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HISTORY OF PATIALA CITY UP-TO 1956
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A Dissertation submitted to THE PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA in partial fulfilment o f the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY in 4 HISTORY 1981—82
Supervised by Submitted by Dr K.IRPAL SINGH SUMAN SHARMA Professor & Head Department of Punjab Historical « Studies, Punjabi University,
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA
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* HISTORY OF PATIALA CITY UP- TO 1956
A Dissertation submitted to THE PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA in partial fulfilment o f the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY 1981—82
Supervised by Submitted by Dr. K.IRPAL SINGH SUMAN SHARMA Professor & Head Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University,
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA \
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• i PREFACE i - 11
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I. PaTIaLaj ITS FOUNDATION aND 1 -3 1 EVOLUTION UPTO 1956 A. D.
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% II. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 32 - 58 ft
» • * 1 HISTORICAL PLACES 59 - 80 III. * * « *
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IV. ITS culture and.handicrafts • 81 -1 0 1
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CONCLUSION . . . 102 -105
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• .** fft 0 ^9 l' APPENDICES 106 -1 1 1
■ . ’ . . i t ft bibliograhiy 112 -1 1 6 s • ♦
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« PREFACE
has been in the forefront in th o f portont orthem India. Previously was P r i n c e l y and the rulers did a lot to m<*ke it attractive. the formation of PEPSU, i t was chosen as its cap ital. Even, a fter the merger of PEPSU in the Punjab and the emergence of Chandigarh as its capital, Patiala retained its importance because headquarters of many important departments of the government remained in Patiala. The attainment of Independence in 1947 brought about a great socio-economic change. A lot of refugees migrated from western Punjab and settled in Patiala. as industry and population have grown the city has enormously and modernised colonies springing up a ll around the old city, a number of people from the neighbouring villages settled in Trade commerce any educational institutions Punjabi University, have been established and Patiala has become a centre of education This topic for thesis to me by my able teachers. I was enthused to take up this topic. Another factor which inspired me was that I was bom and brought up in this very city. As wo ric I found myself beset with obstacles. Reference material and I had to wade ment reports and personal interviews with numerous knowledliable elderly persons* (ii)
I was fortunate nt and good idan Singh, and learned teachers o f. the History Department, Punjabi University, Patiala. I am greatly Indebted to the staff of many institutions as the Punjab state Archives, The Central Public Library, the Commissioner* s Office, Record Roan in the Qila Mubarik, Patiala, The Moti Bagh Library, Library of Punjabi University, the Library of Punjab H istorical Studies Department, Punjabi University, Patiala, District Industries Centre, Patiala, Punjab Public Relations Department, The Patiala Municipal Committee, *fto gave necessary help and co-operation to
» complete my work. I am greatly thankful to the staff of these institutions. I whole heartedly thank those individuals, who spared their valuable time and gave me the benefit of their knowledge about am beholden to my Sahal me in cu llin g useful information from Urdu and Persian sources. I shall be failing in my duty if I do not thank my mot] whose affectionate encouragement has gone a long way to enable me to carry the project through.
(SUMaN SHaRMa) (ii)
I was fortunate to get encouragement and good guidance of my worthy guide, Dr Kirpal Singh, and learned teachers of the History Department, Punjabi
University, Patiala. I am greatly indebted to the s t a f f o f anv institutions as the Punjab state Archives, The Central Public Library, the Commissioners Office, Room in the Qila Mubarik The Bagh Library, Library of Punjabi University, the
Library of Punjab Historical Studies Department, Punjabi University, Patiala, District Industries Centre, Patiala,
Punjab Public Relations Department, The Patiala Municipal Committee, >ho gave necessary help and co-operation to
omple te I am thankful to the staff of these institutions. I whole h ea rted ly thank those in d iv id u a ls, who spared their valuable time and gave me the benefit of their knowledge about the city. I am beholden to my uncle, Mr. Baldev Sahai in c u llin g useful information from Urdu and Persian sources, I shall be failing in my duty if I do not thank my whose affectionate encouragement h^s gone a long way to enable me to carry the project through.
(SUMaN SHaRMa)
CHAFTiifi 1
fATIALA : ITS FOUNDATION AND EVOLUTION UPfO 1956 A.D.
ffctiala, the capital of the well known Princely State name bank o f the nagi pura-Bhatinda lie s o from Amoala Cantonment In 30° 20* N and 76 28^ 6. It is 1 connected with Nabha and Sangrur metalled road although *utiala is not very old It may well oe called youngest towns ganised Punjao. it is built on an ancient site, where once flourished a settlement named Prasthala or ffcstyavant in 2 the Vedic Age. Late Professor S .N. Benerjee, formerly Director of Archives, fatiaia state, believed that there is Rigveda of a named H&sthavant was situated vicinity of the site of Patiala from has taken its name further added that there existed an area and a town of the name of ftrasthaia 3 in the period of Mahabharta. Another author Nando ia l Dey, has mentioned that Prasthala o f old has le ft its trace in the name of iatiaia, as there is a similarity o f sound favouring the view that 4 the one is the danskrit form of the other. There is good 1. Punfao itates GaFettearTT9C4. Vol. XVII A. Lahore, p. 2. Fauja Singh Bajwa, (Patiala, 1969), p. 3. 3.K. Benerjee, history of Hatlala Geography (n.p.,n.d.) p.2. 4. Nando Lai uey, decjraahicai Dictionary of Ancient and medieval India (Delhi, 1927), p. 159. 2
logic in favour of this contention* A verse in the Mahabharta mentions two tracts as existing side by side? one was Malwa and the other Prasthala. The former was situated on the lower course of Havi, and the latter to the east of it. The verse says that 'Susarma', the icing of Trigartas, was the Lord of rrasthaia. Admitting,as some scholars contend^that the Trigartas occupied the Jalandhar Goa a, the verse clearly means that their 1 authority extended in the south as far as frasthala. The popular view that the town of Patiala (*ati-ala) or the share of Ala, took its name from Baba Ala Singh, cannot be accepted, because the suffix 'ala» is found in the names of many other towns of the region, such as Ambaia, Kakrala, Barnala, Samrala, Batala^etc. and, as 2 such has no special significance in the case of Patiala. According to Phuiki»n States Gazetteer, the Patiala Fort is built on the ruins of ' Batanwaia Theh', three miles from Sanaur, where ruled a Rajput Princess called Atan-ki4 i. S.N. Benerjee, op. cit.* p* 3* 2. FAuja Singh aajva, n o. c i t . * p. 21. 3. Shrl Baba A^a glnflh ji. a sketch of his life and a short historical account of the devotion of the House of Patiala to the Gurus and the panth, published by The Shri Baba alh& Singh's Anniversary Celeberation Committee, Patiala, p* 1 * I Baba A la Singh, the Founder of thb Patiala Clry< 3 The founder of the town was Baba Ala Singh (1714-1765 A.D.) who belonged o the Hiulki*n f Baba Singh the father o fatiaia city was Rama « Ala Singh belonged to a younger branch o f the Phul family and the hereditary chaudhurayat had gone to elder bra nch • inherited only a share of the property acquired by his father, Rama Rama blessed with a third 1691 A.D. The boy was named Ala, as this name was popular in those days, Ala Singh had three younger brothers, Bakhta, nd Laddha Laddha youngest P and was renamed Ram Singh when Guru Gobind Singh visited 3 Talwandi in 1704 a . d . Like Akoar and Maharaja Ranjit Singh he was not destined to have any schooling. But he became quite expert awi svci in the use of weapons. This training coupled with a sharp intellect, his physical strength, his daring and courage proved to be a boon for him, Ala Singh was passing through 4 his sixteenth year Fateh a 1 . , manuscript in Persian, It is a ew pages in possession of Director of Archives, Aepsu, fatiaia, quoted in Kir pa l Singh, Life of i ara a iingh of rfctiala & H itsar ), p • 34 • ai e a Popular name because o f tw Uddalyj, A var (ode) was also composed popular names of these Rajput heroes 3 . Ibid.T p. 31. 4 . p. 32, her family name was Fatto. 4 1 daughter of Khanan of village Kaleka (near Dhanoula). Fateh Kaur vas a very faithful wife and helped her husband at every moment of danger* She rea lly proved to be a lady of sterling ability and also helped her husband in administrative and political affairs. She brought him into friendly relations with the famous family of Bhai Dyal 2 Da*3 . She had an implicit faith in the spiritual powers of the Bhai family. Whenever there occurred any difficulty she used to bring her husband to a v illa g e Bhuchuke, where the 3 Bhai family resided. Bhai Dyal lass had a son, Bhai Gurbhaksh Singh, who was a very fine soldier and^ielped Ala Singh a lot in laying the foundation of Fbtiaia State* Ala Singh's marriage gave him another good contact* Gurbaksh Singh Kaleka, a cousin of Fateh Kaur, greatly 4 helped ala Singh in founding tetiaia. From his ordinary position Ala Singh rose by dint of his courage and great qualities of head and heart. He was the most powerful man in the cis-Sutlej region and was recognised as the ruler of a principality oy no l e 3 S a person th*n Ahmea Sh*h Abdaii before whom Winces 1* Punjab States qazatt^ar, 1904* Vol. XVII A, Lahore, 2. Lepel Griffin, The f.aias of the PunJap (.jahore, 1870), p. 15. 3* Kitao-t-Kalfiat-l-tfoandan-l-flhal Kian. a Persian Mss. o f only a few pages bound with Tazkira-i-hajaha-i Phulkian preserved in imtiaia Archives quoted in Kir pal Singh, op. cit.. p. 34. Ibid. ~ 5 1 and Chiefs bowed In suomission &nb quailed In fear. ala Singh, after his father's death came to Bhadaur Hare, Bhai Mool Chand, who was subsequently considered the patron saint of Patiala House, visited Bhadaur to meet bhai 3 Das know When Ala Singh and his brothers heard about him, they went to see him. Perhaps"» impressed by the manly deportment o f aia Singh, Bhai Charan Dass remarked that one of the sons of Rama would achieve the status of a raja. Ala Singh was quick to note, and at once requested the holy man to r^me the person^ who was raja. The holy person kept silent. Ala Singh asked him again and again. Then the hol^r^n sharply replied that the person who was king he would raja remark had effect on Ala Singh and it strengthened his determination and encouraged him to carve out a prin cipality. Ala Singh le ft Bhadaur and shifted to Barnala owing 5 to the opposition of his eldest brother Dunna Singh. This change proved to be a blessing in disguise. The new sketch of his life and a short historical account of the devotion of the House of Patiala to the Gurus and the tenth, op. cit.. p. 1. a. Mool Chand was born at Bh*tinda with a lock o f white hair. He became famous as a pious Sikh in the whole of the area and was respected for his religious character. Later on he shifted from Bhatinda and settled at Sunam. tatesl Gazetteer. 1904, Vol. XVII a Lahore, p. 78. 3. Like baoa A jlt Singh, Charan Dass was also the adop Mata iundril L. After the death of oaaa A jit he came to Bhadaur. encyclopedia of Sikh Llteratur (tetlaia, 1974), p. 48. 4 . Bhai bhagwan Singh, Sakhl«n Bhai Mool Chand (Mss. in Gurmukhi, 1793), p. 175T. 5. ibid. The following lines descrioe the life of Aia Singh at Bhadaur: aiTjta wjrfyft, fen U 9 »?5>w i 6 environments favourably reacted upon his career. This political situation of the time also greatly facilitated his r i3e to power This significant event occurred in 172^ a,i). Prior to the rise o f Ala Singh, the c is -6utlej territory 2 was dominated by the most powerful man of the period, Isa Khan Phul, Rampura and Bhadaur the ancestral v illa g e s o f Ala Singh, lay in his on He considered Abdul iam&d Khan, Governor of Lahore his rival and he tried to get the Subedar 1 o f Lahore through the efforts o f Khan nauran On the other hand the death o f Banda Bhadur, Abdul Samad Khan decided to suppress Isa Khan. Shahdad Khan o f 3*sur was sent 3 to chastise him. 4 The Brars, Shahdad Khan^his allied forces marched Thara Khan But soon he was overwhelmed and killed in the battle in 1 Khalifa Mohammad Hussain, Tarlkh-l-Hfctlaia (Amritsar ,1878), p. 40, quoted in Kir pal Singh, op. c lt p. 36. 2 One o f ancestors Ol A®'** the DOS were the bhattis. The Bhattis proved to be the most powerful enemies of the House of Patiala. The nature of their country saved 4 them from being crushed* Most of these victories of Ala ingh synchronized Dai Khalsa his territory* Otherwise, Ala Singh could not crush the Bhattis single handed* 1 . J.N. Sarkar, op. olt.. p. 189. 3 . Khalifa Muhammad Hussain, . , p. 50. 3. Bhai Bhagwan pass, op. c lt.. pp. 65-72. 4 . E llio t and Dawson a as His -77, Voi.II (London, n*d. .M. Latif, Punjab (Calcutta, 1891), pp. 113-16$ Hiss* i) is tr let * , Voi.II, Lahore, p* 18 The Bhattis are a fine tall race making capital soldiers bhattiana derives its name from Bhatti, a wild Rajput clan, controlling the territory lying between liaryerft, Bikaner and Bhawalpur. (1768 h.D. U.3.A0, p* 563. 8 Ala Singh and his brother dacha Singh had already earned a good deal of renown for their boldness and bravery oy killing the assasins of their father. Being impressed ay his physical strength and manly demeanour Choudhury Bir BhAn of v illa g e Sanghera invited him to his village and accepted his protection in case of any emerge 1 lngh, therefore, stationed a v illa g e After this settlement at Rarnaia, Ala Singh along with his brother pressed the nd for common ancestral villages , which were under the occupation of Tiloka, the elder brother of Rama, father of Ala Singh. The descendants of Rama had seventeen villages* Out of these Ala Singh and Sabha Singh were given ten villages as darnaia, Tapa, Khori, Tajoke, Ichonse, Mehta, Aakalia, Pherwali, Hadiaya and Dhabali Singh, the elder orother of Ala Singh died Issueless. Consequently, his share of villages as well as his acquisitions 2 were ingh territory on of the city of ffctiaja The share of Ala Singh proved to be the nucleus for the fttiaia State found a v illa g e at a very strategic place near dunam This time he was ** 1 . Khushwaqt Rai, Taza kara -i^Kha nda n-i, -fta la ha -i - Phul kjan. Mss. in Persian 1&L3-J.B45 *.D. quoted in Kir pal Singh, o p. c i t . . p. 45. 2 Kirpal Singh, op. c i t ** P» 46, 9 essful in fourding the village there, which later on came to be known as Longowal Thi3 v illa g e was at a strategic place and Ala Singh u ed it as a case for further extension of his territories on Sunam Sondhe Khan of village Him* was also creati for Ala Singh had been carrying on depredations into the territory of 2 ons idered riv a l, h i* Singh weak in comparis enemy he could not pay hi in the same coin. But his son sardul Singh attacked Sondhe 3 Khan and destroyed Nina. With this the danger o f Sondhe Khan came to an end. Sondhe Khan's sons could not tolerate this and they again started making arrangements for a new compaign. All Chiefs 4 nd attac arnaia That was also a period of gre*t for Ala Singh. So he sought the help o f the Dal Khalsa and inv to fight on hi3 side. These Sikhs came to els Sutlej territory in order to escape fury persecution of Lahore Governor, 5 akarla Khan (1726-1745 a .d #). MUSli the 1 . Bhai dhagwan Singh, o p. c i t . . p. 95. 2 . Glanl Gian Singh, (Amritsar, n.d.), p. 13 3 . Khalifa Muhammad Hussain, op. c lt . t p. 40. 4. Gazetteer. 1904. Voi. XVII, Lahore, p. iil. 5. Gi»ni Gian Singh, oo. cit.. p. 14. 10 cry of Jehad against him, the iMl uepel Griffin, o p . clt.T p. 16. 2. Atma Singh, Patiala Shahl Gharane dian Sur blr Oevjan (ffctiala, 1945), p. 3. 11 1 ca Barn&ia to take service with him The most important factor which greatly contributed to Singh after Bernal* tha he identified him-self with the iMl Khalsa by taking aahul 2 He took pahul at the hands o f Nawao Kapur Singh, the most 3 prominent time, at the village Thikriwaia (near Baroala), where a Guruciwara has been erected to commemorate this event. It greatly helped him to conquer the tory to wage a ruthless war against the Bhattis • He was successful in breaking the 4 spell of Bhatti power with the help of Dal Khalsa. At that time, the Mughal authorities in the Punjab 5 were declining fast due to internal dissensions and frequent invasions of Ahmed Shah Durrani, in the Malwa region of the Punjab, Baba Ala Singh soon emerged as the mo3t powerful na force to koned ea nominally under the charge of the Governor of Sirhind hi authority actually did not extend far beyond the town, ihe 1. Lepel Griffin, op. cit.. p. 16* founjs 3a ite wFt i My^gf? 3ft 3s ffa Am m3?, ?$£ 11 Rattan Singh, Pa nth flaraash (Amritsar, 1962), p. 220: Giani Gian Singh, Shams her Khalsa, Bart II, Amritsar, p. 45. 3. Rattan Singh, op. cit.. p. 220. 4. Kir pal Singh, op, cit.. p. 45. 5 • J . N. Sartor, o ., pp. 207 *30. * 12 various p^rganas o f Sirhind lik e Banur, Sanaur, Samana ♦ Dhoaan, Sunam and Ghuram were functioning as serai-independent units, fighting back as best as they could, the rising tide of ikh aisldars and other raiders. Sanaur par 1 was ruled over by Muharamec* Saiiah Khokkar, At th<*t time there were eighty four villages in the Sanaur pargana • 2 including the 3ite of modern i^tiaia called Chaurasi, Boon a fter 174B a , b# ijaba * la Singh took possession 3 of Dhodan (tehsil Bbawanigarh) and cons fo r t ther after fighting with and killing Farid rthan the Jagirdar of 4 pargana Samana, The Khokhar zataindars o f pargana Sanaur presented and surrendered themselves to Ala Singh, who took posses par of Sanaur comprising of eighty four villages as said above, ana placed Sardar Guroaksh Singh, his brother-in-law, incharge of the same with 5 Jr one thousand troops. It is probable thatyabout this time or oon the rest of the tehsil was also annexed without any opposition. After the acquisition of this new site, 1 , Fsiuja Singh, op. cit.. p. 21. 2, The^rtmiatj)^Kesarl (Hindi newspaper), Jullundur, 23rd June, 3, Giaai Gian Singh, op. cit.« p. 16, 4, Samana is seventeen miles south-west of rutiaia. Tradition avers that it was enlarged ana named by the fugitives of Samana dynasty of Bersia, iAter it wa3 named as •Sama.T'A. j^uniab States Gazetteer. 1904. Vol. VII, Lahore, P* 204. 5, Lepel Griffin, op. clt.« P* 21. 13 I t was in the ye*r Sambat 1810 (1753 a .j .) that *ia Singh laid the foundation of the present flourshing city of Patiala. Aoout three miles west of Sanaur the present Patiala vas only a small and obscure village. *ia Singh selected this place for ence and built fortr the east of the present f&tiala Garhi, which is now called Garhi Sodhian because the Sodhis 2 mostly lived there. Not much was heard of this place for the next ten years, i.e . upto 1763 A.D. by which time Ala Singh had added onsidera his fame and pos rising power. Ahmed 8hah Durrani conferred a rich khillat 3 on him on March 2 l, 1761 A.i). In 1763 a . d . he laid the f ou not a tion modern Muoarik. which was constructed toms dues collected from Sirhlni, which 4 came under him two years earlier ft found the fo r t , 1 . pauia Singh, op. cit.. P* 21 2 . Hunshi Gauri 3hanker, £9Lt _Sl£ JehsU ...ASl*ia la (a jmer, 1907) , p. 9. 3 . a nand Ham Mukhlis , ham, p. 271, quoted in tflrpal Singh, 4. Fauja 3ingh Ba^wa, oj>,, «» P* 22. 4 14 / Ala Singh began to collect poll tax from the main road, i .e. Grand Trunk Road, which ran from Delhi to Peshawar* On the other hand, the f«il of Sirhind destroyed the last vestige of the prestige of Afghan rule in cis-SutleJ territory and increased the power and prestige of Ala oingh 2 3 to a great extent. The destruction of Sirhind led to the construction of rfctiaia. The population of Sirhind was uprooted. It was, therefor*, not considered advisable for the inhabitants to stay there any more. Ho*t of them migrated to Ala 3ingh's territory and settled at Patiala. aven to this dayAsection of the population at Patiala is 4 5 known as Sirhindis. Ala Singh died in '*>765 a . d . After ala singh, the contribution made by the Maharajas in the expansion of the city cannot be neglected. Amar Singh, the grandson of Ala Singh (1765-1788 a . d. ) could not do much for the welfare of the city because of his early death. He oreathed his la st in 1781 a . d. Amar Singh was 1 , Khalifa Muhammad Hussain, o p. cit.« p. 61. 2 , Radha Krishan Pandit, Gosha -1 -pan.iafa (Lahore, 1861), p. 30. 3 . Sirhind was first attacked oy Banda Bahadur in 1710 a . d. For a second time it was attacked in 1754 a .d. Again it was attacked by the Sikhs and the Marath&s in 1758 a . d . Now in 1764 Sirhind was completely destroyed. Kir pal Singh, op. c it., p. 116. 5 . Ala Singh's body was cremated in the Qila Muoarik in Atiala, whereon a Gurdwara has been erected. 1 J ld 0 p.lv^ 6. uepwl Griffin, o p. cit.. p. o3. 15 succeeded by his minor son* 3ahio Singh* who was only of seven years. Sahib Singh’s reign (1782-1813 a , d. ) was full of internal calamities and external aggressions. He himself wa3 a weak ruler so he subscribed nothing worthwhile recording to the then Patiala city* Sahib Singh died in 1813 a.i). and was succeeded by his minor 3on, Karam Singh who was only fifteen years of age at that * Karam 3 c U y : Karam Singh started construction work at flatiaia city Near the Hot! Bagh there was taolished an asylum called Ham Bara which supported sixteen lepers and thirteen blind paupers. It was founded in 1827 a . q , by Karam Singh at the suggestion of Bh*i Ham Singh* a holy man whom a village was given in .laglr The king and his descendants carried on the work. Its expenditure was about ft. twelve hundred 3 annually in the beginning. The Kanwar Sahib’ s Haveil* west of the Qil*, is a large building built by Karam Singh at a cost of ft. 5,00*000 for his younger son Karwar Dip 4 Singh. I t is situated ne*r modern a mar Ashram, 1. fauja Singh* I b id . 3. N.M.D., Patiala'** Proud fteeord as Britain’ s Friend and Ally (Bombay, 1932), p. 8. 4 . Fau^a Singh* o p . cit.» P* 22. I Kftram Singh who passed away in December 1845 a . d#, was succeeded, by Mah&raja Narinder Singh (1845-1862 a . o#)1 1 * Narinder Sinch was famous for his As He did a lot to make his subjects happy and prosperous He sanctioned the abolition of cus terns* 4ufclss on the occas ion3 of the visit paid by the first Viscount Henry Hardings t the Governor-General of India (1844-48). The Moti Sagh Gurudwara built on a spot sacred to the memory o f the ninth Guru Tegh Bahadur was b u ilt by Maharaja Narinder Singh at an initial cost of one lakh of rupees with an endowment of another lakh and a quarter. It is said that the ninth Guru had stayed there during his tra v els 2 in this area. It remained under the government control because of its proximity to the Koyal palace .The building of this Gurdwara is very grand and beautiful with 3 a double storey. Adjacent to it is an open spacious langar. It presents a very charming sight because it is surrounded e by beautiful flowering trees • Now it has come under the con trol o f the 1 . N.M.D., cord as Britain's Ally (Bombay, 2 . Fauja Singh » P. 22. 3 • Shams her Singh Ashok, Sahib (amritsar, n.d.), 4 . / 17 up during his reign were the famous Nirraala Centre a lso ca lled Dharam Dhuja and^the Samadh o f Baba Ala Singh j i , the founder of the city* The ten gates of the city and the 2 old ramparts were also built by Maharaja tfarinder Singh* fcvery gate was named to commemorate the d ire ctio n o f some important town facing it. These gate3 are* 1* Sheranwaia Gate* 2 , Sanauri Gate* 3 , Samanla Gate • 4* Oarshani Gate* 5* Lahori Gate. 6* Sirhindi Gate* 7. Nabha Gate. 3. Saifabadi Gate* 9. Ghilori Gate. 10. Sunami Gate* Some of the gates still standing are the remains of 3 the old rampart* The new Divan Khana in the Qila Mubarik was a lso built by him at an approximate cost of to. 5,00*000* Really, he contributed much for the development and beautification of the city of i^atiaia* At last he was snatched away by the cruel hands of death in 1863 **0. 1*4 1. Fauja Singh, oo. clt.* P* 33. 3. Mohammad Abdul Mazid tftan, a Short History of tetjala State (fatluia, 1910), p. 3. 3 • r*un.1&b States Gazetteer. 1904 V ol • V11 * i»a hor e , p. 3 03 • 4 . I b id . 18 :&rinder Singh was succeeded by his minor son Hohincter Singh (1868-1376 a .i).). Mohinder Singh's reign 1 was associated with multifarious welfare measures. *» very important measure was the opening of Telegraph office at tfatiala city in front of the samadh&n site. He raised the salaries of doth civil ana military officers. He separated the revenue and judicial work. He introduced Civil ftrocedure Code for the guidance of the judicial 8 cou rts• blished in 1870 A .o.. came into existence during his reign. He was thu3, one/of the pioneers education in Indian States and the whole of India itself, for the College was established a a time when college education was almost a rarity in the 3 country. The college with its beautiful building and tandard is a unique feature in the educational history of ta The college has immortalised the name of the benevolent ruler Mohinder Singh. He died young in 1876 A.D.3 tjahagaJa_&ajlnder S in g ly contribution: Rajinder Singh became the new ruler of ratiala. He continued the welfare work of his father. He improved the 1 Kir pal Singh, op. elt.. p. 168. 8 . Mohammad Abdul M&zid Khan, op. c l t N.M.D., op. clt.T p. 7. 19 State's resources by providing irrigation for large agricultural areas and paid full regard to the claims of sanitation and medical relief* He also took interest in education* ftajinder Deva orphanage School was opened by him* Reminder Singh created a new department of Excise* He also adopted severe measures to put a stop to illic it a smuggling of opium* He also took fast measures to give medical relief to the people. So he established Lady 3 Hos now Mata KAushalya Devi Hospital” ), near Lahori Gate, rt&tiaia in the memory of Lord .Duffer in' s visit to the city* A native hakim s hitherto, held medical charge of the Central Jail at Hstlai* but a duly qualified doctor was appointed in his place and the use of English medicines was also Introduced A hosoitai had also oeen constructed within the jail premises 4 for the benefit of the sick prisoners* hajinier oingh expended ouch on fillin g up open filthy tanks in the city of Hstiala, which were undoubtedly 5 the cause of much disease* Expenses incurred on the 1. The Bari of Carnvath, ^oval ft-_ulers and Leaders o f th e Last, a record of their services Jin the Great War (London, ldH 2), p. 343• 2 . Mohammad Aoaul rtazid Khan, op.t , P* 11 • 0 5 construction of city drain and escape channel and the 1 filling up of filthy ditches amounted 527 The compensation given by the ruler for lands in connection with the c ity improvement works amounted to ft. 46.860. a raip&ha was constructed to convey water to the 2 Moti Bagh at a cost o f 66,080. He made some improvements in the building known as the Xaur Sahib's Baradari, near the Mohindra Bagh. I t was done for the conveni of the delegates from other states Hitherto, there was no particular house 3 for this purpose. Proper accorijbdation for the various courts was much needed at Pat So the Council had sanctioned the construction of a series of pucka buildings to meet this want. The selected for this purpos outside the in an open area, near the Barad- Fa lace The 4 timated cost of these buildings amounted to to. 2>O QPOO a new thana also ta metalled road between FUti&ia and Rajpura, with a view to secure better protection for the life and property of travellers as well as for the supervision of the neighbouring villages. It 1. I bid. % p. 7. 2. Iblcj. 3. Patiala Regency, QP» cit.. p. 13. 4 . Ibid. 2 1 was also due necessitated by increased traffic* Not only this, ftajinder Singh ordered the construction of pucka houses for the sepoys posted on the stages along 1 the road* The contr lout ion made by Sahara ja Rajinder Singh for the development and beautification of the city is significant. He died in 1900 A.Q. and was succeeded 2 by his son, Bhupinder Singh (1900-1938 A .D .). as a ruler he had been particularly notable for the attention he had devoted to what are sometimes, known as "Nation Building" activities in Hstiaia. Great facilities were afforded to the spread of primary education. It was made absolutely free throughout the state and a liberal system of scholarships placed higher education within the 3 re*ch of even the poorest of his subjects. The ruler sanctioned an amount of fe. 11,24,747 for 4 the ffetiaia c ity water works 1906 His regime is also distinguished far the policy of revenue administration, which proved beneficial to his people and at the same m aterially the ources of Hatiaia 1 . 2 . Kirpai Singh, . , p* 162. 3 . f*tia 1910-11 1920-1 A .d . durin 4 . Abdul Mas id Khan, op* cit. * p* 13. He also lately promoted an extensive industrial, cor. me and agricu ltu ral programme A 1 was opene In 19 a* D. and ow working a large amount of X *,01,933 was also soent on drainage works resulting in the improvements of thegeneral 2 health of its inhabitants Bhupinder Singh died in 193^ and was succeeded by his eldest son, ^advindra Singh (193B-194B A.D.), who ruled till 194 B A.D. the state was merged into the Patiala and East Punjab 3tates Tfiioo 3 (PEP3TJ) with the Maharaja as the Bajpramukh. Contribution of Mahara the modem city of Patiala ows much to Yadvindra ginght He held made P a tia la a city of gardens, palaces and « a number of raognificient buildings such as the army Headquarters, the soldiers’ Club, the Bank of Patiala and 4 the Gymkhana Club. Yadvindra Singh gave fu ll help to the Yadvindra Puran Balniketan, which was established in the year 1933 a.T>. This is situated near Lahori Gate; Patiala and has a eonnodius building. It has been working well since 1933 a.D. Children are not only properly fed but are also educated and even settled in life. The Balniketan has arranged marriages of 1. The Earl of Camvath, op. cit., p. 344. 3. Abdul Mas id Khan, on. c l t . . p. 13. 3. H latp rle^ Baqkground_,of._i,eTi3U-( Patiala. 1952) . p. 1. 4. Fauja Singh Bajva, op. clt., p. 22. \ 23 more than forty girls and settled a large number of boys in life. Svery kind of facility is being prov to them including attendance in schools and colleges. It has a unique position in the State and the city and stands as a symbol of service. Keeping in the difficulties of the people visiting Patiala, the ruler granted a piece of land near the 42*11 Devi temple to build a dharmsala. i n the beginning the Managing Committee started a olau and free there. Many benevolent people of the city contributed much to the dharmsala. With the passage time the dharmsala has become double storeyed. It not only provides accommodation to the visiting people, but also offers facilities of cold water in summer, a free lib ra ry and reading room and free dis pens&ry • fetlaia had become the heme of cricket in his period. In order to encourage athletic sports, Yaavindra 31ngh got built a very fine stadium called after himself. The stadium which cost rupees five lakhs, was declared open on March 22, 1941 3ahib Navanagar This was the first cinder-track stadium for athletics and cycling in the country, a first class swimming pool was also attached to the stadium The Olympic Games were held in the 1 . impale T rio ______ita (Late Shri 3ir i&sondhi fiam ji,) publishe y J.iJ.KumAr daaha, 1930, P* 6. 2 . IOl^. 24 1 Yad&vindra Stadium in 1944 and 1956 a.i>. ffctiaia, a princely city, had seen the splendour in the day3 of Maharaja Yadvindra 3ingh. as headquarters of the division, ftttiala had added to its glamour by 2 becoming a centre for higher learning* at the time of partition in 1947 a.D., Maharaja Yadvindra 3ingh opened the gates of his hospitality to provide proper accommodation, food and refuge and shelter to the displaced refugees, who poured into the Indian territory from the West tfckistan. The thickly populated Muslim mohaiias like the Gher Sodhian and the Kharasian mohalla ne*r Mangal D6ls Bagichi were allotted to the incoming refugee people* yadvindra Singh had deep sympathies with the people and had always stood for the welfare of the masses • He is well known for his relief 3 measures to settle refugees from West rUki3tan. Since its foundation, the city of Patiala had always been the capital of the State. It flourished in population, size and prosperity. The expansion was not limited to the old boundaries and fortifications, but it began to expand slowly and steadily in an directions. Chandigarh, Feo. Id, 1962, p Personal interview with Shrl Vidya sagar, retired Stenographer of Maharaja yadvindra 3ingh, now settled at Sultanpur Lodhi, on 13th Sept. 1982. 3 Kirpal Singh, o j . clt.. p. 162. ifetiala now covers an area of aoout hundred square miles* The mud vail (kot) which surrounded the city was demolished in Sam bat 1935 (1878 a *D.) by the 3econd Council of Regency. Round the city runs a road (called the Thandi or Cha&fcar ki sarak) or The Mall which passes close to the statue of Thikriwaia and is like the whole city illuminated by neon lights • The location of the city on low lying land nd numerous tobhas it used to cause serious e* o f disease To gainst some depressions 2 have been f ille d in and rema drained Some o f the areas which came to be populated what we call jattan ka Chautra, dodhain da Gher, i)es Raj Gall and Bhindian Street* These are the few areas or ponds which were later drained off and the land recovered from them came to be constructed upon* Real development came whenR.B. Ganga Ram m the beginning of the twentieth century constructed a system of drainage* 3o the thorough going operations of this gentleman filled up the tobhas and provided the present wel 3 built water-courses to the irfctiaia city* Mostly the houses 1. , Vol. VII, Lahore, p* 202 2 . 3 . & trick Gieddes, fit .tm c it y (Luc know, x92<2 ), 26 are built of bricks* Sut now the people are in teres ted in building modern style kothis • The lanes, narrow ana crooiced, are for the most part paved or metalled The bazaar streets are wide and straight* The shops near the yila are of a uniform style. The present shape of the fort reminds us of the art and skill of truction builders I t was methodically constructed on the outer side that the present bazars (these uniform style 9hops) add to the present beauty and symmetry. It is said that there wasAChannel running through the area what we c a l l veterinary hospital, the City High School ground, Dhobi Ghat, the Hurana Gadd* Khanna, Lai dari to* Tooha and Mir GanJ Tobha, Jhan*k Lai Tobha and Hath! The ma those days, it is said, used to make a diversion from the Moti bagh side and the police line ground and ran near the cantonment then 2 went towards samana s id e . There was no straight road from the Fort to the Naoha Gate because the place ca lled Anar da oa now was Just a Jungle at that time. Likewise the Dhak bazaar was nothing but a forest of Dhak trees. The whole of this area 1 . Punjab itates Gazetteer. 1904. Vol. VII a, Lahore, p. 200. 2. Statement of B.G. Verma, in the Oral History Cell of Hinjas Historical Studies Department, rtmjaoi University, ffctiaia, p. 17. 27 was generally ca lle d Dhak Bazaar* The bazaar Dharmpura acquired this name becaus Ma ha rani Kaur used to give chanty here. But on the hand some people believ that ther houses of prostitutes. So in a taunting way i t was ca Dharmpura Another important Tobha imdad A li was one o f the fa ponds. Imdad All was a Sayyid. He held an important office that of an Adaiti. Their houses were Just nearby in the locality called Mir Kutxiia. wot much is know this branch of Sayyids. It is said that Imdad A li's methods were straigh t—forward and he used to root out evil and injustice. This tobha came to be na it was the first tobha to be drai ned And ours there is only i small park 2 l e f t . The other area which has been constructed upon was 3 a r na Barna. Arna Barna is the name o f a tree mus have been a arna barm tanding this important Junction and the place came to be ca lled Arna Barna 4 this tr e e . I b id . Ib id . , p. IB. Another view is that the water of the tank here would overflow its banks during the rainy season and this chowk known as Arna garna could not be crossed except with the help of the he-buffalo 'arna*. Arna in fact, is the ibrsian word for the buffalov and because something had to be paid and some grass had to be fed to the buffalow. That was the ’ Barna1 when you had made the offering the he-buffalo would take you across over to the other side. So that is why this place acquired the name Arna garna. Statement of JUG. Verma, op. clt*. p. 19. 28 And then the water used to flow through some small drained off later and houses came to be constructed them. Tobah Mir jaha an oth er big to aha. it occupied a large area near the Chiranji ashram. Whole of this area U3ed be one big pond And the two ponds imdad A n Tobha and the Mir jahan pond used to link up during the rainy season. When the construction work ter could not from behind area dried and the girls school, the Singh Sabha and the Flour M ill, etc. were constructed upon it. Regarding its depth, we can have some idea from the neighbouring houses which were 1 constructed at a much higher level. Close to Anardathere was another tobha called Tobha Baba Dhiana. It is called anardana because o f pomegraz&te flourshing in this e& Because of Anar trees (pomegranates) flourishing there it was a forest long after W tiaia had come into existence. Only later this area came to cleared Another tobha u&s known as H&thi Khans waia Tobah or jangi Tobaha. jt was the deepest Tobha because the elephants of the Maharaja used to be bathed in that tobha. To remove the Hathis (elephants) from this place a proposal was made. It was suggested to send a ll the elephants and the cattle to the zoo so that the change should work out 1 . Ib id . , p. 20. A A * 29 with some benefit to the extension of the housing area 1 of the city* To the south of this Baba Dhiana Tobha, there was Jhanak Lai Tobha. cours t obhas private properties and when they were drained the owners were told that after paying the cost of drainage, they wcould take possession of the land* But the land was of so little 2 value th*t nobody bothered about it* The and baz&s came into existenc the evolution of the city and the increase in population* tiyery moh&H&, baz^r and cho*k was turned im portant personality, majority of p< ouiation some other historical background. For example mohalia Jourian Bhattian was given thl3 name because in the early days there were two adjacent furnaces (Bhattis) at this chowk. Mohalia Ghara is 3 called because there were sixty houses in this mohalia Chatta Nanu Mai is named after the famous, first and foremost Divan, Man Mai the time Maharaja Singh* He was 4 a resident Sunam and incharge of internal 1 . Patrick Gtddes, op. clt.. p. 77. 2 . Ib id . 3. Told by an old resident of about eighty of this area, Mr. Prabhatoar S h a stri, on 25th June 1932. 4. S. Dev Narain Singh Jeji, Shams her Khalsa. Vol. 12 (Ambaia, n .d .) , p. 208. 9 30 Just like Chatta nanu Mai, the Ke3eran Chowk is called so oec^use almost a ll the shops there were of utensils made of crass* another famous area is the Achar Bazar because ail the shops there deal in achar (pickl and a nd mura bas ( Jam). Following are the important mo hollas : Dhindian ki Gaii, Kaghomajra, Arya SamaJ, Triverii Chowk, Qade Khdnna, Ga us ha la , LAtoorpura, Tafazalpura, old IA1 Bagh, Chatta Magni Bam and mohalia Arorian, etc. The chief bazaars are : the Shah hashin Bazaar, Adaiat Bazaar, Sirhim i Bazaar, Safabaai Bazaar, 3 ha hi Samadha*Chowk, Qila Mubarik and Twakli Mor Bazar, e tc. With the passage o f time many colonies and ft*gars have a lso come into existence* The important ones are s the Model Town, Sant Nagar, Bhupindra Nagar, Bishan Nagar, a Jit N&gar, jashmesh Nagar, Tripuri Colony, Electricity Board Colony, Bank Colony, etc. etc. In all these areas Hindus, Sikhs, khatris*, Manias and Jains live together The following buildings and offices came into ceing with the evolution of the city* On the Mall Hoad, there are many important offices and buildings. Opposite the Baradari Cardens there are the Courts. The Central situated Puolic /Jus opposite these courts The IJlas-i-Khas outside Sheranwaia date built in an improved modern style and has now been converted into the head-office of the Rinjab State Electricity Board* Near the Railway Sto-tion a da|k aunglow b u ilt fo r the 31 travellers* Not only this there were six serais in the city for the help of the travellers* During the course of time Pstiaia city developed a lot in every sphere • Many educational institutions also came to the fore with the development of the city* The details of which will be discussed in the next cha pter • » M « 1 , 1913, Vol. XVIX B, Lahore, P. Cvi. 32 # CHa FTSR I I t SDUChTIOS^L institutions I » » • » With the passage of time and the growth of i^tiaia town, as the capital of the latiaia State, the educational institutions there multiplied. The i^tiaia city has come to occupy a conspicuous place in the educational sphere. It can, now, boast of a host of prominent educational institutions • But before the reign o f Maharaja Narinder Singh (1345-1362 a.D.) there was no system for state-controlled education in Patiala, though private schools were numerous there in the city. In these schools Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Gurmukhi were taught. The first State School was opened in the ifetiala town in 1360 A.J. and here three classical languages mentioned above were taught. But in 1362 A,D., a provision was made for teaching English and Mathematics but Persian remained the most popular language for medium of studies. At that time, this school was under the control of iAia Kulwant hai, the Finance Minister of the State. He did a lot for the enhancement of education 2 in the city and the State. 1. Pun-lap States Gazetteer. 1904, Vcl. VII, Lahore, p. 177. 2 . Ib id . 33 During the reign of Maharaja Mohinder Singh (1862- 1376 a .D. ) many steps were taken to encourage educational activities in the city. In 1870 h .D., he created a regularly organised Bduc-tionai Department under a Director assisted by an Inspector. The first Director was the well knwo Mathematician, ftrofessor Ram Chander of Delhi. He had become a Christian. He had come to Patiala tutor o f Maharaja ingh and i t was he who was the pioneer 1 in setting up the system of education in Patiala. The school at ifctiala was literally occupied by the Educational Department and i t became the Central School a fte r its occupation, a Managing Committee consisting o f a l l the principal officials \*»s also appointed to promote the spread of education. The teachers in the indigenous schools in the city were taken into the service of the State; Persian remained the only subject o f instructions and the makta 2 beca tate schools• In 1902 A .D. there were seven hundred nd indigenous schools in the State including Patiala city. They include , chatsalas (where the students were taught in the open ground or under tree3, etc.), 3 and ma kta os. 1 I < 1. Statement of R.Q. Verma preserved in the Oral History Cell of Punjab Historical Studies Department, Punjaoi University, Patiala, p. 10. Khalifa Syed Mohammad Hussan, a Singh of Pa (Calcutta, 1875), 1904, Vol Vli, L a h ore, p. 179. 34 The education was religious in the oa^hsaias *nd brahmin boys especially resorted to them to learn Hadhyaj^i (priestly lore), and Jyotish (astrology). These students were called Vidyarthis ana generally lived by begging. They were taught by th eir teachers early in the morning and again in the afternoon. They received lessons, the shighra-bodh, horachakra (both related to Jyotish vidya or astrology)* Vivah bsdhati, Sansie&r padhati and other similar books relating to Hindu philosophy, ceremonials and rites, after these lessons, they were taught Vyafc&ran or Sanskrit Grammar by heart. These were first learnt by rote (lesson reading without comprehension), then the meanings were explained. 3ut in rtttiaia town and in a few villages higher subjects, such as vyan»ran{ grammar},nyaya, (logi<^, jyotish, vedant, theology and Hindu law were taught. The brahmins, who £ 3 taught these students were called • rtidha', 'bandit', and 4 J/otishi. These teachers received no remuneration from vidyarthis and depended for their livelihood on their 5 ialmans pres given to them for reciting kftthas from the or the hamayana. etc. In chatsaias, Mahajan (shopkeeper) boys were generally taught band© and accounts. The chhotti and bari oarakhri or Ib id . A brahmin who only knew enough to perform re lig io u s rites and ceremonies was called the 1 R*dha'. 3 e a brahmin who was w ell up in Sanskrit. 4 e a nrahmin who w*s expert in a strolog y , 5 jajman means host and he is one at whose house the bandits perform a ll religious rites and ceremonies. 36 W' sidhon vera also taught. They wrote these on the ground 1 with their fingers. was nother item taught to the ooys his helped them in their trade in after life . * iometimes they also used takhtl and wrote on it with black country ink. In Guram khi schools, the alphabet or ft* inti (the thirty five letters) was generally taught ground and 'The Moharani' or oral drill also formed another item of study. It was not a recitation of ta hut a compounding o f consonants with vowels such as sa mukta, sa kanna, si siari, si bih&ri, su anker, su daian< 1 Multiplication of 1 *, l£* etc. a a s wooden board plastered over with pandu whi clay 3 jOLnlAU d ta i 2 at tear. 1904, Vol. Vli, iuahore, p. 130 36 their mothers an tions Women were o n ly Uurmukhi, iiagri, nskrit Arabic according to their 1 religions. Only religious books were taught to the girls in the city, especially some Hindu widows taught girls and women the Gita, the l a may ana and the V i shnusahasarnam But actually the system of female education c^me into 2 ex is ratlaia in December The need for schools was felt with the increase of population, in the oegirming, there were two schools in flwtiaia city — The City High School of Patiala, The Model I School, fatiaia and there were two private schools, which came later, the Islam ia High School and after that the 3.J. School and 3till later the 1 • io la » i P* 131. 2 . Ib id . 3. Statement of K.G. Verma, op. clt.. p. 10. 4. IJld., p. ll. 37 It was very inexpensive education. The books were very cheap. The level of fees was very low. The teachers though ill paid, were able to live well >ec*use the prices prevailing were very low. The needs of the teachers were very lim ited. Excepting some of the Muslim teachers vho were in the habit of running into debt, most of the teachers were able to live within their means. « There were some teachers who were doing private tuition work. Mohlndra College: The role played by the Mohindra College, the oldest institution in the field of higher education is very commendable# It was the first degree college, coming after the establishment of Government Lahore in 1364 a.D. It was established in 1870 a.D. during the reign of Maharaia Mohinder Singh (1868-1876 *.D .). For long the only degree college between Lahore and Delhi, another college at Kapnrthaia remained an intermediate college for a long time. Sven, from Delhi, the students used to come to Patiala to receive eauca because many facilities were not available even at Delhi at that 3 time. In the beginning As. 3,04,376 were expended on its 2 ffruja Singh, Patiala a Surround in es (Patiala,'1969), P« 28 38 construction. It has a fine building with a fine library. a swimming pool and an open th e a tre / In the beginning, the staff consisted of no less than forty one teachers and officials of whom four belonged to the college department, twelve to the Anglo-Vernacular High School, four to Persian, two to the Hraoie, six to Sanskr two to the Gurmu khi section, with a librarian, a gymnastic instructor and a clerk of the college staff. Ail were graduates and the Anglo-Vernacular High School teachers were experienced graduates The colleg e was ma entirely by the State, only nominal fees was charged from the students. Prizes and scholarships to the value of ft. 2,211 were nnually Gold given by the tate - one to the student staging firs , the English Department the college, and the other to the student curing first position in the Oriental Department In the partme poor supported by stipends. The total number of students was three hundred 2 and twenty fou r. 4 There were only forty one boarders in the Boarding House, which was controlled by a Resident Superintendent. The ftrincipal of the College was responsible for its good management. Free medical attendance was also given to the 1 , 1904, Vol. VXI, L hore, p. 178 2 4 39 boarders, the civil surgeon receiving an allowance of rupees fifteen per month for this duty. No fee3 was charged out annas twelve wer each to meet the intenanc char The total cost of the c o lle g e was <23,466 a year In 1872 a.D . the co lle g e was a ffilia t e d to the Calcutta University and boys were prepared for its nee &xa*nination In 1874 the Oriental Section was affiliated to the Punjab University. Maulvi and Pragya classes were opened in newly insulated university and since 1876 a . d . it has always figured in the list of successful* institutions of the Punjab, because its students competed successfully in the examinations of the Panjab University* In 1873 A.D., a Roorkee class was opened and systematic instructions given to boys for admission 3 into the overseer and sub-overseer courses. For higher education, a first arts class was opened 1380 and b .a . class 1386 January a splendid Public Library was attached to the college which 4 contained a great many choice works# At that time the Ibid. This was distributed as under: College proper ft. 9924 a) Oriental Section ft. 840 b) Araolc Section is. 840 c) Sanskrit 3action ft. 1308 d) Persian 8ection «. 1584 2, Punjab states Gazetteer. 1904, Voi. VII , Lahore, p. 177. 3, Punjab States Gazetteer. 1904, Vol. VII, Lahore, p. 178. 4, A Short Account of the Charitable ana Administrative Act executed in the Prosperous Reign of His Highness the most notable Rajinder Singh from 1876 to 1882, the Rfttiaia Regency, Lahore, 1883 a.D., p. 3. 40 v&nt of a proper building wag, however, a serious drawback to the success of the State's efforts in the 1 cause of education On 30th March, 1875 A.D., a suitable site was selected a t the desire of Maharaja Mohinder Singh and when Lord Northbrook, Governor-General, visited Patiala, he laid the foundation stone of the present building of the college* His Excellency also instituted a gold medal in memory of his visit* It was to be given to the highest passed student of the Patiala College every year. The number of students was increasing day by day, though not very rapidly. By 1920-21 A.i)., the numDer of students in these two years * - l rose to was- two hundred and nl There were one hundred and thirty eight boarders at the end of the year. Gut of the total number of students in the college one twenty five were state subjects, while out of the total number of boarders the numoer of state subjects was twenty eight. Examination results were the best yet recorded. Out of seventy five students sent up for the B.a., fo rty four were successful. Twenty nine having been placed in the 2 second division and fifteen in the third division. One student passed with Honours in Economics, in the Intermediate Examination forty -eig h t out o f nir^ty got through Z.. Hindus 173 Sikhs 47 MobSmmadans 70 Total 295“ Day a Kishan Kaul, State 1920-21. fUtiala, p. 3. 41 of whom twenty three were placed in the second division, twenty five in the third division. There was some excitement among the students owing to the non-cooperation movement. Feelings ran high at times, but the loyalty of the ffctiaia State students triumphed in the end and 1 there was no untoward incident. hrofessor Ramanuja acharya January a #i) and ftrofessor K.C. Bose was appointed in his place Professor Benerji was appointed Professor of History 2 During these ye the follow ing improvements made A small museum was attached to the Biological Department. A botanical garden was laid out in the premises of the college; and Honours classes in English, Philosophy, Economics and History were started. Now all types of arts and science classes are there. In 1922 a.D., admission was given in M.a. Philosophy for the first time, ft .a . courses in English and economics had been started in 1948 A ,D. 9 M .a . in Hindi and Punjabi in 1949 A. D., «.A. in Political Science in 1954 A ,D. am . History in 1955 a . d . Following are some of the medals, stipends and scholarships: They are four medals (i) Lord Northbrook Gold Medal for the outstanding student in the B.A.,fc.3c. 42 (TOC Part III) examination? (ii) 3odhi 3ujan Singh Medal for the outstanding student in the subject of Philosophy in B > , Par III ination? (iii) P.C. Ray Silver Medal for the outstanding student in ft*e-Engineering examination and ( iv ) Yashdev Sim'h Medal for the outstanding student in the pre-Meaicai. Scholarships and stipends are also given to the outstanding students and needy puTpils • % In the field of sports, the college 13 also very important. There is a beautiful hockey ground, six badminton cour two basket ball courts and a boxing ring arrangements for of National Cadet Corps of infantry, naval i nd ir ings have been made in the college after undergoing training for three years, a certificate *C ' is awarded to the trainees and then they are enaoled to 2 doi army d irect as commis ranks. The college a beautiful Lior^ry comprising of more than 50,000 books. In the reading room there are all types of standard magazines and newspapers. Special arrangements are also made for evening classes. $o, the Mohindra College, which is one of the oldest institutions of northern India, has been producing scholars, sportsmen and true citizens of 3 In d ia . 1 . ., p. 19 2 . I old .t p. 20 3 . (Magazine o f Mahendra Patiala a r il, 1981 / 43 Sanskrit and Gurmukhl Vldyala oanskrit Vidyalya and Ourmukhi Vidyalyaf, now known as Government In stitu te of Oriental and Modem Indian Languages, Patiala, are also important and old institutions of P*tial* el tv. In the beginning, there were two departments known as Sanskrit and Ourmukhi in the Mohlndra College. These were established by Mohindra 1 Singh. But in 19IP, these two departments were separated from Mohlndra College and were transferred to the old 3adar Thofia building in the Sirhindi Basar, Patiala. The Sanskrit classes were held in the ground floor. It was called as Sanskrit Vidyalya The Ourmukhi section was started in the f i r s t flo o r. It was known as Gurmukhl Vidyalya. In the Sanskrit Vidyala, arrangements were made for Pragya (proficiency in Sanskrit), Vlsharad (higi proficiency in Sanskrit) and ^hastri (Honours in Sanskrit). In Ourmukhi Vidyalya, arrangements were made fo r Budhimani (proficiency in Punjabi), Vidvani (high proficiency in Punjabi) and Gyani (Honours in Punjabi). After independence Government has provided special facilities for encouraging the growth and development of Indian languages, and the two Vidvalvas have been amalgamated and named as Government Institute o f Oriental 3 and Modem Indian Languages. In 1950 -A.D., the classes of Vivr^m o^trika (Information book of Government Institute 1. Vivron * atriKa In41dn Liingu*gss, Patiala) Patiala, 1970-71, p 1. 2. Ib i . 3. p.4. 44 Katan (proficiency in Hindi), bhushan (high proficiency—in Hindi) and Pro>bhakar (Honours in Hindi) were started. Now, it is working for the development of three languages Hindi, Punjabi and danskrit. To provid facilities to the girls of Patiala c it y , a government school was opened. It was named as Government Victoria Girls School, Patiala, its foundation stone was laid by Lady Charles hivaz on March 4, 1905. It is situated in the heart of the city, near old Lai bagh. It has a big building. tVoper arrangements ar-e exist for all types of studies such as Arts, Science, Physical education, Music and Home Science etc. It has a beautiful library and two labortorles. flow, it is working under the noble and benevolent guidance of the Principal oMlss Push pa 2 S har ma, ayurvedic College: fhtlaia has also been the biggest centre of Ayurveda in the country. Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine, can oe called the mother of a n the medical sciences which exist in the present day world. It is a judicious combination 1 Ibid., p. 7. 2 onal interview with puPushpa Sharma flr ip a i the Government V ictoria Girls Secondary Patiala on 23rd June, 1982 \ 45 of the principles of nature cure, homeopathy and allopathy extends nd homogeneous physical and spiritual well-being says Kirti Sharma, i*incipai X of the Ayurvedic College, Patiala, I t was in 1912 a.D. that an Ayurv o pe ned te Maharaja Bhupinder Singh the erstwhile State of Bstiala. a famous and dedicated ayurvedist, rUndit Ram Prasad tna appointed as the Principal of the school This school oelieved in quality and quantity. The students were given thorough practical training in all aspects of thi3 science. Thorough knowledge of medicinal plants used to be imparted in places like Bir ;h and Pinjor C lin ica l 2 training used to be imparted attached hos p it a l The Hrincip&l of this school was elevated to the post of personal physician to the Maharaja. With the formation of i^tiaia and East Punjab States Union, the post of Raj Vaidya was converted into the post of Rajya Vaidya i.e. the Director Ayurveda The partmentai school of Ayurveda was elevated to the status of a full-fledged college and the attached Bhupendra Aushdhaiaya to a full-fledged hospital, 3 and the drug preparation unit to a full-fledged pharmacy* 1. Statement of Kirti Sharma, f^incipal of Ayurvedic College, fa tia ia • 2 . The Indian aP; , Chandigarh, Feb. la, 1922, p. 13 3. » 46 To the college was also attached a h^rb-garden, which was set up in a spacious land near Motl Bagh rttlace. Thus came into existence a full-fledged directorate of nyurveda, consisting of the above said three major institutions and a net work of Ayurvedic dispensaries in the city and other sheeted places* It was the first State in free India, which had a full-fledged Ayurvedic department. This was the major contribution made by Patiala city in the development of this ancient tern 1 medicine• With the reorganisation of States and the merger of Pepsu and Punj yurved partment o f Pepsu retained its percent status » in Punjao and yurveda Health department of erstwhile P*njao was merged with the ayurvedic Department. The post of -Director of Ayurveda was abolished and the department was placed under the administrative control of Director * Health Services. The major Ayurvedic institution at Patiala city continued to pulsate with life, Inspite of sudden cessation of patronage from above. The alumni of that very school which was established in 1912 a.d. in Patiala city were l&ter on responsible for taking the message of Ayurveda beyond the d sea shores of this country. 1 . Ib id . 2 . 47 Sana tan Pharm S ch ool: The people o f the Hindu community o f ifctiaia c ity felt that there were no proper arrangements for the education of their children as desired by them* They sought permission to start the 3.D. High School, near 1 the Arya Samaj Chowk in 1924 A,.9 . With the change of pattern the name of the school was also changed from high school to higher secondary school. It was started with the aim of teaching Sanskrit along with English. The number of students was more than one thousand from the first primary u p fto the tenth class* Later on, the number of 2 students enrolled exceeded two thousand* ataa Ram Higher Secondary School: atma R&m Higher Secondary School is also one of the oldest educational institutions of the Patiala city. It was situated near Patiala-Raj pura road in the Municipal limits of the city. Thus, it has the advantage of not oeing very far but at the same time being away from the din of the city. The school in its previous years has attained much prominence and is considered one of the leading educational institutions of the mnjab. So it will not oe out of place to pen down a few lines about the founder of the school. It was founded by S.D. Kumar Saoha S ociety , which came Into existence in 1912 a .9 . Its sole 1. Personal interview with Shri Baldev Sahai, an old educationist of Pstiaia city on 1st June, 1934. 2 . Ib id . 48 to render s o cia l service to humanity without d is tin c tio n of caste and creed* Its founder member was i,ala Kulwant Rsi. He occupied the presidential chair for many years and strengthened the society and put it on sound footing. Shri D&sondhi Ram did commendable work there. It was in 1927 a . d . that the Sabha decided to start a primary school. But soon the number of students in primary school was increasing. In 1955 A.d, , the Saoha decided to upgrade it to high school. Seth Chiranjl Lai to commemorate the n<*me of his uncle, Seth Atma Ram, came forward with a very 2 big donation of rupees over one lakh. S A . Arya Boys s c h o o l? S.R. Arya Boys Higher Secondary School came into existence after this. It is situated in the book market near Arna Barna Chowk. Its building was used as the centre of Prachar o f Arya Sama^, The school was opened in 1948 a . d. It is working well in ail aspects at present. Sh. Shri Ram a Station waster was the first to donate a big amount to 1 K.K. Tandon, Th e ___Ne e h Pa Kumar Sapha Hr .Se c . S chcol , Ma ga zi ftitiaia, 1971. P . 1 . 2 i b i d . The liberal offer bled the Sabha ons true t the central block* consisting of nine rooms of the school. The school was switched over to higher secondary system in 1958 a.i>. when the Government introduced this scheme with a view to reorientate the system of educ tion. For thi3 the State Government offered a huge financial aid of ns. 1,05,00 provided the school management could deposit to. 35,700 in the State treasury. It would have oeen very difficult, if not impossible to avail of this generous gesture of the government, had Seth Chiranji Lai not come forward with a big sum of money to the rescue of the Society in this predicament. The school is anagad oy a Ma raging Committee or twenty members, duly constituted under Delhi pattern of grants-in-aid and approved oy the Sduc^tion Department. 49 start the school* That is why it is caned as S .ft. Arya Higher Secondary School after his name. Hindi is used as the medium of studies* it is all because of the influence 1 of *rya Samajists. To provide educational facilities at a higher level to the girls of the city, a separate government college for women was opened* Its foimdation stone was laid by the Late Vice-President of India, or 3. Radha terishnan in 1951 A.D. After its foundation, many new departments were added to it. The important thing regarding this college is that the Bhupindra Kothi, adjoining te the building of the college is also used for accommodating 9ome of the classes* Now, the college has a beautiful swimming pool, spacious rooms, for girls 2 a beautiful hosteliand the Library. neineerlng and Technology! Not only this, the people also wanted an institution for technical studies. Bo, an inhabitant of the city late ^aia Chand T ha par showed en ta 1. Personal interview with Hr. Balbhader Malhotra, Principal of S.R. arya Boys Hr. Sec. School, Patiala on 10th July 1982. 2. The college library contains more than 25,000 books* The reading room i3 full of literary and other Journals especially e-f the interesting the girls. The interesting thing is that the students are free to express their views or offer suggestions for any activity in the college. In cultural activities, the Women College is also very famous. There are many societies in the college to encourage cultural activities, e.g. Literary Union, Punjabi Sahit Sangam, English Speaking Students Association and Drama Society, etc. Information Book (Government College for Women, Patiala 1977~78), p. 4. 50 an engineering institution in his hometown. This, he accomplished through the Patiala Technical Education Trust, which was formed under his ha irma ns hip in the year after negotiations with the former flepsu dtate. Classes were first started on the 8th October 1956 in a building temporarily allotted by the Pepsu Government. The foundation stone of the institution on the present site was laid by the Pres India Jjind Pras the 9th April, 1956 a .j. and the institute shifted into the present building in August 1957 h. d. The Thapar Polytechnic cons of the institute is located in the Institute premises to impart education and training at the diploma level. Part-time evening diploma courses and A.M.I.S, evening classes for specialized and advanced education of technicians have also been started later to cater to the requirements of I.T.I. trained craftsmen for technical education and ngineering education of technicians resbectively. Diploma courses Are affiliated to* the Board of Technical Education i\tnjab and are recognized by the State and central Governments • 1 . (Information book, 1978-79), Patiala, p. 9. \ ^ 4" \ 2 51 Its buildings are constructed on a plot of land nearly 250 acres in area situated in healthy 3urrounaings away from the hustle and bustle of the city of iatiala. The Tha pap Polytechnic building is situated at the campus on the left of the Tower Boad. in addition to the lecture rooms, class rooms and drawing halls, the following laboratories and shops have oeen developed for the polytechnic students: Surveying laooratary, Electronics laoortary and Project shop, fToject shop (civ il), Project shop (mechanical) and Electrical shop, etc. etc. The Government The ffiPSU Government also wanted to estaolish a teaching institution. This dream was fulfilled with the setting up o f the Government College of Education. It was started in 1955 a . d. There are such training courses as B.Sd., M.Ed., Q.T• in Hindi and Punjabi to train the students, in the college, there is a department especially known for expans education. This department arranges seminars, workshops^refresher courses and conferences from time to time. An audio-visual centre h^s been set up to assist the students and staff in reprographic and audio visual materials ana aids. A community polytechnic wing has also oeen started for the uplift of rural people through transfer o f technology and training for employment and entrepreneurship. Ibid. . p. 10. During the Chief Ministership of Shri brish Bhan, the PhilKhann* School was started in 1955 h . d . I t is situated near S a mania Gate Patiala. It has 1100 students on its rolls and forty four members of the staff at present. The special feature of this institution is that more stress is laid upon discipline among teachers and students and imparting of instruction of a very high standard. Sow, the school is progressing under its worthy Principals Mrs. Vimal Sethi. Government Medical C ollege Another important institution, the Medical College is situated near the statue of Sewa Singh Thiisriwaia on the Mall Road. Its foundation stone was laid on 2lst December 1955 by Doctor Rajindra Prasad, former President of India. Opening ce this college was performed 3 Amrit Kaur on 4th February 1955. The institution is serving 2 humanity by producing competent doctors. o rch ives Patiala city has also a number lib r a r ie s provide research facilities to the Research Scholars and other intelligent and enlightened masses. 1 Personal interview with Mr. Rupinder Singh, teacher of the school on l?th July 1982. 2 (Medical College, Patiala 1 972-79) 53 The most Important among these is the Hinjao dtate Archives* After 1947 A.D., the Government of the Indian portion of the Punjab reconstituted the Central Record Office at the end 1943 As a result of the reorganisation of the ainjao Civil Secretariat, Record Office, Lahore, 21,000 files relating to districts in the new St-te, the entire set of one hundred and thirty two * o lls o f the Khaisa Darbar Records, one hundred and twelve pictures, paintings and sketches of historical personages and landmarks and a n the file s on the work of the Regional Committee for survey of historical materials were collected* AvigorousJ campaign was launched to acquire old rare v books, manuscripts, documents, pictures, paintings, records and relics from private individuals and also records from Government offices. Large masses of records of the Ambaia Division from 1363 to 1916 A.D. were obtained at the time of winding up of the *mbala Commissioners hip in 1950 A.D. After the merger of the PBRSU an the fttnj the contents of the HSftSU the repository of the ftinja The records of the 1 . Fauja Singh, t *, p • 39 • 54 Secretariat of the Chamber of Princes ( fcarendra Mand«l) from its foundation (19M1 h . j .) to its dissolution (1947 &.D.) were also acquired. Of all the records in the custody of the Hinjab archives, the lialsa Darbar Records arc the most important original government recoras of the kingdom of Lahore and Maharaja Ranjit Singh upto the annexation of the Punjab by X the British. During the la s t few year3, several documents and relics in the po families have been discovered and manuscripts are acquired through the sustained efforts of the Punjab State archives. So* the surv nd other materials in the State as well as in the neighbouring areas forms an important feature of the work of the Punjab State archives. Not only th is , ma the Punjab State a centre of research for the history of the Punjab and the neighbouring territories, the partment also ta scheme for the acquisUfen o f microfilm copies of a l l material on the history 1, These records comprise one hundred and thirty two bundles of loose sheets, which have since been arranged and bound in handy volumes • These records may be classified as under: ( i) Daftar-i-Fauja, relating to the army; (ii) Daftar-i-Mai, relating to the general revenues; (iii) Daftar-i-.jagirat, relating to the jagir accounts and (iv) Daftar-i-Toshakhana relating to the royal wardrobe and the king's privy purse. The other records are the political correspondence in Persian of the Resident Delhi ana of the Political agent and his assistants in the cis-dutlej territories with British officers and functionaries, Native Chiefs and nobles of the neighbouring Indian States in Northern India. Ibid., p. 40. 55 1 of the 3tat* ayailaole in the National archives of India, other State Record Offices in India and foreign archival 2 rep ositories and lib ra rie s* Every type of guidance and assistance is given to the researchers by the Director of Archives and his staff That is vhy the number of post-graduate students a«i other scholars using the archival materials is increasing day by day. According to Dr Fauja Singh Bajwa, " Despite various handicaps, the Punjao State Archives has assumed the functions of a well-organized and well equipped repository of non-current records and historical materials. Further efforts are being 3 made for its proper growth ani development." The Central Public Llor*rv: Another library, known as the Central public Library, is also helping the scholars and researchers a lot. It is situated on the Mall Road, opposite to the district courts. The library was set up in 1956 a . d. At that time the number of volumes in it was 40,000. But within ten years, 13,477 volumes have been added. Besides these there are 2,953 manuscripts. The r&ue material is kept in the reference section of the I. Collateral series of those records which"are avaliaale in the National Archives are being mocrofilmed to fill the gaps created by the retention of the political correspondence in the West hm^ac. Microfilms have also b^en acquired of the records on the history of the freedom struggle in the Punjab upto 1919 A.D. and the records relating top*Kuka Movement avaiiaole in the National Archives of India and some copies pertaining to the history of the ftinjao were acquired from England. I old. a • Ib id . , p. 41. 3 • ib id . 56 library* This section of the library is very important* The material in this section Is comprises of the works collected from the eight erstwhile Princely States o f the f\inja )• There is a large number of books on the culture of India, particularly those o f the Punj im il there is a sizacle collection of 1 manuscripts in different languages The other important record in addition to the Vedic, Pur^nic, Epic and Sikh literature in Sanskrit and Hindi in the Devnagri script, there are some very good manuscripts on the Samparadayic literature, particularly of the Naths - Gorakh Nath and M&chhandar Nath* In the Gurmukhi s c r ip t, # there are several hundred manuscripts in the Kindi language on ancient Indian epics and other religious and secular subjects, in addition to those in the Punjaoi language, including the translation of Ain-i-*kbarl, Akbar Mama, A«chiaq-i-Muhsini, Gulistan, Bostan and others* The Children Section of the library 13 ai3c very good* another very important library is the New Moti Bagh palace Library. It contains the Maharaja of Patiala 's collection of manuscripts and oooks. It is really unique 1. 1122 in Persian; 907 in Punjabi $ 6S1 in Hindi and Sanskrit and 243 in other languages. The oldest manuscript in the library is a 807 years old JainVlpak Sutra raj). 1159), dated 1216 bikrami. Personal interview with Mr. Ganga Ram, an employee in the Central Public Library, ^tiaia on 25 June, 1982. 57 i 3 very well preserved In this library. It is unique as some of the records e.g. sakhian of Dhai Mool Ghand are not availaole anywhere e ls e . The richness of this libr ry can be estimated from the following figures of the manuscripts: (i) 303 Punjabi manuscripts relating to history and religion; (ii) two manuscripts written on palm leaves; (iii) seventy nine Araoic manuscripts; (iv) five hunared and eleven Persian manuscripts; (v) sixty five literature (vi) thirty commentaries on literary classics ana one hundred and ninty three of poetry,etc. etc. The State Language Reference Library, Department o f Languages, Pun ja p , came in to existence in 943 A.D. with the creation of PUnjaoi section in the 3ducation Department of the erstwhile f^tiaia state. The Liorary is housed in the Qila Muoarik, in the l^ rt o f the c it y . It is working for roth the purposes, one for the official needs o f the Department o f Languages, Punjao and the other one is to provide facilities to the research scholars 2 coming from other parts of the country. 1 . Fauja Singh, op. clt • * p. 53. 2. Dr, Jospeh Sher * l i o f U3SR who paid a visit during 1963 a .d. was very much impressed by the rich and remarkable collection of the Punjabi works and remarked "Besides Bengal, no other regional language of nd has so rich a ry* p. 54 53 This library has also a unique and attractive collection of manuscripts and rare books. It has eighteen hundred rare boolcs and eight hundred manuscripts* The two sections are me«*nt only for consultation in the premises of the library anal as a rule, are not lent out. This % section of rare books contains some of the oldest and rarest manuscripts in mnjaoi which are not available anywhere else* For the study of culture and social life of the ttmjao ani also of the whole country, these libraries provide rich and valuable material to the scholars and the researchers* So, Patiala can be cailea a oig educational centre as shown above. It has a lot of educational institutions which have developed with the passage of time. These institutions are playing a great role in changing the mental horizon of the people. Along with the educational institutions, other historical institutions were also developing. They will oe described in the next cha pter • 59 CH* PTSR XII HISTORICAL PLACES Patiala city is known for many historical buildings and gardens. If one were asked to pin point one thing that distinguishes Patiala city from other cities of Punjab and lends it a unique character, it is the Baradari Palace and the flaradari gardens, located in the heart of the city along "The Mall" . The Baradari Palace and Garden Maharaja Rajinder Singh had given this gift (The Baradari palace) to the .^utiaia city# He had expended a large sum on erecting a large han with adjoining roods 1 for his residence. The Palace i 3 situated in the baradari Gardens where the Maharajas resid ed . There is the w orld's richest collection of medals exhibited in the medal Gallary 2 housing in the Baradari ftilace. In the aaradari, there were some houses called Desi Mehmandari and Shahi Mehmandari, where European and other important delegates and o ffic e r s resided. Now these are being used for different offices. Fauja Singh, Patiala and its Historical durrmindln— ( fUtiala, 1969TTP* 2 2 • The Punjab States Archives is lodged there these days 2 . Report issued by the Information and Publicity Department, Punjab, p. 5. 60 This garden Units tha present generation not only with the past but also with the nature* It is a paradise of peace and greenery, according to Patrick Geddes, "after enjoying the restful hospitality of the Baradari Garden during my whole stay in F*tiaia, it would be blind as well as ungrateful to fail in recognising its many qualities. For here kre the stately drives, the noble trees, the spacious lawns and park views of western palaces and mansions; yet a n worked out with trees and flowers 1 after unfamiliar ana always beautiful." In the beginning, the gardeners used the gorgeous colour resources of the tropics and also the occasional splendid climbers or flowering trees. Indeed, the later gardeners have introduced more of these and rightly witness the scarlet borders of the Mexican Christmas flower ( Poinaettia), or the young avenue of gulmohurs (Poinciana). The excellent double avenue of es from the Moghai monumental ns also became an attractive feature of the 2 Baradari gardens In the spring time it glows with colour and fragrance and serves as a rich and sumptuous feast to the human eyes with the hundreds of varieties of trees and Patrick Geddes 9£2), a . la id . O i n M o ji R aoii Pai a f t , f o u n d e d bv M a iia r a ja N a r in d e r Sin g h in 1X17 I % 61 flowers. It c*n safely oe affirmed that Maharaja Shupinder Singh had more the imagination of a poet than of an engineer. He had bestowed a lot of his residence attention on the Baradari, although he had later shifted / to Moti 3agh* The whole of aaradari Gai’den Is used as a botanical garden ^ withilot of research potential. Indeed, ;$aradari Gardens w ill always hold a pride of place in the hclrarchy of several historical places of Patiala such as the Moti ftagh Palace, the Qila Muoarik, 3 Gurudwara Sri Dukhniwaran Sahib, e t c . e t c . i*ha Moti 3aeh rh la c e s According to Patrick Geddes, *' Could I transport one of these old house—■> fronts to Europe, the greatest / Museum would gladly give i t a place o f honour in its architectural hall. Of internal decoration, 1 cannot speak* but the beautification of the Sheesh Mahal etc. has reached me. It was presumably decorated by the local artists who no doubt, have also left their mark In the 4 city houses for ever." The beauty of the tetiaia city, 1 . The Indian express, Delhi, Feb. id, 19S2, p. 4. 2. Report Issued by the Information and Publicity Department, Ainjab, p* 5. 3. The Indian Express, Qelhi, Feb. 18, 198J4, p. 4. 4. f*.trick Geddes, op. cit. % P* 47. the Motl B&gh f&lace, 13 a living example of tha fine art. It was built by Maharaja Narinder Singh in 1847 a . d. 1 at a cost of five lakhs of rupees towards the 3amania Gate. Xhe Moti pagh garden containing an upper and a lower garden, like the Shaltmar Gardens at Lahore with terraces, fountains, canals and Shee3h Mahal aada to the beauty of the Moti fl*gh Palace, inside it, are some fine buildings and it is surrounded by a masonary wall, a o^autiful hanging-oridge called as Lachhman Jhula (Swinging aridge; is a unique item. a canal with a number of bridges over it, runs through it and supplies water to its tanks, fountains and abshars. It was built in 1398 *.!>. on the other side of the Moti Bagh is a large tank into which the Patiala escape channel falls. Here the Sheesh Mehai is notable for its artistic excellence. It was built by Maharaja Shupinder Singh in 1917 A.o. at a cost of rupees seven lakhs. The glass studded Sheesh Wehal has its wall3 exhaustively painted with scenes from Hindu mythology. :angra and f ajasthani artists ware specially employed for doing the frescoes. Its 103 painted panels, unique specimens of 1 1. Fauja 3ingh, op. cit.. p. *. iun.laa States Gazetteer. 1904, Vol. VII, Lahore, p. *03 % , miniature paintings are rare and invaluabl©• at present the Gheesh Kehal houses the Punjab State arts Gallery. Injfront of Sheesh Mehai is Banaser Ghar wherein 1 has been set up & natural history gallery. It has a rich collection of stuffed animals and birds, a great lever of nature, Maharaja Bhupinder Singh (1900-1938 a.D .) secured the services of Mr. w.H. Hutton, a well-known taxidermist of his time, and entrusted him With the task of preparing am stuffing the animals, birds and a re p tile a . Maharaja bhupinder Singh acquired various species of oirds and animals not only from the high Himalayas out also from f^r-off foreign lands, including south America, a permanent building has now oeen earmarked to house the stuffed reptiles, birds and Guite a few of the tigers and oears whose forms are on display were shot oy the Maharaja himself in the Pinjore region which was then infested with several ferocious species of animals. There is only lion in the collection here Many of the represented creatures are set in natural surroundings. They are so life-like that it sometimes » i Report on A tia i* issued oy l nfor®ation and Publicity De pa rtm» n t, Pun j a o • 8 h^ndigain, June 1^, 1981, p. 3 . 9 64 becomes difficult to believe that they are just 1 stuffed physical structures. To the vest of the Moti 3agh there was tablished the Victoria Poor House that helped the people a lot. This institution was started during the famine of 1894 a.D, by Maharaja Kajinner Singh and was at first oalled the Poor It was managed by competent State c 2 nd ext e ns r e l i e f to mine-striven people When the famine 1894 was over some of its inmates who had no homes and means o f subsistence were unaole to leave it, and were, therefore, kept here to oe fed and looked after. The Poor House continued to admit fresh inmates. In this way a Permanent Poor House was established It was dedicated to the memory of Her Majes the impress Queen Victoria, l n a meeting of the Central oria Memorial Committee hela i 1st January 1901 a .D ., ided by Ka Singh K.C.S.I.I., it had 3 been decided to taolish this ins The Patiala Darbar rupees fiv e hundred per mensem for food and other expens The average numbed©f ons fed 1 Some of the pheasants, which are now extinct can be seen in their original forms. The additional Director of Museums, Mr, Tariochan Singh, says that the Government proposes to arrange a proper public display of the nimals, birds and reptiles in the gallery in th course of time. 2 Gazetteer. 1904, Vol. VII, Lahore, p. 183 3 0 9 t 0 0 . * 65 i was aoout one hundred and fifte e n d a ily For e d ic a l treatment it was under the charge of a Hospital Assistant who was also per intend©nt A teacher and 1 carpenter were also there to teach them* Orphan g irls were taught spinning and ooys carpentry. No pauper or orphan was admitted in the Poor House without the order of the Medical Adviser who supervised the working o f the institution. The new building was to be called the V ic to r ia Poor House. Its foundation stone was laid by the Hon*Die the Lieutenant 'usflfra Governor ration functi Now, it is wording for orphans and the needy people of 2_ Patiala city hut ItAlost its past glory. The wila Muoarik. Situated in the centre of the town i3 the Qila Muoarik, the residential fort founded by Baba Ala Singh himself on February 12, 1764. Shops outside the outer wails of the Qila constitute the main shopping centre. ^The names • pasar Shahnashin', 'Chowk Qila Mubarik', 'Chowk Porani Kotwaii* etc. wniwrtL the visitor of the by-gone Princely days. One of the biggest armsgailery o f Indi& is ilso located the Oiwan-i-Aam H a ll, apart from other 1 . Rupees 70,000 were subscribed and were being spent on a large building for its inmates, whose number was over a hundred •Such as were capable of working were required to ropes for the repairs of their to make up packets of quinine for sale through the post-offices or to do some other light work. 1 bid. 2 ». 66 things, the fort is famous for its cannon park containing old cannons used in the nineteenth century. Inside the Qila there are one niri^ty one rooms and a h orriole Jail having seven rooms. The walls of the rooms in the Qila are the replica of Jaipur and Jodhpur. General puolic is not allowed to enter there. Only the members of the royal family can go there. In the beginning, four miners of gold decorated the four corners of the Qila • The most important thing in the Qila Mubarik, is the ‘Jot’ of 1 8aoa Aia Singh, it remains burning round the clock. This fire new lit two hundred years ago by Baba ala Singh, the founder of the erstwhile Patiala State, still burns in the Qila Androon portion of the city fort here. This fire is called 'Dhuni' and is considered sacred. $o ordinary worshipper is allowed to enter the place where the sacred 'Dhuni' is ourning. It is stated to be reserved exclusively for the use of the relatives of the former rulers o f -t+*e ta tia ia . The Punjab Government is looking after it as part of the various religious obligations it has inherited from the Governments o f the erstw hile Princely 2 States which now form a part o f the Punjab. 1. Personal interview with Mr. Joginder Singh, the incharge of the Record Room in the Qila Mubarik on 4th June, 1932* The Punjap Government spends aoout 40,000 on the employees who tend the fire in shifts. The TriJune. Chandigarh, October 16, 1982, p. 12. % 67 On the right hand side of the main entrance is the Record Room, where rare cooks and other old articles are kept and a dig hall which was called Durbar-i-Khas or Darbar Hall in the beginning* Important courts were held, in the p&st in this very hall o y the previous Maharajas. after 1948 a.D ., it beoame the Assembly Hall of ftePSU. % Ne^r about 1956-57 a #D., the Hall was converted into a Museum. There are many a rare and fascinating exhibits in the Museum, it is said that some important exhibits had been brought from Simla, In the beginning, the general public could see these^xhibits from outside through the mirrors. Hut now the people can enjoy seeing the exhibits 1 at close quarters. They can enter the place. Some of the important exhibits are the following; Iron knitted shirt known as Sanjo; a sat of ceremonial daggers; Guptis called Sticks; 'Circhan of the 19th century; folding lances with swords; saifs; taiwars with cuts; Hsnja 6 with a dagger; a 19th century shield, damascened with gold; khukris of the 19th century; painted photographs of all maharajas; shields and pistols of the 19th century; 1.. These were made cy M istri Sawan Singh. I t belonged to Maharaja Fateh Singh of Kapurthala c . 1S30 a .D . There are Statues o f important r*rime Ministers, Gurdit Singh, Liyakat Khan. Muhammad Kha^, General Gurnam Singh, Zulfikar A li Khan made by Professor G.C. tosiquinell on 18th A p ril 1927 A.D.^ Deva Singh and i-andit Daya Ushan Kaul. A sanhedrin brought by Maharaja M ohimer Singh in 1872 A.I), from France is lyinglthere alm ost in the original shape. Two vehicles i . e . one Itaia-l9ll and FUfE|t-l9l3 which belonged to the Jina states are placed here for display. f — •** . J* • ♦ f r * • * * “» • 5JP-T.T’ • • . \ • y W s « > r .f *'r w ‘ k • > •>* ! )*,>- A * ^* • . * * t I L» l Hi K *■ ■ rtl# fA' - f W f ^ j '•frifv» w* * i' •V' -s 'T / • N V> J ‘ » i J / X > Lv jv *\V n * x; \ •«r*± * ;u- ,t * t * •A V V t J M ■L^V Y fcfiS * r.* . i • ♦, • . j «"« v- ' ■ » . 1 $ C - ; . • • / ' ’jf o A V \ • #i * >* .i •• ■ *jf *■*'I .* ;.• § V (*|.' ■ % ^ *■■'■'■•' n aWM* •; Ik /- * *'V>sr* .y4... Vr*** i *^fjW?>Sr:%cWiH .*• r ^ P l?•v<%* # ** ^ • * * *» •.» & Y - V - V : J g | A ‘-rsNj i s 1*tt & « . t .1 1^ • r * ,/**L v t v ( K 1 a s A t $r J*C»* ■£ # % * 1-1 f t • * I t r ♦• . » f » * i % T T » n « » n III j r * •*: *» «• v u. k I I i CU' '.<* i « » -*W / •.W «$¥ « • > ^ n * Vt *• • 5 w ft •*# *v- • — # ■tv ^ 1 ^ N « : #, ■4;- r • ♦ t < • W: T r ^ . > A < f % .; -fc *# h.r’i v -♦ • » % # r * . f l.' w i • m-\S. » nSWSii^ : : ^ f K^.ir—~ •*- - * 4 . w t* , /* I w ,X s »V « # S' « i* ^ * ■»^i™ •-r ■ • ■ • *-: « 4 <•7 S '-i* 51 j h * . 'I ,*4^ .-» v* ’ * m m - , v -•* V - * r ? . .W V J ; ^ < 1J *- t • * t 4 * \ :jAc« i t t r n* * " *, ' L*«* ■nt - t X f \\ V I 4 V V I * vt-i V » Ar M 4k\ ^ « v / 1 >♦ M' *> 'i W i * ^ V .r + m -• »►■ j v - l i V ^ L ; - l^psss • f . f l ^ ' % tfVv1' 0^)uJcK;Plj* ttWACM^ Sal\Lfc) i • % f 63 Matchlocks? Frontlocks? camel-guns? stengun and Machine -gun eudfto ea pons of Guru Go bind Singh J i. Some important offices, such as the Chief Court, Diwani Mai, Sadar ad aiat, Munshi Khana and Bakshi Khana, were there inside and near the Qila. Resides these public buildings the i^ila tains two Khanas old and new 2 But later many new o ffice s there* Gurdwara S ri Dukhniwaran Sahib: Gurdwara S ri Dukhniwaran Sahib is also an h is to rica l place of importance, it is situated near the crossing of patiaia-Birhind and fa t ia la-foa oha roads at a distance of aoout three furlongs from the railway station* The ninth Guru, S ri Guru Tegh Bahadur J i-a iso called 'Hind-di-Chaddar^ during his tour paid a visit to Navab Saif Khan of Saifaoad 1. New new Oiwan Khana comprises two large halls, the outer lSS’ xSQJ. and 30* high and inner 135, x21' • Pun.1aoSta.es Gazetteer. 1904, Vol. V il a , i^hore, p. 202* 2. The Head office of the Language Department? District Education Office as well as the Block Education office? Treasury o ffic e ? Malaria Department? Weights and Measures Department? Ju dicial Record boom and its o ffic e ? sadar Record Room and its office? Chemical Laoortory? Branch of the Lal-our Commission; Government Workshop o f Typewriters? Government Book Depot and Industrial Department, There are two politer chowkis containing four constaoles and one head-constable each for museum and treasury* The main security officer of the Willa is called the ^ iledar. He is paid oy the Maharaja even now. There are two Pandits and five ferantnis for the performance of religious ceremonies i.e . recitation of hymns and path of the Guru Granth Bahio. The following staff is also there to render their 3ervi€ti$ four sevadars. one chwwkidar, one supervisor* These people are also paid oy the royal family. Their appointments are also made oy the head of the royal family of Patiala. There are many shops around the • The rent was paid to the Maharajas in the beginning out now the rent is paid to the 3t-te Government. It is so because Maharaja Yadvindra Bingh had given the ^ iia to the Government as a g i f t . Sven now the ^ ila has its own significance as stated above. (69) (pov 3ahadurgarh)ln 3.K. era 1719-20). it Is said, according to the Sikh tradition, that the Nawab had sent an Invitation to Guru Ji, because he was a great admirer o f the Ninth Guru, Guru Tegh jahadurji* From daif&bad Guru^i came to the area now known as ifctiala, though the Patiala city had not yet been founded. In this locality Gurujl visited two spots - one near the Moti Bagh (Palace) where now stands a oeautlful Gurdwara and the second place where Gurdwara S ri Du * CiMBQ to an end. In 1822 A.D., a choudhry from Lehei village, named .Asu Singh gave a suggestion to the fdnhang Sikhs to establish a Gurdwara there in the memory o f Guru Tegh a Baha dur.______ 1 . Shamsher Singh Ashok, History of Gurdwara Dukhnlwaran S&hib. Patiala (GurmukhiTT am rltsar, p. 2 , 2 . Io id * , p. 6. 70 In the western side of the Gurdwara, there was a Khaisa High S ch ool. 1919 Mater*la Bhupinder Singh turned it into stables for this horses. Later on its place, a Khaisa Boarding Hous constructed for the students, at the place of Boarding House the construction of the Gurdwara was proposed People and other important Sirdars e.g. Sard&r Atma Singh, Bachitra Singh and Gurdit Singh, etc. of the Lahel village gathered 1 here. In 1930 A.D., after the ohog of the path, a Gurdwara Committee was formed unanimously for the 2 arrangements of the Gurdwara. On the same day, saint jawaia Singh or ought a Nisten Sahib and Xhanda which were prepared in Amritsar at a cost of rupees one hundred. Then the first Diwan for the celbration o f the martyrdom o f Guru Tegh Bahadur ji was held In the plain under the bany&n (3arota In this gathering (sangat) fifteen hundred rupees were collected. Sant Bis ten Singh Ji xajla laid the foundation stone of 3 this Gurdwara in the month 1930 Sardar Atma Singh, an engineer prepared plan o f the Gurdwara and construction work was srarted. First storey was completed in six months. Maharani Sahib Uoaoai 1 loid.. p. 7. 2 Pres - Or sa Treasurer - S. Gurdit Singh Secretary Kirpal Other wo kers including Sardar jalip Singh and Sardar 3 ampoora belonged to the village Lahel. i f P e 3# 3. bid. 71 sent a chaur of silver and a chanani (canopy) of pure silken cloth* Then the 'parkash' o f Guru Granth Sahib v&g made* In the same way Mafcarani Sahib Rarewala had been paying a ll expenses incurred upon langar for about two years* a Sarover near the Gurdwara was also constructed there* The present building was completed in 1942 A.D* Gurdwara sahib Xhel Sahib Gurdwara stands second to the Moti Bagh Gurdwara in importance and sanctity. It is situated on the leading to the Leela Bhavan near the hailway Crossing No. 22* It is named after 'baba Khelwaia *, a prominent benefactor of thirsty animals. He made it a point to keep constant supply of water for the thirsty 2 animals • Tomo of Peer Podhe 3 hah among the Muslim places of Patiala city, the grave o f Peer ftodhey Shah is very important. The most notaoie point about this nineteenth century is that he is Muslims ikhs He was Baba Ro<&y Shah because oald head He was a lso known Baba LaianWaia. The saint is reverentially called by his devotees Gario Nawaj Sanjha peer ( the benevolent and universally adored saint). The grave 1 . .* pp. a -9 . 2 . ^bld. i 19 situated near the Malwa cinema. An annual celeoration known as 'Urs' in memory of the saifet is held with great enthusiasm by people professing different religions• It is the measure of the aoiding and deep faith of the people in the greatness of this saint that a Brahmin named Bandit Shiv Ram carefully looked after the grave and the modest building housing it after its real care-taker Haji Sher Mohammad had to leave the city during the communal frenzy and holocaust following the partition of Punjab in 1947 A.D. Hazi Sher Muhammad returned to Patiala from Calcutta after the return of normalcy, pandit Shiv Ram handed over the management to Hazi Sher Mohammad who passed away. He was succeeded by Hazi Jan Mohammad, who has laboured to transform the Mazar into a magnificient structure which is known to many as the Taj Mahal o f Patiala. Many anecdotes are current among the devout followers of the Peer aoout his supernatural powers. They believe all 2 sorts of boons are granted by the _££££ 1. The Pun.laa Kesri (Hindi newspaper, Jullundur) 30th June, 1931, p . 1 . a. An interesting anecdote runs thus. Once the Maharaja of Patiala, Mohinder Singh went to seek the blessings of Peer Roc&y Shah before going abroad. The Peer patted the rul*> of Patiala with much affection and gave his blessings. During the journey the Maharaja'3 ship was caught up in a sea storm. The Maharaja, then prayed tofcv*. Peer for succour. The storm subsided, a godly man who was ai3o travellin g with Mohinder Singh in the ship told him that a Peer was putting his shoulder under the ship during the storm and that his shoulder was hurt and was bleeding. When Mohinder Singh, the ruler of Patiala city returned to Patiala and went to see the Peer, he found that the Peer’s shoulder s till oore the mark of the wound though oy now the wound had been healed. The ruler was deeply moved. The TribuneT Chandigarh, 2 5 Nov., 1979, p. 5. 73 Another veil maintained darg&h of jaianvala Peer is there in the Vegeta ole Market* Khankahs iia ba kim Shah are in the Dharmpura bazar* T&kiaa of Baba Jamal Shah, Rahim Shah, At>u Shah, Baba Hiray Shah, Baba Ohulao Shah are all inside the 'a Tank’ complex. Two festivals (Urs) one In June and the other in December, are held in a year for three days each* Singers and Qava and drummers regale the audiences vith their recitals composed 1 in praise of the Almightly. Temple o f w m Another important place is the temple of Maha Kali Devi Hindu Kali is the black goddess o f death and destruction, as larva11. she is the consort of 3hlva. Kali Devi personifies mother goddess devouring life she has produced* She is represented a9 garlanded vith skulls and bearing a bloody sword. It is also a very popular place of worship of the residents of the city of rtutiaia, it is observed that this temple was built by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh in 1932 a . d. But the temple of e Rajesbvari Devi bu ilt in sid e this temple is said to have been b u ilt by Maharaja ftarinder Singh* In 1333 a *D. Narinder 1. oune, Chandigarh, 25 Nov. 1979, p. 5 74 Singh want to visit Badri Narain and other places of pilgrimage. From Badri Narain he brought the Sanskrit manuscript leaves supposed to have oeen written oy Vyasji, the noted author of the da ha bharta. These manuscript leaves are lying there in the Maha '&li Devi temple, opposite the Baradari Gardens, Shiva Temple; Mandir o f Lord S in the Qila Chowk is a very prominent temple o f jfetiaia c it y . Lord Shiva, in Hinduism, is the God of destruction and reproduction, one of the supreme trinity. In destructive role he is represented with garland of skulls and surrounded by demons In the form of Nataraja regarded the Lord of the cosmic dance. Hi3 consort was Kali. He is associated with Phallic worship. The temple of Lord Shiva is situated in front of the gate of Qila Mubarik. It is decorated with white marble. It is believed that this mandir was there even before the construction of the 2 Qila Mubarik (Delhi, 1977), p Personal interview with Mr. kmolk, the Supervisor of ail the religious institutions of Phnjao on 23rd June 1982. 75 The temple of Sri 3 ji, another name of Lord Krishna, has a unique place Crlshna in the Hindu r e lig io n , is the eighth inception of Vishnu. VIshnu in Hinduis ♦ is one of the three supreme Gods Sarly him with solar deities of K Hama Krishna and auddha^ etc, are all tions Vishnu He is represented as having dark clue complexion and holding a conch, a discus, a mace and a lotus. Lord Krishna. also named as is an adolescent, represented as erotic, after sport with 1 mil Jana ids adult he is hero of epic oharta. The foundation stone of this temple was laid by Saint Bhitathan in 1304 a .D. He appointed «al Mukand as the priest of this temple for religious service. After the Bal Mukand his Bhiwani Shankar became the next priest. It is lieved this temple that Lord .rishna himself appeared in the temple and took the Prasad and disappeared. its building is also very beautiful built of white marble?' 1. Collins Conrclse encyclopedia. op. cit., p. 316. 2. Personal interview with Mr. Bhiwani Shankar, the priest of the Satya i&rain temple on 2lst June 1932. 76 fad av Yadavindra Apahaj Ashram on the rtitiala-4\ajpupa road is a very important institution of i-atiaia city* Its foundation stone was laid in 1960 a . d. It was started by the Sanatan Dharm Sasha of Rfctiaia city* The institution has devoted an its attention to the uplift of the handicapped people. Thus, it is serving the people ne by the soc These unfortunate beings are provided with good food, clothing and accommodation. Strenuous efforts are made to provide them with the best possible amenities. Best possible arrangements have been made for providing them with medical aid* The Rajindra Hospital building is a very important and fine building of the city. Its foundation stone was laid by Sir Henry Davis at the time of the installation of Maharaja Rajinder Singh. Lord Lytton also paid a visit on this happy occasion. It ’• Is a stately and well equipped building and it was oullt during the time 1. Souvenlr. Shri Samtan Dharam rumar Sasha (Patiala, March 6, 1977), p. 4. 77 of the Second Council of Regency In 1877 A.D. But it was formally opened in January 1883 a .D. Rupees 96,742 vers expended on this building by Maharaja Rajinder Singh, a thoroughly modern operation room was added to the building by Maharaja Rajinder Singh. Fifty six beds were there in the hospital at that 2 time. The medical staff consisted of an assistant Surgeon, len t by the Government o f the rtinjab who 4 held the charge of the Rajindra Hospital and was also that of the Civil Surgeon of ratiaia city. Nine I assistant Surgeons were there, Ihey were directly engaged by the State. Twenty seven hospital assistants were there in the hospital, in close proximity to Rajindra Hospital was the third class Meteorological station from which reports were sent monthly to the Government of India. The observations were taken by a hospital assistant who had considerable experience in 3 this work. The Judicial Courts, office of the Deputy Commissioner and the o ffic e o f the Commissioner Hatiala D ivision are housed in the old premises of the Rajindra Hospital which 1 Accoun Chari e Administrative ed In ? os per ous i in z h A.D.) Patiala, The^fUnlab States Gazetteer. 1904, V o l. V II A, uahore, 3. Ibiq 78 after the creation of P3*5U was shifted to a new building situated on the road leading to Sangrur and Samana. The foundation stone of the new building was laid oy Maharaja Yadavindra Singh on 15th April 1950 A .1). It was opened by the late ftrime Minister of India, Pandit jawahariai Nehru, on 18th February 1954 *«D. It has more than nine hundred and seven beds. Very good arrangements have been made to help the patients• e Mai .11 K1 aarait Mai ji ki Sara! near Bam ashram cannot oe ignored in connection with the description of the city. This is an old building where the confirmed criminals are brought for special interrogation. This building was used for this purpose by the ifetlala State, by the PEPSU Government and is used even now a lt* ? by the fun jab 2 Government a fter the merger of RSFSU with the Punjab. 3 hahi Samadhan 3hahi Samadhan are so called because they were raised on the places where the remains of the Maharajas, their queens and their children were confined. The Shahi 1 . a Report on Patiala District published by the Hiblic Relations Department, p* 16. 2. Pars or* 1 interview with Mr. Amolak, Supervisor o f a l l the religious places of Punjao on £6th July, 1932. 79 damadhan covers an area of seventy four bighag of land* There are six minarets in which armed security men sat on duty guarding the samadhas • There are also s ix mlshal posts where the mis ha is were Ice pt horning for the purpose of lighting the area. i a tradition has been followed regarding the rection of the damadhas in the Ratlaia Royal family* When a Maharaja was dead his earthly remains (a sth is) were safely preserved by his descendants and when his son died the asthis of the earlier Maharaja were buried and a samadh was erected on them by the grandson o f the deceased Maharaja. This tradition continues even to this day. Baba Ala's samadh occupies the central place in the complex and is a three storeyed imposing 2 structure• 1 2 Rear the samadh e photos of Guru Nanak Dev j l &nd his ona d r i Chand Lakshmi Chand h been tcs pt • Long a go they were ted by Mrs. P.C. e ji as a mark of respect to the Royal familyfamily* People go and place handkerchiefs (rumalas) on the samadh and the photos set in a common frame* There is a sp ecia l arrangement to keep th tJyoti( earthen lamp) burning a il the timev the samadhf • Ahe person who per fo r ms these functions is a government servant and is known as Mohatmum The ernment manages i t through the Deputy Commissioner's office and the department is Placed under a supervisor ^>f the religious places* Four thousand blehas cult^ble land has o< a llo tte d to the dhahi Samadhan oy the Royal family the purpose of langar for the dadhus, saints and other poor people. This land is situated in these four villages or areas: jaial Kheri, Kath Mathl, Rani Majra and ifctlala 30 AH these institutions and places of importance have gone a long way to enhance the importance of the city of tfctiaia. The people residing here derive the maximum advantage by way o f in stru ction , amusement and recreation from these institutions. 3o these places s till have a considers ale value as they provide the people with a peep into their cultural heritage aoout which more will be said in the next chapter. 8 1 i CHA FTBK IV ITS CULTURE AND HANDICRAFTS It is perhaps rightly claimed that, after Lahore, Patiala is the only city in the old Punjab, barring Amritsar, which has a rich literary and cultural tradition of its own. This city which no doubt, is the gift of the basic Punjahi culture, has produced great warriors and heroes • The rulers of ftttiaia city took keen interest in the spread of fine arts like music, architecture, sports, handicrafts and also in literature* The rulers patronised and helped men of learning as a result of which rktiaia oecame the home of great educationists* The fctia ia Uh&rana o f music has an honoured place in the history of Indian Music* The city had a distinctive cultural pattern of its own* The beauty about this culture is that it did not remain confined to the courtiers alone, but percolated from the Princes to the common man* The rulers were fond of patronizing finer things of life, vhich in turn, became the favourites of the people* This city has had a unique tradition in the service of sports in the country. It can also be called the cradle of Indian sports and its rulers have popularly been called the first sporting citizens of the country* Pstiaia's interest in the sports goes as far back as the middle of the eighteenth century when the founder of the House of f&tiaia, Baba Ala Singh, popularized such sports as horsemanship, 1 marksmanship and big-game hunting. As a Centre of Sports: During the reign o f Maharaja hajinder 31ngh (1376- 1900 A.d.), Patiala started its great traiditon in modern games, particularly Cricket. Great professional cricketers, e.g. Hearne and Brocktwel were especially invited to fatiaia to coach young Indians in the game, after him, Maharaja Bhuplnder Singh (1900-1938 a .D.) continued these activities and showed his keen interest with redoubled zeal in Cricket. He also invited great English cricketeers of the time to Patiala, such as W. Rhodes, Frank, Tarrant, Roy Kreylen, Robinson and Leyland. Besides these professionals he also patronized Indian cricketeers like Nanak Ram and Col* Misery 1 “ id lt3 II or ic ou n S3 Later on, the famous players like La la a mar Nath, Anwar Hussain, Captain Rai Singh and several others joined the list* fa tie la had virtually become the home of Cricket in the country. Great cricket matches were played on the famous fatiala Gymkhana ground located in the Baradari Gardens• It was also through the efforts of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh that the Cricket Club o f India was formed, and he was the first President thereof* After his death in March 1932 A.D., the next ruler Maharaja YUdavindra Singh came to the i*tiala throne. He won his Indian colours in cricket in 1933 A.D. and captained the Indian XI in the first official cricket test against an Australian team in 1935 A .D. He not only distinguished himself as a cricketer, but also won renown as a great patron of sports in the country. This ruler of Patiala also became the President of Indian sports in the country and the President 2 of the Indian Olympic Association in 1939 A.D. Although modern sports in Patiala started with cricket, it was in athletics, that Patiala won the highest laurels. It was in 1923 A.D. that a young and budding athlete of i*tlaia, Dalip Singh, who later on retired as a Brigadier Ib id . 2 \ 34 from Indian was included Indian team participating in the World Olympic Games held in Haris in 1924 a . d. He was the first athlete represent India He was followed by about thirty famous athletes from Atiala 1 who made trielr mark at national and international After this ifetiala's Interest in athletics grew apace In order to encourage athletic sports, Maharaja YAdavindra Singh built a very fine Stadium which cost rupees five lakhs, was declared open on March 23, 1941 a.D. by the Jam Sahib of NAwanagar • This was the first cinder -track tadium for athletics and cycling in the country A first class attac hed tadium The Olympic were held in the Yadavindra Stadium in 1944 a .0. and 1956 A.D. It was not in the long past that H&tiaia produced famous athletes, but this great tradition has continued uninterrupted till 3 now. Formerly, JFUti&ia athletes were mainly drawn from the State armed Forces or the police but later on with the establisnment of a number of colleges other spar institutions including the National institute of Sports, Athletes trained in these institutions have made a mark in The Tribune. Chandigarh, Aug. 23, 1977, p. 3* 2. Interview with Mr. Tar3em Chand, Assistant Director (Coaching) of Ketaji Subhash National Institute of Sports, t*tiala, on 29th June, 1982. 85 athletics and other sports at the national level in large numbers . In 1890 A .0, the game of Polo which is also called the King of Sports, was introduced in Pfctiala by Maharaja Kajinder Singh* The famous polo-players of his time were G eneral Chanda Singh, General General Gurdit Singh and General f*itam Singh, who won w orld-w renown as polo ithin no patiala became internationally Known for excellence in this game* nater famous players were General jaswant Singh, General .Joginder played nd Major Thakur 3ingh f i not only but also nd Fra King pain fe lt so much enamoured o f Chanda Singh's kill that he Invited him to play Madrid for his team which, because of General Chanda Singh, won the Spanish championship* Writing in his autobiography i M elville says, M He reminds me, amongst many important patties great had team for the Beresford Cup at Simla, It was the time when Chanda Singh a£ their back was at his zeniths and there had been few better players and few finder gentlemen - I only wish the younger Sikh generation more closely resembled him* Patiala just beat us. " after the first World War, 1* Fauja Singh, op * cit.T p. 28* 86 &tlala fblo team England : they had an unqualified sueces won Coronation Ci In Patiala, the first regular club- the Xhalsa Club-was formed on the initiative of Captain Dalip Singh and Sardar Singh* after 1921 a . d . this team was given the new name of Patiala Tigers* Patiala has also been well-known for its interest in wrestling which goes as far back as 1891 a .d . Maharaja Narinder Singh appointed the famous India Qama to the Patiala Court It was due to this patronage that Gama secured success a ll over the country and later became a lso , after his victory over the world champion Zybiseo London in 1910 a.D. He defeated the latter in a challenge fight in 1928 a .a. at i*tiaia in a few seconds* After him his younger brother, Imam Baksh also joined the Patiala State* Another famous Patiala wrestler o f note was Bakhshish ingh who was selected to present in 1956 a . d. Olympic games at Melbourne In 1958 h .D. when wrestlers from Iran were invited to ifctiala, three out of eight bouts were won by the Patiala 2 w restlers• 1 . Ib id . 2 . Ulk&* 9 P* * • / 87 Volley-ball was also another popular game in flatiaia city. In 1914 A.u., tetlala first entered Into the National Ch&mlonship competition in vllley-ball and got the second position. In 1948 a . d. flat la la von the National Title at Lucknow and his continued to hold its own in this game upto the present time* In this vay with the passage of time* Jfetiaia has become the veritable sports capital of the country due to outstanding achievements in almost a ll 1 games • tatronage to Music ofMRatlaia Gharana Not only in sports but also in music also, Hatiala city occupied a conspicuous place* The founder of the city baoa ala Singh and his successors patronized music by giving ail types of facilities to the great musicians and artists, as the result of their patronage, a distinctive branch o f music called 'the fa tia ia Gharana' or the fa tia ia School of Music, came into existence and it has held its ovn upto the present time. This two hundred years - old, Fatiaia Gharana which owed its origin to the Talvandi Gharana bestowed on FUnjabi musicians a special trait which was reflected in their melodious singing without a jarring note. The accent was on voice culture and melody as highlighted in the singing o f Ustad Bade Ghulam A li Khan, a great 2 exponent of the tetiaia Gharana. 1 . Ib id . 2. The Ir 1 oune. Chandigarh, 24 Oct. 198*, p. 16. 66 One of the greatest patrons of mus rtitiaia was Maharaja Narinder Singh (1845-1862 a . d .) who did a lot to encourage music a t his cou rt. after the disintegration of the Mughal Court at Delhi in the wake of the disturbances many great a rtists ployment in various parts o f the country. During this period, a famous musician of the Mughal Ustad Mian Tan Rasishan "wwal Bacha was welcomed to the Fatiaia Darbar. His pupil was Bhai Kauli, Rababi, who belonged to the An*ndpur Rabaoi family His two sons, Ali Bux and Fateh A li, also became the disciples of Ustad T*n Raskhan o f Rati*la. They learnt vocal music from their teacher i iut he had to leave f&tiaia 1 to go back to Delhi. During the reign of Rajinder Singh (1876-1900 a . d.), he came back to itotiaia with a famous singer, Goki Bai. Nawab Ibrahim a n Khan o f Tonk State oecame a li bux's nd the title of General of Music"• after the death of Maharaja Rajinner Singh in 1900 h .D ., A li nd fttteh ali left Jfetiaia Darbar Maharaja a ninor at that time • Bux nd Fateh went to kashmir and joined Darbar Maharaja Fartap 1. Fauja Singh, op. cit.. p. 30. / 89 $ ingh. But A ll Bux, came to Patiala a fter sometime because Maharaja Bhupinder Singh invited him when he gained majority* He also opened a department of music and dance. Some o f its members went with the ruler on every trip* The son of All Bux, named es Us tad khtar the iAtiaia Uarbar till 1947 A .j. and in the same year he left fatiala due to partition* But his son Bade Ghulam A li Khan remained in the Barbar keeping alive the glorious tradition of his family and also the r^me of the Patiala Oharana. The partition of the country, dealt a deadly blow to the fatiala Ohara na, when nearly three hundred Muslim which were patronised by the Princely State of Patiala went to Pakistan. The GharanA almost died with the death of Ashik Ali Khan about a decade ago in Pakistan. However, the Fatiaia sty le s t i l l continues to live in Munnawar a h Khan, the son o f Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan. According to 1 e, Chandigarh, 24 oct. 1982, p. 16. 9 90 Mrigenara dingh has in his possession the big Rudra Vina which the Mughal Emperor, Mohammad Shah Rangila had got made for himself by some European craftsman. This is called 'Sur ^ahar* or blossomer of musical notes. Ustad Manwar Khan 'darangi-Niwaz* also belonged to the tfctiala Daroar. His two sons, Chand Khan and Ramzan Khan o f Delhi are also renowned v oca lists of Mthe fa tia ia Gharana." According to Rupinder Singh o f rtitiaia city, " Another important thing to note is that the teacher (Ustad) of the famous classical singer Begum Akhtar, ala Muhammad Khan was the resident of Mohalla Jourian Bhattian of ifctiaia," Abdul Rehm-*n Khan sixty years old musician, who grew up as a court musician at Patiala, claims to have trained a number of popular musicians including R afi, Mahendra Kapoor, Manna Dey, Suman Kaiayanpur, Sudha Malhotra and Van! Jairam in voice culture. He had started singing at Patiala at the age of eight. By the time he / was twenty he had acquired a degree of proficiency in Sindhi, Kafi, thumri, dadra, t&ppa, ghazais, ballo Hear, Mirza Sahiban and PUnJarji fo lk music. Thu3, Patiala has had a rich tradition in the field of classicial music. Previously there were three Cinema Halls, Maiwa, Capital and Phool but with the influx o f population two more Cinema Hails have been built. Many duos and other societies have also 1 + 91 been formed for the amusement and entertainment of the people* This shows that people of Patiala fond lusic* The clubs organ! programmes to entertain the people. So evex/since the days of Baoa ala Singh, Patiala city has held its own 1 place in the field of music even upto the present time* o f Liter as regards literature, f*tiaia is not far behind most o f the other ns of the fhnjab and some of its authors have produced standard works* The Khalifa brothers have taken the lead in this direction* The late Khalifa Muhammad Hassan, frime Minister of Patiala, was the author of the and the Tarikh-i • The former work is designed to prove the superiority of Islam over other religions and is greatly appreciated by the Muhammadan community in India* The latter is a standard work in Urdu on history fatiala Khalifa Muhammad Hussain Khan aember o f the Council of Regency has translated and Bernelr♦s into Urdu, Towards the end of the eighteenth century, writers such as Kesho uass and Bhagwan Singh Banoori were attracted ia tia la th ey 1* Interview with Mr, Rupinder Singh G a jra j, a w e ll- known poet of the city and a Punjabi teacher in the Philkhana School of Patiala city. His father was the court poet of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh* 9a wrote a history of the House of Patiala and ballads of the time* They also wrote books on the lives and philosophy of the Sikh Gurus. The time of Maharaja Narinder Singh is particularly known for historical works. One Bhai Nihai Singh wrote the story of the lives and exploits of the^fatiaia or Phul. Tara Sin#* Narotam, wrote an account o f various Sikh institutions and temples established by the Gurus in the F\injab and in other parts of the country. He has also written several other treatises on Sikhism. In the beginning of this century Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of tetlaia established a regular History Research Department under Sardar Karam Singh, a pioneer researcher in the history of the Punjab. His books on Banda Bahadur and Bala Ala Singh are the specimens o f h isto rica l research based on original and contemporary sources. Sardar Karam Singh was followed by Sardar Bhar&t Kishore Singh, who in turn, was succeeded by Sardar 3.H. Benerjee, Professor and Head 2 o f Department of H istory, Mahendra C ollege, P atiala. The monumental works o f Bhai Kiahan Singh o f Kaoha, the Gurshabad Ratndty Mahan Kiosh and encyclopedia o f Sikh Literature, in four volumes was published by the f*tiala I* Punjab States Gazetteer. 3904, Vol. XVII A, Lahore, p. 17' 2 . Ib id . 93 uarbar in 1930 A . d. at a cost of A. 70,000. Sardar l Gurmukh Singh, President of the Council of Regency, is the author of the , an in terestin g and instructive book Bhai Gy*n Singh is the author of the Tarikh the Panth Arkash Punjabi, both highly esteemed in the Punjab. The author has treated The la te Mr. M.N. Cha tter jee, Profes Mohindra C ollege, was the author of a poetical work "The Morning Star" and "Log and Philosophy" . Both the books are used extensively by students of Metaphysics, Logic and Psychology The late Master Chutti Direct of Public Instruction in tate. translated As op es into Urdu and the work was used as a text book in the upper primary classes of the 3tate schools. The late Profes Ram Chandra the Director of Public instruction, brought out a unique mathematical work Maxima and Minima, which is highly spoken of by advanced students of mathematics throughout Europe and America. ardar fhrtap Singh, Financial Minister of the State geography A t ia la which supplied a want keenly felt in the State* Andit Ganeshi Lai wrote books 1 . ibid., p. 178. # t 94 on the geography of latiaia and on Algebra, Munshi janda Bam, a mathematics teacher has written some books on moral and religious reforms, a senior inspector of schools and officiating Director of Public Instructions, Bandit Ram Singh Sharma wrote the (principles of training greatly du optional ts in the HinJ approved it for the libraries of High Schools and Training titu tion s Last cut not the lea st add this galaxy of writers of rtitiaia is the great torian Cianda Singh, M.A.,Ph.O., D.Litt who came to fhtiaia as the Director of Archives, PER3U, nd has made ffctiaia his home ev His 1 works mos fatiala The rulers of Patiala were really e patrons learning, Maharaja Narinder fond of poets am scholars. Renowned writers and scholars always found ready patronage the hands of the iatiaia Kavi Mihal Singh was the court k?*vi (poet) o f Maharaja Karam Singh * and Narinder 3ingh. Raj kavi Punja Bulbul Sardar Balwant Singh Gajraj was a lso very famous He was born in 1390 A J), in the house of Sardar Attar Si eh. a resident of the fatiala city. His uncle Singh ne those who stopped the train at rhnja 3 At that time Gajraj wrote 1. Fauja Singh, OP. c it.« p, 26. 95 h^qv poems of patriotism hi3 poems quoted In the Plara Pada hich published by the Language Department in 1955 a . d . Piara Singh P^dam and Bhai Kahan Singh regarded him as the best poet of the ftiulidan tate So the famous tori^ns and poets, such as Bhai antokh Singh and Bhai Tara Singh, Baiwant Singh Gajraj and Karam Singh Historian, etc. a il flourished in Fatiala important to mention here that Pinjabi was adopted as the court language here for the first time, fbtiala gai was the mly city Delhi and Lahore to have the first printing press. The 'Jfctiaia khbar started in 1372 A.D. Munshi Nawal Kishore with the sanction of the State. Since 1395 A.D. this paper had been under the management o f Sayyed Bajab Shah propr hajindra Press, Patiala. The English vernacular newspapers o f the Punjab and United Princes were 2 usually read by the educated people of the State. For its richness in frescoes and paintings ifetiala can rightly be called the picture gallery of the Punjab. Artists came from hajasthan and Kangra to paint murals depicting the 3 poetry of Surdass, Keshav Dass and Bihari. 1 * Jullundher, 13 July 1931, pp« 5-6. 2 frfr States Gazett 1904, V ol. XVIII A, Lahore » 3 Chandigarh, 23 Aug. 1977, p. 3. 96 It is said that in the early period, there were two main problems of ffctiaia, first a weak economic base and haphazard growth. In the past the economy of the city almost depended upon the economy of the rural areas around it. A flood or the failure of rains in the rural areas often told upon the economy of city. Another thing was that valuaale agricultural land was being used to raise residential colonies. Patiala figures among the top one hundred and thirteen cities of India but has not benefitted much from the development taking place in the country• According to S.S. Gupta, an important in d u stria list o f the c it y , " I t is a town o f shopkeepers and government employees, defore independence it could boast of a few cottage industries but they are now declining. It did make a start with industrialisation soon after independence under the elcted Government of erstwhile Pepsu. The trend came to a halt a fter the merger o f Pepsu with Punjab. But the influx of people from west tan jab has made no difference to the general pattern of economic activity in Patiala city. The new-comers had only swollen the traditional trades. 1 m i t 97 Social scientists believe that the ftrincely rulers of ffetiaia did not want industries to grow. They were afraid of labour trouble." Poor marketing potential, non-availability of raw-materials and shortage of power has stood in the way of industrial development of the city of Patiala. It is also said that the lack of incentives to new entrepreneurs is definitely standing in the way of industrialisation^ Atiala. The other thing was the absence of & rail link with Patiala to bring it on the main line* It remained for a long time sorely felt need of fetiaia. The late i4r. G.M. Modi, one of the Indian Industrial magnates, once told in a report that a former ruler had even refused permission for the installation of a cotton-ginning factory* The Princely rulers did not like their subjeots undertaking journeys away from the town because they did not want them to be influenced by the freedom struggle elsewhere in the country* Intelligence officials were posted at the railway station to note down the names of prominent persons going out of the town or coming in. Even today there are o» number of people who have not moved out of the walled city for years• ^ • 1bid. 2 . Ib id . 93 Even then is & m&rt kinari sitara bad la (gold lace)# Churian and zari embroidery is also a speciality of the city# Mashmirl designs of all sorts are worked on the edges chogas, jackets handkerchiefs and caps# The silk azarbands, durries of rtttiaia known and though the material sometimes \ is inferior to ose made in Amritsar the first is quite as good# Also famous with these are Kala Aranda and X Desl Jut is There are about three hundred to four hundred units of these itemsand about hundred units of Deal Jutls in ifctiala c it y . Narata ham Nalewala supplied Naias. iarandas and Doris to Ma harai pa la Bazar shoes were supplied to the King's army# Even now these a items are exported to the Muslim and Arab countries# There has been a large market for n beauti fu l bedsteads woven with cotton string# At tne 3tate capital there was manufacuture brass and bell-metal and it was noted for its Phul-ke-xaul cups 3 liv e r cups were also made here# Susi was also manufactured at Patiala Atta chakkls oil mills are there almost in every mohaila even now Grain was consumed 1 , 1904, Vol. XVIII A, Lahore, 2 Interview with Mr. H.L. Gandhi, an o ffic e r in the Industry Department, Patiala, on 19th July, 1932# » 99 great quantities nut sugar and rice were also important imports. There is a State Workshop at fatiaia where fur nitur made and repairs of every 1 or Iron painting is also well done* It may not be out of place to mention important persons who did some distinguished service or otherwise brought good name to themselves and to the city* One of these was late Diyali ham, the former D.P.I. of fatiaia 3tate* after his retirement he spread the cause of education by starting the S.D.S.ifi. High School in 19*4 A .9. with the active Bahadur Multanl Mai name late Or Jagdish Singh, the retired Director of Health Services is ioning because he laid Die foundation of Jagdish Ashram in the vicinity of the Rajindra Hospital. Multani Mai Modi started and factories Flour Rice Mill, oil milltWtce etc. etc. In this way helped the development of the city Late Justice G.L. Chopra, the Chairman of many educational Institutions, spared no pains for the educational uplift of the people 2 of the fatiaia city. 1 . teer, 1904, Vol. XVII A, Lahore, 2 . Interview vXth a knowledgeable citizen of fatiaia Mr. oaldev Sahai an eminent retired teacher, on 21st July, 1982. 100 hri D&sondhl J1 (1900-1979 a ,D .), oclal-worker and humanitarian fat la la city Social and welfare institutions owe a great deal 1 to 8hr 1 Blr j i . Shri Dasondhi Ram was a ffe ctio n a te ly called *Bir 1 because he universal brotherhood and was always prepared to look after the poor, downtrodden and forsaken people* To promote his selfless services, Shri Bir ji needed a platform, with the cooperation of late I*aia Kulwant hai, another great personality of fetiaia, he started a society in 1912 A.D. and named Kumar He was lucky to get a band o f young so cia l workers. I n it ia lly the Sabha had no funds and no footing. But due to his tireless efforts and life long devotion, the society is working now on sound economic footing. Along with the recognition of the services of the Sabha, the renown of Bir Ji spread far and wide. in ppreelation life long selfless servlc the PBR3U Gov er nme nt anted him full pension which is a rare distinction. Blr Ji, the embodiment of selfless service 1 . 8. Dev Narain Singh J eji, , V ol. 12, Amoaia p. 4 . 2 . Numerous bodies like Red Cross Society, the Punjabi University and the citizens of Atiaia honoured him from time to time. The greatest honour was conferred on him by the Punjab Government when on 2nd October, 1975, he was presented a Saropa and a sum of rupees 11,000 as a token of love and recognition of his services. A grand function was organised by the Government in Rajpura Colony in itetiaia city and the then Chief Minister ftinjab, presided over the function. Bir Ji was not only interested in social activities out also took keen interest in educational institutions The following are the institutions started by Bir J i : Dal Nike tan, A pa ha j Ashri many primary schools, Dhar i a la Sheranwan and S.D.Kumar iabha Aggarsain Charitable los p ita l, fa tia la . 101 had performed the last rites of about thirty five thousand dead bodies• He had been helping people in hospitals. The improvement of the cremation ground was his main interest lately. He approached donors for th is . The Sabha has decided to pay much more attention to this. Thus, rtitiaia has produced a galaxy of talented persons who made their mark in various spheres of l i f e . PUblished^by the°danatan Dharam\umar^Sabha, P atiala), P. 2 . ■ The town of Patiala had been the capital of Patiala State and Punjab and East Punjab states Union which was f formed on July 15, 1943. Three of the convenanting States — Patiala, Nabha and Jind were comironly called the Phulkian after the name of their common ancestor, phul. The Patiala Chief had always been recognised as the head of the Phul dynasty. Phul had three sons and o f them Chaudhry Rama and Tiloka are well known in history. Ala Singh, the third son of Chaudhry Rama founded the principality of Patiala* In his line of succession, Amar Singh, sahib Singh, Karam singh, Narinder Singh, Mohinder Singh, Bhupinder Singh and Yadavindra Singh, the Rajpramukh of PEPSU, had been the guiding lights In the uolitics of a the Princely States. Yadavindra singh took leading part m % + in the negotiations with the Cabinet Mission in 1946 A.D. s • » He was one of the first Princes who acceded to the Uhion of India and helped in the integration of the country with the fonnation of states Unions on the lin es o f British Indian Provinces. after partition of Punjab many factors affected the growth of Patiala city. Hie coming of refugees greatly affected social and economical conditions of the city. The Hindus and the Sikhs, who migrated to the East Punjab, had a greater urban element and a higher standard of 103 living than those of the Muslims of the East Punj who had a predominantly rural character. A large m number of Hindus and the Sikhs who had very good houses to live in the West Punjab vere forced to live in poorly built houses vacated by Muslims Also the shortage of hous to the development of townships and industrial areas near the city. The mingling of the population led to many new developments. A number o f the Sikhs and Hindus quickened the pulse of social life, The drab bazaars with ill kept shops were completelj changed, yielding place to well stocked and orderly shops. The townsmen of this area were socially backward and their women kept purdah. The refugee women brought a change in the town l if e . The free and easy culture of the West Punjab had a lib era lizin g influence on the women and they began to discard the purdah. As a result of partition this area also lost its former cultural variety as the other areas of the Punjab did. After hundred years/Vicissitudes on merger of PEPsU with Punjab in 1956, Patiala became headquarters of Patiala Division. Although it shed its former glory as capital of a full-fledged State, it maintained its importance as the headquarters of a large number of State level departments of the Punj such as Punj Public 104 Service Commission, Punjab state Electricity Board, Public Works B. and R., Public Health, Excise and Taxation, Punjab state archives, etc. etc. It gained further importance with the setting up of the Punjabi University and of the National Institute of sports (now named as Netaji subhash Chandra Bose Sports Institute), the c n l y one in India. These institutions also gave a boost to the development of the town. Patiala has remained in the forefront of the struggle for freedom. I t was here that Parja Mandal movement was at first launched, bringing into prominence a galaxy of social and political workers well known for their s a c r ific e s . Sardar sewa Singh Thikriwal**, the founder president of Parja Mandal, whose statue adomes the Mall, Patiala, laid down his life in January 1936 ^diile on hunger strike against the then autocratic rule. The Paraja Mandal movement having its base in Patiala gained further momentum at Faridkot. after independence considerable industrial development has taken place in the Patiala city. The ting Indus a3e M m ft. m m m ■ guide the future development of industries. The industries are engaged in manufacture of milk products, biscuits, handtools and rerolled products, etc. During the recent past horticulture has not been very popular in the city. 105 However, at present It is gaining much popularity with the efforts of the Horticulture Department of the Punjab, situated in Patiala city, as a result of which 1250 hectares have already been covered under the horticulture programme. There is one government fruit preservation laboratory in Baradari Garden, vhich is run by the Horticulture Department of the Punjab. At some time or other most of the older cities of north India had to bear destruction and spoliation a t hands o f the maraudin the north-west Fortunately, Patiala had no such experience, Except the frequent ravages of flood, Patiala has had unhindered growth over the centuries after its birth as a equence Patiala has made round and remained in the lime light of Punjab affairs. It is hoped that its progress will continue. It will be a sad day if the progress of such a city is impeded due to apathy or wilful neglect. APPENDIX - II 107 Year/s Births Deaths m e Female Male Female 1391 1,141 1,063 1,103 1,021 to (aver- 1395 age) 1396 1,062 976 1,073 996 to ( Aver- 1900 age) 1901 343 731 2,423 2,519 1902 495 413 2,119 1,110 1903 405 334 1,310 1,760 1904 459 356 1,136 1,077 1905 32A 267 975 924 1906 292 233 1,624 1,441 1907 294 231 1,519 1,295 1903 309 301 1,215 1,160 1909 314 209 960 346 1910 234 217 951 783 .1 1911 533 440 347 753 1912 ( Aver- 749 643 - to age) «i 1915 tv 1916 ( aver 753 695 854 332 ts age) 1920 1921 473 434 937 347 1922 563 546 617 553 1923 537 539 239 763 1924 694 666 957 I 733 • 1925 696 630 1,357 1,2281 10R 1926 687 665 846 911 1927 779 676 700 780 1928 718 698 876 566 1929 704 699 768 736 Source: Punjab states Gazetteer( 1936), Vol. XIII, p. XXXVI. I 109 APPENDIX - I I I Before the reign of Maharaja Rajinder Singh, the management of the Sanitation and Conservancy of the city of Patiala formed a part of the Magistrate* s duty, but a separate officer with an adequate establishment under him, was appointed to on and carry out the necessary sanitary measures. After this a scheme was prepared to constitute a Municipal Committee composed of the gentlemen of Patiala city. At that time, the Municipal work was under the supervision Medical Officer also called Medical Advisor. A Municipality was established in 1903 A. D. and in 1911 a.D. a report was issued explaining its organisation and working. Its first President was Sir James. In 1950 a.D. , a ll government property excluding p o s t-o ffice s came under its control. In 1975 A.D. its sphere of work was extended. At present, its general administration is in the hands of the following staff* President or Administrator secretary or E.0. and other supporting staff. Sources of income o f the M unicipality are as under* Tax on lands and bledgs, tax on vehicles, animals and dogs, tax payable by employers on domestic servants, house scavenging tax, tax payable by persons presenting building application, sanitation tax, tax on manual rights, tax on entry of goods into local area, tax on consumption of electricity, tax on sale and purchase of goods, tax on advertisements, tax on goods of passengers carried by road, n o over sea etc., tax on vehicles, tax on animal beasts, Capital tax, toll tax, tax on luxuries, entertainment, stamp duty on ale/transfer (mortgage of property), show tax entertainment tax etc., Lie. /fee/U/S. Tonga/card Lie. fee, L/fee on aimols and dogs etc. Rickshaw Lie*/fee, cooking food lie. V/S. 197, slaughter House Pee, L/Ac V/ S copying fee, for attendan at fairs notice fee V/s 80/31, Bldg. application fee, L/F V/s 199 in all MCS and composition fee etc. Following are the tables of the income of Municipal 1 Committee in the beginning* Year Particulars Patiala City ( rupees) 1904-5 Income excluding opening 93,849 balance Expenditure 75,738 1905-6 Income excluding opening balance 92,871 Expenditure 92,742 1906-7 Income excluding opening balance 102,943 Expenditure 85,127 1. Punjab states Gazetteer, Voi. XVII B, Lahore 1913, p. CXITX. I l l BH UPEN ilON With a view to preclude chances cuous growth of population and to provide a model town, with necessary f a c i l i t i e s , His Highness Government have prepared a scheme fo r the extension of Patiala town, known as Bhupendra Nagar Extension scheme. It is proposed to set up a small model town with properly laid roads, facilities of water supnly and 1 electrification, etc. etc., as materials become available. The site selected for the model town lie s in Bhupendra Nagar and is bounded an the north by the Patiala Navigation Channel, on the south .1b ah and on the south-west road running Bhawan to the Central Jail. The area Is on a comparatively higher level then that of the old town of Patiala and was free from the dang of flood It is surroun by some important places such as Gurdwara Dukhniwaran the Bardari Gardens, Lila Bhawan« wate etc It is well connected roads with the old town and Railway Station is on a distance of about furlong an measuring about blghas had een and planned The idential sites were alloted by Minister I /c Development the shops site s were publicly auctioned. 1 . Teja Singh, Report published on the Bhupendra Nagar Extension Scheme during the reign of Maharaja Bhupendra Singh, Patiala, n. d., p. 1. l 12 h ous es . es ous h 459 307 391 362 329 7 7 — occupied uer 100 1 1 ,3 5 7 1 1 ,6 9 2 11,4 4 8 12 ,3 16 13 ,12 0 houses occupied 14 ,16 5 i i 9 - - - * 1 - ( .2 ) thousand % 4 1 0 6 Pars is Others ^o. of Persons - 2 - 10 - - ( .2 ) ( 1 .0 ) ( .5 ) 13 55 26 ) •$ 0 . t 127 109 - 216 2 907 62 — ( 4 .2 ) ( 1 . 1 ) ( proportions per (4 .5 ) (2 .3 ) « • • » ists ians — - 3 - - - (.0 6 ) 9 show the , * — f 4 t 133 234 103 ( 5 .2 ) 247 ( 3 .1 ) ( 4 .2 ) ( 1 .9 ) , 249 ( 5 .2 ) ( 3 .3 ) 435 b ra c k e ts A P P E N D IX -1 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 — Muslims Jains Buddhi- Christ- 19 ,15 4 (3 9 1.6 ) 19 ,3 4 5 2 2 ,1 2 1 (4 0 7 .6 ) (15 6 .8 4 ) 2 1 ,1 1 9 (4 0 2 .3 ) OWING THE POPULATION PROM 1381 to 1931 2 1 ,5 9 1 (3 9 6 . 0) (3 9 3 .9 ) 2 1 ,5 4 3 ______Punjab states Gazetteer (1936) Vol. XII, p. XVI. of population. — A 1 • T 10 ,4 6 4 (1 3 9 .3 ) (4 0 6 .9 9 ) ( ( 1 5 9 .1 ) 7 ,4 5 5 (3 2 .2 ) 7 ,4 7 7 ( 1 3 2 .4 ) ( 1 0 3 .1 ) 7 ,1 0 1 5755 4 ,7 2 0 ,-vTJn ,-vTJn Note: The figures in — 1 9 ,9 7 4 20 .255 2 7,6 2 9 (4 2 6 .1 4 ) ( 4 1 2 .9 ) 2 2 ,7 6 4 (4 9 4 .6 ) (4 2 3 .7 ) 2 7 ,0 4 4 24 , 963 (5 0 5 .1 ) (4 6 5 .5 ) 3 4 9 ¥ 7 7 ___ 2 69,«rt> 55,129 53,545 55,856 4 6 ,9 74 4 7 ,5 3 1 5 3 ,6 2 9 a t io n . P o p u l • 1*41 1931 19SI 1921 Year Total Hindus * slides 1 9 1 1 19 0 1 18 9 1 rl | 1881 BIBLIOGRaHIY GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: Phulklon states? Patiala. "ItVIT a, 39W7‘L3Bope, 1909. state. Statistical lore, 1913. Gazetteer. Patiala state? Statistical Tables, 3d7“ xLTI7 Part B 1936, Lahore, 1937. Hlssar District Gazetteer. Vol.II, Lahore, 1904. Khalifa syed Mohamnad Hussain, a Short Account of the Principal Charitable and Administrative Acts Patiala Regency, A short Account of the Charitable and Administrative Acts executed in the prosperous reign of His Highness the most notable Rajinder Singh Maharaja o f P atiala under the Management o f Council of Regency from 1376-1332 A. D., Lahore, 1333. Daya Kishan Kaul, The Administrative Report of the Patiala State, 1920-21 A.D., Patiala. Report published in Patiala District by the Public Relations Department in the Baradari Gardens, Patiala, 1979. Census Reports of Patiala State for the year 1331. Census Report of Patiala State for the year 1391. Census Report of Patiala state for the Tear 1901. Census Report of Patiala state for the vear 1911. Census Report of Patiala State for the year 1971. Census Report of Patiala State for the year 1931 1 1 3 Census of Patiala State for the year 1941 Census Report of Patiala state for the year 1951 H1sit.f»r1r>^l Background of PEPSU. Patiala, 1962. BOOKS IN ENGLISH: Collins Concise ftncvclooedla. Delhi, 1977. fiiftyqlopedla Britannica. U. S. A., 1768. Literature, Patiala, 1974. E llio t & Dawson, India as told by its own His to rlais. Vol. II, Fauja Singh Bajwa, Patiala & Its Historical Surroundings. Patiala, 1969. J.F. sarkar, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol.I,Calcutta, 1932. Hugh Tinker, India and Pakistan. London, 0962. Kirpal Singh, Life of Mahara.1 a Ala S Times, amritsar, - , The Partition Delhi, 1972 Lepel Griffin, The Rajas of the Punjab. Lahore, 1870. Mohammad abdul Mazid Khan, a History of Patiala, 1910. Munshl Gaurl 3hanker, t Report of Teh§11 Patiala , Ajmer, 1907. N.M* D*, Patlala's Proud Records as Brltanln* s Friend and A lly. Bombay, 1932. ” ~ Patrick Geddes, Town Planning in Patiala State and City Lu ckn o w, 19 22. ~ 114 S. n . Benerjee, History of Patiala Geography In Possession of Punjab state Archives,"~PaHala. Shrl Baba Ala Singh 11 life and a short "“account o f^ he devotion Gurus 3TngR’ s Anniversary Celebration Committee, Patiala,n Syed Mohammad L a tif, Calcutta, 1691. Shamsher Singh ashok Sahib. amritsar, S. Dev Narain aingh Jejl, Shomahgr Khalsa* Vol. 12, **mbala, n. d. The Earl o f Camwath Loyal Rulers Leaders of the East. a record o services war, Lon dm, V w t . (c) BOOKS IF PUNJABI* atm a Singh, Patiala Shahl Gharane Plan Surblr Pevlan. Patiala, 1945. ~ “ Bhal Bhagwan Singh, sakhian Bhal Mool Chand. Patiala, 1793 Giani Gian Singh, Shamsher Khalsa. Part II, Amritsar, n.d. Rattan Singh, Panth Parkash. -^mritsar, 1962. (d) BOOKS IN URpU aND PSRSlaNi Khalifa Mohammad Hussain, a, Patiala, 1878 An and Ram Mukhlis, ______, P art-II (transcribed copy), Amritsar, n .d. Ghulam All, , Kanpur, n.d. 115 Gloni Gian 3ingh, RaJ Khalsa. -Mnritsar, n. d Khushwaqt Rai, Tazklra-1-Khan don-1- ( transcribed copy) amritsar, 1313-1 Radhan Kishan Pandit, Twarlkh-1- , Lahore, 1861. R leal a-1.3. Ra.l.lu atagh (in possession of the personal ” ""library or the former Director of Archives, Patiala) Information the Government College for 1977-78. K.K. Tandon. a Report publirfed on the 3 .D. Kumar sabha High Scnool, Patiala, 1970. Mahendra (Magazine of the Mohindra College, P a tia la ), ^ atiala, 1981. w»ouvenlr. Humble Tribute to a Great Humanitarian shri Blrji, Patiala, 1930. Thacar Polytechnic (Information book of Thapar College, PatialaTT Patiala, 1978-79. Vlvran Patrlka (Information book published by the Govt. “ institute of Oriental and Modem Indian Languages), Patiala, 1970. 116 1. statement of R.G. Verm*, in Oral History Cell of Punjab Historical Studies Department, Punjabi University Patiala, 2. Interview of Mr. Amolak, Supervisor of all the religious institutions of Punjab, 3. Interview of Mr. Vidva Sagar, stenographer of Maharaja Yadvinder singh, 4. Mr. Rupinder Gajraj, a well known poet, sen of Sardar Balwant Singh Gajraj, Court poet of Maharaja Rhupendra Singh. 5. Interview of Mr. Tarsem Chand, Assistant Director (Coaching) of Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports, Patiala, 6. Interview o f Mr. H. L. Gandhi, an o ffic e r in the Industry Department, Patiala. # • • I p 0 J » * 4 A * # + ' ■ 4 4 t * t t c fc » * %• I * ^ » * % f I A « f . / \ t 9 + 4 f iX • V 4 / + A k I 1 » s«• « # > % * % * % I • • V 4 « 'A. * *\ « 4 4 4 » * * • & 4 • r-