Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7(12), 1-11, Spring Summer 2014 ISSN: 2008-5079

Window Design in Ardabil Traditional Houses for Conservation of Energy Hassan Feridonzadeh1* and Reza Cyrus Sabri2

1Msc. of Architecture, Technical and Vocational University, Ardabil Branch, . 2Professor of Architecture, Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, University of California System and Virginia Tech, USA.

Received 1 January 2013; Revised 1 July 2013; Accepted 26 July 2014 ABSTRACT: Windows have a major role on absorbing solar energy, reducing heat loses, and adding their values in traditional houses in Ardabil. The main aim of this research is to study windows as elements of beautification and production of clean and free energy. We discern that windows can be designed to respond to the regional climates. To explore that, we review four samples of the windows in the famous traditional houses of the Ardabil such as: Rezazadeh’s, Ebrahimi’s, Ershadi’s and Sadeghi’s that are related to the Qajar and Zand architecture periods in Iran. Research method for this study is the comparative and interpretative–history review. Moreover, the information is collected from documents and libraries. We focused in sash window design in southern front of traditional houses. Results showed that the physical dimensions of these windows are compatible in cold climates of Ardabil which are different from the other front of architectures. Also, this research showed that light loss in the Rezazadeh House is 17℅ and in Ebrahimi is 7%, Ershadi’s and Sadeghi’s were respectively 8.5℅ because there is a canopy above the window at Rezazadeh House. The last three houses are close to the average. So, it showed that windows can be designed to respond to the regional climates. The placements of windows in front wall without any indentations in the south walls indicate the need for more light on this front. But in the east and west side windows, the windows are associated with a slight indentation. Also, using large dimension windows in southern side of the case studies shows that light in these fronts was very important.

Keywords: Sunlight- Traditional Houses, Ardabil, Window, Architecture.

INTRODUCTION significantly influenced by the climate. (Kharazminezhad & Hajizadeh Bastani, 2012). Ardabil is an old city in Iran which its historical urban core is still alive. The remained traditional houses from historical periods (including Post-Islamic era) in this city TRADITIONAL HOUSES IN ARDABIL are few in number and all of them were designed by local architects for upper-class or upper-middle-class residents. Ebrahimi House Since the city is located in a mountainous region with a cold climate, domestic architecture and buildings forms This building which has been constructed during the have significantly influenced by the climate (en.wikipedia, Zand dynasty era in Iran situated in Ardabil. The city has 2014). The remained traditional houses from historical cold climate and is located between latitudes 37˚ 45′ N periods (including Post-Islamic era)in this city are few in and 39˚ 42′ N. Its average level of precipitation is 300 number and all of them were designed by local architects mm, with 15 mm as the maximum daily level of raining. for upper-class or upper-middle-class residents. Since The maximum and minimum levels of temperature in the the city is located in a mountainous region with a cold area have been reported 35 and -27 degree of centigrade, climate, domestic architecture and buildings forms have respectively. Hence, it can be seen that the construction is built in a climate with bitterly cold winter and temperate summers. The construction including a yard and its mass space are situated in the north direction. It has a side * Corresponding author email: [email protected]

1 Feridonzadeh, H. et al.

entrance in Masoomi alley, Sarcheshmeh Sq. which is sides (Fig. 1). A space has been predicted for summer use connected to the yard through a vestibule-like corridor. In on the left side of Shahneshin hall (Fig. 2). The space the northern front of the yard there is a hall with one and enjoys bigger windows in southern front which opens up half storey height. The hall has several tall and colorful to yard. But on the left side of Shahneshin, another space openings to the yard called sash windows in its one side, has been specified for wintertime, in which windows are and it is surrounded by some wooden doors decorated located in the western front to absorb more light (Fig. 3). with Muqarnas1 architectural elements in its other three (Jame’e, 2000).

Fig. 1. Muqarnas, Architecture Fig. 3. Internal View the Sash Window Fig. 2. Plan of the Ebrahimi House Elements in the Ebrahimi House in the Ebrahimi House

Rezazadeh House m2 and has a u-shape and horseshoe plan. The first floor of this house includes two side rooms and a side corridor 2 This house is located in Uch Dukan -one of the six between them which is perpendicular to another lobby historical neighborhoods in Ardabil. Its history refers to with two staircases at its both sides. These stairs make it late Qajar period. The transom over the house’s entrance possible to have access to the second floor which involves is located in the south eastern front of the building which two side rooms with a hall or Shahneshin between them. is across from a square. The entrance connects to the space The geometry of the yard and the stone-made pond at the of yard via a vestibule and indirect lobby. The Rezazadeh center of it recall the traditional Geometry of gardens in House is a two -storey building and covers an area of 640 Iran (Jame’e, 2000). (Fig. 4, 5, 6)

Fig. 4. Internal View the Sash Window Fig. 6. Exterior View the Sash Window Fig. 5. Plan of the Rezazadeh House in Rezazadeh House in the Rezazadeh House

2 Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7(12), 1-11, Spring Summer 2014

Sadegi House intended for social interactions;“Shahneshin” section, considered for formal interactions and relationships The magnificent and luxurious house of Sadegi House with Iranian or foreign businessmen; the inner part of is located at the heart of historical texture of Ardabil city, the house, specified for family members’ living, the i.e., in Uch Dukan neighborhood, Sartip Abad alley. “Khademneshin” section devoted for servants’ living, The building dates back to 1863 AD and is one of great and a stable, regarded for service purpose. The techniques monuments constructed during in the field applied in this building such as materials used in its of housing. This historic house has such unique features foundation, walls and ceilings indicate that this house is that a foreign ancient building seldom can include one of the tradition of the early Qajar dynasty’s historical altogether. This construction includes “Hosseinieh”, houses. (Jame’e, 2000) (Fig. 7, 8, 9).

Fig. 7. Exterior View of Fig. 9. Internal View the Sash Fig. 8. Plan of the Sadegi House the Sadegi House Window in the Sadegi House

Ershadi House the inner parts of the house (avoided parts), the exterior space is separated from the yard and the two parts of This building situated in the Uch Dukan neighborhood, the construction via vestibules from four directions are since beginning of its construction, has had housing perpendicular to each other. Shahneshin is decorated function. In terms of architectural decoration and style with arch skullcap and plaster muqarnas coverings in its of construction, it is one of the impressive buildings in four corners and has big windows (sash windows) which Ardabil which was erected in the late Qajar dynasty’s have been double-glazed in the past. In the present time 2 2 era. This house includes 277m as court and 366 m as its inner layer includes Arabesque designs and colorful mass space. In order to have direct access from outside to glasses (Jame’e, 2000) (Fig. 10, 11, 12).

Fig. 10. Exterior View of Fig. 12. Interior View the Sash Window Fig. 11. Plan of the Ershadi House the Ershadi House in Ershadi House

3 Window Design

METHODOLOGY GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Since the window in had high IN WINDOWS OF TRADITIONAL standing, it causes the diversity of climate. There are HOUESES divers use dimensions of window regarding to its Traditional windows are an intrinsic part of the frontage and materials which is caused many windows character of our historical and vernacular buildings in cold climates. Accordingly, the research method of (Ireland Government Printing Office, 2010). In general, the present paper is interpretation in the historical study. people of Iran have benefited from a positive point of the This study is based on Traditional windows in 4 samples regional to prevent excessive heat in summer and cold traditional houses of Ardabil, which is located in cold in winter (Memarian, 2005). Meanwhile, the climatic climate (Table1).All 4 traditional houses as samples have solutions have been the main feature of the Iranian sash windows with special decoration in southern front architecture (Gobadian, 2008). In other word, windows of buildings. have been attended as one of the cases in climatic • This research in its process studies library solutions by Iranians. The windows in these houses are documents of relevant literature and field limited to several types that depending on the climatic observations. Finally, the measured data is conditions and the direction of the building. Regarding presented as follows: to the function of each type, they are used in different • First the results of physical dimensions of the fronts of the construction and required certain parts windows, elevations the cases building and of the walls to be installed on (Hui, 2000). The factors materials of windows were analyzed (Table 1). which are necessitate for employing windows are: light, • Second, use the beautiful wood ornaments in heat, compatibility of window in terms of architecture such windows, the percent of glass surface to (Zomarshidi, 2006) as well as creating a condition for window surface was calculated. (Table 2) watching landscape or the artificial sceneries outside the • Third, the effect of window position in the wall enclosed space (Soltanzadeh, 2003). and on the loss light were calculated. (Table 3) In these constructions, the stained-glass windows, Finally, Exposure and loss light of sash windows colored or clear, acted as a shield against hot and very were calculated and Discussion and conclusions were bright sunshine, while reflected the sunshine in different presented. colors. These types of windows were used in those spaces which were considered more important than other places, and were designated as shahneshin (the place that a king sits) in Persian. These windows provided a calm and pleasant atmosphere for relaxing and working in Shahneshin, as well as it could control the sun’s rays and preserve the privacy of the place and block the sight of strangers (Amraei & Rahnavard, 2005). It is worth mentioning that windows did not only serve as a simple element for meeting the basic needs, but also like many of architectural elements they fulfilled important role in decoration and aesthetics of the buildings. That is why its shape, size, position, and organization have attracted a lot of attention (Soltanzadeh, 2003).

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Table 1. Physical’s Characteristic of Windows in the Traditional Houses of Ardabil.

Percent The Height of Surface of Additional Windows the Window Windows View Window Type Window Elements to Surface (m2) to Room Material to Facade Create Shade Deep (m) Surface With Canopy Wood & Sash Window 9 m2 3.40 to 4.20 66 to 160= (3 m*3 m) Clear Glass South View Double Door 0.41 Doors of Wood & 57 m2 2 to 10 Rezazadeh &Window Canopy Clear Glass House Double Door 3 to 18.9= Doors of Wood & East View 3 m2 2 to 4 &Window 0.31 Canopy Clear Glass Double door 3 to 18.9= Doors of Wood & West View 3 m2 2 to 4 &Window 0.31 Canopy Clear Glass Wood and 24.8 to South View Sash Window 24.8 m2 2 to 6 No Canopy Colored 107.5= 0.23 Glass Ebrahimi Double Door 2.2 to 20= Doors of Wood & House East View 2.2 m2 1.5 to 3.2 &Window 0.11 Canopy Clear Glass Double Door 8.8 to 47.5= Doors of Wood & West View 8.8 m2 2 to 4 &Window 0.18 Canopy Clear Glass Wood and Sash Window 16.28 m2 3.8 to 5 No Canopy Colored 20 to 52.25= South View Glass 0.38 Double Door Doors of Wood & Ershadi House 4 m2 2.3 to 3 &Window Canopy Clear Glass East View ------Double Door 11 to 38.25= Doors of Wood & West View 11 m2 2.3 to 3 &Window 0.28 Canopy Clear Glass Wood and 61.6 to 160= South View Sash Window 61.6 m2 4 to 5.75 No Canopy Colored 0.47 Sadegi’s Glass House Double Door 13.4 to Doors of Wood & Cear East View 13.4 m2 2 to 4 &Window 91.25= 0.14 Canopy Glass West View ------

EXAMINATION OF WINDOWS FROM interior space of the house, immediately after receiving ENERGY CONSUMPTION POINT OF direct sunshine, rises (Kasmaei, 2003). So far, many VIEW environmental engineers in their studies have made attempt to determine the thermal range in different regions Window is a key element in buildings that lets the of the country (Sharples & Heidari, 2002) and (Melukov, air currents pass through it, it brings about mental peace 2007).Window can be studied from two respects, as an and is a natural attractor to inside the construction. This element with aesthetic and identity enhancing features element yields several benefits, but if it is carelessly from inside or outside of the construction, and also as designed, it will be found as an intrusive element inside a component that provides thermal, visual, and aural the construction. Solar radiation exerts a lot of influence comfort. Although the above-mentioned two cases have on the temperature inside the rooms. Particularly, when mutual effect on each other, the present paper addresses the sun directly shines, the thermal effects of window the second one concerning the energy consumption are more than that of walls. And the temperature of (Heidari, 2009).

5 Feridonzadeh, H. et al.

NATURAL LIGHT SOURCE daylight availability in . This model, showed a UTILIZATION FOR GENERATING good linear correlation between measured and calculated 2 HEAT AND LIGHT values (r =0.9535) (Mahdavinejad et al., 2008). Since internal spaces in the houses in question were EXAMINING GLASS SURFACE AND enclosed, producing light was of high significance. The most reasonable way of exploiting the natural light source DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY for producing light and heat, adhering to some principles, In order to obtain the coefficients of light loss, was the use of windows. Concerning the cold climate performance and etc., the proportion of glass to the area of Ardabil, concentration on absorbing the sun’s heat of window, as well as the windows’ daylight availability through windows to inside the place was the focus of must be measured (Heidari, 2009). Glass passes the light designers (Ebnalshahidi, 2011). Accordingly, no blinds from the outside to the inside, thus higher the proportion were placed on windows, additionally, many windows of glass is to the window’s area, the more light would were designed double glazed to retain the warmth of penetrate inside the building. Shekari and others (2008), the inside. Amount of solar energy that automatically found that the frequency of clear days in a working year penetrates through windows or glass walls rests upon through a given outdoor vertical illumination is exceeded. the type of blinds and, to a lesser degree, to the kind of Also, maximum value of measured illumination for glasses (Kasmaei, 2003). For exploring the effectiveness south facing in Iran (79.6 KLx) is presented in compare of the mentioned windows in lighting and heating, to Saudi Arabia (3), Thailand (5), India (6) Hong Kong it is required to investigate light loss factor, lighting (7), San Francisco (8) and France (9) at corresponding coefficient, window function, glare, direct absorption measuring time (Shekari et al., 2008). So, Air quality for through the window and also some effective factors to the case studies in this research is considered clear sky obtain some results in this field. Mahdavinejad and others without clouds. Moreover, in the investigated houses, (2008) found that the illumination on the south facing sash windows had intricate wooden adorning, which vertical surface was estimated using the “Illuminating made it difficult to obtain its glass area. Thence, quintuple Engineering Society of North America”IESNA method scale is employed for estimating the pane area. (Heidari, in order to obtain a developed regression model and 2009) Table2.

Table 2. Percent of Glass Surface to Window Surface in Sash Window of Research Houses

Amount of Network Window Very High High Average Low Very Small Percent Glass Surface to Window Surface 60 68 75 82 90

(Heidari, Shahin, 2009, p. 57)

With regard to the above-mentioned table, the of window area to the whole facade; the third position proportion of glass to window area in south-front sash belongs to eastern front on which it has been avoided to windows is 82%, and in east-front and west-front install windows in the houses of Ershadi and Sadegi (Table windows is 68%. This result indicates that in southern 1). The glasses used in various fronts were two types: fronts, more need for light and heat was considered, and clear and colored. The percentage of light pass through in eastern and western fronts where there was a poor clear glasses is 82%, and through colored ones is 30% light, the glass percentage was less. Furthermore, on (Heidari, 2009). It is noteworthy that only colored glasses these fronts, shutters, behind the windows, blocking out were utilized in “Shahneshin”. These colorful glasses the light, considerably reduced the amount of light pass, let the ray of white light penetrate into “Shahneshin” in and was controllable for the occupants. It is worth noting colors and create a pleasant atmosphere. This function that, the proportion of window area to the whole facade of colored glasses in Shahneshin can imply its centrality in southern fronts is the highest of other fronts in all four in traditional houses. As a matter of fact, opaque glasses samples (statistical population), and the western front, can refract the light more than clear glasses. “Sharples holds the second position, with respect to the proportion Steve” and colleagues demonstrated that opaque glasses

6 Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 7(12), 1-11, Spring Summer 2014

reduce the light Transmittance to the inside, up to 70%. glasses were considered as clear (Sharples & Heidari, On the other hand, since the windows under study in this 2002). research in all four samples were viewed as the same, the

Fig. 13, 14, 15, 16. Left to Right. Ebrahimi’s Sash Window, Ershadi’s Sash Window, Sadeghi’s Sash Window and Rezazadeh’s Sash Window

The Relationship between Light Amount of in eastern and western fronts, just one of them as a sample 2 Space and Thickness of the Wall is examined. This window with the area of 2.20 m , in a wall with thickness of 50 cm was in the Ebrahimi House In this section, the light loss factor based on wall and was located in front of the wall. The amount of its thickness and location of window in it is investigated. It loss is about 7% according to the calculations below. must be mentioned that, just for the eastern and western This indicates that in these two fronts, it was attempted fronts, where window width was less than the distance of to prevent the light penetration due to its unsuitability. the exterior wall, this factor is computable. In southern On the contrary, the windows of Shahneshin, because of fronts, that the proportion was higher, it is not possible being located in the south, and transmitting the southern to calculate it, because the exterior walls do not exert any light, were installed without any indentation from walls effect on decreasing the lighting of these fronts’ windows (Table 3). (Heidari, 2009). Concerning the high number of windows

Table 3. Affects the Position of the Window in the Wall Regarding to the Light Loss.

Wall thickness Location 0 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 Window in the Wall cm cm cm cm cm cm Forward %1 %2.5 %4 %5.5 %7 %8.5 Middle %2 %5 %8 %11 %14 %17 Back %4 %10 %16 %22 %28 %34

(Heidari, Shahin, 2009)

*used the table number for calculation the lighting loss in window at after step

7 Window Design

LIGHTING COEFFICIENT total size of glass can be attained. This amount is 7.38 m2 in Rezazadeh House. Since colored glasses were used in The lighting area of window depends on a number these windows, the proportion of loss light is determined of conditions comprising window frame, glass, and as 100%, but in other samples are 55%. Additionally, no thickness of the wall containing the window, blind, added blinds were placed over the window, except for Rezazadeh components, and the window’s color (Heidari, 2009). House where there was one over the entrance porch. As a This calculation has been performed for the south-front consequence, in Rezazazadeh’s house where a blind with windows of the houses in question, due to the prominence 3m length and 3m width was placed over the window of light in southern fronts of Ardabil’s cold climate. In of Shahneshin, we add the two quantities’ coefficient to the table 4, window area in all four houses has been the window’ circumference; the calculated number is for examined. As mentioned before, the proportion of glass the sash window of Rezazadeh House 17℅ and for other to south-front sash windows is considered 82% (Table 2). three houses are ℅5 that explains the following. Thus by multiplying the obtained area to its coefficient,

Table 4. Analysis Lighting the Sash Windows in the Houses Studied

Percentage Shahneshin Percentage Glass of Lighting Loss of Window Glass to Surface Glass Type Coefficient Canopy Lighting Surface Window (m2) (Glass (λ) (m2) type) Ershadi Transparent 16.28 82 13.34 ℅55 No canopy ℅8.5 House & Colored Ebrahimi Transparent 16 82 13.12 ℅55 No canopy ℅7 House & Colored Sadeghi Transparent 35 82 28.70 ℅55 No canopy ℅8.5 House & Colored Rezazadeh 9 82 7.38 Transparent ℅100 Ok(3×3 m) ℅17 House

IN THIS SECTION, THE AMOUNT OF With reference to the above table (Table 3) the sixth LIGHT LOSS CAN BE CALCULATED IN column and the first row, (SL=%14), Can be found THE SASH WINDOWS that amount of lighting loss in the houses for the sash windows is: λ=%8.5 Amount of Light Loss in Ershadi House

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Amount of Lighting Loss in Ebrahimi House With reference to Table 3 (in the previous page), sixth column and second row, which shows that SL = 60%, can be found that the rate of light loss for sash windows in Rezazadeh House equals 17%. The computed light loss rate is 8.5% in Ershadi House, 7% in Ebrahimi House, 8.5% in Sadegi’s house, and 17% in Rezazadeh House. This result reveals that area of lighting is equal and above average in the first three houses. In Rezazadeh House, however, an owing to the blind over the window of this house is very lower. Since the type of glass used for the window of this house Too, with reference to the table in before page is clear glass, the rate of light pass through this window (table3), the fifth column and the first row, (SL=%12), is 100% (Table 4). Can be found that amount of lighting loss in the sash windows is: λ=%7 EFFECTS OF WINDOW HIGHT IN RELATIONSHIP WITH ROOM’S DEPTH Amount of Lighting Loss in Sadegi House ON THE UNIFORMITY OF LIGHTING AND PREVENTION FROM GLARING In a room which receives light from a single side, the light area is so wide near the window. However, its amount sharply reduces by becoming distant from the wall containing the window. With regard to the fig,5, in Rezazadeh House, in the southern front, the depth of the east-facing and west-facing rooms equals 10m, which is an appropriate depth for this section with the purpose of Too, with reference to the table in before page lighting uniformity and maximum use of desirable light. (Table. 3), the sixth column and the first row, (SL=%10), Can be found that amount of lighting loss on the houses Other Effects of the Window on Lighting for the sash windows is: λ=%8.5 Double Door Amount of Lighting Loss in Rezazadeh House Open parts of exterior walls is embedded the daily To calculate the amount of lighting loss in the lighting of the sun, is similar to gateway that in the winter Rezazadeh House with the windows have canopy is used season should be possible to prevent the building from same procedure. However, be added the canopy surface heat loss. The house windows is used the method of to ​​the wall thickness and too, instead dividig of 4, divided double doors in the back windows. by to 3, to obtain. (In this house, the sash window has a canopy with distance 3 m 3 m in upper the window), Canopy (Fig. 4). Important cases see in the traditional houses in , , and , have used the canopy at the top of the window. The intense radiation of the sun is on the south side. Building located at the south side of sunshine in Ardabil cold climate design is one of the important ideas. So, with study of the window of traditional houses in the Ardabil city understand that the southern front of this house is no used canopy. Buildings which were located in East and West sun exposure in a specific case is problematic. However, with study traditional houses in front of the head to prevent the penetration depth of the sun room is used the door in the back window. (Sheikhzadeh et al., 2006)

9 Feridonzadeh, H. et al.

CONCLUSION contemporary architecture on the present paper’s results, we can succeed to design windows with higher quality The windows employed in traditional houses of and more meaning. Results of this research can be used in Ardabil served a substantial role in absorbing solar new design process of the windows and the relationship energy, lowering the heat loss, as well as aesthetics. between the dimension, color and other factors of the Noticing the dimensions of the east-facing and west- window and their effects on the lighting of architecture in facing windows of the under-study houses in Ardabil as a the contemporary period. cold climate, and comparing them with south-facing ones, it may be a part of a paradigm which concludes that the design of traditional houses in Iran was in close harmony with nature. Regarding the studies undertaken in this research, the obtained results can be stated as follows: 1. Location of the windows in front of the walls in southern fronts of the under-study houses indicated that, due to the need for more light in the southern fronts, there was no tendency to design blinds as it opposes to the houses of warm climates. For instance, the light loss rate is 17%~7% in all of the houses. 2. The use of appropriate glass area in different fronts was in accord with the amount of required natural light in those fronts, which was conducted intelligently. 3. The use of colored glasses in sash windows of historic houses seems to be an attempt to break up the sun’s white ray of light into spectrums with an assortment of colors inside the place (which has its root in Iranians’ religious beliefs about bringing the colors of heaven into the house), and is effective in balancing the amount of lighting of the space. It was demonstrated that the amount of lighting is 0.39 in the houses of Rezazadeh’s and Ebrahimi, 0.43 in Ershadi House, and 0.45 in Sadegi’s house; it is evident that in the two latter houses the lighting amount is near average. 4. Windows’ double-glazing technique has been utilized in order for heat loss to be reduced inside the architectural space in these houses. On the other hand, in eastern and western fronts, this technique was implemented by the use of shutters behind the window, which served the role of double-glazing, as well as lowering the harsh sunlight in those fronts. According to the above-mentioned points, it can be claimed that the windows of Ardabil’s traditional houses, besides meeting the aesthetic criterion and adding variety, have a sophisticated design, and take a significant part in optimizing energy consumption. Furthermore, striving for adding a feeling of holiness to the design of the windows seems to be suggestive of religious beliefs of the occupants. Consequently, by modeling the

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ENDNOTES Skies in Iran, Research Health Science, Vol. 8, No. 1. 1. Is a type of corbel employed as a decorative device Sharples, S. & Heidari, S. (2002). A Comparative Analysis in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture. The of Short-Term and Long-Term Thermal Comfort Surveys related mocárabe refers only to projecting elements in Iran, School of Environment and Development, Centre that resembles the stalactites. for the Built Environment, Sheffield Hallam University, 18 March 2002. 2. Is a historical neighborhood in Ardabil city that in the local language called three shops Soltanzadeh, H. (1996). Old Windows of Tehran Cultural Research Bureau, Tehran, 307.

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