Classification 17-1 I. Biodiversity – the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

II. Taxonomy – The science of naming and classifying organisms. Taxon – any particular group within a taxonomic system.

A. Old system – Used common names: “Jellyfish”, ”Buffalo”, “Seahorse” “European Honeybee” Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus. B. Aristotle (2400 yrs) Divided organisms into two groups 1. – based on where they lived land water air 2. Plants – based on stem of plants III. Linnaeus (1750) – seven level hierarchical system based on the form and structure of an organism, “morphology”.

A. Binomial Nomenclature – two part name. Genus Species

1. The binomial name of a species is called its “Scientific Name”

2. Names are italicized OR underlined. ex: Man - Homo sapiens Horse - caballus Dog - familiaris Cat – Felis domesticus Others

3. Used the Latin language: • unchanging • descriptive • roots of many languages 4. Two organisms are of the same species, if: • the two organisms mate  produce a fertile offspring.

•Some exceptions “Hybrids” Horse (64) + Donkey (62)  (63) males sterile some females can reproduce Lion + Tiger  , Ligon,

Buffalo + Cattle 

Coywolf

Cama, Wolphin, zorse, , zebrass 5. Modern Hierarchy Categories

• Domain Did Do • Kingdom King Kings • Phylum Phillip Play • Class Come Chess • Order Over On • Family For Funny • Genus Great Glass • Species Spaghetti Stools (you don’t have to write down the examples of BEE, MAN, or LION.)

BEE MAN LION • Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya • Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia • Phylum Arthropoda Chordata Chordata • Class Insecta Mammalia Mammalia • Order Humenoptera Primates Carnivora • Family Apidae • Genus Apis Homo Panthera • Species mellifera sapiens leo 6. Steps below Species: Variety – Plants ex: Spring Wheat Triticum aestivum “Reeder” “Choteau” “McNeal”

Did you know? One bushel of wheat will produce 73 one-pound loaves of bread. Subspecies – Animals ex: Terrapene carolina triunui is a subspecies of the common eastern box turtle. Dogs ? “breeds” Humans ? “race”

Wolfdog

7. Dichotomous Key – A written set of TWO choices that leads to the name of the organism.

Gummy Bears

Salt Water Taffy

Tootsie Roll

Hershey Kiss Star Bursts

Jaw Breaker

Jolly Rancher Candy Cane Butter Scotch Dum Dum Fireball 17-2 I. Species – a group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring. 1.5 million have been identified Estimates of 5 -10 million more in the tropics alone. II. Phylogenetics – evolutionary relationships among taxons.

Phylogenetic Diagram (Phylogenetic tree)

A. Evidence of Shared Ancestry. 1. homologous characteristics. – same structure, different function. ex: human arm, dolphin flipper, horse leg

A. Evidence of Shared Ancestry. 1. homologous characteristics. – same structure, different function. ex: human arm, dolphin flipper, horse leg 2. analogous characteristics – different structures, same function. Ex: wings of a bird vs wings of an insect.

Vestigial Organs: tonsils, wisdom teeth, ear muscles, coccyx (tailbone), appendix III. Cladistics – system that uses shared and derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping organisms (taxa). Video Clade – a group of organisms that includes an ancestor, plus all of it’s decendents.

A. Shared Characteristic. – a feature that all members of a group have in common, such as hair in .

B. Derived Ch. – a feature that evolved only within a group

ex) feathers in birds are thought to be a derived character for birds. Birds along with a few extinct reptiles that were very similar to birds in other ways. Therefore, you can hypothesize that feathers evolved only within birds, and were not inherited from the ancestors that birds share with reptiles. Characteristics Organism Jaws Claws/Nails Hair Lungs Tail Hagfish – – – – + Salamander + - – + + Bird + + - + + Chimp + + + + – Lizard + + – + + Perch + – – – +

Mouse + + + + + Characteristics Organism Jaws Claws/Nails Hair Lungs Tail Hagfish – – – – + Salamander + - – + + Bird + + - + + Chimp + + + + – Lizard + + – + + Perch + – – – + Mouse + + + + +

17-3 I. Domains (Superkingdoms) (Three of them) A. Domain Archae (kingdom Archaebacteria) Archae means “ancient” • Prokaryotes – no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. • Harsh environments • Oldest fossils 1. Methanogens – anaerobic, make methane. Mud swamps. 2. Thermoacidiphiles – hot/acidic environment.

Grand Prismatic Spring 3. Halophiles – salty environments Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 B. Domain Bacteria (kingdom Eubacteria) • Prokaryotes

• Most use O2 • Tooth decay, food poisoning, milk to yogurt, tetanus

Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 C. Domain Eukarya (Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae) • Eukaryotic – nucleus, organelles • Unicellular &/or Multicellular • Can reproduce Sexually & Asexually.

II. Eukaryotic Kingdoms Crash Course Video – Bacteria & Protistas

A. Protista • Eukaryotic • Uni & Multicellular • Hetero & Autotrophic • Some are mobile • Sexual and Asexual • Ex: Algae / Protozoa (Amoeba)/ Kelp • 50,000 species B. Fungi • Eukaryotic • Uni & Multi-cellular • Heterotrophic only (consumers) • Stationary • Sexual and Asexual • 100,000 species • EX: mushrooms, yeast (one celled), mold, fungi, puffballs, mildew C. Plantae • Eukaryotic • Cell walls of cellulose • Autotrophs (producers) • Multicellular Only • Stationary • Sexual & Asexual • 350,000 species seedless, nonflowering, flowering D. Animalia Crash Course video - Taxonomy • Eukaryotic • 99% Invertebrates (lack a backbone) • 1% Vertebrates • Heterotrophs (consumers) • Multicellular Only • Most are mobile (because of muscle) • Mostly sexual, some asexual • 1 million species (possibly 10 million) Ex: Sponges, flatworms, segmented worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 See Crash Course YouTube Videos BACK BACK BACK BACK Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

A. genus and order B. division and genus C. genus and species identifier D. species identifier and phylum Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

A. genus and order B. division and genus

D. species identifier and phylum Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

F. class G. order H. genus J. kingdom Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

F. class G. order

J. kingdom Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

Use the cladogram to answer question 4. The cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships among four kinds of plants. Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

F. mosses and ferns G. mosses and pine trees H. ferns and flowering plants J. pine trees and flowering plants Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

F. mosses and ferns G. mosses and pine trees H. ferns and flowering plants Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

A. genus B. domain C. species D. phylum Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

A. genus B. domain C. species Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

F. A G. C H. D J. G Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

G. C H. D J. G Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

Protists, such as amoebas, are eukaryotes and are more complex than prokaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. They can also be - like or plant-like. Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.

To study the biodiversity of a rain forest, researchers sometimes collect species in vast numbers.

Part A How would traditional taxonomy aid a researcher who found 955 beetle species in one kind of tropical tree?

Part B How could molecular phylogenetics assist that same researcher? Chapter 17 Standardized Test Prep

The beetles would be divided into groups based on observable characters, such as form and structure.

Beetles would be divided into groups based on amino acid or nucleotide sequences, which could be used to separate beetle species that look very similar.