The Olympic Dictionary M

MACEDONIA (Republic of Macedonia, Europe, capital Skopje, area 25.713 km2, 2.038.464 inhabitants). One medal (Mohamed Ibrahimov’s freestyle wrestling bronze, middleweight 85 kg, in 2000). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1992, the year after independence, and was recognised in 1993 by the IOC. Macedonia took part in the Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Previously, there had been Macedonians in the Yugoslavia team, between 1924 and 1988, and in the Independent Team in 1992. Amongst the most famous were Saban Trstena, who won a freestyle wrestling gold and a silver, and Saban Sejdi, winner of 2 bronze medals in the same discipline.

MADAGASCAR (Democratic Republic of Madagascar, Africa, capital Antananarivo, area 587.051 km2, 19.683.359 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1963, was recognised by the IOC in 1964. Since then Madagascar has only missed the Games in 1976 and 1988. Yet to win a medal.

MAENZA VINCENZO (wrestling, Italy, b. Imola, Bologna, 2/5/1962). Four appearances (1980, 1984, 1988, 1992), 2 golds (greco-roman light flyweight <48 kg 1984 and 1988) and a silver (greco-roman light flyweight 1992). 1984 1-0-0, 1988 1-0-0, 1992 0-1-0. He is the Italian wrestler with the most medals. In addition to the Olympic medals, he won a silver and 2 bronze medals at the World Championships, and a gold (1987) and 2 bronzes in the European Championships. Nicknamed ‘Thumbelina’, he was brought up by his grandmother, Provvidenza, and his father Antonio, a Sicilian immigrant and barber in Faenza. He never knew his mother who abandoned him at birth. His father had another three children with his new wife, Edda Carmellini. Vicenzo had scoliosis, and he dealt with it in Antonio Randi’s gym. At 16 years old he came second in a European Common Market tournament in Holland, and a year later he won the silver at the Mediterranean Games in Split. In 1980 he made his Olympic debut, the year in which another prominent competitor won, the Neapolitan Claudio Pollio (q.v.), and Maenza was placed seventh. He got recognition at Caracas, in the 1982 military World Championships, when he went under the care of the federal coach, Vittoriano Romanacci. He never won the world title, but he was Olympic champion twice. He competed at Los Angeles having been coached by the Bulgarian, Guro Gurov, and beat the West German, Scherer, in the final. The only thing left was the East, but 4 years later at all the world was there. The final saw him triumph over the Pole, Glab (after having had a sauna to loose 1.5 kg because exceeding the limit of his category). At camp the national team was suffering from shock because of the 0-4 result suffered by the footballers against Zambia, and they hung up a sign: ‘Italy 1, Maenza 2’. He struggled increasingly to make the 48 kg category, but in he tried a historical treble. He came across a Ukrainian who was 6 years younger, Olyeg Kucherenko, and he had to surrender to his rival who pulled him down while Vincenzo was still greeting him, then he dealt the 3-0 advantage. He gave up, (he obtained 13 Italian titles also) but he remains a wrestling legend. He is married to Roberta Cornacchia and they have had two children, Yuri in 1988, and Denny in 1992. His sons have chosen football, but he is a wrestling coach.

MALAWI (Republic of Malawi, Africa, capital Lilongwe, area 118.484 km2, 13.925.070 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1968 and recognised the same year by the IOC. Malawi took part in its first Games in 1972, and participated from 1984 to 2004. Yet to win a medal.

121 The Olympic Dictionary

MALAYSIA (Federation of Malaya, Asia, capital Kuala Lumpur, area 329.847 km2, 26.571.879 inhabitants). 3 medals: one silver and 2 bronze. Best Olympics: Atlanta 1996 with one silver and one bronze medal. Best sport: badminton, in which all 3 medals were won. Most decorated athletes: Cheah Soon Kit and Yap Kim Hock, silver in the men’s badminton doubles in 1996. The Olympic Committee was formed in 1953 and recognised a year later by the IOC. Malaysia has only missed the 1980 Games since 1956, due to the boycott, participating in 1956 and 1960 as Malaya, and with Singapore in 1964.

MALDIVES (Republic of Maldives, Asia, capital Male, area 298.968 km2, 305.556 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1985 and recognised the same year by the IOC. They have competed in all the Games since 1988. Yet to win a medal.

MALI (Republic of Mali, Africa, capital Bamako, area 1.248.574 km2, 12.336.800 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1962 and recognised the year after by the IOC. Mali has taken part in all the Games since 1964, only missing the 1976 Games due to the boycott. Yet to win a medal.

MALLIN WILLIAM “HARRY” (boxing, Great Britain, b. 1/6/1892, d. London 8/11/1969). Two appearances (1920, 1924) and 2 golds (middleweight 160 lbs, roughly 72.5 kg, 1920 and 1924). 1920 1-0-0, 1924 1-0-0. At Antwerp he beat the American, Cranston, in the first round, who said at the end, “There’s only one thing I can console myself with, having lost after a 5000 mile trip, and that’s knowing that I was beaten by the future Olympic champion”. Then in the final, when Mallin beat the Canadian, Prud’homme, Cranston was in the corner giving him advice. Four years later in Paris, he was declared defeated in the quarter-finals (2-1 for the 3 judges) by the Frenchman, Brousse, who was then disqualified for having bitten him on the chest and arms, the same thing he was accused of previously against the Argentinean, Gallardo, even though the bites were judged as involuntary. “After tasting Argentinean meat, Brousse thought he would vary the menu by biting into raw, human flesh from dear old England”, wrote the journalists across the channel. So Mallin arrived at the final, where he beat the other Briton, Elliot, in points, becoming the first boxer to retain his Olympic title in a match which was impossible to see for the majority of the spectators, due to the fact that the French supporters, livid at the disqualification of Brousse, remained standing as a way of protesting during the whole match. Mallin was the British champion for 5 consecutive years from 1919 to 1923, remaining unbeaten in more than 300 matches. His younger brother Fred also won five British titles from 1928 to 1932.

MALTA (Republic of Malta, Europe, capital Valletta, area 315,6 km2, 406.583 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1928 and recognised in 1936 by the IOC. Malta took part in the Games in 1928, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1968, 1972, and from 1980 to 2004. Yet to win a medal.

MANGIAROTTI EDOARDO (, Italy, b. Renate, , 7/4/1919). Five appearances (1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960), 6 golds (team épée 1936, 1952, 1956 and 1960, individual épée 1952, team foil 1956), 5 silvers (team foil 1948, 1952 and 1960, individual foil 1952, team épée 1948) and 2 bronze medals (individual épée 1948 and 1956). 1936 1-0-0, 1948 0-2-1, 1952 2-2-0, 1956 2-0-1, 1960 1-1-0. Most decorated Italian Olympian as well as third most decorated Olympic athlete in history of athletics. He grew up in a family of fencers (his father Giuseppe – four times Italian champion in épée and foil - was in the national team for a long time, and came fourth in the team épée event in London in 1908. His mother Rosetta came second in an Italian championship, his older brother Dario won one Olympic gold and 5 world medals, his younger brother won the team silver in the 1951 World Championships before becoming involved in cardiology). He started to fence at 11 years old; he was naturally right-handed but his father, with his strict training, made him become left-handed, because he was convinced it was an advantage in fencing. The hard

122 The Olympic Dictionary training also included long bike rides in the Dolomites, and the path from Milan to home, at Besana Brianza, which was about 30 km. He made his debut at the 1936 Berlin Games at 17 years old, and won the first of his 6 gold medals (16 victories, 4 draws and 4 defeats). The Second World War, during which he was an officer in Switzerland, lost him valuable years in his career, but when the Olympic Movement was resumed in 1948 he went back to the Games, where he won his first individual medal, the bronze in the épée event, beating his fellow countryman Luigi Cantone (q.v.), as well as winning silvers in the team foil and épée events. Four years later in he won his only individual Olympic gold, in the épée event, with 7 victories (one more than his brother Dario). Gold and silver in the family like Nedo (q.v.) and (q.v.) in the sabre event at Antwerp in 1920. After the victory he ran to the telephone and, still in his dressing gown, he gave his report to the Gazzetta dello Sport, with whom he worked between 1948 and 1960. In Helsinki he also won the silver in the individual foil, losing in the final to Frenchman Christian d’Oriola (q.v.), who he never managed to defeat during his career; in the team tournaments he won gold in the épée event (8 victories out of 11 assaults in the final tournament) and silver in the foil. In Melbourne in 1956 it seemed he might repeat the gold in the individual épée event, but at the last attack in the final section he lost unexpectedly to the Hungarian, Balthazar, and was caught by the other two Italians, Carlo Pavesi (q.v.) and Giuseppe Delfino (q.v.). A play-off was necessary to ascertain the winner. The first play-off didn’t resolve the situation (one win each), but in the second Mangiarotti lost to both and had to be content with the bronze. In Australia he also won the gold in the foil (12 victories and 7 defeats) and in the team épée event (11 victories out of 14). He finished his long career at 41 years old, at the 1960 Games in , with a gold in the team épée event (6 victories and 6 defeats) and a silver in the team foil event. At the World Championships he won 13 golds (team épée 1937/49/50/53/54/55/58, team foil 1949/50/54/55, individual épée 1951/54), 8 silvers and 5 bronze medals. His daughter Carola obtained in fencing two fifth places at the Olympics (1976-80). Today he is president of the National Union of Sport Veterans.

MANOLIU LIA (track & field, Romania, b. Chisinau, now Moldavia, 25/4/1932, d. 9/1/1998). Six appearances (1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972), one gold (discus 1968) and 2 bronze medals (discus 1960 and 1964). 1960 0-0-1, 1964 0-0-1, 1968 1-0-0. She was the first to take part in 6 Olympics in the track & field event, a record which was beaten by Merlene Ottey (q.v.). She came sixth in 1952 with 42.65 m, ninth in 1956 with 43.90 m, and then she won her first medal in 1960 with a 52.36 in the first throw, which ensured her 3rd place. Four years later she won another bronze with 56.97 m. According to the federation, in 1967 she was too old to take part in the training for another Olympics; she qualified just the same, but she arrived at Mexico City with a painful elbow. The doctor told her that she could manage only one ’good’ throw. With a 58.28 at her first attempt she won the gold, also because a storm broke out which was detrimental for her competitors. At the 1972 Games she finished in 9th place, throwing the discus to 58.50 m, 22 cm more than the distance with which she won the gold in 1968 (it was in ’72, at 40 years old, she set her personal record with 62.06 m). She also competed in 5 European Championships, where her best result was 4th place in 1969. She won 12 Romanian titles, and was president of the Olympic Committee. She died of a heart attack following an operation to try and remove a brain tumour. The stadium in Bucharest carries her name.

MARATHON Competition invented for the Modern Games, modelled on a legendary incident.

MARSHALL (Marshall Islands, Oceania, capital Dalap-Urriga-Darrit, area 181,4 km2, 59.286 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 2001 and recognised in 2006 by the IOC. The first invite has been received to take part in the 2008 Beijing Games.

123 The Olympic Dictionary

MARZI GUSTAVO (fencing, Italy, b. Livorno 26/11/1908, d. Trieste 14/11/1966). Three appearances (1928, 1932, 1936), 2 golds (individual foil 1932, team foil 1936), and 5 silvers (team sabre 1928, 1932 and 1936, team foil 1932, individual sabre 1936). 1928 0-1-0, 1932 1-2-0, 1936 1- 2-0. He won the gold in Los Angeles, winning 21 attacks out of 23, 9 of them in the final section. He started with a 5-1 against Giulio Gaudini (q.v.) (then 3rd) and a 5-2 against Gioacchino Guaragna (q.v.) (4th), because fencers of the same nationality had to face each other immediately to avoid ‘rigging’ the win at the end. Then he didn’t let any opponents get to 4 thrusts (not even the American Levis, 2nd, beaten 5-2), finishing with a total of 45 given and 19 received. The instructor Beppe Nadi, father of Nedo (q.v.) and Aldo (q.v.), said of him: “At the beginning he didn’t inspire confidence but with the consent of his father Arsace, and by dint of a good flogging, I made a champion out of him”. Four years later in Berlin, he won the team gold beating France (9-4 in the final section), achieving 18 wins out of 19 attacks. “How many French fencers would envy his magnificent harmony!” wrote a newspaper over the Alps. He also won 5 silver medals, team sabre 1928/32/36 (always behind Hungary), team foil 1932 (behind France which had established 62-58 in thrusts, after the 8-8 in the final assault in the triple play-offs, but in the competition he won 22 assaults out of 23, with 7 out of 7 against the USA and France in the play-off), and individual sabre 1936 (with 6 wins in the final section and 2 defeats, one of which was unexpected, against the Pole Sobik; he came 7th and it cost him the gold which went to the Hungarian, Kabos). He also won 4 golds (individual foil 1937, team foil 1937/38, team sabre 1938), and a silver at the World Championships, 6 golds (team foil 1929/30/31/34/35, individual foil 1935) and 10 silvers in what were then called the European Championships and subsequently considered on a World Championship level, 2 Italian titles in the foil (1943/46), and 2 in the sabre event (1933/34). He died at 57 years old from a lung tumour. ”He was the last of the great fencing ‘mechanics’. He epitomised three virtues in an awesome way: accuracy, speed and power. After , he was without doubt the best all-round fencer that Italy ever had” (Carlo Agostoni).

MASALA DANIELE (modern pentathlon, Italy, b. Rome 12/2/1955). Three appearances (1976, 1984, 1988), 2 golds (team individual 1984, team 1984) and one silver (team 1988). 1984 2-0-0, 1988 0-1-0. He competed for more than 30 years in the Fiamme Oro Group, and embarked on a career in the police force, becoming an inspector in 1997. His sporting career started in swimming where, in 1969 he came second (400 medley) in the overall Italian Championships. Subsequently, he turned his attention to modern pentathlon where, in 1973, he won the first of his 14 all-round team titles and in 1976 the first of his 10 individual titles. At the World Championships in 1979 he achieved his first international success with a bronze in the individual trials. After his appearance at the 1976 (fourth in individual and sixth in team event) and after 1980 when he couldn’t go to due to the decision that athletes from military groups couldn’t compete, he won the gold twice in Los Angeles in 1984 (in the individual obtaining 13 points more than Swede Rasmussen, and the team event with 498 points more than USA). Four years later in Seoul he obtained silver in team event behind Hungary, getting tenth in the individual. In the World Championship he got 2 golds (individual 1982, team 1986), 2 silvers and 4 bronzes. He represented his country more than 100 times, and had a coaching role in the men’s national team. Having gained a degree in Sports Science with distinction, he lectures at the University of Cassino. He was a member of the Athletics Commission in the IOC for three years and amongst other roles, he was the president of the National Association of ‘Sport Champions’, which many other great athletes in Italian sporting history belong to; he is a member of the Italian Sports Commission Against Drugs.

MASSON PAUL (cycling, France, b. Paris 14/1/1874, d. Pforzheim, Germany, 30/11/1944). One appearance (1896) and 3 golds (track 333.33 metres time trial, 2000 m sprint, 10 km track). He won 3 of the 6 cycling competitions which took place in the first Modern Olympics. He then turned professional, competing with the surname Nossam (his surname in reverse), and won, amongst other things, the bronze in the World Championships for the sprint in 1897). He was a member of

124 The Olympic Dictionary the French Resistance during the Second World War, and was arrested in Brest by the Nazis on 3 October 1943 and executed 13 months later in Pforzheim (where he was imprisoned), along with 24 other people.

MATHIAS ROBERT BRUCE “BOB” (track & field, USA, b. Tulare, California, 17/11/1930, d. Fresno, California, 2/9/2006). Two appearances (1948, 1952) and 2 golds (decathlon 1948 and 1952). 1948 1-0-0, 1952 1-0-0. He qualified for the Games three months after trying decathlon for the first time, and in London he became the youngest winner of a gold in athletics, at 17 years old. There were problems in the shot put event (a 13.72 was annulled because he left the platform from the front and not from behind, “Not allowed? Nobody told me”, and he had to be content with a 13.04), in the (he failed twice at 1.75 m, avoided being put out at the 3rd jump with an approximate technique, then he arrived at 1.86) and in the discus (in the dark and rain the judges lost the mark of his throw, assessing it with the eye to be 44 m, but probably losing several cm). When the radio announced that he had won with a 5:11 in the 1500 m, the shops in his hometown of 12.000 inhabitants closed to celebrate, except the post office which stayed open at night to receive the congratulatory telegrams (and at least 200 marriage proposals) In the years to follow he won 4 American titles in the decathlon, competing in 11 during his career and remaining unbeaten. He also played American football, losing the Rose Bowl with Stanford (7-40 against Illinois) in 1952, the year in which he set the world decathlon record in the trials in Tulare of all places. In Helsinki, having grown 8 cm and 7 kg compared to 4 years previously (he had reached 1.90 and 93 kg), he repeated the Olympic success with another record (7887 points) and the biggest margin of victory - 912 points over the American Campbell, who won the gold 4 years later – ever seen at the Games. After the Olympics he left athletics, earned 50.000 dollars in advertising and acted in 4 films, including The Bob Mathias Story. In 1967 he was elected to American Congress (where he remained for 8 years) with the Republican Party.

MATTHES ROLAND (swimming, East Germany, b. Pössneck 17/11/1950). Three appearances (1968, 1972, 1976), 4 golds (100 m backstroke 1968 and 1972, 200 m backstroke 1968 and 1972) 2 silvers (relay 4x100 m medley 1968 and 1972) and 2 bronze medals (relay 4x100 m freestyle 1972, 100 m backstroke 1976). 1968 2-1-0, 1972 2-1-1, 1976 0-0-1. He won 3 golds at the World Championships (100 m and 200 m backstroke 1973, 100 m backstroke 1975), a silver and a bronze. At the European Championships he won 5 golds (100 m and 200 m backstroke 1970-74, 4x100 m medley 1970), a silver and 4 bronze. He retired with 16 individual world records: 7 in the 100 m backstroke, 9 in the 200 m backstroke, and 187 consecutive wins, he was unbeaten in the 100 m backstroke for 8 years, one month and 8 days, in the 200 m for 7 years, 10 months and 28 days. In his career he also achieved 4 European records (3 in 100 m butterfly, one in 200 medley) and 22 titles for East Germany (100-200 backstroke, 100-200 freestyle, 100 butterfly, 200 medley). Deemed the greatest backstroke swimmer of modern times, he grew up in Erfurt, and was coached at Turbine by the ex-breaststroke swimmer Marlies Grohe. He wasn’t particularly assiduous in his training (not more than 1600 m daily), but had great style and buoyancy, and was described as ‘espigado’ after Mexico because he was like a spike in water, he was also known as ‘cork’ due to his buoyancy, and was called ‘Rolls Royce by the British. The pop star Gilbert O’Sullivan dedicated a passage to him in his hit In Matrimony (“Me and you and Roland Matthes”). At Mexico City Games, when he is not 18 yet, he won 100 and 200 backstroke. He did it again in Munich, coming ahead (in both finals) the American Michael Stamm. In both editions he obtained 2 silvers in 4x100 medley relay behind USA. In 1972 he also took part to 4x100 freestyle relay getting third. In 1976 he took part to the Montreal Olympics despite of an appendicectomy 6 weeks earlier; he got to the final (bronze, at 1.73 from winner John Naber q.v.). He could have achieved better results if he hadn’t often been saving himself in order to aim for a victory (see the 100 m backstroke at the 1973 World Championships, in which he out-distanced the second in the 200 m backstroke by 7 metres and, in pain due to a fall from the stairs, he skipped the 4x100 m medley). Linked to several

125 The Olympic Dictionary swimmers, including Martina Grunert, Lucy Burle and Ulrike Richter, on 13 May 1978 he married the queen of women’s swimming at Montreal in ’76 Kornelia Ender (q.v.), a marriage which was defined as an ‘eugenic marriage’ of the East Germans. They had a daughter, Franziska, who didn’t inherit her parents’ sporting traits, whereas her half-sister Cornelia became the German youth champion. Matthes and Ender separated when Kornelia decided to leave her husband who she felt was desired too much. Roland got married again to Heidrun, but currently lives with Marion who is 23 years younger than him, and his son Daniel. He graduated in orthopaedics in Erfurt, after working at Tauberbischofsheim, and he opened an orthopaedic and chiropractic clinic in Marktheidenfeld, in Bavaria, in 1995.

“MAURICIO” CAMARGO LIMA (volleyball, Brazil, b. Campinas 27/1/1968). Five appearances (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004) and 2 golds (1992 and 2004). 1992 1-0-0, 2004 1-0-0. He came 4th in 1988 (2-3 against Argentina for the bronze), and won the gold in ’92 with 8 wins out of 8 (in the final with Holland he only won 25 points in 3 sets), then he was in 5th place in 1996, 6th place in 2000 and won another gold in 2004, without playing in the final won 3-1 against Italy. He played 555 matches with Brazil, a record, with 29 of them at the Games and 43 at the World Championships, winning a total of 28 medals, one of them a World Championship gold (2002), 4 World Leagues (1993/2001/03/04), and 7 South American golds (1989/1991/1993/1995/1997/2001/03). He also won 7 Brazilian titles (1990/91/92 with Banespa, 1996 with Olympikus Telesp, 2000/01/02 with Minas), an Italian Cup (1994 at Modena), and a CEZ Cup (2005 at Macerata, the team in which he finished his career).

MAURITANIA (Islamic Republic of Mauritania, Africa, capital Nouakchott, area 1.030.700 km2, 3.123.818 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1971 and recognised the year after by the IOC, but didn’t compete in its first Games until 1984, from then on taking part in all the Games. Yet to win a medal. MAURITIUS (Republic of Mauritius, Africa, capital Port Louis, area 2.040 km2, 1.261.643 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1972 and recognised in 1976 by the IOC. Mauritius has competed in all the Games since 1984. Yet to win a medal.

MAZZONI ANGELO (fencing, Italy, b. Milan 3/4/1961). Six appearances (1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000), 2 golds (team épée 1996 and 2000) and one bronze (team épée 1984). 1984 0-0- 1, 1996 1-0-0, 2000 1-0-0. He made his debut at the Olympic Games at just 19 years old, getting eliminated in the 1st round because Italy hadn’t sent athletes from the military groups to Moscow. He finished his Olympic career at , when he was 39, with his sixth appearance. He worked hard for the gold in 1996; 45-44 against the USA in the quarter-finals (5-11 for him) and Germany in the semi-final 818-14 his assaults), then 45-43 against in the final. His thrust was the last against Beketov at 6 seconds from the end, after a 10-minute suspension because his opponent had hit him with the sword guard on the mask, injuring his right eyebrow. At the time he was engaged to Diana Bianchedi (q.v.), who was injured in that Olympics, who recalled, “He came down from the podium and he gave me the gold as a gift. I never thought that he would have made such a public, demonstrative gesture, and I loved him even more for it”. In 2000, after a terrible 4-13 for him in the semi-final, won 44-43 with South Korea, he was replaced by Randazzo in the final (39- 38 against France). In his Olympic CV, in addition to the team bronze in 1984, there is also a 4th (1988) and 5th place (1992) in the team event, and a 6th place in the individual event in 1992. He also won 3 team golds (1989/90/93), 2 silvers and 4 bronze medals at the World Championships, one gold (individual 1981) and a European Championship silver, 3 World Cups (1982/93/94) and 2 individual Italian titles (1980/81).

126 The Olympic Dictionary

MCCORMICK PATRICIA JOAN “PAT” (diving, USA, b. Seal Beach, California, 12/5/1930). Two appearances (1952, 1956) and 4 golds (springboard 1952 and 1956, platform 1952 and 1956). 1952 2-0-0, 1956 2-0-0. After coming fourth in the 1948 trials due to just a hundredth of a point, she became the only female diver to win 4 golds at 2 consecutive Olympics, a record which was then equalled in the men’s event by (q.v.) Greg Louganis. Trying dives which were the reserve of men at the time, she trained 8 hours a day, interspersed with a couple of hours of housework. A year before the 1952 Olympics, visiting a doctor with lacerations to her arms and legs, injuries on her back and scalp, fractures to a rib and a finger, he was heard saying: “I’ve only seen worse consequences when a building has fallen down”. She did the double at Melbourne, a few months after the birth of her son. To keep fit she swam 800 m a day up to 48 hours before giving birth. She also won 17 American titles, plus another 9 indoor titles, in addition to 3 golds and a silver at the Pan American Games. Born Keller married John McCormack, the American platform champion in 1950 and 1951. Their daughter Kelly won an Olympic silver in 1984 and a bronze in 1988, both in the springboard event.

MCDONALD PATRICK JOSEPH “PAT” (track & field, USA, b. Killard, Ireland, 29/7/1878, d. New York, NY, 16/5/1954). Two appearances (1912, 1920), 2 golds (shot put 1912, hammer 1920) and a silver (shot put with two arms 1912). 1912 1-1-0, 1920 1-0-0. He won a gold in 1920, 23 days after celebrating his 42nd birthday, thus becoming the oldest winner of a competition in the history of athletics in the Olympics. The ‘hammer’ weighed 56 lbs (about 25.4 kg). He threw it 11.265 metres and it was the second and last time, after 1904, that the discipline was part of the Olympic programme. His real Irish surname was McDonnell, but it was written wrongly at Ellis Island (first his sister’s, then the others), when the family emigrated to the United States. He was a large policeman (1.94 m and about 130 kg), and one of the most well known in New York because for 15 of his 41 years of service, from 1905 to 1920, he was on duty in Times Square. He won the last of 16 American titles in the hammer in 1933, when he was 55 years old.

MCGEE BRADLEY JOHN (cycling, Australia, b. Sydney 24/2/1976). Three appearances (1996, 2000, 2004), one gold (team pursuit 4000 m 2004), one silver (individual pursuit 4000 m 2004) and 3 bronze medals (individual pursuit 4000 m 1996 and 2000, team pursuit 4000 m 1996). 1996 0-0- 2, 2000 0-0-1, 2004 1-1-0. Australia, world champions in ’95, were favourites at the Atlanta Games but came third. That year McGee won the individual bronze, a feat he repeated in 2000 despite the fact that he had broken a collarbone just 16 days before the start of the competition and he raced with a shoulder plate. The team gold finally came in 2004 (after setting the world record of 3:56.610 in the heats). Amongst the British, who were beaten in the final, was Wiggins who had beaten McGee in the individual final. He turned professional in 1998 and is the only Australian to have worn the yellow jersey in the Tour de France (3 days in 2003), the pink jersey at the Giro d’Italia (2 days in 2004) and the gold jersey at the Vuelta (4 days in 2005). He also won a World Championship gold in the individual pursuit in 2002 and 5 golds at the Commonwealth Games.

MEAGHER MARY “T.” TERSTEGGE (swimming, USA, b. Louisville, Kentucky, 27/10/1964). Two appearances (1984, 1988), 3 golds (100 m butterfly 1984, 4x100 m medley 1984, 200 butterfly 1984), one silver (4x100 m medley 1988) and one bronze (200 m butterfly 1988). 1984 3-0-0, 1988 0-1-1. She started swimming at 5 years old, and her classmates called her Fishy. She was very much the favourite at the 1980 Olympics, but didn’t attend due to the American boycott. She competed in 1984 winning 3 golds, and in 1988 she won a silver in the mixed relay (she competed in the heats, not the final) and a bronze in the 200 m butterfly (a distance in which she had lost just 3 competitions, including that one, in 9 years), whereas in the 100 m butterfly at Seoul she came seventh. She also won 2 golds (100 m butterfly 1982, 200 m butterfly 1986), 5 silver and 2 bronze World Championship medals, and 24 American titles. She set 2 world records in the 100 m butterfly and 5 in the 200 m, the 57.93 and the 2:05.96 in the 1981 USA Championships, unbeaten

127 The Olympic Dictionary for 18 and 19 years respectively, until (q.v.) Jenny Thompson’s 57.88 and (q.v.) Susan O’Neill’s 2:05.81. (AUS) She was called Mary T (from Terstegge, her mother’s surname), in order to distinguish her from another of the 11 children of Jim and Floy Meagher, Mary Glen, who became a nun.

MEDVED ALEKSANDR VASILYEVICH (wrestling, USSR, b. Belaya Tserkov, Ukraine, 16/9/1937). Three appearances (freestyle wrestling 1964, 1968, 1972) and 3 golds (light heavyweight 97 kg 1964, heavyweight >97 kg 1986, super heavyweight >100 kg 1972). 1964 1-0-0, 1968 1-0-0, 1972 1-0-0. He won the first gold in beating the Bulgarian, Mustafov, in 39 seconds in the last match. He repeated the win at Mexico City, benefiting from the physical problems suffered by the German (q.v.) Dietrich who came 3rd, and in Munich, where he was the second ‘lightest’ wrestler amongst the heavyweights, he became the first to win 3 golds in freestyle wrestling, beating the Bulgarian, Duraliev, and the American, Taylor. He had won the most demanding match in the 1st round against Taylor, a large man of 1.96 m and 186 kg, due to the decision of the referee, Umit Demirag, to penalise Taylor for passivity; a ‘valid’ error which gave him the win, but cost the referee his job. After the 3rd Olympic gold, he announced his departure from wrestling, kissing the wrestling mat. Between his 1961 World Championship bronze and 1972 he won 7 World Championship golds (heavyweight 1962/63/66, super heavyweight 1967/69/70/71) and 3 European Championship golds (super heavyweight 1966/68/72), losing on only one occasion in 1965, when he came behind the Turk, Ayik, at the World Championships due to a greater number of penalties. He also won 8 Soviet titles. According to the international federation, the Belarussian (the country for which he was flagbearer in the 2004 Olympics, even though he was born in the Ukraine), he was the best freestyle wrestler of the 20th century.

MELGES HARRY JR. “BUDDY” (sailing, USA, b. Elkhorn, Wisconsin, 26/1/1930). Two appearances (1964, 1972), one gold (Soling 1972) and a bronze (Flying Dutchman 1964). 1964 0-0- 1, 1972 1-0-0. He was the first sailor to win an Olympic gold and the America’s Cup after a bronze, along with William Bentsen in the FD in 1964 (“I was there with Bill two years previously, and he said, why don’t we try and qualify for the Olympics, seeing as their holding the competitions in Chicago? We went, and we managed it, and we came third at the Games, despite the fact that we had the heaviest boat”). With Bentsen and William Allen he won in the Soling class in 1972; three first places, a second, a third, and a fourth, which were their results in the 6 regattas, with a reduced programme due to bad weather and a 23-point advantage over the Swedes who came second. Then in 1992 along with Bill Koch, he was the skipper of America Cube, defending the America’s Cup, beating Moro di Venezia. He is a Star World Champion twice over (1978/79), and three times in the 5.5 metres class (1967/73/83), and is the only one to win the Mallory Cup 3 times (1959/60/61), the North American Championship. He is the son of Harry Sr., founder of Melges Performance Sailboats. The most popular selling boat, commonly used for competing, carries his name Melges 24.

MENICHELLI FRANCO (gymnastics, Italy, b. Rome 3/8/1941). Three appearances (1960, 1964, 1968), one gold (floor exercise 1964), one silver (rings 1964) and 3 bronze medals (floor exercise 1960, team event 1960, parallel bars 1964). 1960 0-0-2, 1964 1-1-1. “I was 5 or 6 years old when the circus came to Bolsena, where I was spending the summer with my family. The acrobats’ children taught me how to do somersaults, handstands, flips and back flips”. He won 5 Olympic medals, taking the gold in the floor exercise in Tokyo, performing last with 10 hundredths of an advantage over the Japanese competitor Endo (q.v.), and was first in the all-round competition. He realised he was popular when Vittorio Pozzo (q.v.), head coach of the Italian soccer World Cup winning teams of 1934 and 1938 who was in Japan as a correspondent for La Stampa, approached him to congratulate him, and again on his return trip when an American tourist called him by name. He was also in line for the gold in Mexico City in ’68, but he collapsed during the exercise due to

128 The Olympic Dictionary an injury to his Achilles tendon in his left leg. “The physiotherapist had told me that I wouldn’t manage it. I tried it anyway, it was the Olympic Games after all. But I was at the end of my career, and I couldn’t have asked for more from my life as an athlete”. He also won 3 World Championship bronze medals, plus 6 golds (individual all-round 1965, floor exercise 1961/63/65, rings and bars 1965), 4 silvers and 3 bronze medals in the European Championships. His brother Giampaolo, who was 3 years older, played 261 matches in the top division of the Italian football league with Roma, Juventus, Brescia and Cagliari, scoring 60 goals and winning the 1966/67 title with Juventus. He also played 9 times for Italy, scoring a goal.

MENNEA PIETRO PAOLO (track & field, Italy, b. Barletta, Bari, 28/6/1952). Five appearances (1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988), one gold (200 m 1980) and 2 bronze medals (200 m 1972, 4x400 m relay 1980). 1972 0-0-1, 1980 1-0-1). He got himself noticed in 1970, with the fifth place in the European Juniors in Paris. He didn’t have an exceptional physique, but under the guidance of Carlo Vittori he trained with extraordinary dedication in the training centre in Formia, reaching World Championship level. In 1971 he was sixth in the 200 m at the Helsinki European Championships (and bronze in the 4x100 m), and a year later he competed in the Games in Munich, winning the bronze in the 200 m, behind the Soviet, Valery Borzov (q.v.), and the American, Larry Black. He was disappointing at Montreal in 1976 (fourth in the 200 m), but in 1979 at the Universiad event in Mexico City he ran the 200 m in 19.72, setting a world record which he held for 17 years. At the 1980 Moscow Games he won the only Olympic gold of his career. He got off to a bad start, but on the corner he recovered, going from fourth to first position; he won in 20.19 in front of Scot Allan Wells and Jamaican Donald Quarrie. In the 100 m he was eliminated in the semi-final, whereas he won the bronze in the 4x400 m relay. In 1981 he retired for the first time, but he went back to competing a year later to prepare for the first World Championship event in Helsinki in 1983, where he won the bronze in the 200 m (behind the Americans, Calvin Smith and Elliot Quow), and silver in the 4x100 m relay, coming behind the USA. In 1984 he was at the Los Angeles Games where he finished the 200 m in seventh place in 20.55, first sprinter getting to the final for 4 consecutive Olympics. He retired a second time, blaming irregular practices and confessing to having been tempted to take drugs. “By now I know that results aren’t only achieved through training, and that to improve it would be necessary to take banned substances. I could beat my world record by taking drugs but I won’t do it and never will”. He came back for his fifth Olympics at Seoul where he retired in the quarter-finals in the 200 m. He achieved 3 European titles (200 m 1974 and 1978, 100 m 1978), in addition to 2 European silvers and one bronze; a European indoor title (400 m 1978) and 16 Italian titles (11 in 200 m, 3 in 100 m, one in 4x100 and one in 4x200). He was European record holder in 100 m (10.01) in 1979, still Italian record; as well as in 200 m - still European record (19.72). After retiring he studied for four degrees (Literature, Law, Economics, Sports Science), became the general manager of football club Salernitana Calcio, a member of European Parliament and then a lawyer.

METCALFE RALPH HAROLD (track & field, USA, b. Atlanta, Georgia, 29/5/1910, d. Chicago, Illinois, 10/10/1978). Two appearances (1932, 1936), one gold (4x100 m 1936), 2 silvers (100 m 1932 and 1936), and a bronze (200 m 1932). 1932 0-1-1, 1936 1-1-0. In 1932, with the same time as Eddie Tolan (10.3 manual, 10.38 electronic), he was awarded the silver in the 100 m because, after examining the film for several hours, the judges decided he had come in 4-5 cm behind his opponent. Under existing rules, where the winner is the first to touch the line and not the first to go over it, he would have won. Two days later he won the bronze in the 200 m, again won by Tolan who beat Simpson. His lane, which was subsequently re-measured, was between 1 and 2 metres longer, and he would have at least won the silver, but he refrained from complaining and repeating the final in order not to invalidate the American triple. Four years later he came second in Berlin behind Jesse Owens (q.v.) in the 100 m and he won the gold in the relay, setting the world record at 39.8. He also performed 3 doubles in the 100/200 m (1932/33/34), both in the AAU and NCAA

129 The Olympic Dictionary

Championships, being the only person to manage it in history, achieving the AAU title in the 200 m in 1935 and 1936. He equalled the 100 m world record of 10.38 8 times, 3 of which were recognised 3 by the IAAF, he ran the 200 m in 20.6, another record equalled but not recognised, and was the first person to run the 200 m in less than 20 seconds, with a 19.8 on the straight, windy track in the 220 yards in 1932. He was elected to Congress in 1970 as a Democrat, and remained there until his death.

MEXICO (United Mexican States, North America, capital Mexico City, area 1.958.201 km2, 106.534.878 inhabitants). 52 medals: 10 gold, 18 silver, 24 bronze. Best Olympics: Mexico City 1968 with 3 golds, 3 silvers and 3 bronze medals. Best sport: athletics with 3 golds, 5 silvers and 2 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: Humberto Mariles Cortes, equestrian, with 2 golds (individual and team jumping in 1948) and a bronze (all-round team 1948). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1923 and recognised in the same year by the IOC. After the appearance of a Mexican team in the polo tournament in 1900, Mexico has competed in all the Games since 1924, and hosted the 1968 Games in Mexico City.

MEYER DEBORAH ELISABETH “DEBBIE” (swimming, USA, b. Annapolis, Maryland, 14/8/1952). One appearance (1968) and 3 golds (200 m, 400 m, and 800 m freestyle). As a child she suffered from asthma and she swam in a pool with 4 lanes, 20 yards long, along with another 40 children (“It was like sardines”). Her family moved to California hoping to improve her health, and she started training with Shem Chavoor. At Mexico City, just 2 months after her 16th birthday, she became the first female swimmer to win 3 individual golds in the same Games. In 4 days she won in the 400 m freestyle, then the 200 m and the 800 m event (the last two competitions being introduced for the first time in 1968 in the women’s programme), without managing to improve on the 3 world records set during the trials, due to intestinal problems, the classic ‘Delhi belly’. “The day of the heats for the 800 m and the 200 m final I was never out of the toilet, I lost 2-3 kg….”. She decided to retire at just 18 years old. “In San Francisco during an event I realised that I wasn’t enjoying myself any more”. She set 15 world records: one in the 200 m freestyle, 5 in the 400 m freestyle, 5 in the 800 m freestyle and 4 in the 1500 m freestyle. She won 2 golds in the Pan American Games and 19 American titles.

MEYFARTH ULRIKE (track & field, Germany, b. Frankfurt on the River Main 4/5/1956). Three appearances (1972, 1976, 1984), 2 golds (high jump 1972 and 1984). 1972 1-0-0, 1984 1-0-0. At 13 years old she had already exceeded 1.57 with the new style in vogue, the Fosbury Flop. She surprised everyone, winning the Olympic title in Munich at just over 16 years old. The previous year she had come second in the national championships in West Germany at 15 years old, but she qualified to be the third team member in the 1972 Olympics team, with a height of 1.79. The favourite in the competition was Austrian , who ended the era of Iolanda Balas (q.v.), jumping 1.92, a personal record which was 7 cm better than the very tall German’s record (1.88). In competition, Ulrike was the only one to exceed 1.92, improving her personal best by 5 cm, and also beating the Bulgarian, Yordanka Blagoyeva, who reached 1.94 20 days later when she became the youngest Olympic champion in an individual competition at 16 years and 123 days old. Seventh at the 1974 European Championships, she was excluded from the Higher Institute of Physical Education in West Germany, she didn’t exceed the 1.80 required for the 1976 Montreal qualification, reaching just 1.78, she was fifth in the 1978 European Championships, and was absent from Moscow due to the boycott. She seemed already fulfilled with the triumph at 16 years old, but together with the Slav coach, Dragan Tancic, who also coached Dietmar Mögenburg and took over from Gerd Osenberg who had coached her at Wesseling on the Rhine, she found renewed inspiration. A year later she was in an extraordinary competition with the Soviet, Tamara Bykova, in the London final of the European Cup. Bykova was the new world champion, but Meyfarth was the first to cross 2.03, which was then equalled by the Soviet. She then went to Los Angeles, which

130 The Olympic Dictionary

Bykova didn’t attend due to the boycott, and jumped to 2.05, beating the two metres of the thirty- one-year old Simeoni (q.v.), then placed the winning 2.02. On 3 December the same year she announced her retirement. She also got 13 national titles of which 6 indoor. She wrote a book (Nicht nur die Hohe verandert sich, Not just the height changes), and married the Cologne lawyer Roland Nasse in 1987. She has 2 children, lives in Odenthal, and is involved in charitable activities with her husband in the INSM (Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft) in Cologne.

MICRONESIA (Federated States of Micronesia, Oceania, capital Palikir, area 702 km2, 111.120 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1995 and recognised in 1997 by the IOC. Micronesia took part in the Games in 2000 and 2004. Yet to win a medal.

MIYAKE YOSHINOBU (weightlifting, Japan, b. Miyagi Prefecture 24/11/1939). Four appearances (1960, 1964, 1968, 1972), 2 golds (featherweight 60 kg 1964 and 1968) and a silver (bantamweight 56 kg 1960). 1960 0-1-0, 1964 1-0-0, 1968 1-0-0. He left judo due to a dislocated shoulder “After losing to a chap who was much bigger than me” (he was just 1.53 in height), and he discovered weightlifting. After the silver in the bantamweight category in Rome in 1960, he moved up a category and won 2 consecutive featherweight golds. The first, in Tokyo, was also the first Japanese gold in the home Olympics. “There were a lot of expectations on me. I went up Mount Hiei before the Games and I relaxed with Zen meditation under a waterfall”. His parents sold pigs to allow him to train and compete. He repeated his success in Mexico City, getting onto the podium with his younger brother Yoshiyuki, third (and then winner of 2 World Championship golds). At Munich he touched on another medal, finishing 4th. He gave the name to the ‘Miyake snatch’, also called the ‘frog style’, after the position assumed when lifting the barbell. He won 6 golds (1962/63/64/65/66/68 in the featherweight category), after the bronze in 1961, and he set 29 world records before becoming the coach for the national team.

MODERN PENTATHLON At the Games from 1912 Stockholm Olympics. Governed by the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM – www.pentathlon.org).

MOLDOVA (Republic of Moldova, Europe, capital Chisinau, area 33.843 km2, 3.793.603 inhabitants). 4 medals: 2 silver, 2 bronze. Best Olympics: Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000 with one silver and one bronze medal. Best sport: canoeing and shooting, with one silver. Most decorated athletes: Nikolai Juravschi and Victor Reneischi, in canoeing who, after 2 golds with the USSR (C2 500 m and 1000 m in 1988 as Nikolay Zhuravsky and Viktor Reneisky), won a silver for Moldova in ’96 in the 500 m. Between 1952 and 1988 the Moldovan athletes took part in the Olympics with the USSR, and in 1992 with the Unified Team. Amongst others there was Fyodor Kasapu who won a gold in weightlifting in ’92, and Yury Bashkatov who won 2 silvers in the 4x100 m freestyle in 1988/92. The Olympic Committee was formed in 1991, the same year in which independence was obtained, and was recognised in 1993 by the IOC. Moldova competed in the Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004.

MONACO (Principality of Monaco, Europe, capital Monaco, area 2,02 km2, 32.711 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1907, but only properly in 1952, and was recognised in 1953 by the IOC. Monaco took part in the 1920 Games, then missing only the 1932, 1956 and 1980 Games. Yet to win a medal.

MONGOLIA (People’s Republic of Mongolia, Asia, capital Ulan-Bator, area 1.564.160 km2, 2.628.837 inhabitants). 15 medals: 5 silver, 10 bronze. Best Olympics: Moscow 1980 with 2 silvers and 2 bronze medals. Best sport: wrestling with four silver and 4 bronze medals. Most decorated athletes: 5 have won a silver, Munkbat Jigjidym in 1968, Khorloogyn Baianmunkh in 1972, Zevegying Oidov in 1976 and Jamtsying Davaajav in 1980, all in freestyle wrestling, and

131 The Olympic Dictionary

Tsendying Damdin in 1980 in judo. The Olympic Committee was formed in 1956 and recognised in 1962 by the IOC. Since 1964 Mongolia has only missed the 1984 Games due to the boycott.

MONTANO ALDO (fencing, Italy, b. Livorno, 18/11/1978). One appearance (2004) and one gold (individual sabre), one silver (team sabre). The son of Mario Aldo (q.v.), he managed what his father couldn’t by achieving success at Athens in the individual sabre event, which had escaped Italy since 1920 (see Nedo Nadi). He achieved Olympic success with the decisive thrust against the Hungarian, Zsolt Nemcsik, and received congratulations from his fellow countryman and Italian President, Azeglio Ciampi, and was jubilant about the gold in the road cycling won by the other competitor from Livorno, Bettini. Extrovert and charming, he became a personality after the Games, appearing in reality shows and always surrounded by beautiful women, but he managed to come back both the year after and at the end of 2007, after failing in the World Championships in Turin in 2006. At the World Championships he won 3 silvers and 2 bronzes, at the European Championships he won a gold (individual sabre 2005), 2 silvers and 4 Italian individual titles (2001-03-05-07). The Montano family (a total of 2 golds and 7 silvers in the Olympics) is completed by Mario Tullio and Tommaso Montano, cousins of Mario Aldo and themselves fencers. Mario Tullio won the team gold and individual bronze in the Universiad 1967 event, team silver 1974 and team bronze 1973 at the World Championships, team silver in the 1976 Games. Tommaso won the team silver at the World Championships (1974) and in the Olympics (1976). The other cousin Carlo Montano, the only foil fencer in the family, won the silver in the 1976 Olympics, 4 silvers in the World Championships (one individual 1975, 3 team 1977, 1979 and 1981) and an individual bronze in 1977, the year in which he also won the World Cup.

MONTANO MARIO ALDO “MAUZZINO” (fencing, Italy, b. Livorno 1/5/1948). Three appearances (1972, 1976, 1980), one gold (team sabre 1972), 2 silvers (team sabre 1976 and 1980). 1972 1-0-0, 1976 0-1-0, 1980 0-1-0. He came from a family of fencers and trained at the Circolo Fides club founded by Beppe Nadi, which boasts champions who have won 27 Olympic golds and 36 World Championships, he followed in his father Aldo’s footsteps, born in 1910, and won amongst other things, 5 World Championship golds in the sabre event (individual and team 1938 and 1947, team in 1950), and 2 team silver in Berlin in 1936 and 1948. He was born while his father was in training for the 1948 London Games, in which he won the team silver. “They chased me to the board by force”, he would later recall. Shaped by the instructor Athos Pirrone he was to become a braggart of the board; they called him Mauzzino, from Mao, the small Chineseman, because of his almond shaped glasses. He won the decisive match against the Soviet, Vinokurov, to win the team gold in the 1972 Olympics. At the World Championships he won 2 golds (individual sabre 1973 and 1974), a silver and 3 bronze medals. He also won a World Cup (1974), and a team bronze in the Universiad event in 1970. Brothers Mario Tullio Montano (Olympic gold in 1972 and silver in 1976, 2 bronzes in world championship, team event), Tommaso (Olympic silver 1976, one silver and one bronze in the world championship, team event) and Carlo (Olympic silver in 1976, foil team event, 4 silvers and 3 bronzes in world championship as well as winner of the World Cup in 1977) are his cousins. He is the father of Aldo Montano (q.v.), who won the gold at Athens in 2004 that was missed by his father.

MONTENEGRO (Republic of Montenegro, Europe, capital Podgorica, area 13.812 km2, 597.987 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 2006 and recognised in 2007 by the IOC. Montenegro will compete in its first Games in Beijing, after being part of Yugoslavia until 1988, the Independent Team in 1992, and Serbia-Montenegro in 1996 and 2000. Montenegrin athletes have won 5 medals in team sports: basketball, football, handball, water polo and volleyball. Amongst the best athletes are: Rajko Zizic, a gold, silver and bronze in basketball, Milorad Krivocapic, a gold and silver in water polo, Vladimir Batez and Goran Vujevic, a gold and bronze in volleyball, Veselin Vujovic, a gold and bronze in handball.

132 The Olympic Dictionary

MORELON DANIEL (cycling, France, b. Bourg-en-Bresse 24/7/1944). Four appearances (1964, 1968, 1972, 1976), 3 golds (sprint 1000 m 1968 and 1972, tandem 2000 m 1968), a silver (sprint 1000 m 1976) and a bronze (sprint 1000 m 1964). 1964 0-0-1, 1968 2-0-0, 1972 1-0-0, 1976 0-1-0. After the bronze in 1964, he won 2 golds in the sprint event, beating the Italian, Turrini, in the final in ’68, and the Australian, Nicholson, in the ’72 final, again 2 sprints. He then just missed winning the treble in 1976, losing against the Czechoslovakian, Tkac. He also won 7 World Championship golds in the sprint (1966/67/69/70/71/73/75, after a bronze in 1965). In addition to the Olympic gold in the tandem event he won another in 1966 at the World Championships, along with his fellow countryman, Pierre Trentin. He also won 3 silvers and 5 bronze medals, including 2 professional titles, with 2nd place in the Keirin event and 3rd place in the sprint in 1980, 13 French amateur sprint titles, 12 consecutively between 1966 and 1977, and the last as a professional in 1980, the year in which he was also the European Sprint Champion. He set a world record in the 200 m sprint (10.72 in 1966) and another in the 500 m sprint (28.75 in 1976).

MOROCCO (Kingdom of Morocco, Africa, capital Rabat, area 458.730 km2, 31.224.136 inhabitants, excluding the Western Sahara in the total area). 19 medals: 6 gold, 4 silver and 9 bronze. Best Olympics: Athens 2004 with 2 golds and a silver. Best sport: athletics with 6 golds, 4 silvers and 6 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: Hicham El Guerrouj (q.v.), track & field, with 2 golds (1500 m and 5000 m in 2004) and a silver (1500 m in 2000). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1959 and was recognised the same year by the IOC. Only the 1980 Games have been missed since 1960.

MORROW ROBERT JOE “BOBBY” (track & field, USA, b. Harlingen, Texas, 15/10/1935). One appearance (1956) and 3 golds (100 m, 200 m and 4x100 m). A cotton and carrot farmer, and a devout Christian, he won 3 Olympic golds. First the 100 m (with 4 m of headwind) in 10.5, the same time as the second place, the other American, Baker, accredited however with an electronic 10.77 against his 10.62. Then the 200 m, despite a groin problem in the heats, becoming the first to set a world record in this competition (20.6, joint world record) at the Olympics, and finally the relay with a world record of 39.5. On his return to Texas he was welcomed with full honours; his state established a ‘Bobby Morrow Day’. He retired in 1958 due to health problems, and went back to competition in 1960, but he failed to qualify for the Olympics at the USA trials, coming fourth in the 200 m. He equalled the world record 3 times in the 100 m with 10.2 in 1956, and another 3 in the 220 yards event. He won 4 AAU titles and he won the double 100/200 m at the NCAA Championships in 1956 and ’57. He slept 11 hours a night, and he thought this was the secret of his success.

MOSES EDWARD CORLEY “ED or EDWIN” (track & field, USA, b. Dayton, Ohio, 31/8/1955). Three appearances (1976, 1984, 1988), 2 golds (400 hurdles 1976 and 1984), one bronze (400 hurdles 1988). 1976 1-0-0, 1984 1-0-0, 1988 0-0-1. Two World Championship golds (400 hurdles 1983 and 1987). He set 4 world records between 1976 and 1983 (the last with 47.02), and was unbeaten in the 400 m hurdles for 122 competitions (107 of them finals), from the defeat by Harald Schmid, on 26 August 1977 to the defeat by Danny Harris in Madrid on 4 June 1987: 9 years, 9 months and 9 days. Probably the greatest all time competitor in the 400 m hurdles, he was the first to keep the 13 step rhythm for the entire race. He made his hurdles debut in 1975. He was born in Ohio, the second of three children, and studied physics and engineering at Moorehouse College in Atlanta. A year later, at his international christening, he won the gold in Montreal, and set his first world record, 47.63. He was methodical in his training, with a first-class technique; when he set the 1977 record at 47.45 he had a second of an advantage over the rest of the world. He came up against a defeat that summer, against Schmid; he then didn’t lose for ten years. He went to work for General Dynamics, which produces equipment for the Pentagon at Falls Church in Virginia, in the department which checks the electronics for nuclear warheads. However, a staunch

133 The Olympic Dictionary pacifist, he requested a sabbatical for a year, and strived hard to avoid the Moscow boycott, without effect. In 1981 he founded a syndicate to help athletes support themselves after college. Also committed to the struggle against doping, he trained alone, and took the Olympic oath in 1984 at Los Angeles with great emotion (when he won with 47.75). He also grabbed the gold at the World Championships in Rome in ’87, he took the bronze at 33 years old in Seoul in 1988, and had a go as the brakeman in bobsleigh, also competing in a World Cup trial at Winterburg in Germany in 1990, just missing qualification for the 1992 Albertville Games. He retired in 1993. He has an MA in Business Administration from Pepperdine, and is a member of important sport associations. In 2000 he was named the president of the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation, an association of champions from 28 countries.

MOTOR RACING Motor racing competitions have never taken place at the Games. The Olympic Charter (regulation 47.4.2) states that: “Sports, disciplines and competitions in which performance is mechanically driven are not permitted.” It is internationally regulated by the FIA (Fédération Internationale de l’Automobilisme – www.fia.com).

MOTOR WATERSPORTS At the Games only in 1908.

MOUNTAINEERING The sport is governed by the UIAA, Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme, also known as the IMCF (International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation - www.theuiaa.org) and has never been an Olympic discipline.

MOVIES See CINEMA.

MOZAMBIQUE (Republic of Mozambique, Africa, capital Maputo, area 799.380 km2, 21.396.916 inhabitants). 2 medals: one gold and one bronze. Best Olympics: Sydney 2000 with one gold. Best sport: athletics, with 2 medals out of 2. Most decorated athlete: Maria de Lurdes Mutola, the only one to win medals, with a gold (800 m 2000) and a bronze (800 m 1996). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and was recognised the same year by the IOC. Mozambique has competed in all the Games since 1980.

MURATOV VALENTIN (gymnastics, USSR, b. Kostyukovo, Russia, 30/7/1928, d. Moscow, Russia, 6/10/2006). Two appearances (1952, 1956), 4 golds (team event 1952 and 1956, floor exercise 1956, vault 1956), and a silver (rings 1956). 1952 1-0-0, 1956 3-1-0. He grew up in Moscow and went to work on a farm at 14 years old when his father died on the front during the Second World War. After 2 years his mother convinced him to go back to school, where he took up gymnastics. At the Helsinki Games he won the team gold. In 1954 at the World Championships, he said he would win a medal for his wife, who was injured. He won 5, including 4 golds (in the all- round event along with the other Soviet Chukarin q.v., then the team event, floor exercise and the bars), and a bronze. Then in Melbourne in 1956 he won another 4 medals: he tied for the gold in the vault with the German, Bantz. He also won the World Championship team gold in 1958.

MURATOVA PODUZDOVA SOFIYA IVANOVNA (gymnastics, USSR, b. Leningrad, Russia, 13/7/1929, d. Moscow, Russia, 25/9/2006). Two appearances (1956, 1960), 2 golds (team event 1956 and 1960), 2 silvers (individual event 1960 and vault 1960), and 4 bronze medals (individual event 1956, team event with apparatus 1956, parallel bars 1956, beam 1960). 1956 1-0-3, 1960 1-2- 1. Evacuated from Leningrad in 1941 during a siege of the city (which cost her mother her life), she came to Moscow in ’44, after various breaks. She missed the 1952 Olympics due to an injury, and broke a hand at the World Championships in ’54 when she was in the lead in the individual event. After the 4 medals at the Melbourne Games an injury was about to keep her from the Rome Games in 1960. She was operated on just 3 months before the Olympics, and won another 4 medals and

134 The Olympic Dictionary gave her team gold to Zoya Mironova, the doctor who had performed the operation, in recognition. She also went to the Tokyo Games in 1964, only discovering at the last minute that she was a reserve. Along with her husband Valentin, who she married in 1951, she held the record for Olympic medals between a couple (13), together with Mikhail Voronin (q.v.) and Zinaida Voronina, who only won 3 golds though compared to their 6, She also won 3 golds (team event 1954/58/62) and 2 silvers in the World Championships. She was the only one to win the all-round Soviet title 5 times (1954/55/57/60/63), winning another 13 golds, 12 silvers and 9 bronze medals in the national championships.

MUTLU HALIL (weightlifting, Turkey, b. Postnik, Bulgaria, 14/7/1973). Four appearances (1992, 1996, 2000, 2004) and 3 golds (flyweight 54 kg 1996, bantamweight 56 kg 2000 and 2004). 1996 1- 0-0, 2000 1-0-0, 2004 1-0-0. Born Huben Hubenov in Bulgaria, he emigrated to Turkey like his idol (q.v.) Süleymanoğlu, changing his name (Mutlu means happy), and winning 3 Olympic golds for his new country, after a 5th place the first time he took part in 1992. Just a metre-and-a-half tall, he has remained unbeaten since the ’96 Games, where he won his first gold in the flyweight category. In 2000, with a total of 305 kg, he outstripped the Chinese competitor Wenxiong by 17.5 kg, a record for the category. In 2004 he did the treble, beating the other Chinese competitor Meijin. He also won 5 World Championship golds (54 kg in 1994, 56 kg in 1998/99/2001, 62 kg in 2003, plus 2 silvers), 9 European Championship golds (54 kg in 1999/2000/01, 62 kg in 2003/05, plus 2 bronze medals) and set 21 world records. However, at the end of 2005 he was disqualified for 2 years after testing positive for anabolic steroids (nandrolone).

MYANMAR (Union of Myanmar, Asia, capital Naypyidaw, area 676.577 km2, 48.798.212 inhabitants). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1947 and recognised the same year by the IOC. Between 1948 and 1988 Myanmar took part under the name of Burma in all the Games, except in 1976. Then, as Myanmar, it competed in the Olympics between 1992 and 2004. Yet to win a medal.

135