Classification of Digital Health Interventions V1.0

Classification of Digital Health Interventions v1.0 A shared language to describe the uses of digital technology for health

What is it? The classification of digital health interventions (DHIs) categorizes the different ways in which digital and mobile technologies are being used to support health system needs. Targeted primarily at public health audiences, this Classification framework aims to promote an accessible and bridging language for health program planners to articulate functionalities of digital health implementations. Also referred to as a taxonomy, this Classification scheme is anchored on the unit of a “digital health intervention,” which represents a discrete functionality of the digital technology to achieve health sector objectives.

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Clients Healthcare Providers Health System Managers Data Services

Targeted client Client to client On-demand Client Healthcare Healthcare Human resource Public health Equipment and Data collection, Data Location 1.1 communication 1.3 communication 1.6 information 2.1 identification and 2.5 provider 2.8 provider training 3.1 management 3.3 event notification 3.6 asset management 4.1 management, 4.2 coding 4.3 mapping services to clients registration communication and use Transmit health event 1.3.1 Peer group for clients 2.8.1 Provide training content to List health workforce Notification of public 3.6.1 Monitor status of 4.2.1 Parse unstructured data 4.3.1 Map location of health 1.1.1 alerts to specific Client look-up of health Verify client Communication from healthcare provider(s) 3.1.1 cadres and related 3.3.1 health events from health equipment Non-routine data into structured data facilities/structures population group(s) 1.6.1 information 2.1.1 unique identity 2.5.1 healthcare provider(s) to identification information point of diagnosis 4.1.1 collection and supervisor Assess capacity of Track regulation and management Merge, de-duplicate, and Map location of Transmit targeted health Personal health 2.8.2 healthcare provider(s) Monitor performance of 3.6.2 licensing of medical 4.2.2 curate coded datasets or 4.3.2 health events 1.4 tracking 2.1.2 Enrol client for health 3.1.2 1.1.2 information to client(s) Client financial services/clinical care plan Communication and healthcare provider(s) Civil Registration equipment Data storage and terminologies based on health status or 1.7 transactions 2.5.2 performance feedback to 3.4 and Vital Statistic 4.1.2 aggregation 4.3.3 Map location of demographics Access by client to own healthcare provider(s) Prescription Manage certification/ 4.2.3 Classify disease codes or clients and households 1.4.1 medical records Client health 2.9 and medication 3.1.3 registration of healthcare Facility Data synthesis and cause of mortality Transmit targeted alerts Transmit or manage out 2.2 records Transmit routine news and provider(s) 3.4.1 Notify birth event 3.7 4.1.3 visualization 4.3.4 Map location of 1.1.3 1.7.1 of pocket payments by management management healthcare providers and reminders to client(s) 1.4.2 Self monitoring of health 2.5.3 workflow notifications to or diagnostic data by client client(s) healthcare provider(s) 3.1.4 Record training credentials 3.4.2 Register birth event Automated analysis of Transmit diagnostics Longitudinal tracking Transmit or track of healthcare provider(s) List health facilities and data to generate new Transmit or manage 2.2.1 of clients’ health status 2.9.1 prescription orders 3.7.1 related information 4.1.4 1.1.4 result, or availability of Active data capture/ Transmit non-routine Certify birth event information or predictions Data exchange and result, to client(s) 1.4.3 documentation by client 1.7.2 vouchers to client(s) for and services 3.4.3 4.4 2.5.4 health event alerts to Track client's medication Assess health facilities on future events interoperability health services healthcare provider(s) 2.9.2 Supply chain 3.7.2 2.2.2 Manage client’s structured consumption 3.2 management 3.4.4 Notify death event Transmit or manage clinical records 4.4.1 Data exchange Untargeted client Citizen based 2.5.5 Peer group for healthcare 2.9.3 Report adverse drug events across systems 1.2 1.5 1.7.3 incentives to client(s) for Manage client’s providers 3.4.5 Register death event communication reporting health services Manage inventory and 2.2.3 unstructured 3.2.1 distribution of health clinical records Laboratory and 3.4.6 Certify death event Transmit untargeted 1.5.1 Reporting of health system Referral commodities 1.2.1 health information to an feedback by clients 2.6 coordination Diagnostics undefined population Routine health indicator 2.10 Imaging Notify stock levels of Reporting of public health 2.2.4 data collection and 3.2.2 health commodities Health 1.5.2 management Manangement 3.5 Transmit untargeted events by clients 2.6.1 Coordinate emergency financing 1.2.2 health event alerts to response and transport 3.2.3 Monitor cold-chain undefined group 2.10.1 Transmit diagnostic result sensitive commodities Healthcare Manage referrals between to healthcare provider 3.5.1 Register and verify client 2.3 provider decision 2.6.2 points of service within 3.2.4 Register licensed drugs insurance membership support health sector 2.10.2 Transmit and track and health commodities diagnostic orders 3.5.2 Track insurance billing and Manage referrals between Manage procurement claims submission Provide prompts and 2.6.3 3.2.5 health and other sectors 2.10.3 Capture diagnostic results of commodities 2.3.1 alerts based according from digital devices 3.5.3 Track and manage to protocol Report counterfeit or insurance reimbursement Health worker 2.10.4 Track biological specimens 3.2.6 substandard drugs Provide checklist by clients Transmit routine payroll 2.3.2 according to protocol 2.7 activity planning 3.5.4 payment to healthcare and scheduling provider(s) 2.3.3 Screen clients by risk or other health status Identify client(s) in need Transmit or manage 2.7.1 of services 3.5.5 incentives to healthcare provider(s) 2.4 Telemedicine Schedule healthcare 2.7.2 provider's activities Manage budget and 3.5.6 expenditures Consultations between 2.4.1 remote client and healthcare provider Remote monitoring of 2.4.2 client health or diagnostic data by provider Transmission of medical 2.4.3 data to healthcare provider Consultations for case 2.4.4 management between healthcare provider(s)

How to use it? The digital health interventions are organized into the following overarching groupings based on the targeted primary user: Interventions for clients: Clients are members of the public who are potential or current users of health services, including health promotion activities. Caregivers of clients receiving health services are also included in this group. Interventions for healthcare providers: Healthcare providers are members of the health workforce who deliver health services. Interventions for health system or resource managers: Health system and resource managers are involved in the administration and oversight of public health systems. Interventions within this category reflect managerial functions related to supply chain management, health financing, human resource management. Interventions for data services: This consists of crosscutting functionality to support a wide range of activities related to data collection, management, use, and exchange.

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 1 Each digital health intervention is accompanied by associated synonyms and other commonly used terms. The framework also includes programmatic examples of these terms based on cited descriptions from project documentation.

Why was it The diverse communities working in digital health—including government stakeholders, created? technologists, clinicians, implementers, network operators, researchers, donors— have lacked a mutually understandable language with which to assess and articulate functionality. A shared and standardized vocabulary was recognized as necessary to identify gaps and duplication, evaluate effectiveness, and facilitate alignment across different digital health implementations.

In particular, four primary use cases prompted the development of this classification scheme: • synthesizing evidence and research; • conducting national inventories and landscape analyses; • developing guidance resources to inform planning; • articulating required digital functionality based on identified health system challenges and needs.

Although frameworks such as the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies (COBIT) [1], Health Level Seven (HL7) [2], and International Standards Organization (ISO) [3] exist, these frameworks provide highly technical terms for use by computer scientists and software developers in health. This new classification scheme offers a simplified language to help support a dialogue between public health practitioners and technology-oriented audiences.

How does this This classification of Digital Health Interventions (DHIs) should be used in tandem link to other with the of list Health System Challenges (HSC) in order to articulate how technology classifications? is addressing identified health needs, such as lack of service utilisation. The HSC framework provides an overview of needs and challenges faced in health systems, in order to assist program planners to express what they expect to achieve through implementation of a digital health intervention. For example, one may implement a digital health intervention, such as “targeted communication to clients”, in order to address a health system challenge, such as “lack of service utilisation,” to achieve an overarching eHealth outcome of “improving clients’ access to knowledge resources and support for better management of their health”[5].

The classification of DHIs also highlights functionalities that fit within various System Categories, such as Logistics Management Information Systems (LMIS) or Electronic Medical Records (EMR). System Categories represent the types of ICT applications and information systems designed to deliver one or more digital health interventions. A digital health intervention such as “notify stock levels of health commodities” would fit into the System Category of LMIS. Linking digital health interventions to system categories is critical as these serve as the starting point for interoperability considerations.

page 2 figure 1. Linkages across Health System Challenges, Digital Health Interventions, and System Categories

Health System Digital Health Intervention (DHI) System Category Challenge (HSC) Digital functionality for addressing ICT system that delivers one or more of the Digital Health Interventions Need or problem to be addressed the Health System Challenge

Manage inventory and distribution » Logistics Insufficient 3.2.1 of health commodities Management supply of Information commodities 3.2.2 Notify stock levels of health commodities System

Provide prompts and alerts based 2.3.1 according to protocol » Telemedicine Healthcare provider’s 2.3.2 Provide checklist according to protocol systems poor adherence to » Decision support Communication and performance clinical guidelines 2.5.2 feedback to healthcare provider(s) systems 2.7.2 Schedule healthcare provider’s activities » Health Management Information System (HMIS) Lack of access Routine health indicator data collection 2.2.4 and management » Electronic to information Medical Record or data 4.1.2 Data storage and aggregation » Identification registries 4.1.3 Data synthesis and visualizations and directories

Loss to Transmit targeted alerts and reminders » Client 1.1.3 to client(s) communication follow-up system of clients Longitudinal tracking of clients’ health 2.2.1 status and services » Electronic Medical Record

How was it This Classification scheme reflects emerging uses of digital technologies for health. developed? The taxonomy leverages mobile health (mHealth) categorizations from the mHealth Technical Evidence Review Group (mTERG) and Labrique et al.[4], and expands on these terms to to be inclusive of eHealth and broader capabilities that have relevance in the health sector. WHO convened a series of technical consultations to further refine these terminologies and definitions. Public feedback was solicited through the Health Data Collaborative Digital Health and Interoperability Working Group. Additionally, a desk review was conducted to align with reference frameworks [1-3], and to establish examples of DHI in current use.

How it will This reference Classification will evolve as new digital functionalities emerge. The WHO evolve? Secretariat will periodically update and version this Classification based on technical consultations and public feedback. Subsequent releases of this Classification will be available at http://who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/mhealth/en/.

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 3

Health System Challenges

1 Information 3 Quality 6 Efficiency

Lack of population 3.1 Poor patient experience Inadequate workflow 1.1 denominator 6.1 management 3.2 Insufficient health 1.2 Delayed reporting worker competence 6.2 Lack of or inappropriate of events Manage inventory and distribution referrals 3.2.1 ofLow health quality commodities health Lack of quality/ 3.3 commodities Poor planning and 1.3 reliable data 6.3 coordination Low health worker Communication 3.4 motivation 6.4 Delayed provision of care 1.4 roadblocks Insufficient continuity Inadequate access to Lack of access to 3.5 of care 6.5 transportation 1.5 information or data Inadequate supportive Insufficient utilization of 3.6 supervision 1.6 data and information Cost Poor adherence to 7 1.7 Lack of unique identifier 3.7 guidelines High cost of manual 7.1 processes 2 Availability 4 Acceptability Lack of effective resource 7.2 allocation Insufficient supply Lack of alignment with 7.3 Client-side expenses 2.1 of commodities 4.1 local norms Lack of coordinated payer Insufficient supply Programs which do not 7.4 mechanism 2.2 of services 4.2 address individual beliefs and practices Insufficient supply 2.3 of equipment 8 Accountability 2.4 Insufficient supply of 5 Utilization qualified health workers Insufficient patient 8.1 engagement 5.1 Low demand for services Unaware of service 5.2 Geographic inaccessibility 8.2 entitlement 5.3 Low adherence to Absence of community treatments 8.3 feedback mechanisms 5.4 Loss to follow up Lack of transparency in 8.4 commodity transactions Poor accountability 8.5 between the levels of the health sector Inadequate understanding 8.6 of beneficiary populations

page 4

System Categories

Census, population Emergency response Laboratory and diagnostics A information & I system* R information system* data warehouse* Environmental Learning and Civil registration J monitoring system* S training system B and vital statistics Facility management Logistics management C Client applications K information system T information system (LMIS) Client communication L Geographic information U Pharmacy information D system system (GIS) system* Clinical terminology Health finance and V Public health and disease E and classifications* M insurance information surveillance system* system* Community-based W Research information F information system Health management system N information system (HMIS) Data interchange Shared Health Record G interoperability O Human resource X and health information and accessibility* information system respositories* H Electronic medical record* Identification registries Y Telemedicine P and directories* Knowledge management Q system*

*Adapted from the International Standards Organization [3]

References 1. COBIT 5 Illustrative Governance and Management Processes. ISACA; 2017 (https://www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Blog/Lists/Posts/Post. aspx?ID=193, accessed 20 November 2017 ) 2. HL7 EHR System Functional Model: A Major Development Towards Consensus on Electronic Health Record System Functionality. Ann Arbor: Health Level Seven; 2004 (https://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/wg/ehr/EHR-SWhitePaper.pdf, accessed 7 March 2018) 3. Health informatics -- Capacity-based eHealth architecture roadmap -- Part 2: Architectural components and maturity model ISO/TR 14639-2:2014. Geneva: International Standards Organization (ISO); 2014 (https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:54903:en, accessed 7 March 2018) 4. Labrique AB, Vasudevan L, Kochi E, Fabricant R, Mehl G. mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2013 Aug 1;1(2):160-71. 5. National eHealth strategy toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union; 2012 (https://www.itu.int/dms_ pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-E_HEALTH.05-2012-PDF-E.pdf, accessed 2 March 2018).

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 5 1.0 Clients

Targeted client Client to client On-demand 1.1 communication 1.3 communication 1.6 information services to clients Transmit health event 1.3.1 Peer group for clients 1.1.1 alerts to specific Client look-up of health population group(s) 1.6.1 information Transmit targeted health Personal health 1.4 tracking 1.1.2 information to client(s) Client financial based on health status or 1.7 transactions demographics Access by client to own 1.4.1 medical records Transmit targeted alerts Transmit or manage out 1.1.3 and reminders to client(s) Self monitoring of health 1.7.1 of pocket payments by 1.4.2 or diagnostic data by client client(s) Transmit diagnostics 1.1.4 result, or availability of Active data capture/ Transmit or manage result, to client(s) 1.4.3 documentation by client 1.7.2 vouchers to client(s) for health services Untargeted client Citizen based Transmit or manage 1.2 1.5 1.7.3 incentives to client(s) for communication reporting health services Transmit untargeted Reporting of health system 1.2.1 health information to an 1.5.1 feedback by clients undefined population Reporting of public health Transmit untargeted 1.5.2 events by clients 1.2.2 health event alerts to undefined group

page 6 2.0 Healthcare Providers

Client Healthcare Healthcare 2.1 identification and 2.5 provider 2.8 provider training registration communication 2.8.1 Provide training content to Verify client Communication from healthcare provider(s) 2.1.1 unique identity 2.5.1 healthcare provider(s) to supervisor 2.8.2 Assess capacity of Enrol client for health healthcare provider(s) 2.1.2 services/clinical care plan Communication and 2.5.2 performance feedback to healthcare provider(s) Prescription Client health 2.9 and medication 2.2 records Transmit routine news and management 2.5.3 workflow notifications to Longitudinal tracking healthcare provider(s) 2.9.1 Transmit or track 2.2.1 of clients’ health status Transmit non-routine prescription orders and services 2.5.4 health event alerts to Track client's medication Manage client’s structured healthcare provider(s) 2.9.2 consumption 2.2.2 clinical records 2.5.5 Peer group for healthcare 2.9.3 Report adverse drug events Manage client’s providers 2.2.3 unstructured clinical records Referral Laboratory and 2.6 Diagnostics Routine health indicator coordination 2.10 2.2.4 data collection and Imaging management Coordinate emergency Manangement 2.6.1 response and transport Transmit diagnostic result Healthcare Manage referrals between 2.10.1 to healthcare provider 2.3 provider decision 2.6.2 points of service within health sector Transmit and track support 2.10.2 diagnostic orders Manage referrals between Provide prompts and 2.6.3 health and other sectors Capture diagnostic results 2.3.1 alerts based according 2.10.3 from digital devices to protocol Health worker 2.10.4 Track biological specimens 2.3.2 Provide checklist 2.7 activity planning according to protocol and scheduling 2.3.3 Screen clients by risk or other health status Identify client(s) in need 2.7.1 of services 2.4 Telemedicine Schedule healthcare 2.7.2 provider's activities Consultations between 2.4.1 remote client and healthcare provider Remote monitoring of 2.4.2 client health or diagnostic data by healthcare provider Transmission of medical 2.4.3 data to healthcare provider Consultations for case 2.4.4 management between healthcare provider(s)

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 7 3.0 Health System Managers

Human resource Public health Equipment and 3.1 management 3.3 event notification 3.6 asset management

List health workforce Notification of public Monitor status of 3.1.1 cadres and related 3.3.1 health events from 3.6.1 health equipment identification information point of diagnosis Track regulation and Monitor performance of 3.6.2 licensing of medical 3.1.2 healthcare provider(s) 3.4 Civil Registration equipment Manage certification/ and Vital Statistic 3.1.3 registration of healthcare Facility provider(s) 3.4.1 Notify birth event 3.7 management Record training credentials 3.4.2 Register birth event 3.1.4 of healthcare provider(s) List health facilities and 3.7.1 related information 3.4.3 Certify birth event Supply chain 3.7.2 Assess health facilities 3.2 management 3.4.4 Notify death event 3.4.5 Register death event Manage inventory and 3.2.1 distribution of health Certify death event commodities 3.4.6 Notify stock levels of 3.2.2 health commodities 3.5 Health Monitor cold-chain financing 3.2.3 sensitive commodities Register and verify client Register licensed drugs 3.5.1 insurance membership 3.2.4 and health commodities Track insurance billing and Manage procurement 3.5.2 claims submission 3.2.5 of commodities Track and manage Report counterfeit or 3.5.3 insurance reimbursement 3.2.6 substandard drugs by clients Transmit routine payroll 3.5.4 payment to healthcare provider(s) Transmit or manage 3.5.5 incentives to healthcare provider(s) Manage budget and 3.5.6 expenditures

page 8 4.0 Data Services

Data collection, Data Location 4.1 management, 4.2 coding 4.3 mapping and use 4.2.1 Parse unstructured data 4.3.1 Map location of health Non-routine data into structured data facilities/structures 4.1.1 collection and management Merge, de-duplicate, and Map location of 4.2.2 curate coded datasets or 4.3.2 health events Data storage and terminologies 4.1.2 aggregation 4.3.3 Map location of 4.2.3 Classify disease codes or clients and households Data synthesis and cause of mortality 4.1.3 visualization Map location of 4.3.4 healthcare providers Automated analysis of data to generate new 4.1.4 information or predictions Data exchange and on future events 4.4 interoperability

Data exchange 4.4.1 across systems

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 9 There There “Two SMS campaigns were launched, targeting the inhabitants of the Tambacounda Tambacounda the the inhabitants targeting of launched, SMS campaigns were “Two

“A mobile interactive voice response system that provides pregnant women with pregnant that provides system response voice mobile interactive “A

“The following SMS alerts were carefully drafted and sent to Kibaale, and the surrounding and the surrounding “The Kibaale, and sent to drafted carefully SMS alerts following were

“As part of a massive public awareness effort, Senegal’s Ministryof Health sent 4 million SMS Senegal’s effort, public awareness part a massive of “As

“Peer-led support groups for HIV-infected adolescents to communicate amongst themselves on topics they want want they on topics communicate amongst themselves adolescents to HIV-infected for support“Peer-led groups

“Women receive appointment reminders, educational messaging and can to call their primary appointment reminders, providers care “Women receive “...sends stage-based, personalized short message service (SMS) texts to each mom in the registry.” [8] each mom in the registry.” short personalized to message service (SMS) texts stage-based, “...sends “...sent weekly text and voice messages to the phone of microcredit group leader to share messages on breastfeeding on breastfeeding messages share leader to group microcredit the phone of messages to and voice weekly text “...sent

“...an SMS-based information service for people with diabetes during Ramadan fasting.” [9] during Ramadan fasting.” service SMS-based information people with diabetes for “...an “... sends automated SMS reminders to clients, reminding them of upcoming appointments, missed appointments, and missed appointments, upcoming appointments, them of reminding clients, to SMS reminders sends automated “... “Clients who are TB Negative will receive messages about behavior change to help them avoid the spread of TB and or of the spread help them avoid to change messages about behavior will receive TB Negative who are “Clients the application the client back into register Technicians will the Lab TB positive, Once a client has been confirmed as “

“This version of txtAlert delivers CD4 count results to patients who have been tested for HIV but may not return to the to return not but may HIV for been tested “This patients who have to txtAlert of CD4 count results version delivers “...send SMS reminders to families when their children are due for immunization services.” [8] immunization services.” due for are when their children families to SMS reminders “...send

Illustrative examples* Illustrative U-Report in Uganda: Ebola Response SMS Alert 1: and Ibanda. Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Kabarole Bundibugyo, Ntoroko, Mubende, Kiboga, districts Hoima, recognise about how to info u more give send u some SMSs to to I am going and tomorrow Today in Kibaale. is an Ebola outbreak [7] it...” prevent Ebola & how to Alive & Thrive: [8] group.” with microcredit MomConnect: EngageTB: [8] TB.” by being infected Health: For Maternal Mobile Information [8] via twice weekly phone calls.” healthy her and baby keep and suggestions to her pregnancy of on the stage information mDiabetes: EngageTB: [8] (DOT).” Therapy Observed about Directly reminders receive and enable the client to mTIKA: App: Moby [8] in a health facility.” deliver to so women can delivery prepare dates approaching Mothers: Wired [8] issues.” discuss non-acute txtAlert: [8] collect their CD4 counts results...” clinic to Health mHealth Program: Maternal WAHA [10] medical services available within the district.” of informed regularly are so that they The second campaign all people, targets district... SMS: through Ebola awareness [11] it.” prevent Ebola and how to of the dangers of public warning the general to messages Khuluma: Project [8] discuss.” to

Public health event notification; disease disease event notification; Public health to specific events of health Notification messaging promotion Health change behavior education, Health on a known based communication Health for preventive services Alerts and reminders for appointments, Notifications for retention in care, Communication management, results Laboratory or communication campaign messaging Mass target group undefined to messaging Health groups, peer-to-peer peer group, learning, Peer Public health event notification; event notification; Public health campaign messaging Mass notification to specific or pre-identified to specific or pre-identified notification populations on demographic based populations characteristics promotion health communication, client-centered messaging; communication, or clinical history status health client’s and wellness services or follow-up adherence, medication continuity of care management results tests target group an undefined to or regardless of demographic characteristics status health notification disease peer support peer network, Synonyms ------

Transmit health event event health Transmit specific to alerts group(s) population health targeted Transmit client(s) to information or status on health based demographics targeted Transmit and reminders alerts client(s) to diagnostics Transmit or availability result, client(s) to of result, untargeted Transmit to information health an undefined population Peer group for clients Transmit untargeted untargeted Transmit to event alerts health undefined group 1.1.1 1.1.3 1.3.1 1.3.1 1.1.2 1.2.1 1.1.4 1.2.2 Interventions

1.0 Clients Category 1.1 client Targeted communication targeted of Transmission “in which health information audience segments separate categories) demographic (often message.” a shared from benefit communication Targeted [1] can also be further customized specific an individual’s to according client “tailored in resulting needs, message whereby communication,” the needs to is matched content an individual of and preferences The communication can be [1]. but and bidirectional, unidirectional the health initial contact is from on-demand system; as opposed to the serviceinformation where to the first contact client initiates the health system. 1.2 client Untargeted communication untargeted of Transmission “in content health promotion large, which in relatively receive audiences undifferentiated This [1] identical messages.” blasts usually includes message a mobile phone user to conducted The communication can be bank. and bidirectional. unidirectional 1.3 client Client to communication Communication between clients as peers within an organized network/group. page 10 1.0 Clients “Voucher program’s transmits SMS money transfer to reimburse reimburse to transfer SMS money transmits program’s “Voucher

” The maternal health smartcard is a pre-paid card that allows the bearer to obtain antenatal, antenatal, obtain to the bearer that allows card is a pre-paid health smartcard The maternal ”

“Web platform that allows clinic workers to issue vouchers for long-lasting insecticide-treated long-lasting insecticide-treated for issue vouchers to clinic workers “Web that allows platform

“A vaccine registry system that uses SMS reminders to caregivers and conditional cash transfers to to and conditional cash transfers caregivers to that uses SMS reminders system registry vaccine “A “ Airtel rewards loyal customers (who registered for the product by dialing a shortcode) with free with free dialing a shortcode) by the product for registered (who customers loyal Airtel rewards “

“...tracks every part of your day—including activity, exercise, food, weight and sleep.” [13] weight and sleep.” food, exercise, activity, day—including part every your of “...tracks

“...you can monitor vital signs, log symptoms, share information with your care providers and more.” [14] and more.” providers care with your information share log symptoms, canvital signs, monitor “...you “use mobile banking instead of cash to pay for transportation to the health facility when the woman is in the health facility transportation to for cashpay of to mobile banking instead “use

“An online source of clear, actionable, and thorough health information accessible via computer or mobile accessible via computer health information and thorough actionable, clear, of online source “An “This project is therefore seeking to provide a digital copy of every child weighing card, such that, it can such that, be child weighing card, every of a digital copy provide seeking to “This is therefore project

“...she enters the date of her last period and the service informs her of her fertile days during the cycle. She receives She receives during the cycle. her last period and the servicefertile of her days informs the date enters “...she

“Allow women to engage with the health system through help desk tools and feedback services.” [8] services.” and feedback help desk tools through with the health system engage women to “Allow

“ The software enables clients do TB self-screening and access the basic health information related to TB via short messages to related and access the basic health information TB self-screening enables clients do The software “ “ Youth can send alerts to key stakeholders about the issues being faced in their communities, and feeds back useful back useful and feeds in their communities, about the issues being faced stakeholders can send alertskey to Youth “ "Citizens can report suspected Ebola cases via SMS." [8] Ebola cases can via SMS." suspected report "Citizens

“A set of text messages on family planning methods that users in can access via their mobile phones.” [8] planning methods that users in can access via their mobile phones.” on family messages text set of “A

Illustrative examples* Illustrative DigitalCard: Weighing [12] point in time.” at any Workers Community health by needed and updated accessed via mobile phone whenever and fitness trackers: Wearables Medopad Patient Monitoring: Medopad Patient Humsafar: CycleTel [8] the month.” throughout days” “unsafe alerts on her U-Report: [8] the U-Reporters.” to information MomConnect: EbolaTxT: Hesperian Health Wiki: [8] device.” EngageTB: that have health facilities and a list of short code, free toll a network neutral to “TB” sending a code word their phones by (SMS) through [8] TB.” confirm to tests conduct laboratory the capability to m4RH: Deliveries: Safer mHealth for [8] labor or in case complications.” of Health SmartCard:Changamka Maternal [8] and postnatal prices in participatingfacilities.” services at listed maternity delivery, Vouchers: and Reproductive Sexual Reimburse Mobile Finance to [8] their child completes.” with each subsequent vaccine win increases is eligible to cashThe amount of the caregiver ... caregivers social franchise service providers for FP services to clients.” [8] FP servicesclients.” for to service providers social franchise with MicroEnsure: Airtel Insurance [8] monthly SMS communication.” airtime...through spent a minimum amount of as long they insurance Scheme: National eVoucher Tanzania [8] retailers.” at nearby redeemed nets, Alerts/Zindagi Mehfooz: Interactive Self-access to client health record; patient’s record; patient’s client health to Self-access history their health Ability track to for clients self-tracking monitoring, health Personal Sensors and wearables for personal health on a is collected based data health Client’s Personal health monitoring, self-tracking self-tracking monitoring, health Personal such issues, system Public reporting on health accountability monitoring, Accountability patient/client Crowdsourced feedback, notification, disease Surveillance notification, on a up information Client searches or looks Decision support for clients made by client directly Mobile money payments for mosquito (e.g. issuance voucher Health conditional on clients transfers to Cash own access to their health record. record. their health to own access and clinical record self-monitoring self-care, monitoring a client uses on their own machine self-care, self-monitoring, journaling; self-monitoring, self-care, client data, originated capture patient and activities status of health documentation and quality of services the availability as worker, with health interaction received, with services satisfaction reporting quality of care feedback feedback, client reporting topic health for any health (this can include payments emergency transportation, services such as etc) fees, health and redemption etc) for transport, nets, services health related behaviours related health Synonyms ------

Access by client to own own Access by client to medical records of Self monitoring or diagnostic health by client data capture/ Active data by client documentation Reporting of health by feedback system clients Reporting of public by clients events health of Client look-up information health or manage Transmit out of pocket payments by client Transmit or manage or manage Transmit client for to vouchers services health or manage Transmit clients incentives to services for health 1.7.1 1.7.3 1.7.3 1.5.1 1.7.2 1.6.1 1.4.1 1.5.2 1.4.3 1.4.2 1.4.2 Interventions Category 1.4 Personal health tracking mobile applications The use of phone based sensors, clients, by for and wearables health records, their own health monitor clients to This can include wearable status. and apps that web-tools, sensors, and track review allow clients to their health status. 1.5 reporting Citizen based including social Digital platforms, report that enable clients to media, as well on public health events, and satisfaction issues, experiences, with health services. 1.6 On demand information clients services to accessible to Health information by public triggered the general This could be available the client. USSD/ helplines, via websites, or client applications, SMS menus, that may channels, among other decision-making. inform 1.7 Client financial transactions facilitate to Digital approaches for clients. financial transactions These digital financial transactions conditional facilitate can be used to and payments cash transfers health service to delivery. related

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 11 “The collect data on childhood illnesses and to developed app was CHWs for messaging and steps “The appropriate app could provide

“Data [facility-level indicators] are aggregated in a web-based central system system in a web-based central aggregated indicators] are “Data [facility-level

“...lets you store information about individuals and track these persons over time these persons over about individuals and track information store you “...lets

“Using the app with the ETAT protocol, health workers scan through the queues at scan health workers through protocol, “Using the app with ETAT

“Clinical and administrative flags are generated on both patient-specific and clinic on both generated flags are and administrative “Clinical

“a client registry for enumeration and managing continuity of care...” [8] care...” and managing continuity of enumeration for client registry “a “…a software platform and a reference application which enables design of a customized application a customized which enables design of and a reference platform software “…a

“...electronic data collection to track and support the registration, follow-up, and completion of and completion of follow-up, and support track the registration, data collection to “...electronic that canto platform support decision- and logic-processing these CHWs “It is built on a complex

Records are unstructured and designed to be readable by people rather than machine readable, distinct from distinct from than machine readable, people rather by be readable and designed to unstructured are Records

“ Register each pregnancy at a government health facility...” [8] health facility...” at a government each pregnancy Register “ “A portable biometric identification system operated by CHWs that is of identifyingcapable by their fingerprint patients by CHWs portable operated biometric identificationsystem “A “...provide a full picture of health and membership information for your members and a secure web portal for providers to to web portal providers for members and a secure your for health and membership information of a full picture “...provide

“ The application included a decision tree to guide ASHAs through assessments and a combination of text prompts, audio prompts, text assessments and a combination of guide ASHAs through to The application included a decision tree “ “The application uses validated clinical algorithms based on WHO guidelines to alert providers when critical observations “The alert providers WHO guidelines to clinical based on algorithms application uses validated helping supervisors laboring clients based on clinical and automatically prioritizes algorithms, data within a facility “...syncs “Participant’s biometrics are collected using Mobiotrics, a smartphone-based system for identification for follow-up at the and a smartphone-based system using Mobiotrics, collected biometrics are “Participant’s

“Each pregnant woman starting ANC, regardless of HIV status, is registered into a phone-based electronic record. This phone- record. a phone-based electronic into is registered status, HIV of regardless woman starting ANC, “Each pregnant

“...contains electronic forms with embedded logic and decision-support, including checklists and algorithms for risk for with embedded logic and decision-support, including checklists algorithms forms electronic “...contains

“...allows the health worker to digitally register children, track their immunization records, connect with nonadherent families families connect with nonadherent their immunization records, track children, digitally register to the health worker “...allows “...used as national health information systems for data management and analysis purposes, for health program monitoring and monitoring health program for purposes, and analysis data management for systems as national health information “...used “The first component of the iCCM application captures all elements of the village register used by the HSA. The application by the HSA. used “Theregister of the village all elements of the iCCM application first component captures “HSAs are guided step by step through the process of registering sick children, listening to their complaints, performing an their complaints, to listening sick children, registering of the process through step by guided step “HSAs are

Illustrative examples* Illustrative MP3 Youth: [8] service delivery point.” different eCompliance: [8] (DOTS).” drug treatment tuberculosis data for and compiling patient adherence MomConnect: iCMM: standard to two and 59 months only adhere of between the ages children has built-in functionalities that support register HSAs to [8] protocols.” mTIKA: [8] sessions end.” vaccination before MobyApp: all findings in and record the mother assessment of by-step a step record) (and provide the nurse to prompt based app is then used to [8] health record.” the mother’s Sahiyas: CommCare Mobile Job Aid for [8] two years.” of the age up to and children postpartum mothers, women, pregnant for care (OpenSRP): Platform OpenSmart Register Tracker: 2 (DHIS2) Systems District Health Information [15] of identifiers.” set using a flexible (OpenMRS): System OpenMedical Record [16] system.” medical records Epic Systems: information.”[17] care with and view managed interact Unpublished example: format. coded in question/answer which are medical records structured Catholic Services Senegal [CommCare] Relief mHealth Pilot: (CRS) [8] child diarrhea casesdatabase.” manage that is accessible via a central (SEDA): System Health Data Exchange Automated SEDA automatically are health facilities from the mobile system into data reported decision support. and manage Aggregate-level visualize to [8] DHIS2 once validated.” uploaded into DHIS2: [15] evaluation.” Catholic Services Senegal [CommCare] Relief mHealth Pilot: (CRS) [8] health post.” level the next to health services the quality of or reference increase to ePartogram: [8] abnormal.” are be made and if they need to in Pregnancy: HIV of Management Mobile App for [8] and missing information.” values, analysis concerning laboratory for missed appointments, population-specific bases cIMCI: [8] treatment...” and administering diagnosis, delivering examination, ASHA-Links: [8] complications.” assist in identifying, to and referring managing, and images recordings, OpenSRP: [8] assessment.” (ETAT): Treatment Assessment and Triage Emergency [8] assessment.” acuity and identifyingwho need immediate of children the level for assessing each child’s the health centers ePartogram: staffingallocate appropriately.” Sahiyas: CommCare Mobile Job Aid for [8] timely services.” deliver Biometrics, client registry Biometrics, services for health client/patient Register Domain-specific registers; eRegistries; health for longitudinal Digitized registers target within specific logs management Case with Clinical record of an individual personal health Electronic medical record, Electronic medical record and personal Management collection for Health Data collection data Client health job aid--linked to Clinical decision support, for abnormal findings/lab of alerts Provision support service delivery to Process algorithms support to tools Job aid and assessment support service delivery Decision trees to triage risk assessment, for screening, Tools support service delivery according Job aid to eRegister, digital register, digital service service digital register, digital eRegister, registry immunization record, of migrant including tracking program, status and health benefits populations’ including migrant populations populations, multiple across spans that information clinical domains. record on based are not records with that health including notes, and instead data, structured documents images, (HMIS) System Information record health digital clients “IF THEN values, statements,” and guidelines, care plans, to according protocols a be linked to not or may service delivery—may record health digital and guidelines, care plans, to according protocols and client prioritization; and protocols guidelines, care plans, to Synonyms ------

Enrol client for Enrol client for services/ health clinical care plan tracking Longitudinal status health of clients’ and services client’s Manage clinical structured records client’s Manage clinical unstructured notes, records (e.g. documents) images, indicator Routine health collection and data management and prompts Provide according based alerts protocol to by risk or Screen clients status health other Verify client Verify client unique identity checklist Provide protocol to according 2.1.1 2.3.1 2.1.2 2.2.1 2.3.3 2.2.3 2.3.2 2.2.2 2.2.4 Interventions 2.0 Healthcare Providers 2.0 Healthcare Category 2.1 Client identification and registration and Client identity verification health services. into enrollment 2.2 records Client health capture, used to record Digitized health access and share store, on a client or grouping information clients [2]. of 2.3 provider Healthcare decision support job aids that combine Digitized health information an individual’s provider’s with the health-care and clinicalknowledge protocols assist health-care to in order in making diagnosis and providers decisions [2]. treatment page 12 2.0 Healthcare Providers 2.0 Healthcare “Information collected in the mobile phones is uploaded to in the mobile phones is uploaded to collected “Information “CHWs can communicate with the specialists through open can communicate with the specialists through “CHWs

“To communicate detailed performance feedback, we set up a call center, we set up a call communicate detailed performance feedback, center, “To

“...patients’ biosignals are measured by means of body worn sensors which means of by measured biosignals are “...patients’

“...a one-way communication of text message reminders about paediatric malaria message reminders communication text of one-way “...a “...includes a group chat feature which allows CHWs to share knowledge and knowledge share to CHWs which allows chat feature a group “...includes “...includes a group chat feature which allows CHWs to share knowledge and knowledge share to CHWs which allows chat feature a group “...includes

“A toll-free health hotline that is staffed by trained health workers who provide information, information, who provide health workers by trained that is staffed health hotline toll-free “A

“The Africa Teledermatology Project operates in six African countries, using cameras and laptop PCs and laptop using cameras countries, in six African operates Project Teledermatology “The Africa

“...use text or voice communication to notify a health facility that a woman is in transit to ensure the facility the facility ensure to communicationnotifythat a woman is in transit or voice to a health facility text “...use

“This system generates SMS alerts, sent in the name of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW)/ Welfare the Ministry sent in the name of Health and Family of SMS alerts, “This generates system Referrals do not only take place within the health sector, but also between the health sector and other non-health and other but also between the health sector place within the health sector, only take do not Referrals

“It also strengthens the referral pathway between peripheral and referral facilities by enabling electronic transmission of of transmission enabling electronic by facilities and referral between peripheral pathway “It also strengthens the referral “A health worker with minimal training can use Peek to gather detailed clinical information. Images are graded and patients graded are Images gather detailed clinical can to information. with minimal training use Peek health worker “A “By dialing a toll-free number, callers speak to a trained educator and get accurate information about birth information spacing, the accurate educator and get a trained callers speak to number, dialing a toll-free “By

“...a two-way, mobile phone-based communication system that uses basic text messaging, or SMS, to connect ministries of connect ministries of to messaging, or SMS, that uses basic text mobile phone-based communication system two-way, “...a “...a two-way, mobile phone-based communication system that uses basic text messaging, or SMS, to connect ministries of connect ministries of to messaging, or SMS, that uses basic text mobile phone-based communication system two-way, “...a

Illustrative examples* Illustrative Chipatala cha pa Foni (CCPF): VillageReach communicationa links to wireless over Alarms and biosignals can be transmitted with a handheld device. communicate wirelessly [18] can view the biosignals via a web application.” health professional and a remote location, remote Project: Teledermatology Africa diagnostic and providing States and the United Austria countries, African specialists in other patients to of and send images capture to in hospitals and clinics in underserved regions.”[19] workers and health care dermatologists, support localtreatment physicians, Cancer Oral (mEPOC): of and Prevention Mobile-based Early Detection advice and referrals over the phone.” [8] the phone.” over advice and referrals Ligne Verte: [8] partner and locating clinic.” the nearest pregnancies, unwanted avoid how to planning methods, family use of correct Mobile Health Monitoring: for Body Sensor Networks [8] SMS.” through locations sends the recommendation A specialist in remote OpenMRS Vision: Peek [8] the world.” experts or via cascading a network of around to digital images of process, an automated either through diagnosed, mHERO: [8] health and workers.” (HELP): Platform Health Enablement and Learning [8] access support need it.” when they help desk enables end-users to and a toll-free with supervisors, communicate directly Pradesh: in Madhya performance feedback CommCare for to a way Phone calls provided on performance metrics. feedback placing weekly callsthe community nutrition experts and relaying to or technical personal needs, issues, work-related any the community nutrition experts regarding from feedback discuss and receive [20] difficulties...” eLMIS Bangladesh: report; submission against timeline; - time to report tracking action reminder Cell (PLMC) for Management and Logistics Procurement [8] FP commodities.” out of imbalance/stock stock and alerts potential for health workers: Kenyan to reminders message Text doing outpatient consultations in the intervention All health workers personal mobile phones. health workers’ case sent to management [21] messages about malaria case-management6 months.” for text received group mHERO: [8] response.” during a crisis or emergency criticalhealth workers communicate messages to to health and workers (HELP): Platform Health Enablement and Learning [8] access support need it.” when they help desk enables end-users to and a toll-free with supervisors, communicate directly Deliveries: Safer mHealth for [8] is prepared.” Cancer Oral (mEPOC): of and Prevention Mobile-based Early Detection [8] in a timely manner.” treatment patients for and refer (OpenMRS) System Medical Record ePartogram: [8] data between facilities...” Unnamed project: justice services and health police, be made between social services, may in casesbased violence referrals For example gender of services. servicesIn of malnutrition emergency cases and health services. are needed between police, referrals crashes In cases traffic services. of and closely inter-related, health and poverty supportIn cases be needed between health and food services. may where referrals for features provide may be needed between economic strengthening, social servicesDigital systems may and health services. referrals these referrals. supporting and tracking Remote consultation, tele consultation, client client tele consultation, consultation, Remote interactive telemedicine, Real-time to worker or hotline Client calls a health monitoring. virtual Telemonitoring, health client’s monitor is able to Provider and forward Store telemedicine Asynchronous user- closed communication, Inter-provider care providers, health other Consulting coaching/mentoring, Supportive supervision, based provider healthcare to Communication provider healthcare and reminders to Alerts healthcare communication Motivational to of workflow updates Transmission Public health related updates to health health to updates related Public health providers healthcare to Emergency alerts providers healthcare to messaging Mass user groups closed peer learning, support, Peer mechanisms for healthcare Communication emergency response Ambulance systems, Care coordination linking Clinical task management Referral referral management Intersectoral based telemedicine, hotlines, call centers, call centers, hotlines, telemedicine, based helpline telemedicine synchronous telemedicine, issue on health receive clinical guidance worker health worker to health health, group, communication. case for patient specialists, particularly management; seeking second opinion for management case patient through an implanted sensor/diagnostic through an implanted sensor/diagnostic equipment. and feedback audit on their performance provider provider healthcare workers discuss among themselves to providers management Synonyms ------Consultations between Consultations client and remote provider healthcare monitoring Remote or of client health by data diagnostic provider of medical Transmission notes, images, (e.g. data healthcare and videos) to provider for case Consultations between management providers healthcare from Communication to provider(s) healthcare supervisor and Communication to performance feedback provider(s) healthcare routine Transmit news and workflow to notifications provider(s) healthcare Transmit non-routine non-routine Transmit to event alerts health provider(s) healthcare Peer group for providers healthcare emergency Coordinate response and transport referrals Manage between of service points sector within health referrals Manage and other between health (social services, sectors economic justice, police, support schemes) 2.5.1 2.6.1 2.4.1 2.5.3 2.5.5 2.5.2 2.6.3 2.4.3 2.5.4 2.6.2 2.4.2 2.4.4 Interventions

Category 2.4 Telemedicine services health-care of Provision The delivery of at a distance [2]. patients where services, health care by separated are and providers distance [3]. 2.5 provider Healthcare communication Communication and transmission among healthcare information of and health supervisors, providers, managers. system 2.6 Referral coordination support to Digital approaches communication and coordination referrals, facilitate mechanisms to and within the health sector both sectors health-related other to

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 13

2.0 Healthcare Providers 2.0 Healthcare “Text messages received by any of the three mobile phone the three of any by messages received “Text

“Converts iPhone into a field microscope for point-of-care for point-of-care a field microscope iPhone into “Converts

“When test results are ready, the central SMS system sends a message alerting sends a message SMS system the central ready, “When are results test

“Providing health workers with mobile-based video instruction and reference with mobile-based video instruction and reference health workers “Providing

“When the patient opens his bottle of medication, an automatic SMS message is sent from SMS message is sent from an automatic medication, “When of the patient opens his bottle

“...provides CHWs a checklist of activities which are expected to be performed during each home visit, be performed during each home visit, to expected activities which are a checklist of CHWs “...provides

“The App contains three animated clinical instruction films...can also be used as a reference tool during clinical “The clinicalreference animated instruction films...can also be used as a App contains three use the applicationupdate to push messages with quiz questions spurring the health worker The App features “ “Frontline healthcare workers are equipped with educational videos for conducting video screenings and leading equipped with educational conducting video screenings videos for are workers healthcare “Frontline

“... an interactive voice response (IVR) training course designed to refresh CHWs’ knowledge of simple steps families families simple steps of knowledge CHWs’ refresh course designed to (IVR) training response voice an interactive “...

“...mobile learning platform for delivering learning content, video, and quizzes.”[8] video, learning content, delivering for learning platform “...mobile

“The platform integrates scheduling and service reminder tools...” [8] tools...” “The scheduling and service reminder integrates platform

A system which attaches a 3G USB modem to GeneXpert machines and ensures real-time reporting of results to a to results of reporting real-time GeneXpert machines and ensures a 3G USB modem to which attaches A system “Pharmacy management enables a healthcare facility to effectively dispense medications to patients, monitor & manage stock stock & manage monitor to patients, dispense medications effectively to facility enables a healthcare management “Pharmacy “...integrated mobile phone and server-based software system for CHWs that helps them to digitally manage their daily digitally manage that helps them to CHWs for system mobile phone and server-based software “...integrated

”...a mobile, in vitro diagnostic device that interprets commercially available RDTs for infectious diseases...; infectious for cloud airFio is a secure RDTs available commercially that interprets diagnostic device in vitro mobile, ”...a Illustrative examples* Illustrative OpenSRP: mCARE: [8] workflow.” home-based care: CommCare for [8] appointments.” of as well reminders Health: Projecting [8] in the videos.” discussions on issues raised group Distance Education Application: iDEA: Interactive materials...”[8] Delivery App: Safe [8] work...” OppiaMobile: Mobile Academy: [8] clearly communicate them.” their ability to improve and to and babies, mothers the health of improve can to take Delivery App: Safe [8] their knowledge.” Bahmni: [22] drugs and services.” and suppliers in billing accounting for Solution: SIMpill® Medication Adherences [8] “ that the medication has been taken. which records health facility, the patient’s to SIM card the bottle’s patient safety: ensure to drug reactions adverse of reporting Texting-based to set an configured a week and was and 7 days accessible 24 hours a day was The system system. a central to directed companies were several for reported drugs or one drug repeatedly one or more from (ADRs) drug reactions similar adverse of a cluster was alert if there [23] the system.” ADRs entering HIV: Diagnosis of Early Infant for Mwana-SMS Project [8] the clinic workers.” Bahmni-OpenELIS: collecting the sample can the lab technician look the lab, to When the patient goes the lab system. automatically to is synced information [22] that patient.” for up the patient and add tests FioNet: [8] local mobile phone networks.” Deki over by data transmitted point -of-care database that stores GXAlert: [8] database.” centralized Infections: Worm Parasitic the diagnosis of for Mobile Phone Microscopy [8] children.” helminths in school-aged soil-transmitted diagnosis of Unnamed example: quality control through of collection, the point from can supportof these products Digital the identification systems and tracking use. use. the point of to procedures, Automated scheduling of client’s health health scheduling of client’s Automated planning Work activities/tasks of daily Prioritization management Task learning virtual eLearning, mLearning, learning and multimedia videos, Educational reinforcement and refreshers Training assess exercises to Quizzes and interactive orders medication Tracking the prescription orders or track place to Tools and medications adherence to Monitoring have whether patients Monitoring/observing management results Laboratory between communication results Tests requisition and management test Laboratory of care diagnostics Point digital added to accessories Diagnostic donations of blood Tracking Reporting contraindications, drug drug Reporting contraindications, appointments clinical guidance to access knowledge and competence of prescriptions and refills status drugs their prescribed medications taken effects adverse interactions, providers healthcare devices Synonyms ------

Schedule client Schedule client on based appointments clinical care plan Schedule healthcare activities provider’s training content Provide and reference material provider(s) healthcare to of Assess capacity provider(s) healthcare or track Transmit prescription orders client’s Track consumption medication Report adverse drug events client Transmit to result diagnostic provider healthcare and track Transmit orders diagnostic Capture diagnostic from digital results devices biological Track specimens 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.9.1 2.8.1 2.9.3 2.9.2 2.8.2 2.10.1 2.10.3 2.10.2 2.10.4 Interventions

Category 2.7 Scheduling and activity planning for providers healthcare scheduling and Automated assist in to planning tools follow- prioritizing provider Digital work planning and up. can the scheduling tools take healthcare to reminders of form on upcoming/overdue providers services mechanisms and other to be flag clients that need to service for prioritized delivery [4]. 2.8 provider Healthcare training and provision The management content educationof and training health for form in electronic In contrast [2]. professionals healthcare decision support, to need to does not training provider care. be used at the point of 2.9 Prescription and management medication facilitate to Digital approaches prescriptions, of the management prescription including tracking physical and monitoring orders medication. of consumption 2.10 and Laboratory imaging diagnostics management and manage to Digital approaches and diagnostic laboratory exchange and results. orders

page 14

“Text messages received by any of the three mobile phone the three of any by messages received “Text

“Converts iPhone into a field microscope for point-of-care for point-of-care a field microscope iPhone into “Converts

“A system for the field team to monitor data and provide feedback to CHWs to CHWs feedback data and provide to monitor team the field for system “A

“Healthcare workers’ send preformatted commodity reports on key HIV stock stock HIV on key commodity reports send preformatted workers’ “Healthcare

“When test results are ready, the central SMS system sends a message alerting sends a message SMS system the central ready, “When are results test

“Community Health Extension Workers (CHEWs)receive weekly reports on worker on worker weekly reports (CHEWs)receive Workers Health Extension “Community “Providing health workers with mobile-based video instruction and reference with mobile-based video instruction and reference health workers “Providing

The app also includes “an SMS-based information exchange module, which allows ADDO which allows module, exchange SMS-based information “an The app also includes

“When the patient opens his bottle of medication, an automatic SMS message is sent from SMS message is sent from an automatic medication, “When of the patient opens his bottle

“Results on the laboratory confirmation of the patient serum samples were updated using updated of the patient serum confirmation samples were on the laboratory “Results “Continuous monitoring through data logging link with alarm capabilities through and thermometers monitoring “Continuous

“Consumers send an SMS to the Sproxil server of a one-time-use scratch card code listed on the code listed card a one-time-use scratch server of the Sproxil send an SMS to “Consumers

“Logistics professionals enter logistics data into CommTrack on tablets at the moment of delivery, and delivery, on tablets at the moment of CommTrack logistics data into enter professionals “Logistics

Biological products such as blood donations and specimens are collected, tested and transported to the point of the point of to and transported tested collected, such as blood donations and specimens are Biological products “When a patient is registered in Bahmni using the registration module, the patient name and demographic the patient name and demographic module, in Bahmni using the registration “When a patient is registered “...electronic Logistics Management Information System (eLMIS) collects data on consumption and availability of FP of and availability collects data on consumption (eLMIS) System Information Management Logistics “...electronic

“... supports Ministry of Health and other service delivery organizations to track, manage, deploy, and map their health deploy, supports manage, Ministry service track, Health and other of delivery organizations to “... “...enables a licensing or certification authority, such as a nursing council, to track complete data on a health worker cadre data on a health worker cadre complete to track such as a nursing council, a licensing or certification authority, “...enables “...mobile learning platform for delivering learning content, video, and quizzes.”[8] video, learning content, delivering for learning platform “...mobile

“...allows buyers to verify the authenticity of medicines for free by text messaging a unique scratch-off code found on the code messaging a unique scratch-off text by free verifymedicines for the authenticity of to buyers “...allows “Consolidates health worker training attendance and related data from several training organizations into a centralized a centralized organizations into training several data from and related attendance training health worker “Consolidates

“The platform integrates scheduling and service reminder tools...” [8] tools...” “The scheduling and service reminder integrates platform “An online platform to track all pharmaceutical import applications and approvals made by Ethiopia’s pharmaceutical Ethiopia’s made by all pharmaceutical track import applications to online platform and approvals “An

A system which attaches a 3G USB modem to GeneXpert machines and ensures real-time reporting of results to a to results of reporting real-time GeneXpert machines and ensures a 3G USB modem to which attaches A system “Automatically send SMS text or email alerts to MOH officials when a new MDR positive or Rif positive case is detected.” [8] or Rif positive case is detected.” when a new MDR positive MOH officials or email alerts to send SMS text “Automatically “Pharmacy management enables a healthcare facility to effectively dispense medications to patients, monitor & manage stock stock & manage monitor to patients, dispense medications effectively to facility enables a healthcare management “Pharmacy “...integrated mobile phone and server-based software system for CHWs that helps them to digitally manage their daily digitally manage that helps them to CHWs for system mobile phone and server-based software “...integrated

“HSAs sent a toll-free SMS using their personal mobile phones reporting current stock levels and medicines received...” [8] and medicines received...” levels stock current SMS using their personal mobile phones reporting “HSAs sent a toll-free and advise HSAs levels stock who check their staff at health centers, quantities and notified automatically calculated resupply “...

The application includes a “routine supervision checklist on few key indicators of performance by the Health Surveillance performance by indicators of supervision key checklist on few “routine The application includes a “Health workers can report stock levels and then submitted the data to cStock, a program to improve the tracking of of the tracking improve to a program cStock, the data to and then submitted levels can stock “Health workers report ”...a mobile, in vitro diagnostic device that interprets commercially available RDTs for infectious diseases...; infectious for cloud airFio is a secure RDTs available commercially that interprets diagnostic device in vitro mobile, ”...a

Illustrative examples* Illustrative iHRIS Manage: [24] workforce.” iCCM: Assistants (HSAs)...and a dashboard that enables users to see at a glance the status of the work being done by HSA.” [8] HSA.” the work being done by of see at a glance the status that enables users to a dashboard Assistants (HSAs)...and (HELP): Platform Health Enablement and Learning [8] additional support.” those in need of target able to performance and are Community-Based Family Planning Services:mHealth for [8] on a weekly basis...” iHRIS Qualify: pre- enter the time they from in that cadre about health professionals information It captures attrition. through training pre-service from [24] licensure.” certification, and/or registration, service through training iHRIS Train: [24] further for reports analysis.” database generate that can be queried and used to (IQSMS): Quality Short International Messaging System and based on system by the all commodities as quantified of full order enables districts to The tool server via SMS. a central to status [8] what has been consumed.” eLMIS Bangladesh: [8] dashboard.” [viewing on] an interactive for and entered which is consolidated commodities, cStock: iCCM: [8] inventories...” cStock: stock.”[8] insufficient was that there and district managers pick up or alerted health facilities for available was whether stock Push Model: Informed [8] consumption.” calculates delivery automatically quantities based on previous CommTrack Thermometers: Data LoggingElectronic [25] email notification.” Drug Dispensing Outlet (ADDO): Accredited [8] or drug recalls.” requirements on accreditation example, for information, send and receive personnel to and pharmacy i-Import: the Ministry and supply arm of of the procurement PFSA, data from with procurement integrates also electronically regulator...It Health.”[26] mPedigree: authenticate to a quick response servers and consumers receive mPedigree’s to is routed This request number. a universal to product [8] their purchase.” Authentication: Mobile Product [8] drug authenticity.” SMS determining reply and receive pharmaceutical products module): Ebola (KEMRI Laboratory mSOS at the decisionmakers and policy senior management to automatically delivered messages were and text Ebola web portal, the mSOS [8] MOH.” GXAlert: Illustrative examples* Illustrative OpenSRP: mCARE: [8] workflow.” home-based care: CommCare for [8] appointments.” of as well reminders Health: Projecting [8] in the videos.” discussions on issues raised group Distance Education Application: iDEA: Interactive materials...”[8] Delivery App: Safe [8] work...” OppiaMobile: Mobile Academy: [8] clearly communicate them.” their ability to improve and to and babies, mothers the health of improve can to take Delivery App: Safe [8] their knowledge.” Bahmni: [22] drugs and services.” and suppliers in billing accounting for Solution: SIMpill® Medication Adherences [8] “ that the medication has been taken. which records health facility, the patient’s to SIM card the bottle’s patient safety: ensure to drug reactions adverse of reporting Texting-based to set an configured a week and was and 7 days accessible 24 hours a day was The system system. a central to directed companies were several for reported drugs or one drug repeatedly one or more from (ADRs) drug reactions similar adverse of a cluster was alert if there [23] the system.” ADRs entering HIV: Diagnosis of Early Infant for Mwana-SMS Project [8] the clinic workers.” Bahmni-OpenELIS: collecting the sample can the lab technician look the lab, to When the patient goes the lab system. automatically to is synced information [22] that patient.” for up the patient and add tests FioNet: [8] local mobile phone networks.” Deki over by data transmitted point -of-care database that stores GXAlert: [8] database.” centralized Infections: Worm Parasitic the diagnosis of for Mobile Phone Microscopy [8] children.” helminths in school-aged soil-transmitted diagnosis of Unnamed example: quality control through of collection, the point from can supportof these products Digital the identification systems and tracking use. use. the point of to procedures, Health worker registry; provider registry worker registry; provider Health providers’ of healthcare Documentation providers of healthcare monitoring Remote management Workforce and feedback Audit supportive supervision Supervision, tracking Clinical task worker registration of health Management or licensure with regulatory Certification in-service preservice and/or or manage Track commodities of health monitoring Stock management Logistics management Stock Commodity security prevention and monitoring Stockout levels stock of and notifications Alerts coordination Restocking and stability temperature monitor Sensors to and registration Drug regulation management Logistics Procurement management Counterfeit drug notification drug authenticity and qualityMonitoring surveillance Public health systems Surveillance from laboratory surveillance Disease demographics, identification, health facility health identification, demographics, identifier information and other assignment, authority a professional council such as worker training received by a health of vaccines Automated scheduling of client’s health health scheduling of client’s Automated planning Work activities/tasks of daily Prioritization management Task learning virtual eLearning, mLearning, learning and multimedia videos, Educational reinforcement and refreshers Training assess exercises to Quizzes and interactive orders medication Tracking the prescription orders or track place to Tools and medications adherence to Monitoring have whether patients Monitoring/observing management results Laboratory between communication results Tests requisition and management test Laboratory of care diagnostics Point digital added to accessories Diagnostic donations of blood Tracking Reporting contraindications, drug drug Reporting contraindications, appointments clinical guidance to access knowledge and competence of prescriptions and refills status drugs their prescribed medications taken effects adverse interactions, providers healthcare devices Synonyms ------Pharmacovigilance - - - Synonyms ------

List health workforce workforce health List cadres and related identification information performance of Monitor provider(s) healthcare Manage registration/ Manage of certification provider(s) healthcare Record training on information provider(s) healthcare and inventory Manage of health distribution commodities levels of stock Notify commodities health cold-chain Monitor sensitive commodities licensed drugs Register commodities and health procurement of Manage commodities Report counterfeit or drugs by substandard clients of public Notification from point events health of diagnosis Schedule client Schedule client on based appointments clinical care plan Schedule healthcare activities provider’s training content Provide and reference material provider(s) healthcare to of Assess capacity provider(s) healthcare or track Transmit prescription orders client’s Track consumption medication Report adverse drug events client Transmit to result diagnostic provider healthcare and track Transmit orders diagnostic Capture diagnostic from digital results devices biological Track specimens 3.1.1 3.1.3 3.3.1 3.1.2 3.2.1 2.7.1 3.1.4 3.2.3 3.2.5 3.2.2 2.7.2 2.9.1 2.8.1 3.2.6 3.2.4 2.9.3 2.9.2 2.8.2 2.10.1 2.10.3 Interventions 2.10.2 2.10.4 Interventions

3.0 Health System Managers System 3.0 Health Category 3.1 Human resource management manage to Digital approaches including the health workforce, record databases to the use of and certifications, levels, training identificationof health workers. 3.2 chain Supply management monitoring for Digital approaches levels, stock and reporting and distribution of consumption This can medical commodities. communication include the use of SMS) and data (e.g. systems and manage to dashboards medical of on supply levels report commodities. 3.3 event Public health notification alerting for and Digital approaches on non- compiling information public health events. routine Category 2.7 Scheduling and activity planning for providers healthcare scheduling and Automated assist in to planning tools follow- prioritizing provider Digital work planning and up. can the scheduling tools take healthcare to reminders of form on upcoming/overdue providers services mechanisms and other to be flag clients that need to service for prioritized delivery [4]. 2.8 provider Healthcare training and provision The management content educationof and training health for form in electronic In contrast [2]. professionals healthcare decision support, to need to does not training provider care. be used at the point of 2.9 Prescription and management medication facilitate to Digital approaches prescriptions, of the management prescription including tracking physical and monitoring orders medication. of consumption 2.10 and Laboratory imaging diagnostics management and manage to Digital approaches and diagnostic laboratory exchange and results. orders

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 15 “Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) can Social Health Activists (ASHAs) “Accredited

3.0 Health System Managers System 3.0 Health “...pay-for-performance system with monthly performance targets with real- with monthly performance targets system “...pay-for-performance

“Health providers can register newborns by entering the child’s information in a mobile information the child’s entering newborns by can register “Health providers can they issue birth certificates the newborn with RITA, register health providers “Once

“The and personnel applicationpremises component for included a mobile payment and premises drug outlets’ sector on private “Web-based information database of

“...a standard, integrated TB supervision checklist to assess and monitor diagnostic laboratories diagnostic laboratories TB supervisionassess and monitor checklist to integrated standard, “...a

“An application with all health facilities and community units in Kenya. Each health facility and Each health facility applicationand community units in Kenya. with all health facilities “An

“The National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) is introducing electronic payment of claims (e-claims) to 47 47 to claims (e-claims) of payment “The electronic (NHIA) is introducing Authority National Health Insurance

Mechanisms to regularly update a list of available physical assets within health facilities and track their and track physical assets within health facilities available a list of update regularly Mechanisms to can Digital systems equipment used in the health sector. for and licensing procedures regulatory Countries have “The telephone number ‘117’ could be used at no charge to the caller from any major mobile telecommunication any the caller to from could be used at no charge ‘117’ “The number telephone

“Health care providers can collect and analyze verbal autopsy data using a mobile phone application.” [31] data using a mobile phone application.” autopsy can verbal collect and analyze providers “Health care

“Health workers can use SMS on mobile phones to notify a death event.” [29] cannotify“Health workers use SMS on mobile phones to a death event.” “A planning and reporting database used by Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and designed to incorporate the Strategic the Strategic incorporate and designed to (LGAs) Authorities Local Government database used by planning and reporting “A

“Manage patient information across registration, point of care, investigations, and billing.” [22] and billing.” investigations, care, point of registration, across patient information “Manage

“Funds will be placed in specialized health wallets through M-Pesa and their use will be restricted to spending at healthcare spending at healthcare to and their use will be restricted M-Pesa through health wallets “Funds will be placed in specialized

“Health Assistants can receive birth notifications from clients via SMS.” [8] birthclients via SMS.” notifications“Health Assistants can from receive

community unit is identified with unique code and their details describing the geographical location, administrative location, ownership, ownership, location, administrative geographical location, community unit is identified with unique code and their details describing the [35] type and the services offered.” Drug Dispensing Outlet (ADDO): Accredited Illustrative examples* Illustrative mTika: Tanzania: in initiative Mobile birth registration which is the (RITA), Agency Trusteeship and Insolvency database at the Registration, phone applicationa central and sending it to [27] Tanzania.” in Birth for Registration responsible Agency Government Tanzania: in initiative Mobile birth registration [27] at the same clinical parents visit.” the child’s to 117 Call Alert System: and deaths alerts), (live isolation and Ebola testing alert sick persons requiring authorities of made to Calls were network in the country. [28] teams.” by trained and dignified burials performed safe required which under national policy alerts), cause any (death from MOVE-IT: (ImTeCHO): Community Health Operation for Technology Mobile-phone Innovative [30] deaths using a mobile phone application.” infant record system: SmartVA mTIBA: has If the treatment a medical by person. network...the data is then checked treatment part who form a nationwide M-TIBA of providers [32] provider.” the healthcare to is transferred and the money accepted is immediately request payment Theresa’s been approved, Ghanaian NHIA e-claims: [33] claims.” of with payment associated the country ease delays to across providers health care Bahmni: Drug Dispensing Outlet (ADDO): Accredited fees...”[8] Community-Based Family Planning Services:mHealth for dashboard.”[8] phone and program on the CHW time performance tracking PlanRep: and physical expenditure and track funds received, budgets, projection, revenue Framework), Expenditure Plan (Medium-Term [34] implementation.” Unpublished example: needs. maintenance Unpublished example: types and brands different of status about the regulatory information and manage process the regulatory equipment through help track equipment. of Health Facility List: Master Kenya [8] fees.” of associated payments and personnel qualifications and certifications, inspections, registration, including facility personnel, TB in Nigeria: supervisionSupportive for [8] sectors.” services in the public and private and DOTS Birth event alert include registration (can Birth registration (CRVS) Statistics Vital and Civil Registration of birth certificate Issuance surveillance Death event alert Death surveillance; surveillance mortality Death certificate of death Issuance for insurance Eligibility verification of insurance coverage Determination a client is and verifying that Recording Social protection transaction administrative Social protection, for Claims and encounter reports Insurance financial transactions worker routine payments Health management Payroll worker Financial incentives for health performance-based Conditional payments, Financial management planning Resource equipment and physical of available Listing maintenance of equipment Tracking management asset Physical assets of physical Regulation facilities health Register of health unique IDs and locations List registry facility Health of services Assess performance and capacity at services provided and monitor Regulate facilities Supervision of health provided at health facilities health at provided facilities health for health system purposes, as well as well as as purposes, system for health civil registrar) to registration benefits member of a scheme or entitled to processing; claims management reimbursement motivation based results workers, financing for health financing beds hospital e.g. assets, facilities Synonyms ------

Notify birth event birth event Notify birth event Register Certify birth event event death Notify event death Register event Certify death and verify client Register insurance membership insurance billing Track and claims submission and manage Track insurance reimbursement or manage Transmit payment routine payroll provider(s) healthcare to or manage Transmit healthcare incentives to (s) provider budget and Manage expenditures status Monitor and maintenance of equipment health regulation Track and licensing of medical equipment and facilities health List information related facilities Assess health 3.7.1 3.5.1 3.7.2 3.6.1 3.4.1 3.5.3 3.5.5 3.5.2 3.4.3 3.5.6 3.5.4 3.6.2 3.4.5 3.4.2 3.4.6 3.4.4 Interventions Category 3.4 and Civil Registration (CRVS) Statistics Vital support to the Digital approaches births of and deaths, registration issue birth and death certificates, vital and compile disseminate including cause death of statistics, [5]. information 3.5 financing Health manage to Digital approaches for health financial transactions These expenses. related system digital financial transactions can health to payments be used for as well insurance/payers, workforce, of management as administrative and expenditures. budget 3.6 Equipment and asset management and track to Digital approaches health of the maintenance manage This can include the equipment. as well sensors databases, use of mechanisms for and feedback health equipment.monitoring 3.7 management Facility that enable Digital approaches to functions related administrative facilities. of the management

page 16 “Prediction models will be developed to identify to women at risk of models will be developed “Prediction

“A web interface that will allow users to input and access pre-, peri- and postoperative peri- and postoperative input and access pre-, that will allow users to web interface “A “Staff were initially tasked to record data on smartphones from roughly 12,000 data on smartphones from record households to initially tasked “Staff were

“The conduct a user to It allows location the location portal each facility on Google Maps. of displayed

“Support enhancements to Immunization Plus Days (IPD) processes by recording the vaccination the vaccination recording by (IPD) processes “Support Immunization Plus Days enhancements to

This tool will develop a set of automated algorithms for cleaning and linking unstructured information (e.g. (e.g. information cleaning and linking unstructured for algorithms automated a set of will develop This tool

“ODK form collected distribution data on the number of sleeping places and the amount of LLINs given and LLINs given sleeping places and the amount of distribution data on the number of collected form “ODK “This toolset will include a web application to search, export, subscribe, and map to standardized terminology and standardized and map to subscribe, export, “This will include a web applicationsearch, toolset to

“It provides secure communications and data governance as well as support for routing, orchestrating and translating and translating orchestrating as well support routing, for communications and data governance secure “It provides

“A mobile platform for mapping sites such as water sources, sharing test results and performing surveys.” [8] and performing surveys.” results sharing test sources, such as water mapping sites for mobile platform “A “The clinicians can capture diagnosis of patients and manage their old diagnosis. In the backend these diagnoses can“The In the backend be their old diagnosis. patients and manage diagnosis of clinicians can capture “Team leaders enter data on their tablets while standing at each house, which is sent to the cloud server as soon a data which is sent to data on their tablets while standing at each house, leaders enter “Team

“District- and central-level managers could monitor supply chain performance, using over 10 indicators displayed on a web- 10 indicators displayed using over supply chain performance, could monitor managers “District- and central-level

“Get the complete overview through the pivot table feature, spot trends in your data with charting and visualize your data with charting your in your and visualize trends spot table feature, the pivot through overview the complete “Get “Mobile phone-based methods for collection of HBB training and quality improvement data among facility-based birth data among facility-based and quality improvement HBB training collection of phone-based methods for “Mobile “Patient-level information on the suspected cases, response action conducted, [where the case was identified], and laboratory and laboratory identified], the case was [where action conducted, response cases, on the suspected information “Patient-level

Illustrative examples* Illustrative (AIRS): Spraying Indoor Residual PMI Africa [8] at the home office.” the M&E manager accessible to a cloud-based system submit to and electronically Hang-Up and Track: [8] installed...” mHBB: [8] mobile phones using ODK.” use on Android for digitized were HBB paper forms 12 existing attendants. Project: Warehouse Anesthesiological Data [36] anaesthesiology data.” cStock: [8] based dashboard.” DHIS2: [15] data aspects using the GIS functionality.” geographical tool: (SELMA) Labour Monitoring-to-Action Effective, Simplified, [37] labour.” the course of throughout perinatal death or morbidity (primary outcomes) intrapartum-related Unpublished example: datasets. structured to medical notes) Lab: Open Concept particular and indicators that represent terms subsets of and subscribe to export, create, collaboratively indicators...and functionality to [38] specialty areas.” Bahmni: [22] purposes.” reporting codes for ICD-10 mapped to mWater: Health Facilities: GIS Mapping of [8] and services.” ownership, sector public or private district, by facilities for searches mSOS: [8] web portal dashboard.” on the password-protected displayed confirmation were mSpray: leaders showing the location the team on the tablet data by is then visualized spray The spatially-integrated connection is established. [8] point.” spray and type of System: Tracking Vaccination to locate tool valuable has been identified as a GIS maps and GPS tracking The use of “tracks”) interval. at regular positions (the team [39] teams.” vaccination the activity of monitor and to microplans help prepare settlements, OpenHIM: [36] systems.” flow between as they requests Electronic data collection, digital data data digital collection, Electronic data such using applications surveys, Mobile based repository warehouse, Data report generation Reporting dashboards, of data Presentations Business intelligence Predictive analytics learning Machine Artificial intelligence management Dirty data cleaning data Automated Maintenance and versioning of health services Terminology Semantic interoperability of death cause Recording clinical coding for reporting and ICD coding, and codes, terminology, Mapping local (GPS) mapping System Positioning Global visualization Geospatial GPS mapping areas of catchment Demarcation areas Mapping coverage visualization Geospatial GPS mapping the track worker route to Mapping of health mediation Data Interoperability and accessibility exchange Information Interoperability layer orchestration Data collection etc FormHub, Enketo, (ODK), OpenDataKit as standards terminology informatics insurance formats services provided Synonyms ------

Non-routine data Non-routine data collection and management and storage Data aggregation and synthesis Data visualizations analysis Automated generate to of data new information or predictions on future events data unstructured Parse data structured into and de-duplicate Merge, or coded datasets curate terminologies codes disease Classify of mortality and cause of Map location facilities/ health structures of Map location event health of Map location and clients households of Map location providers healthcare exchange Data systems across 4.1.1 4.1.3 4.3.1 4.1.2 4.2.1 4.1.4 4.4.1 4.3.3 4.2.3 4.3.2 4.2.2 4.3.4 Interventions

4.0 Data Services 4.0 Data Category 4.1 collection, Data management, and use data to Digital approaches management, collection, This can include storage. analysis, focusing standalone interventions on data collection exclusively as well and management, data support services to other such as data interventions, visualization within supply chain management. 4.2 coding Data code data to Digital approaches the use of and manage datasets. standardized 4.3 mapping Location geolocation coordinates The use of map objects and events. to 4.4 and exchange Data interoperability The capability two or more of communicate and to systems specified data through exchange and communication data formats [6] protocols.

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 17 References for definitions and illustrative examples of digital health interventions 1. Hawkins, R. P., et al. (2008). Understanding tailoring in communicating about health. Health Education Research, 23(3), 454–466. http://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyn004 2. National eHealth strategy toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union; 2012 (https://www.itu. int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/str/D-STR-E_HEALTH.05-2012-PDF-E.pdf, accessed 2 September 2015). 3. Global diffusion of eHealth: making universal health coverage achievable. Report of the third global survey on eHealth. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO 4. Labrique, AB., Vasudevan, L., Kochi, E., Fabricant, R., & Mehl, G. (2013). mHealth innovations as health system strengthening tools: 12 common applications and a visual framework. Global Health, Science and Practice, 1(2), 160–71. http://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00031 5. Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/civil_registration/ en/. accessed 17 May 2017) 6. ISO/TR 14639-1:2012(en) Health informatics — Capacity-based eHealth architecture roadmap — Part 1: Overview of national eHealth initiatives. Geneva: International Standards Organization. (https://inen.isolutions.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:std:iso:tr:14639:-1:ed-1:v1:en, accessed 21 November 2017) 7. U-Report utilized in Ebola response in 2012. Kampala: U-Report Uganda; 2017 (http://www.ureport.ug/story/185/, accessed 24 November 2017). 8. mHealth Compendium Database. Baltimore: K4Health; 2017. (http://www.mhealthknowledge.org/resources/mhealth-compendium- database, accessed 19 November 2017). 9. Be He@lthy Be Mobile Annual Report 2016. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Telecommunication Union; 2016 (http:// www.who.int/ncds/prevention/be-healthy-be-mobile/51127-WHO-ITU-BHBM-Annual-Report-2016.pdf?ua=1, accessed 16 November 2017). 10. Government of Senegal boosts Ebola awareness through SMS campaign. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (http://www.who. int/features/2014/senegal-ebola-sms/en/, accessed 16 November 2017). 11. Senegal: Official inauguration of our maternal health program in Tambacounda - WAHA International. Dakar: WAHA International; 2015 (https://waha-international.org/senegal-official-inauguration-of-our-maternal-health-program-in-tambacounda/, accessed 16 November 2017). 12. Digital Weighing(CWC) Card. Kumasi: Child Health Information and Monitoring Foundation; 2017 (http://www.chimf.org/node/177, accessed 24 November 2017). 13. Fitbit Official Site for Activity Trackers & More. San Francisco: Fitbit; 2017https://www.fitbit.com/home ( , accessed 24 November 2017). 14. 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page 18 26. Online Platform Modernizes Ethiopia’s Import Permit Process. Boston: John Snow, Inc.; 2017 (http://www.jsi.com/JSIInternet/ Newsroom/newsitem/display.cfm?a=1&id=2272, accessed 24 November 2017). 27. In the United Republic of Tanzania, a new solution for birth registration. Dar es Salaam: UNICEF; 2017 (https://www.unicef.org/ infobycountry/tanzania_71827.html, accessed 24 November 2017). 28. Alpren C, Jalloh MF, Kaiser R, Diop M, Kargbo SA, Castle E, Dafae F, Hersey S, Redd JT, Jambai A. The 117 call alert system in Sierra Leone: from rapid Ebola notification to routine death reporting. BMJ global health. 2017 Sep 1;2(3):e000392. 29. Move it: Report on Monitoring of Vital Events using Information Technology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www. who.int/healthinfo/civil_registration/crvs_report_it_2013.pdf, accessed 23 November 2017). 30. Modi D, Patel J, Desai S, Shah P. Accessing completeness of pregnancy, delivery, and death registration by Accredited Social Health Activists [ASHA] in an innovative mHealth project in the tribal areas of Gujarat: A cross-sectional study. Journal of postgraduate medicine. 2016 Jul;62(3):170. 31. SmartVA Analyze Application [website]. Seattle: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2017 (http://www.healthdata.org/ node/858, accessed 24 November 2017). 32. M-TIBA is truly leapfrogging healthcare in Kenya. Nairobi: PharmAccess Foundation; 2017 (https://www.pharmaccess.org/update/m- tiba-is-truly-leapfrogging-healthcare-in-kenya/, accessible 24 November 2017). 33. Yeboah I. NHIA introduces e-payment of claims. Graphic Online. 03 October 2013 (https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ nhia-introduces-e-payment-of-claims.html, accessed 24 November 2017). 34. PlanRep for Prime Minister’s Office, Regional and Local Government [website]. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam Computing Center; 2017 (http://ucc.co.tz/?q=content/planrep-prime-minister%E2%80%99s-office-regional-and-local-government, accessed 24 November 2017). 35. Kenya Master Health Facility List. Nairobi: Republic of Kenya Ministry of Health; 2017 (http://kmhfl.health.go.ke/#/home, accessed 23 November 2017). 36. Current Projects [website]. Cape Town: Jembi Health Systems; 2017 (https://www.jembi.org/project-category/current-project/, accessed 24 November 2017). 37. Souza JP, Oladapo OT, Bohren MA, Mugerwa K, Fawole B, Moscovici L, Alves D, Perdona G, Oliveira-Ciabati L, Vogel JP, Tunçalp Ö. The development of a simplified, effective, labour monitoring-to-action (SELMA) tool for better outcomes in labour difficulty (BOLD): study protocol. Reproductive health. 2015 May 26;12(1):49. 38. About Open Concept Lab. Open Concept Lab; 2017 (https://www.openconceptlab.org/about/, accessed 24 November 2017). 39. Vaccination Tracking System. Geneva: Novel-T; 2017 (http://www.novel-t.ch/en/project/vaccination-tracking-system, accessed 23 November 2017).

World Health Organization Classification of Digital Health Interventions page 19 Development of this document was coordinated by Garrett Mehl, Tigest Tamrat, Maeghan Orton, and Lale Say of the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, in collaboration with Edward Kelley and Diana Zandi of the Department of Service Delivery and Safety, of the World Health Organization (WHO).

WHO is grateful to the following contributors (in alphabetical order):

Elaine Baker, PATH Alain Labrique, Johns Hopkins Derek Ritz, ecGroup Inc Sean Blaschke, UNICEF University-Global mHealth Initiative Merrick Schaefer, United James BonTempo, Johns Mark Landry, WHO South-East Asia States Agency for International Hopkins University-Center for Regional Office Development (USAID) Communication Programs Carl Leitner, Digital Square Anneke Schmider, WHO Nicolas DeBorma, BlueSquare Kelly L’Engle, University of San Information, Evidence and Research Hani Eskandar, International Francisco Chris Seebregts, Jembi Telecommunications Union Alvin Marcelo, Asian eHealth Health Systems Dennis Falzon, WHO Global Information Network Dykki Settle, PATH TB Program Donna Medeiros, Asian Chaitali Sinha, International Thomas Fogwill, Meraka Institute Development Bank Development Research Centre Michael Frost, Norwegian Institute Derek Muneene, WHO Regional Michael Stahl, Independent of Public Health Office for Africa Consultant Skye Gilbert, PATH Henry Mwanyika, PATH Hazim Timimi, WHO Global TB Program Hallie Goertz, PATH David Novillo, WHO Region of the Americas Steven Uggowitzer, Essential Jan Grevendonk, WHO Support for Health Informatics Immunization, Vaccines Steve Ollis, John Snow Inc. and Biologicals Jonathan Payne, Independent Lavanya Vasudevan, Duke University Surabhi Joshi, WHO Preventing Consultant Adele Waugaman, USAID Non-Communicable Diseases Liz Peloso, Independent Consultant William Weiss, USAID Manish Kumar, MEASURE Evaluation

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For questions or feedback, please contact Dr. Garrett Mehl | [email protected] Tigest Tamrat | [email protected] WHO/RHR/18.06