow the paddlefi sh and this pond also serves a a transfer of the light from the roof to display tanks each day for about a 5% light to transfer in levels across the secondary use as a true swimming pool. several sections of the room. tanks, so lighting is different as the sun water change per day and the smaller Aquatic plants including Lotus, hardy travels across the building. There are An automatic water changing system tanks (fry) get a twice-a-day change for a water lilies and other aquatic plants can also six light collectors that point in was installed by Dan Woodland which 10% water change daily. be found in and around the ponds.  34 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 35 2014 ACA CONVENTION The Cichlidophiles

Photos: Paul Schellenberger

36 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283 MarchMarch 20120155 cicichlid.orgchlid.org 37 20142014 ACAACA CONVENTIONCONVENTION The CichlidophilesCichlidophiles

Photos:Photos: Paul ScheSchellenbergerllenberger

38 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283#2883 March 2015 cichlid.org 39 2014 ACA CONVENTION The Cichlidophiles

Photos: Paul Schellenberger

40 Buntbarsche Bulletininn #283 MarchMarch 20120155 cichlidcichlid.org org 41 2014 ACA CONVENTION The Cichlids

Photos: Mo Devlin

42 Buntbarsche Bulletinn #283 March 2015 cichlid.org 43 2014 ACA CONVENTION The Cichlids

Photos: Mo Devlin

44 Buntbarsche BulletBulletininn #283 March 2015 ciccichlid.orghlid.org 4545 one! r the next Can’t wait fofor the next 2015 NEW ENGLAND ACA CONVENTIONCONVENTION Springfi eld MassachusettsMassachusetts Thursday, July 30 - Sunday, AugustAugust 2, 2015 Speakers: Wayne Leibel, Laif DeMason, OliverOliver Lucanus, Ad Konings, Rusty Wessel, Dr Paul Loiselle, Charley Grimes,Grimes, Jaap-Jan de Greef, Al Sabetta, Dr Hubert Kuerzinger.

For details: acaconventi n2015.c m 464 Buntbarsche Bulletinn #283# Marchrchh 202015 cichlid.org 47 INSTRUMENTS OF PERFORMANCERFORMA E. OBJECTSO . OF DESIRE

Back Issues Available! Introducing the Aqualife & Plant Performance LED Series Years of articles packed with cichlid information and ACA history!

5 Unique Bandwidths IPX7 Engineering Nano & Linear Models For maximum photosynthetic plant Mountable directly above water surface Available in 4 extendable sizes to Fill-in your collection today! development & color brilliance. for greater light penetration & coverage. accommodate most aquarium widths.

The following back issues are available at $2.50 each 36, 39, 41, 46, 52, 54-58, 61, 67-71, 73, 75-79, 83, 86-95, 97-99, 101-119, 121, 122, 124-127, 129-133, 135, 140-142, and 144. The following back issues are available at $4.00 each 146,1 148, 152-174, and 176 to 282. USU and Canada single-issue price, postage paid.. 20% discount for quantities of 25 or more. ForeignF orders: Add 20% (sent via surface mail). BB binders: $9.95 Include $2.00 shipping and handling. PaymentsPPa can be made via PayPal to:oo:: [email protected] (be sure to write ‘Back Issue Order’ in the comment section) E-mail order to ACA Back Issues Chair, Rusty Wessel at: [email protected] Or write your order, make a check payable to “American Cichlid Association” and mail it to: Rusty Wessel, 6815 Carolyn Rd, Louisville, KY 40214 fluvalaquatics.com (Please allow four weeks for delivery. Telephone orders not accepted.) ©2013 Fluval is a registered trademark of Rolf C. Hagen Inc.

48 Buntbarsche Bulletin #283