Iranian species of Westwood (: ) with the description of a new species

Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh & Gérard Delvare

Eigth species of the Cirrospilus Westwood, 1832 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) have been recognized in Iran: C. ingenuus Gahan, 1932, C. lyncus Walker, 1838, C. pictus (Nees, 1834), C. scapus Yefremova, 2007, C. staryi Bouček, 1958, C. variegatus (Masi, 1907), C. viticola (Rondani, 1877) and C. vittatus Walker, 1838. A new species – Cirrospilus persicus – is described. Diagnostic characters are discussed and illustrations are provided to distinguish the new species. Host and distribution data are summarized for the species known from Iran including some new biological data. Hosseinali Lotfalizadeh*, Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture & Natural Resources, Tabriz, Iran. [email protected] Gérard Delvare, Cirad, UMR CBGP (Inra / IRD / Cirad / Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France. [email protected]

Introduction lus pictus (Nees, 1834) has shown potential value for The genus Cirrospilus Westwood, 1832 (Hymenop- biological control of the same pest (La Salle 1996, tera: Eulophidae) is a large and wide­spread genus of Schauff et al. 1998). , with over 135 species worldwide (Ubai- Eight species of this genus have been recorded from dillah et al. 2003), of which 38 are Palearctic (Noyes Iran so far (Malekzadeh et al. 1998, Jafari 2000, 2009) and 24 Nearctic (Schauff et al. 1998). Mono- Farrokhi et al. 2004, Asadi et al. 2006, Hesami et phyly of Cirrospilus, as the largest genus of the tribe al. 2006, Baniameri & Mohammadi-Pour 2007, Cirrospilini, was not supported by a morphological Yefremova et al. 2007, Ebrahimi et al. 2008), in analysis (Ubaidillah et al. 2003). most cases reared from leaf-mining pests (Diptera, Cirrospilus species are parasitoids, more rarely hyper- Agromyzidae and ). Yefre- parasitoids, of lepidopteran, hymenopteran, dip- mova et al. (2007) keyed out the eight species known teran and coleopteran leaf-miners or other small from Iran, including a new species: Cirrospilus scapus sheltered larvae or pupae; they are sometimes quoted Yefremova, 2007. Recently an additional species of as egg parasitoids (Zhu et al. 2002). A few species the genus was collected in the Northwest of Iran; it are associated with galls (Viggiani 1971, Gauthier et is described here as new. al. 2000). Some species such as Cirrospilus ingenuus The purposes of this paper are: 1) review the Iranian Gahan, 1932 – an important exotic ectoparasitoid in species of Cirrospilus; 2) describe a new Cirrospilus Mediterranean areas – was introduced to control the species; 3) provide an updated list of the species and citrus leaf-miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 their distribution in Iran; 4) update the biological (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Another one, Cirrospi- information including new data.

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 154: 173–180, Figs 1–9, Table 1. [ISSN 0040–7496]. http://www.nev.nl/tve © 2011 Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published 1 December 2011.

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300 μm 1

300 μm 2 300 μm

300 μm 3 4 Figs 1–4. Cirrospilus persicus, female - 1, Head in dorsal view; 2, head in frontal view; 3, pronotum and mesonotum in dorsal view; 4, antenna.

Material and methods Deposition of material The new species was collected on bushes of Salsola CBGP Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des dendroides Pall., 1803 (Chenopodiaceae). The bushes Populations, Montpellier, France were shacked on a white tray and all specimens were HMIM Hayk Mirzayans Museum, Tehran, collected with an aspirator. Some small caterpillars Iran were observed on the plant; they might be the host MNHG Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, of this species. Switzerland The description is provided from critical point dried, not collapsed specimens. Morphological terminol- ogy follows Gibson et al. (1997). One photograph Results (Fig. 9) was made with a scanning electron-micros- copy (Zeiss DSM 950). The other images were pro- Cirrospilus Westwood duced by an EntoVision Premium Portable Imaging System, comprising a Leica M16 zoom lens attached Cirrospilus can be distinguished from other Eulophi- to a JVC KY-75U 3CCD digital camera and a port- dae by the presence of the following character states: able computer workstation running EntoVision funicle two segmented in both sexes; notauli com- Imaging Suite software (GT Vision, Hagerstown, plete and straight, reaching or nearly so the trans- MD USA). Cartograph 5.6.0 (Microvision, Evry, scutal line posteriorly; scutellum with longitudinal France) software was subsequently used to merge an submedian grooves, grooves sometimes indicated image series producing a single image with increased by change in sculpture only; submarginal vein with depth of field. In the following presentation the spe- 3 or more dorsal setae; posterior pair of scutellar cies are ordered alphabetically. setae close to the hind margin of the scutellum;

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300 μm

30 μm

300 μm 100 μm

Figs 5–9. Cirrospilus persicus, female - 5, Habitus in dorsal view; 6, fore and hind wings; 7, detail of fore wing vena- tion; 8, apex of metasoma; 9, scutellum and propodeum. postmarginal vein not or only slightly longer than (H. Lotfalizadeh) (in MNHG). Paratypes: same stigmal vein, uncus at the apex of this latter vein. reference as holotype. 20/, 11.x.2007, same locality as holotype (in HMIM, CBGP). sp. n. Cirrospilus persicus Description Figs 1–9 Female. 1.25 mm. Head and mesosoma mostly Material examined. Holotype female. Iran: Azarbai- pale yellow (Figs 1–2, 5). Occiput with brownish jan-e-Sharghi, Marand, 1385 m, ix.2007, N 38° transverse stripe on each side of occipital foramen 25’ 25” E 45° 46’ 55”, on Salsola dendroides Pall., (Fig. 5). Propodeum brownish testaceous. Notauli and

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sometimes transscutal line dark (as in holotype). distinct median carina which broadens slightly Scape dorsally and pedicel basally darkened, the towards propodeal foramen (Fig. 9). Surface of pro- rest yellowish testaceous. Flagellum brownish podeum virtually smooth, reticulate network hardly (Fig. 4). Apex of mandibles dark brown (Fig. 2). Fore visible. Spiracle as broad as its own distance to leg and mesocoxa pale yellow. Meso- and metacoxae, metanotum. Callus bearing 6–7 hairs (Fig. 3). mesofemur except apex, whole metafemur, meso- Fore wing 2.2 times as long as wide (73:33) (Fig. 6), and metatibiae brownish. Tarsi pale except their the apical fringe as long as postmarginal vein (PM). apex. Fore wing with brownish infumation except Costal cell (24) bearing one row of short ventral hairs basally below submarginal vein and apical hyaline and 2–5 apicodorsal hairs. Basal cell with lower sur- stripe (Fig. 6). Pilosity pale on head, mesosoma, fore face bearing a few short hairs, bare on upper surface. wing fringe and hind wing. Pilosity black on gaster, Marginal vein 3 times as long as stigmal (15:5), post- antenna, fore wing membrane and veins. marginal reaching level of apex of stigmal but shorter Head 1.7 times as wide as long (29:17) (Fig. 2), (Fig. 7). Submarginal vein with 5–6 dorsal setae, par- hardly wider than mesosoma (29:27). Ocelli very astigma 4, marginal vein 6–8, the latter more than small: ocelli diameter as one third ocellar-ocular twice as long as width of vein. Lower surface of wing distance. Post-ocellar distance 1.35 times as long as with 7–8 (rarely 6 or 9) admarginal setae. Speculum ocellar-ocular distance. Eyes separated by a distance closed below, narrow but reaching base of stigmal slightly greater than their own height (17:15). Pilos- vein. Cubital fold bare behind basal cell and followed ity of head sparse and short. Mandibles 2-toothed by almost straight cubital line of hairs. with a dorsal truncation. Lower face and scrobal Hind wing 4.8 times as long as wide (58:12), nar- depression with very fine sculpture, almost smooth. rowly rounded at apex; posterior fringe as long as ⅓ Frontovertex with superficial reticulation. Malar of wing width. space about 0.8 times as broad as oral fossa and Gaster acuminate (Fig. 5), distinctly longer than head 0.6 times height of eyes. Ventral edge of antennal + mesosoma in non collapsed specimens (slightly so toruli at lower eye margin. Scrobal depression and in dried ones), 1.7 times as long as wide (51:30) and scape not reaching median ocellus. Scape 4 times as about as broad as mesosoma. Gastral tergites with long as wide (12:3) (Fig. 4). Pedicel + flagellum about lateral and sublateral hairs. Ovipositor hardly pro- 0.8 times as long as width of head (24:29). Pedicel truding (Fig. 8). Tip of hypopygium well before mid twice as long as wide in dorsal view. Flagellum fairly length of gaster (16:51). clavate with first funicular segment (F1) 1.75 times as Male unknown. long as wide, second funicular segment (F2) 1.4 so. Clava ovoid, 3-segmented, with short spine at apex, Diagnosis 2.75 times as long as wide and slightly shorter than Cirrospilus persicus is very close to C. caspicus Bouček, scape. Hairs on funicular segments suberect, as long 1969 (see under discussion), described from Dagh- as width of F1. Sensilla sparse, on outer side of F1 estan and Azerbaijan (Bouček, 1969). It can readily only one multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) visible, be distinguished from it by the broader infumation F2 with 1–2 MPS on outer side. of the fore wing leaving only narrow parts hyaline Mesosoma squat, hardly longer than broad (31:27) and by its longer apical fringe; the gaster is also rela- (Fig. 3). Pro- and mesonotum with dense but dis- tively longer; the funicular segments bear few and tinctly raised reticulation, somewhat coarser on mid sparse multiporous plate sensilla (MPS) and suberect lobe of mesoscutum. The short pronotum bears longer hairs; the malar space is slightly broader. 7–9 appressed hairs. Mesoscutum 0.4 times as long A comparison of their morphological characters can the wide (11:27), scutellum 0.85 slightly shorter be found in Table 1. than wide (12:14). Notauli deep. Axillae relatively projecting forwards. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with Distribution 2–3 pairs of short appressed hairs and a pair of erect The species is known only from the North-West of posterior bristles which are 0.6 times as long as the Iran. distance between axillae. Scutellum slightly convex, submedian grooves obsolete, visible only as slight Etymology change in sculpture (Fig. 9). Scutellar bristles of This species is named after the ancient name of Iran same length, 0.75 times as long as distance between (Persia). axillae; the first pair somewhat before the mid length (Fig. 4). Dorsellum short, fairly convex, very finely Variation reticulate (Fig. 9). Propodeum short, on the median Very small. Body size varies from 0.85 to 1.4 mm line 1.3 times as long as the dorsellum, with a (inflated specimens).

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Notes on other Iranian Cirrospilus Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke, 1833) (Lepidop- tera: Gracillariidae) on Populus nigra (M.R. Zargharan) (2/) (new host record). Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan, 1932 The species was recorded as a parasitoid of Phylloc- Baniameri & Mohammadi-Pour (2007) already nistis citrella Stainton, 1856 (Lepidoptera: Gracil- mentioned this species as a larval ectoparasitoid of lariidae) from South (Boushehr Province) and on Ulmus in Tehran. However, South-East (Sistan-o-Baluchestan Province) of Iran Bucculatrix ulmella attacks only Quercus species, so (Ebrahimi et al. 2008). Cirrospilus ingenuus is known we think that the name ulmella was used in error as an ectoparasitoid of Gracillariidae and for (Hering, 1931) or a (Zhu et al. 2002), but Ujiye et al. (1996) reported it misidentification of another Ulmus feeding species as a hyperparasitoid of Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovs- (Dr. Erik J. van Nieukerken, personal communi- kaya, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). cation). This Cirrospilus is widely distributed from Cirrospilus ingenuus is an Asian parasitoid of the cit- Japan to North Africa from a wide variety of hosts rus leafminer whose natural range includes Australia, belonging to different insect orders (Bouček 1959, China, , , Japan, , Taiwan Noyes 2009). It was reared from Coleoptera (Cur- and Thailand (Schauff et al. 1998, Zhu et al. 2002, culionidae), Diptera (Agromyzidae), Hymenoptera Hoy & Nguyen 2003). It is widely distributed in (Braconidae, Cynipidae, Tenthredinidae) and Lepi- the Oriental and Australian regions (Yefremova et al. doptera on different plant families. 2007) and was introduced under the name C. quad- Cirrospilus pictus shows considerable variation in size ristriatus into Cyprus and Israel, as well as Morocco, and coloration, with the expansion of dark spots Oman, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey (Schauff et al. and stripes variable, having led some authors to re- 1998). describe it. Some synonymies were published by Zhu The mesosoma is entirely yellow dorsally, without et al. (2002). longitudinal dark stripes but the gaster has transverse Cirrospilus pictus has a fairly large speculum on the dark stripes; the mesosoma has raised reticulation; fore wing and its cubital hair-line is not sinuate; the the cubital hair-line is not sinuate on the fore wing. reticulation of the mesosoma is coarse, the scutellar groove distinct, the postmarginal vein is not longer Cirrospilus lyncus Walker, 1838 than the stigmal. C. lyncus Information on the host range of in Iran is Cirrospilus scapus Yefremova, 2007 based on records of material collected from the citrus leaf-miner Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracil- The species was originally described from Iran lariidae) on the coast of Caspian Sea (Mazandaran (Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi Province, Urmia) as a lar- Province) (Yefremova et al. 2007, Ebrahimi et val parasitoid of Liriomyza congesta (Becker, 1903) al. 2008). Bouček (1959) mentioned this species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) (Yefremova et al. 2007). The throughout Europe as a parasitoid of several spe- authors compare Cirrospilus scapus with C. ingenuus cies of Phyllonorycter Hübner, 1822 (as Lithocolletis, and separated it on the following characters: scape Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). It was also reported on swollen in male, propodeum smooth (rugose in Tischeria (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae) sometimes as C. ingenuus) and notauli joining posteriorly the ante- an hyperparasitoid (Bouček & Askew 1968). Cirro- rior margin of axillae (reaching to transscutal line in spilus lyncus is known from the Palaearctic and Ori- C. ingenuus). ental regions (Noyes 2009). Otherwise the head and mesosoma are entirely yel- This species has a narrow speculum on the fore wing lowish without longitudinal black stripes, the pro- and the cubital hair-line is not sinuate; the mesono- podeum completely yellow; the gaster has transverse tum has raised reticulation, the scutellar grooves are yellow stripes; the propodeum is smooth and lacks evident, the scutellum partly or completely dark, the a median carina; the postmarginal vein is slightly propodeum also dark. shorter than the stigmal vein.

Cirrospilus pictus (Nees, 1834) Cirrospilus staryi Bouček, 1959 Material examined. Tehran, Azadi Park, vi-ix.2004, ex lar- As a parasitoid of the citrus leaf-miner, it was col- vae of Bucculatrix ulmella Zeller, 1848 (Lepidoptera: Buc- lected from the coast of Persian Gulf (Bushehr Prov- culatricidae) on elm trees (V. Baniameri) (2/). Azarbaijan- ince) (Ebrahimi et al. 2008). It is widely distributed e-Gharbi, Urmia, around Airport, 20.vii.2008, ex of in the West-Palaearctic area and Northern Africa as a

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parasitoid of different leaf-miners of the genera Phyl- area. As for many species of the genus, C. viticola is a lonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and parasitoid of leaf-mining Lepidopera (Phyllonorycter, Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: ) (Bouček Phyllocnistis, Tischeria and Stigmella) and Coleoptera 1959, Bouček & Askew 1968, Noyes 2009). (Rhynchaenus Clairville, 1798) on deciduous trees The following characters have been mentioned for (Bouček 1959, Bouček & Askew 1968). this species: thorax black, with a more or less yel- The body is quite variable in colour from entirely low cross-band between the insertions of the fore pale to widely dark, the dark stripes being not metal- wings and with a narrow stripe, interrupted medially lic; the flagellomeres are longer than wide; the plicae in darker specimens, on hind margin of pronotum; never developed on propodeum; on the fore wing in specimens from Southern Europe the yellow col- the speculum is narrow and closed below, the disc our usually is more widely spread, the thorax finely of wing densely hairy, the cubital hair-line is sinuate reticulate, almost smooth; otherwise the mesosoma basally; the postmarginal vein as long as or longer has long and erect black bristles; the disc of the fore than the stigmal vein. wing is densely hairy, the speculum very reduced, narrow; the cubital hair-line not sinuate; the post- Cirrospilus vittatus Walker, 1838 marginal vein is as long as or slightly longer than the stigmal vein. This well-known species is widely distributed in the Holarctic Region and has been reported from Iran Cirrospilus variegatus (Masi, 1907) (Azarbaijan-e-Gharbi or West-Azarbaijan) as a para- sitoid of the banded pigmy Stigmella malella This species was recently reported from Iran (Hes- (Stainton, 1854) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) (Rad- ami et al. 2006) as a parasitoid of Liriomyza sativae jabi 1986). Recently, it was reared from Liriomyza Blanchard, 1938 (a new host record) and from an sativae and L. trifolii (Burgess, 1880) (Diptera: Agro- unknown species on cucumber in glasshouses and myzidae) in Varamin (Asadi et al. 2006). It is mainly Tanacetum sp. (Hesami et al. 2006). yellow in color with a median metallic dark stripe It is an ectoparasitoid of lepidopteran leaf-miners which is broader that the lateral ones. The color (, Gracillariidae, Lyonetiidae, Nep- variation (extensively dark to bright) of C. vittatus ticulidae) (Zhu et al. 2002, Noyes 2009); Bac- has been discussed by Askew (1984). The collected trocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is specimens from Iran are mainly yellow, in accord- also quoted as host but this is doubtful. One of us ance with Askew (1984) and Zhu et al. (2002), who (GD) examined specimens from North Cameroon, noted that the dark markings are reduced in warmer reared from thraustica (Meyrick, 1908) and drier regions. The species can be recognized by (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on curcas its sinuate cubital hair-line together with the raised L. (Euphorbiaceae) (new record). Although not yet reticulation of the mesosoma. quoted from France it is present in the southern part Zhu et al. (2002) listed different families of Coleop- of the country. It has now a very wide distribution tera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera as in the World, probably subsequently to non-inten- hosts for this species. tional introductions together with its hosts. This species has a number of characters in common with Ashmead, 1904: vertex project- Discussion ing upwards, pronotum long and with lateral stripes, The Cirrospilus species previously recorded from Iran dorsellum triangular, fore wing slightly infuscate either are widely distributed or linked with agro- below parastigma and stigma, marginal vein pale ecosystems e.g. associated with species of economic contrasting with the dark parastigma and stigmal importance. C. persicus is the first species linked vein. Nevertheless the notauli join posteriorly the with a natural ecosystem although the host is not transscutal line, the most important character which yet known. klimeschiella Toll, 1952 and differentiates Cirrospilus from Zagrammosoma. C. parthenica Meyrick, 1891 were reported in Tur- key from several Salsola spp., mostly S. kali L. and S. tragus Cirrospilus viticola (Rondani, 1877) L. (Goeden 1973). According to this author, the larvae of the first species are case-bearers which Ebrahimi et al. (2008) reared it from citrus leaf-miner internally mine the leaves while the second one larvae on the coast of Persian Gulf (Hormozghan mines the twigs. The former is a good host candidate Province). It is widely distributed in Europe and for a Cirrospilus, the majority of the included species known from Caucasus (Bouček & Askew 1968); its being parasitoids of leaf-mining Lepidoptera. Fur- presence in Southern Iran expands its distribution thermore C. klimeschiella was recovered in Pakistan

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Table 1. Comparison of the diagnostic characters of Cirrospilus persicus and C. caspicus.

Characters C. persicus C. caspicus

Scape length Shorter (4 as long as wide) Longer (5 as long as wide) Scape and pedicel coloration Scape dorsally and pedicel basally darkened Scape and pedicel entirely brownish Malar space Broader (0.6 height of eyes) Smaller (0.43 height of eyes) Mesosoma coloration Mostly pale yellow (Figs 3, 5) Mid lobe anteriorly and axillae brownish testaceous Legs coloration Mid and hind legs mostly brownish Legs entirely pale yellow Forewing infumation Wide brownish infumated band (Fig. 6) Small weakly infumated band below post- marginal and marginal veins Fore wing length Shorter (2.2 long as broad) Longer (2.35 long as broad) Marginal vein length Longer (3 long as stigmal vein) Shorter (2.1 as long as stigmal vein) Posterior fringe of hind wing ⅓ of wing width ¼ of wing width Gaster length Longer (1.7 as long as wide) Shorter (1.1 as long as wide)

on another Salsola species (Khan & Balloch 1976); References it might therefore be widely distributed in these eco- Asadi, R., A.A. Talebi, Y. Fathipour, S. Moharramipour, systems. The closely related species C. caspicus was & E. Rakhshani, 2006. Identification of parasitoids collected in the same type of habitat while this sec- and seasonal parasitism of the agromyzid leafminers tion of the genus Salsola spp. is restricted to deserts of genus Liriomyza (Dip.: Agromyzidae) in Varamin, semi-deserts of South West and Central Asia Iran. – Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Pyankov et al. 2001). These facts prompt us to 8: 293–303. Askew R.R., 1984. Variation in Cirrospilus vittatus Walker think that these two Cirrospilus species might be (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the description of a endemic to this region. They form together a dis- new species from Britain. – Entomologist’s Monthly tinct species group based on the following derived Magazine 120: 63–68. states found only in this pair: 1) Fore wing broadly Baniameri, V. & A. Mohammadi-Pour, 2007. New records infumated (Fig. 6); 2) Mesosoma densely but deeply of three parasitoids wasps on Bucculatrix ulmella Zeller reticulate (Figs 3, 9); 3) Scutellar grooves evanescent, (Lep.: Bucculatricidae) from Iran. – Applied Entomol- only visible as change in sculpture (Fig. 9). ogy and Phytopathology 75(1): 35. The two species form together a special group, Bouček, Z., 1959. A study of central European Eulophidae mentioned by Bouček (1988) in his key to species II: Diaulinopsis and Cirrosplius (Hym.). – Acta Ento- groups. The characters were nevertheless summa- mologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 33: 171–194. rised by the author in the original description of Bouček, Z., 1969. Descriptive and taxonomic notes on C. caspicus: body squat and predominantly yel- ten, mainly new, species of West Palaearctic Eulophi- low (Fig. 5), without dark stripes or spots but with dae (Hymenoptera). – Acta Entomologica Musei Na- broad infumation on fore wing (Fig. 6); very dense tionalis Pragae 38: 525–543. Bouček, Z., 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenop- and raised reticulation on pro- and mesonotum tera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen (Fig. 3); setae (except posterior bristles) on mid lobe families, with a reclassification of species. – CAB In- of mesoscutum sparse, short and appressed; scutellar ternational, Wallingford, United Kingdom, 832 pp. lines indistinct or almost so, visible only as change Bouček, Z. & R.R. Askew, 1968. Palearctic Eulophidae in sculpture (Fig. 9); propodeum with percurrent sine Tetrastichinae. Index of entomophagous median carina (Fig. 9); cubital line of hairs not sinu- 3. Delucchi, V.; Remaudière, G. Paris: Le François, ate and basal cell open below (Fig. 6). 260 pp. Ebrahimi, E., M. Malekzadeh, & Z. Yefremova, 2008. Parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lep., Gracillariidae) Acknowledgment in Iran. – Applied Entomology and Phytopathology We are grateful to Dr. Petr Jansta (Faculty of Sci- 76(2): 81–92. ences, Praha, Czech Republic) who kindly com- Farrokhi, S., E. Ebrahimi, & P. Noori, 2004. Study on pared for us the holotype of C. caspicus Bouček with population fluctuation of Liriomyza trifolii and its par- the description and illustrations of the new species asitoids on cucumber in Varamin region. - Proceedings of 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress: 16. C. persicus. Gauthier, N., J. LaSalle, D.L.J. Quicke, & H.C.J. Godfray,

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