Memorial to Carl Leland Horberg (1910-1955)

MEMORIAL TO CARL LELAND HORBERG (1910-1955)

FRITIOF FRYXELL Rocl{ Island, Illinois

In the Journal of Geology for January, 1953, appeared this foreword: "As the Journal of Geology enters its sixty-first year of pub- lication, the editorship passes from Francis J. Pettijohn to the writer. During the last sixty years there have been only three editors: Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, Rollin T. Chamberlin, and Francis J. Pettijohn. The effectiveness of the Journal in its service to science has been made possible by the wise and devoted editorships of these men. Over the years the broad, initial policies of the Journal have been largely retained. It remains dedicated to all fields of geology and to the publica- tion of research studies which present new ideas, principles, and discoveries of fundamental significance. "The Journal over this period has received contributions from the outstanding men of our science. This support con- tinues and the only limitation in the Journal's service to geology in recent years has been a financial one. It is apparent from the inflow of manuscripts that larger regular issues and a greater number of special issues devoted to current problems could be published if additional funds were available. '"The Journal is much indebted to its Contributing Editors, who, without compensation, have given generously of their time in the preparation of reviews and critical reading of manuscripts and who have submitted many excellent papers. The members of the former staff were originally appointed to a term of three years, and new appointments and reappointments are being made on the same basis. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the services of those who have served their terms and to wel- come the new members." Leland Horberg, Editor The tenure of the fourth editor proved all too brief. Less than three years later, this note appeared on the last page of the Journal of Geology for September 1955: "Carl Leland Horberg . . . died in Billings Hospital after this issue was in press." What the service of the fourth editor had meant to the Journal, despite its brevity, was expressed in an appreciation that was printed as an introduction to the succeed- ing (November) issue. Unsigned, it was written by Francis J. Pettijohn. "Leland Horberg brought to the Journal, as its fourth editor, the same exacting standards which he set for himself; he demanded the best of his contributors. The content of any journal is a measure of the editor's insight and judgment in separating the trivial or commonplace from the significant and exceptional. The circulation of the journal, the frequency with which its articles are cited, and the caliber of its authors embody the verdict of the profession which it serves. The verdict rendered is indeed an eloquent tribute to Horberg, the editor. "Leland Horberg was himself a regular contributor to the Journal. Although his first paper was published in 1940, early issues contain reviews from his pen. Horberg was a scholar in the truest sense. His contributions on Pleistocene geology and geomorphology, meticulously prepared, are of solid content—the kind that make good reading long after the fashions of thought of the day have come and gone. His maps and figures display an unusual skill in design and execution and might well serve as models for all of us. "Most of all, Leland Horberg was a person of maturity and highest presonal integrity. The editorship was considered by him as a trust and not as a means for personal advancement. In spite of the full knowledge of the mortal nature of his illness he met his obligations and duties without faltering. Indeed, he taught us how to live and for this we shall ever be in his debt." P99

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The name of Leland Hornberg, as editor, was retained on the mastheads of the Journal for as long a period as its issues reflected his planning. When his name was dropped, with the January 1957 issue, it was not replaced by that of another. No new editor was appointed, responsibility for the Journal being vested thereafter with an Editorial Committee and an Executive Manager. Carl Leland Horberg was born on May 7, 1910, at Cambridge, Illinois. His father, John August Horberg, had emigrated from his home at Kisa, Ostergotland, Sweden, with his parents in 1876, and settled near Osco, in Henry County, Illinois. His mother, Laura Amelia Larson Horberg, also of Swedish parentage, was born on a farm in Andover Township, in Henry County. Leland was the oldest child in the family, the younger children being a brother, Robert, and a sister, Helen. Cambridge, seat of Henry County, is a prairie town set in the midst of the rich farmlands of northwestern Illinois, which attracted many Swedish immigrants. In most respects Cambridge is typical of hundreds of other prosperous midwest towns, although one who drives through it is likely to remark on its unusually wide and well-shaded streets, and the clean, attractive residences. Those well acquainted with Cambridge admire the town for its good schools, good homes, and good citizens like the Horbergs. J. A. Horberg was a man of quiet dignity, who for many years served as County Clerk, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and County Recorder. Until his death, in 1942, he was prominent in civic affairs, and a devout churchman. He and his wife were loved in the community for their neighborly ways and kindness. In the Horberg household, under the gentle yet firm influence of their parents' example, the children were trained in the way they should go, and from that way they did not depart in after years. Thus Leland's boyhood, in the white home a few blocks away from the Court- house, was a fortunate and happy one. His diligence and exceptional abilities made him an outstanding student in the public schools; and after his graduation from Cambridge High School in 1928—high on the honor roll of his class—plans for college followed as a matter of course. There was probably never much question as to which college Leland, and his brother and sister, would attend. Mr. Horberg himself had studied in the old Aug- ustana Academy, and at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, on the Mississippi River thirty miles northwest of Cambridge, and all his life he remained a staunch supporter of that institution, the oldest of the colleges founded by Scandinavian immigrants in America. Leland matriculated at Augustana College in the fall of 1928, and at the end of his freshman year chose to major in Economics. In college, Leland's interests expanded into many fields—literature, art, history, and, especially, music—which enriched his experience. He sang in several choruses, including the Augustana Choir. The latter organization was formed in 1931, when the young director, Henry Veld, combined the men's and women's groups, the Wennerberg and Jenny Lind Choruses, into an ensemble which, under his leadership, quickly gained nationwide reputation as one of the country's finest choral organiza-

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tions. Leland's enthusiasm for the great work of the Augustana Choir never waned; in later years he attended its concerts whenever possible. Although not an exceptional athlete, Leland participated in intramural sports, especially basketball. Membership on the Lyceum Board and Annual staff reflected other interests. Although unassum- ing in speech and manner, and not at all inclined to be self-assertive, Leland had qualities of leadership—friendliness, reliability, and the strict honesty which was a heritage from his home training—that his fellow students were quick to perceive. As a consequence he set something of a record in student administration, being elected president of his fraternity for two years and of the interfraternity council for his junior year; also, in his final year of college, he served simultaneously as president of the Senior Class, president of the Augustana Choir, and vice-president of the Students' Union. Leland's father, while at Augustana, had studied with Johan August Udden, then Professor of Natural Science. This may have influenced Leland to register for geology in his junior year. Or perhaps the choice resulted from an initial interest in archeol- ogy which was the outgrowth of much reading, and time spent, as a boy, collecting the Indian artifacts to be found in the fields around Cambridge, after spring plow- ing. Be that as it may, the choice had far-reaching consequences, for Leland was soon giving serious consideration to becoming a geologist instead of a businessman or lawyer, his earlier inclinations. Two circumstances contributed to his final decision in favor of geology. For one thing, he joined a group of students who, in the summer of 1931 (that is, after his junior year), accompanied the writer on an extended western excursion, so that his initial interest was confirmed through first- hand introduction to geologic features in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. (His choice of a doctorate dissertation, a few years later, resulted directly from this experience.) Also, decision by the Augustana administration to give geology departmental status, beginning in 1929, now made it possible for students to take a sequence of undergraduate courses in this subject. It was impracticable for Leland, already an upperclassman, to change his major, but he did take what courses in geology he could, as electives, and eventually he met the requirements for a double major. Thus in a very real sense he became the first product of the new department. He was a student of whom the college could well be proud. For all his involvement in extracurricular activities, Leland had never neglected scholarship. He graduated in 1932, cum laude, ranking second in his class of 69. On the basis of his academic record and excellent promise, he was awarded a fellowship for advanced study at the University of Chicago. Horberg's postgraduate training began at once, as he registered for the summer field course of this university given in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri, taught that year by Carey Croneis. Concerning the Ste. Genevieve course, which for many years provided field experience for University of Chicago students, Horberg later remarked that after working out the geology of this complex area a geologist should be able to decipher the structure of almost any region, however difficult. Horberg's studies in residence at the University of Chicago extended from the fall

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of 1932 through the spring quarter of 1938, except for two periods spent off campus in teaching. He was privileged to study under a distinguished group of teachers: Edson S. Bastin, J Harlen Bretz, Rollin T. Chamberlin, Carey Croneis, D. Jerome Fisher, Albert Johannsen, Everett C. Olson, and Francis J. Pettijohn. For one year (1933-1934) he was teacher of handicapped children in his home town of Cambridge. His sympathetic temperament adapted him for this work, but his long-range ob- jectives had been formulated and were quite clear: he would enter higher education. From August 1935 to January 1937 he taught geology at Augustana College, while the writer was on leave of absence for three semesters. Ever indefatigable, Horberg accomplished an amazing amount of work while at Augustana. His teaching sched- ule was heavy, even by the standards of a small college; meanwhile, he worked on his dissertation. When the writer returned, at mid-year, he found the department in splendid order, with evidences on every hand of the system and care which marked Horberg's customary way of doing things. Always, in his teaching, Horberg had the good judgment to work out his own ideas and methods, and not merely be an imitator of others. He sought to master his subject matter, and then to present this in a concise, understandable, and well- organized way. His enthusiasm for geology was united with genuine and continuing interest in his students, as individuals. He was simple and informal in manner, un- failingly kind and considerate, had a rollicking sense of humor and a hearty laugh, and was plain "Lee" to everyone. Horberg's dissertation, as first planned, was to be a stratigraphic study of the sedimentary section in the Teton Range, Wyoming; but, characteristically, having learned the formational units (in the summers of 1933 and 1935) he then went on (in the summers of 1936 and 1937) and applied his stratigraphic knowledge to deciphering the structure of the critical Teton Pass area, at the south end of the range. When completed, his study incorporated also the glacial geology and geomorphology of the area. It was a dissertation of broad scope and unusual excellence, and it holds an important place in the geologic literature of the Middle Rocky Mountains. While his Teton work had clarified many relationships, it served to raise a number of questions, including some of regional character. These Horberg studied, in col- laboration with others, particularly during the summers of 1939, 1940, and 1941. He extended his investigations into the Yellowstone Valley in Park County, Mon- tana, into the north end of the Teton Range and adjacent Yellowstone Park, and into other Wyoming mountains, notably the Gros Ventre, Hoback, Snake River, and Owl Creek ranges. Several publications resulted, and more would have followed but for disruption of plans by World War II. In 1943 and again a year later, Horberg returned to Wyoming, for the month of August, to serve as an instructor on the geological staff of Camp Davis, the summer field camp maintained by the University of Michigan in the Hoback Canyon south of Jackson Hole. The University of Chicago awarded Horberg the degree of Ph.D. at its June Con- vocation in 1938. In September of that year he became an instructor at the Univer-

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sity of Illinois, where he remained for three years, attaining the rank of Assistant Professor. At Illinois he taught courses in Physical Geology, Historical Geology, and Agricultural Geology (a service course given to students in agriculture); he also conducted an undergraduate field course to the Appalachians, given during Easter recess. In the summer of 1942, Horberg, like so many other geologists, left teaching to participate in the specialized work required by the war effort. For him the move necessitated no change of location, as he joined the staff of the Illinois Geological Survey, which he served first as Assistant Geologist and later as Associate Geologist. During the war, Horberg played an important part in the program of the Illinois Survey to develop additional supplies of ground water essential for defense indus- tries located in the State. This program, which called for location and mapping of water-bearing glacial outwash deposits of sand and gravel, not only had important practical significance but also offered exceptional possibilities for gaining information about other subjects of general scientific interest, such as buried river valleys, preglacial erosion surfaces, Pleistocene chronology, and the bedrock topography. It was the established policy of the Survey, strongly emphasized by its chief, M. M. Leigh- ton, to encourage the broadest possible approach to investigations, and Horberg was not one to miss the opportunities of an important assignment. His constructive imagination and capacity for hard, painstaking work, especially that entailing the methodical compilation of detailed data, stood him in good stead. As a colleague put it, "Only Lee would have had the patience to work out all this material." Among the papers which resulted were those which dealt with the preglacial Ma- homet Valley drainage system, from which Champaign and Urbana get their water supply, and the monographic report, Bedroc/( topography of Illinois, published in 1950 as Bulletin 73 of the Illinois Survey. This bulletin is generally regarded as Hor- berg's foremost scientific contribution. It is a classic in Illinois geologic literature, and the most detailed study of its kind yet made in this country. On May 30, 1942, Horberg married Virginia Louise Bryan, of Champaign, who had been a student at the University of Illinois and had worked part time in the offices of the Department of Geology. Their first son, Anders Lee, was born at Champaign in 1945; their second son, Bryan John, was born at Chicago in 1954. In 1946, Horberg accepted a position on the faculty of his Alma Mater, the Uni- versity of Chicago, meanwhile retaining his connection with the Illinois Geological Survey as a consultant. Glacial geology and geomorphology had now become his principal interests, and at Chicago he taught these subjects, as well as an advanced course in Geologic Problems, and field courses. He supervised the research of a number of candidates for higher degrees. Horberg's teaching responsibilities at Chicago were not so heavy but that he could devote a substantial part of his time to other professional activities, including personal research. This arrangement proved highly attractive to him, so much so that repeated efforts to entice him to positions elsewhere failed. The atmosphere of the university, characterized by Chancellor Lawrence A. Kimpton as one of

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"passionate dedication to pure research and scholarship," was congenial to him, and he flourished in it. His field work, in part conducted jointly with his colleague, J Harlen Bretz, again took him west, mainly into areas new to him, such as Texas and New Mexico on the south, and northern Montana, North Dakota, and Alberta on the north. Meanwhile he continued research on Pleistocene problems in the Mississippi Valley. His growing stature as a researcher of solid worth was attested by his selection, in 1951, to participate in a panel on geomorphology at the Annual Meeting of The Geological Society of America, at Washington, D. C. The other members of this panel were Richard Foster Flint of Yale University, William C. Putnam of the University of California at Los Angeles, and Robert P. Sharp of the California Institute of Technology. Horberg's contribution was entitled, Interrelation of Geomorphology, Glacial Geology, and Pleistocene Geology. In 1948 Horberg became an Associate Professor at the University, and also a contributing editor of the Journal of Geology. In 1952 he was appointed Editor of the Journal, to succeed Francis J. Pettijohn who had resigned after accepting a position at The Johns Hopkins University. Horberg was not yet 43 when he became Editor of the Journal, and seemingly he was in excellent health, but the malady which was to cut short his career "in the prime of life and productivity," as Bretz expressed it, may already have begun its fatal course. In April 1953 he became seriously ill and was incapacitated for several months. That fall he resumed normal activity and he virtually completed the academic year; however, in the late spring hospitalization again became necessary, and on April 27, 1954, an exploratory operation revealed an abdominal tumor. Removal of this growth had to wait until he would be strong enough for major surgery. Nevertheless, that summer he carried out a field study of Pleistocene deposits along the Mississippi Valley in central-western Illinois, for the Illinois Geological Survey—the initial phase of a major project planned to in- clude study of outcrops and well samples of the pre-Illinoian Pleistocene throughout Western Illinois. On December 6 he again underwent surgery. The tumor was found to be malignant. Those intimately acquainted with Horberg never underestimated his strength of character and will. Now he accepted with composure and fortitude the virtual certainty that he had only a short time to live. "With the determination to leave as few loose ends as possible, he dedicated his remaining months to putting his personal and scientific house in order."1 At his office, sickroom, or hospital, as the case might be, with the loyal aid of his courageous wife, he worked whenever possible, while undergoing the therapy pres- scribed by the Argonne Cancer Research Section of the University of Chicago Clinics. He continued his student counseling and welcomed the visits of his friends; he carried on his usual correspondence, edited the Journal, and wrote on unfinished reports. ' 'He completed five manuscripts after physical incapacity had removed him from Departmental activities," wrote Bretz in the Newsletter of the Department, a

'"In Memoriam: Carl Leland Horberg, 1910-1955," by Kurt E. Lowe and Anastasia Van Burkalow. Journal of Geological Education, Volume 3, Number 2 (Fall, 1955), page 68

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remarkable manifestation of courage and willpower. Several papers he did not get to see in print; however, with usual forethought he prepared detailed instructions for printing and distributing the separates. He died on August 18, 1955. Horberg's professional career, like his personal life, was many-sided and fruitful. He was a Fellow of The Geological Society of America and served on several committees of the Society. For three years he held the responsible office of Secretary, Section E (Geography and Geology) of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, an organization of which he was also Fellow. He was a member and scientific advisor of the Chicago Academy of Science and he belonged to a number of other scientific organizations, among them the American Geophysical Union, the Illinois Academy of Science, and Sigma Xi. He was one of the most active members of the National Association of Geology Teachers, appeared on its programs, and served on important committees. He was national president of this Association in 1953-1954 and, despite his failing health, did much to advance the work and en- hance the prestige of the organization. During his presidency, the Association became a member society of the American Geological Institute, and also became affili- ated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Unable to attend the Annual Meeting, at Columbus, Ohio, he submitted his presidential report and address in manuscript, for reading by the vice-president, John B. Lucke of the University of Connecticut. His presidential address was on the timely subject, Current trends in geology and their relations to Geological education. Horberg's interests were by no means limited to strictly scientific subjects. He had many hobbies from which he derived great pleasure; these included camping and hiking, classical music, painting, and refinishing of antique furniture. He served his church in positions of leadership and was a member of his church council at the time of his final illness. He followed with especially keen interest the progress of those educational institutions at which he had studied or taught. Horberg was listed in Who's Who in America for 1954-1955. Because of Horberg's concern with the betterment of teaching, his Augustana friends established a permanent fund in his honor, the "Leland Horberg Memorial Fund," which was presented to the National Association of Geology Teachers, to be used in furthering the purposes of that organization, namely, "to foster improve- ment in the teaching of the earth sciences at all levels of formal and informal in- struction, to emphasize the cultural significance of the earth sciences, and to dis- seminate knowledge in this field to the general public." There was also established, in his honor, the "Leland Horberg Scholarship Fund" at Augustana College. The income from this fund is awarded annually to a senior of outstanding promise who is preparing for postgraduate studies in geology. The recipients of this award have carried on the Horberg tradition for scholarship; all of them to date have graduated with high honors, have been elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and are now studying for the doctorate on distinguished fellowships. M. M. Leighton said of Horberg, "He was one of the strongest characters of the geological profession. Brilliant, devoted, and modest, he was an unassertive leader,

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fundamental in his approach, and always interested in the training of young men." J Harlen Bretz wrote, "For his 45 years, Lee made an outstanding record. Emo- tional poise, serene patience, unfailing courage, and keen interest in geological problems characterized him to the end of his long illness." Philip A. Johnson, a close friend from college years, described Horberg as "a scholar of integrity, an able teacher, and a Christian whose humility and sincerity were apparent to all who knew him. He demonstrated in his own life, in the circle of his friends, his church, and his wider contacts, that as faith can be intelligent, so science can be reverent." To repeat the words of Francis J. Pettijohn, "Indeed, he taught us how to live, and for this we shall ever be in his debt."

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CARL LELAND HORBERG (1938) The structural geology and physiography of the Teton Pass area, Wyoming. Augustana Li- brary Publications, number 16, 86 pages (1940) Geomorphic problems and glacial geology of the Yellowstone Valley, Park County, Mon- tana. Journal of Geology, volume 48, number 3, pages 275-303 (1942) (With F. M. Fryxell) Pre-Cambrian metasediments in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo- ming. American Journal of Science, volume 240, number 6, pages 385-393 (1943) (With F. M. Fryxell) Alpine mud flows in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Geologi- cal Society of America, Bulletin, volume 54, number 3, pages 457-472 (1943) (With K. O. Emery) Buried bedrock valleys east of Joliet and their relation to water supply. Illinois Geological Survey, Circular 95, 6 pages (1943) (With A. C. Mason) Bedrock surface and thickness of glacial drift in Will County, Illinois. Illinois Academy of Science Transactions, volume 36, number 2, pages 152-154, reprinted by Illinois Geological Survey, in 1944, in Circular 102 (1945) A major buried valley in east-central Illinois and its regional relationships. Journal of Geolo- gy, volume 53, number 5, pages 349-359; reprinted by Illinois Geological Survey, in 1945, as Re- port of Investigations, number 106 (1946) Preglacial erosion surfaces in Illinois. Journal of Geology, volume 54, number 1, pages 179- 192; reprinted by Illinois Geological Survey, in 1946, as Report of Investigations, number 118 (1948) (With Morris M. Leighton and G. E. Ekblaw) Physiographic Divisions of Illinois. Journal of Geology, volume 56, number 1, pages 16-33; reprinted by Illinois Geological Survey, in 1948, as Report of Investigations, number 129 (1949) (With Vincent Nelson and Victor Church) Structural trends in central western Wyoming. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, volume 60, number 1, pages 183-216 (1949) A possible fossil ice wedge in Bureau County, Illinois. Journal of Geology, volume 57, num- 2, pages 132-136 (1949) Geomorphic history of the Carlsbad Caverns area, New Mexico. Journal of Geology, volume 57, number 5, pages 464-476 (1949) (With J Harlen Bretz) The Ogallala formation west of the Llano Estacado (New Mexico). Journal of Geology, volume 57, number 5, pages 477-490 (1949) (With J Harlen Bretz) Caliche in southeastern New Mexico. Journal of Geology, volume 57, number 5, pages 491-511 (1950) Bedrock topography of Illinois. Illinois Geological Survey, Bulletin 73, pages 1-111, maps (1950) Groundwater in the Peoria region. Illinois Geological Survey, Bulletin 75, part 1, Geology, pages 13-49 (1950) (With others) Geology curriculum in the Liberal Arts College. Geological Society of Ameri- ca, Interim Proceedings, part 2, pages 9-17 (1950) Preglacial gravels in Henry County, Illinois. Illinois Academy of Science Transactions, volume 43, pages 171-175; reprinted by Illinois Geological Survey, in 1951, in Circular 170, pages 171-175 (1951) Intersecting minor ridges and periglacial features in the Lake Agassiz Basin, North Dakota. Journal of Geology, volume 59, pages 1-18 '(1952) Quaternary volcanic ash in southern Alberta. Science, volume 115, pages 140-141

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(1952) Interrelation of geomorphology, glacial geology, and Pleistocene geology. Journal of Geolo- gy, volume 60, pages 187-190 (1952) Pleistocene drift sheets in the Lethbridge region, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Geology, volume 60, pages 303-330 (1952) (With J Harlen Bretz) A high-level boulder deposit east of the Laramie Range, Wyoming. Journal of Geology, volume 60, pages 480-488 (1953) Pleistocene deposits below the Wisconsin drift in northeastern Illinois. Illinois Geological Survey, Report of Investigations, number 165, 61 pages (1954) Rocky Mountain and Continental Pleistocene deposits in the Waterton region, Alberta, Canada. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, volume 65, part II, pages 1093-1150 (1955) Current trends in geology and their relations to geological education. Presidential address presented at the 1954 annual meeting of the Association of Geology Teachers, on January 28, 1955, at Ohio State University, Columbus. Journal of Geological Education, volume 3, number 1, pages 1-6 (1955) Radiocarbon dates and Pleistocene chronological problems in the Mississippi Valley region. Journal of Geology, volume 63, number 3, pages 278-286 (1955) (With Richard A. Robie) Postglacial volcanic ash in the Rocky Mountain Piedmont, Mon- tana and Alberta. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, volume 66, number 8, pages 949-956 (1955) (With Paul Edwin Potter) Some stratigraphic and sedimentologic aspects of the Lemont drift of northeastern Illinois. Illinois Geological Survey, Report of Investigations 185, 23 pages (1955) (With R. W. Edmund and F. M. Fryxell) Geomorphic and structural relations of Tertiary volcanics in the Northern Teton Range and Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Journal of Geology, volume 63, number 6, pages 501-511 (1956) (With Richard C. Anderson) Bedrock topography and Pleistocene glacial lobes in central United States. Journal of Geology, volume 64, number 2, pages 101-116 (1956) Pleistocene deposits along the Mississippi Valley in central-western Illinois. Illinois Geological Survey, Report of Investigations, number 192, 39 pages (1956) A deep profile of weathering on pre-Wisconsin drift in Glacier Park, Montana. Journal of Geology, volume 64, number 3, pages 201-218

Acknowledgments I am grateful to Odessa K. Mills of the University of Chicago and Rosa M. Nickell of the University of Illinois for providing certain information included in this memorial. My obligation to many other individuals will be apparent to the reader. In particular I wish to acknowledge indebtedness to Richard C. Anderson, J Harlen Bretz, D. Jerome Fisher, M. M. Leighton, and Francis J. Pettijohn; also to Mona Goranson of Augustana College, who prepared the Bibliography and typed the manuscript.

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