PREFACE

In the path ofdevelopment, road is a major pre-requisit(3 especially in a country like .

Pokhara- road, a north-south road, was constructed from the view point ofstimulating the socioMeconomic development in the region which was completed in 1994. Without ~ystematic and effective strategies the potentialities ofthe region will neither provide optimum benefits to the people nor it could provide tangible contribution to· the country. On the contrary, it may generate adversaries in the future ifnot given proper attention in time.

To bring forth changes in the socio-economic and development health of the region, it is necessary first to identify the potentialities and opportunities ofthe areas provided link by the road For this, this should be explored and identified systematically aiming to optimize and share overall benefits among the people on a more equitable basis and establish socio-economic justice, so that it aids to achieve the sustainable economic growth contributing to alleviating poverty in the country.

With this realization, NPC decided it necessary to carry out this study to identify the potentialities arising from the road construction which was indeed a strategic idea to synchronize with the pace of development and the broad objective of poverty alleviation. To synergy all these, we are confident that the study will help NPC for developing appropriate strategies to accelerate and explore the potentialities of the regions, including investment decisions.

The study has endeavored to deduce the factors hindering development and generating potentialities and develop suitable strategies. However, the recommendations are only means and not the ultimate end Thus, efforts are necessary to be continued. Further, the present study is expected to initiate similar studies. in other road projects, too. However, the success of the study can be demonstrated only when all development stake holders will be seriously committed

showing their vision to achieve the very, goal ofthe nation.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Hon 'ble Prof Dr. ]vfangal Siddhi Alanandhar / Vice President - National Planning Commission for his professional and constructive guideline to make this study a success. We are gratefol to Mr ChUra Deo Bhatta / Advisor - Monitoring and Evaluation Division and Special Secretary Mr. Shreekant Regmi for enthrusting us this valuable responsibility and providing us valuable comments and suggestions to make the study more meaningfol. We also would like to give our special thanks to Mr. Tirtha Dhakal / Under Secretary and Mr. Ram Bahadur Ghimire / Section Officer for giving help and cooperation in every turn ofthe study to more conducive and meaningful.

Lastly, we would like to extent gratefol to all key informants and the respondents of the respective districts and areas.

RESEARCH & STUD Y CENTRE PTE. LTD. (RESTUC) CONTENT

PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUlU1UARY PROJECT TEAM ABBREVIATIONS

Page No.

CHAPTER I 1-10

1. GENERAL BACKGROUND 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD IN NEPAL 2 1.3 BAGLUNG ROAD PROJECT 3 1.4 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT 3 1.4.1 Rationale ofthe Study 3 1.4.2 Objectives ofthe Study 4 1.4.3 Study Methodology 5 1.5 ADMINISTRATION OF THE STUDY 8 1.5.1 Execution of the Study 8 1.5.2 Technical Observation 8 1.5.3 Secondary Data Collection 8 1.5.4 Supervision and Monitoring 9 1.5.5 Analysis Frame Work 9 1.5.6 Procurement of Data: 9 1.5.7 Retention of Questionnaire: 9 1.5.8 Confidentiality of dat~ 10 1.6 CONSTRAINTS AND LIMITATION 10

CHAPTER II 11-20

2. TECHNICAL STUDY OF POKHARA BAGLUNG ROAD 11 2.1 GENERAL 11 2.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROAD ALIGNMENT 11 2.3 ENGINEERING STANDARDS 12 2.4 GENERAL ROAD CONDITION 12 2.4.1 Pavement Condition 12 2.4.2 Retaining Structures 13 2.4.3 Drainage Structure 13 4.4.2 Meat production 34 4.4.3 Egg and Milk Production 34 4.5 INVESTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK 34 4.6 FERTILIZER AND INSECTICIDES 35 4.7 EDUCATIONAL STATUS 36 4.8 TRENDS OF STUDENTS' ENROLLMENT 36 4.9 COMMUNICATION 37 4.10 HEALTH SERVICES 37 4.11 MAJOR DISEASES 38 4.12 IMMUNIZATION 38 4.13 FP SERVICES AND ANC CHECK-UP 38 4.14 FOREST AREA 38 4.15 INDUSTRIES 38 4.16 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION 39

CHAPTER V 40-64

5. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ANALYSIS 40 5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC 40 5.2 EDUCATIONAL STATUS 41 5.3 BENEFITS FROM THE INVESTMENT 42 5.4 INCOME FROM THE INVESTMENT IN FIXED DEPOSIT AND LOAN INVESTMENT 42 5.5 CHANGE IN THE HOUSING PATTERN 42 5.6 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 43 5.7 FOOD HABIT, CONSUMPTION AND EXPENDITURE 44 5.8 CHANGES IN LAND VALUE / LAND HOLDING 45 5.9 CHANGES IN LAND HOLDING SIZE 46 5.10 CHANGES IN FOOD SUFFICIENCY 46 5.11 CHANGES IN LIVESTOCK HOLDING 48 5.12 CHANGES IN MARKETING OF COMMODITIES 49 5.13 OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE 49 5.14 CHANGES IN CROPPING AREA AND PRODUCTION 50 5.15 KITCHEN GARDEN 52 5.16 CHANGES IN DOMESTIC AMENITIES AND APPLIANCES 52 5.17 CHANGES IN HEALTH SERVICES 52 5.18 CHANGES IN DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION 54 5.19 MEAN TIME TO FOREST 56 5.20 PERCEPTION OF RESPONDENTS ON IMPACT OF ROAD 56 5.20.1 Perception on Economic Impact 56 5.20.2 Perception on Social Impact 58 LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page No.

Table 1.1. Total Road, Influenced Population And Area In Various Regions ofNepal 2 ,., Table: 1.2 Influence ofPokhru:a-Baglung Highway Project -' Table 1.3 Population and Household and Sample size in the Study clusters. 6 Table: 2.1 Hourly Traffic Flow Characteristics Along Pokhara-Baglung Road 16 Table: 2.2 Origin and Destination Characteristics of the Vehicles Along Pokhara-Baglung Road 17 Table: 2.3 Traffic Capacity of Single Lane Black Topped Road in Mountainous Terrain 17 Table 2.4 Projection of Traffic Volume along Pokhara Baglung Road 19 Table: 4.1 Influence ofPokhara-Baglung Road 29 Table: 4.2 Area Under Fruit Trees and Fruit Production in 1993/94 (Area in ha. ...,..., and Production in Mt.) -'-' Table: 4.3 Average Investment ofAgriculture Development Bank (ADBIN) 35 Table 5.1 % Distribution ofReason for Migration by and Arthunge Village 40 Table: 5.2 Literacy Rate by Locations and by Sex 41 Table: 5.3 Income and Expenditure Pattern at Current Price 43 Table: 5.4 Income and Expenditure Pattern at Constant Price of 1991-92 43 Tablc: 5.5 Changcs in Land Valuc 45 Table: 5.6 Average Land Holding/Size 46 Table 5.7 Food Sufficiency From Current Crops Cultivation 47 Table 5.8 Livestock Rearing 48 Table: 5.9 Cropping Area and Production 50 Table: 5.10 Average Time Required to Visit for Health Institutions 53 Table: 5.11 Modes ofTransportation Prior to Road Construction 53 Table: 5.12 Changes in Water Collection Time in Hours Per-trip 54 Table: 5.l3 Availability and Use ofLatrines 55 Table: 5.14 Changes in Waste Disposal Practice in percentage 55 Table: 5.15 Major.Development Activities After Road Construction 63 Table: 8.1 Areawise Specific Recommendations on Agriculture and Livestock 76 Annex: A

Annex: A.I Population & Fainily Size by Age Cohort Annex: A.2 Monthly Family Expenditure (Before) Annex: A2 Monthly Family Expenditure (After) Annex: A.3 Monthly Family Expenditure (Weightage) Annex: A 4 Domestic Amenities & Appliances Annex: A.4.1 Domestic Amenities & Appliances Annex: A.5 FGD Outcomes Annex: A.6 Positive Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction ofthe Pokhara-Baglung Road Annex: A.7 Negative Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road (In Percentage) Annex: AS Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road Annex: A 9 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road Annex: A.lO Literacy (Before) Annex: A.1 0.1 Change in Literacy Rate Annex: A.I 0.1 Education Status Table: Al 0.1.1 Changes in Educational Status Annex: All Occupation Annex: A12 Local Habitants Annex: Al3 Reasons for Migration Annex: Al4 Income Generating Activities Annex: Al5 Changes in Housing Pattern Annex: Al6 Average Investment in Physical Facilities Annex: Al7 Mean Annual Economic Benefits from Additional Physical Facilities Annex: A.18 Losses from the Road Construction Annex: A19 Losses ofProperty from the Road Construction Annex: A20 Monthly Family Income Annex: A21 Availability of Toilet Annex: A22 Washing Hand Before and After Meals and Feces . Annex: A23 Use of Rehydration Solution During the Diarrhea Annex: A.24 Use of Safe Drinking Water Annex: A.25 Disposal of Waste Annex: A26 Type of Fuels for Cooking Purpose Annex: A27 Families Having Loan Annex: A28 Total Amount of Loan Annex: B

Annex B: 1 Comparative Chart of Road Length, ·Influenced Population and Area (1951-1995) Annex B: 2 Length of Roads with Classification & Type in the Country - Region-wise Annex B: 3 Salient Features of Pokhara-Baglung Road Project Annex B: 4 Project Indicators Annex B: 5 Enumeration and Sample Numbers of Household Annex B: 6 FGDs Annex B: 7 Collection of Secondary Data and Information Annex B: 8 Investment for Pokhara-Baglung Road Annex B: 9 Environmental Impact Checklist AnnexB: lO District-wise Population Annex B: 11 Population ofthe Survey Areas Annex B: 12 Land Use Pattern Annex B: 13 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Annex B: 14 Changes in Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Kaski District Annex B: 15 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Annex B: 16 Changes in Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Parbat District Annex B: 17 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Annex B: 18 Changes in Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Baglung District Annex B: 19 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Annex B: 20 Changes in Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Myagdi District Annex: 20a Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield of Four Surveyed District Annex: 20b Change in Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield of Four Surveyed District (In Percentage) Annex: 8.20c Average Growth Rate of Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Annex: 8.20c Average Growth Rate of Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield Annex: 8.20c Average Growth Rate of Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield. in Kaski District Total (A+B+C+D) Annex B: 21 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Kaski District Annex B: 22 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Parbat District Annex B: 23 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Baglung District Annex B: 24 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Myagdi District Annex: B.25 Livestock Population Annex: 8.26 Change in Livestock Population Annex: B. 27 Average Growth in Total Livestock Population of Four Surveyed Districts Annex: B.28 Annual Meat Production Annex: 8.29 Change in Annual Meat Production Annex: B.30 Change in Annual Meat Production Annex: B.31 Annual Egg Production Annex B: 71 Changes in Educational Status Annex: B.72 School Enrollment Annex: B.73 Annual Growth Rate in School Enrollment, (In Percentage) Annex: B.74 School Enrollment, (All Level) Annex: B.75 Annual Growth Rate in School Enrollment of All Level, (In Percentage)

Appendix

Appendix: 1 Questionnaire Appendix: 2 FGD Guidelines Appendix: 3 List of Key Infonnants ofFGD "B" Appendix: 4a Name ofParticipants ofFGDs (Parbat District) Appendix: 4b Name of Participants ofFGDs (Baglung District) Appendix: 5 Name of Respondents Appendix: 6 Photograph Appendix: 7 Map Executive Summary

1. BACKGROUND

The construction of 73.44 km long Pokhara-Baglung road was commenced in 1988 and was completed in June 21, 1994. This highway passes through the important corridors namely , Surkhet, Naudanda, Kankre, , Tilahar, Nayapool, Kusma, Arimadi and Baglung and extending its linkage up to Beni bazaar. A total amount of Rs. 525 million has been invested on this project which included the costs of repair and maintenance incurred during the fiscal years 1994/95 and 1995/65. Financing of the project consisted of HMG of Nepal's contribution of 19.38 percent and 80.82 percent contribution from People's Republic of China.

2. OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the study is to assess the impact of constructing of the road on development activities with the specific objectives like review of developing status, general road condition and· assessment of : the operation and maintenance, specific environment impact, changes in socio-economic and infrastructure within the corridors of this highway, including influence and change in the hinterland.

3. METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out with the help of primary and secondary data and information. Collection of primary data was made through the survey of 199 households in six major corridor VDCs of the highway namely Hemja, Lumle, Tilahar, Shivalaya, Baglung and Arthunga of four districts Kaski, Parbat, Baglung and Myagdi respectively by using structured questionnaire. Besides'this, focus groups discussions and non-formal interview of key informants on the study area were also concluded get desirable inputs for the study. Secondary data and information were collected from related line agencies.

4. TECHNICAL SCENARIO OF THE ROAD

Based un Lhc review uf technical scenario ofPokhara Baglung Road, it has been obscrvcd the road and pavement of road to be in good condition except some seepage problems in some places which have created the settlement localized road pavement structure. Due to inadequate protection of the road edge and gradual erosion of shoulder materials, the pavement edge to gradually being damaged as the vehicles move off the pavement The mean investment of ADBIN was estimated at Rs. 770,425.3 thousand after the construction of road which was found increased by 5.19 times.

In terms of education status, it is quite encouraging. There were 869 schools and 269,439 students. Overall, the school enrollment was found growing at 2.6 percent on an average which is slightly more than the population growth rate of the region.

There are postal service, STD/ID telephone facilities and accessibility to health facilities in all surveyed districts. A total of 3437 industries were found to have been registered providing employment to 40,642. Out of total industries, Kaski alone had 86.9 percent followed by 11.71 % in Parbat, 0.57% in Baglung and 0.41 % in Myagdi.

A total number of 501 NGOs was found operating in the region. 43.91 percent NGOs were confined to Kaski district.

In totality, resource endowment ofthe four district shows potentiality for development.

6. OUTCOME OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

6.1 Demographic Characteristics

There were 769,530 people living in the survey districts, Kaski, Parbat, Baglung and Myagdi which is 1.16 percent of total popUlation ofNepal (CBS, 1991) with the proportion of 38 percent in Kaski, 30 percent in Baglung, 19 percent in Parbat and 13 percent in Myagdi. The sub-centers Hemja and Lumle villages shares 2.19 percent and 1.6 percent of total population of Kaski district. In Parbat district, Tilahar and Kusma shared 2.94 percent and·3.65 percent oftotal population. BaglungBazaar of Baglung district and Beni Bazaar of Myagdi district constituted 6.55 percent and 41 percent respectively oithe total district population

The sex-ratio of six sub-centers was derived at 108.70. The mean family size was derived at 5.42. Migration was more prominent along the road heads of Tilahar and Arthunge with migrants accounting for 39.4 and 20.6 percent respectively in total population of these areas.

6.2 Change in the Housing Pattern

66.8 percent of he respondents changed their housing pattern after the construction of the road. 27.6 percent of them switched their roof from slate to corrugated sheet and 20.1 percent from ordinary brick house to concrete house.

Ul 6.8 Change In Land Holding Size

Land holding size has increased after road construction except in Shivalaya and Baglung as there has been increasing tendency of the community to invest their surplus income on land. The mean land holding size of the study area was derived at 7.647 hectare which had on an average increased by 1.32 percent compared to pre-road construction period.

6.9 Changes In Food Sufficiency

The food sufficiency in the region has declined from 7.0 months to 6.9 months after road construction. This could be due to shifting of farm family ecosystem to market economy system in which people tend to seek other jobs or produce other crops.

6.10 Change In Livestock Holding

The number of households holding livestock has marginally reduced from 57.3 percent households to 53.8 percent households. The overall livestock inventory of in the region was also found decreased by 2.4 percent.

6.11 Change In Marketing Of Commodities

Despite fluctuation in the volume of commodities transacted after road construction, the increment was nearly 38.0 percent for many commodities. Sales Index figure showed that marketing of milk, goat, chicken, eggs, potato, soyabean and vegetables have almost increased by 38.0 percent and sale ofpaddy and have almost doubled.

6.12 Change in Income fromfSale of Commodities

The mean change in the total income from the sale of the crops and livestock products amounted to Rs. 10,288.00 per annum from Rs 6,634.00 in the pre road construction period i.e. increased by 55.1 percent.

6.13 Change in Occupation

Improved accessibility has brought a shift in occupation. Proportion of households undertaking agricultural activities including livestock rearing has dropped from 46.0 percent to nearly 39.0 percent due to transformation of farm based activities to market economy activities. The proportion of those emerging in business enterprises after road construction has increased to 24.5 percent from 19.7 percent prior to road construction. Another notable shift was observed in service sector and education sector.

v 6.19 Mean Time to Reach Forest

No significant change in the mean time or distance to reach the forest was noticed. Prior to road construction, the mean time to the forest was 2.98 hours and it came down to 2.88 hrs. after the construction of the road.

6.20 Economic Impact

A positive char1ge of 34.2 percent in overall economic activities was noticed after the construction of the road. Major positive economic changes were noticed in tourism employment, increase in tourist arrival, new economic opportunities, new employment opportunities, creation of women's saving groups and increase in number of industries/enterprises. A few negative impacts like rise in unemployment, rise in land price artd commodities were also noticed after the road construction.

6.21 Perception on Social Impact

Positive social changes like women's literacy, educating girls, increase in women's status, improved nutrition to girls, and reduction in child marriage were noticed from the road construction. Negative impacts, perceived were in population growth and increasing migration.

A significant change was perceived in the overall health status of the region. Positive health status such as ANCIPNC check-up, treatment in health post or hospital, increase in CPR and MCH were the major changes noticed from the accessibility ofroad.

6.22 Impact on Infra-structure

Easy access to commodities, mru:ket extension, and women's participation in development were the major changes brought by the road. Some changes also occurred in water supply, electricity and irrigation.

6.23 Impact on Agriculture Production and Land Use

Major changes were noticed in the use of fertilizer and vegetable farming. Limited changes were noticed in horticulture and production of herbs.

6.24 Environment Impact

• The construction of Pokhara-Baglung road has a moderate effect in the loss of Productive land and forest. In total, about 150 ha. of land including 40 percent

vii

'- - ~ • The funds for road maintenance will have to be generated locally according to User Pay Principle from road user· vehicles, local VDCs and municipalities and the local people. • The timely payment of compensation to' the concerned local people will help in bringing .about cooperation to the project and discouraging road side encroachment. • Efficient monitoring and evaluation system should be established to control malpractices and encroachment within the right ofway. • The constmction of road network along will not automatically result in desired economic benefits. Faster economic growth can only be accomplished when accompanied by "PUSH STRATEGIES' like introducing various economic packages and bringing in developmental institutions and activities in the area. • The key to accelerated agricultural growth is introducing new farming technology supplemented by good facilities for storing, processing, and marketing of the products. • Enhanced livestock production can be achieved by providing the farmers with breeding and farming technologies and support services like veterinary services and marketing facilities. • Public sector institutions need to play a more effective role in promoting cottage and small' scale industries. • Supplementary infrastructural facilities in irrigation, water supply and power and the construction of agricultural social roads will help to increase influence area of the road corridor and foster balanced economic growth in the region. • Tourism potential in the area need to be explored and exploited by enhancing facilities in hotels, restaurants, resorts and recreation. • Institutions like school, colleges, health care will result in general social welfare and economic grovvth in thercgion.-, • The regional. planning ofPokharaBaglungroad corridor should be the basis for the developmental planning in the area.

8. POTENTIALITIES ARISING FROM THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION

The road construction has given rise to various potentialities in the areas. Major potentialities emerging from the road consisted ofthe establishments I and or initiation of activities by INOOs and NOOs as the development partners, initiation of Modi Hydro Project, enthusiastic participation of people in the development activities, increasing number of irrigation and drinking water projects, availability of STD/ISD telephone services, opening of English medium boarding schools and establishment of campuses, establishment of Dairy Farms and Chilling Centre, introduction of TV, video and cinema halls, changing structure of the building, market development, easy accessibility to agricultural inputs and various commodities, increasing demand for meat, egg and milk, vegetable and fruits farming, change in occupation and increase in the number of shops,

IX Promotion of high value commodity crops and livestock in specific areas together with facilities for storing, processing and marketing of the products. Establishment of cottage and small scale industries like juice, jam, bakeries, paper, concrete blocks, bricks, saw mills etc. In different regions. Promotion of Naudanda, Kanre and Lumle for sightseeing, rafting industry in Kali Gandaki and religious sites for domestic tourism • Infrastructure development in the four districts, agricultural social road network and bridges, irrigation facilities, river protection of Beni Bazaar in Myagdi with an emphasis on environment protection. • Setting up of the cost recovery system for the road maintenance with the collection of road tax and revenues from beneficiary groups according to Users Pay Principle. • Strengthening existing health services institutions and establishment of new education and vocational training institutions.

12. CONCLUSIONS

Pokhara-Baglung road corridor areas have a high potential for blossoming into accelerated economic growth centres. In order to realize this full potential, "Push Strategies" like introducing economic activities, initiatives, programs and actions should be adopted.

Xl PROJECT TEAM

1. Prof. Dr. Pushkar Bajracharya Project Advisor 2. Mr. Kedar Man Joshi Team Leader (Socio-economist) 3. Mr. Rajendra Shrestha Economist 4. Dr. Udhav Shrestha Highway Engineer 5. Mr. Rajesh Raj Shrestha Civil Engineer 6. Mr. Rabin Lal Shrestha Statistician 7. Mr. Keshav Risal Computer Programmer 8. Mr. Purushottam Ghimire Associate Researcher 9. Mr. Bishnu Raj Adhikari Associate Researcher 10. Mr. Shiva Adhikari Field Coordinator 11. Mr. Ratna Prajapati Field Executive 12. Mrs. Kalyani Joshi Research Assistant 13. Mrs. Sunita Sharma (Ghimire) Research Assistant 14. Mrs. Anjana Risal Research Assistant 15. Mrs. Rekha Adhikari Research Assistant ABBREVIATIONS

ADBIN Agriculture Development Bank After 1993/94 Onwards AlC Agriculture Inputs Corporation Before Before 1993/94 CBOs Community Based Organizations CBS Central Bureau ofStatistics CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate CSIDC Cottage and Small Industry Committee DAO District Agriculture Office DBSD Double Bituminous Surface Dressing DDCs District Development Committees DDWO District Drinking Water Office DEO District Education Office df Degrees of Freedom DIO District Irrigation Office DLSO District Livestock Service Office DOR Department of Road DRO District Road Office BIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return BIS Environmental Impacl Study FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion GOs Government Organizations Ha Hectare HH Household Hrs Hours Kms Kilometers LARC Lumle Agriculture Research Centre Low.Sec. Lower Secondary Ltr Liter Max Maximum MCH Mother and Child Health Medi Median Min Minimum MS Mean Score Mt Metric Ton N Number NA Not Available Negli Negligible ,,:, I 1 I L CHAPTER I

GENERAL BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The development of road network opens a window of opportunities for all round development of the area It does not only open the economy of the area, but also provides access to basic amenities and social services and leads to social well-being of the people. Realizing the importance of the transportation sector, high priority has been accorded to this sector for the allocation of financial resources in all periodic plans of the country. The Five Year Road Plans in Nepal are primarily dictated by the need for the East-West Highway (primary arterial road), North South Highway (primary and secondary arterial roads), and District Road (collection systems linking district headquarters).

The construction ofNorth-South road bears a special significance to a country like Nepal. With over 50 percent of the population in the country living in the Hilly areas and Mountains, the development of road network only in urban areas and Terai will not indicate balanced development of the country. The improvement of transportation facilities in Hills and Mountains, leads to fast development of Hill centres. Also, with the inter-linking of Terai and Hills, it does not only facilitates exchange of surplus food items, goods and services, but also helps to unite the people ofHills/Mountains and Terai. The development of road network along with improved facilities for health care, education and other services, the urge for the migration to Terai and urban centres decreases, thus helping the balanced development of the country as a whole.

The development of road network creates oppOltunities includ~ng transportation of goods, agricultural surplus, trade and industry, in addition to the all round infrastructural development of the area. But, the challenges of extension of road network in the Hilly areas is an enormous one, given the extremely rugged topography and fragile environmental and geological conditions and lack of adequate financial resources. Experiences with Hill road in Nepal indicate that per km cost of construction is high, time of completion is long (6 to & km/years for 50 to 60 km long Mountain road) and maintenance problems high due to flood, erosion and landslide.

The current skeleton of road network in Nepal indicates many districts in upper Hills and Mountain are totally isolated from the other parts of the country due to absence of 'road linkage. The government has made it a priority to link all 75 district headquarters with the road link. In this context, it is essential to review the completed road project from the point of view of whether development goals and objectives are being met in general and 1.3 POKHARA BAGLUNG ROAD PROJECT

Raglung hRzaar in Raghmg dj~trict and Kusma bazaar in P~rbat district are two major trade centres in the Western Hills of the country. Naudnanda, Kame and Lumle are very important terminal points along the trekking route to Jomsom. Connecting these centres with the Western Regional Headquarters in Pokhara is of immense significance for the integrated Mountain development in the region and economic upliftment in the influence areas ofthe road corridors.

It was against this background that a road link connecting Baglung with Pokhara and inter-linking Kusma bazaar. Naudanda, Kanre and Lumle was constructed. The project was taken through the grant assistance of the People's Republic of China as a turnkey project. Both the design and construction of the road were undertaken by China National Complete Plant Export Corporation from the year 1986. Actual construction works on the project began in 1988 and the project was completed in 1994. The highway was inaugurated by then Prime Minister Mr. Girija Prasad Koirala on June 21, 1994.

73.44 km long Pokhara- Baglung Highway recently named as Bhupi Sherchan Highway and classified as a feeder road passes through the important corridors namely Hemja, Sulkhet, Naudanda, Kanre, Lumle, Tilahar, Nayapul, Kusma, Arimadi and Baglung (Map. I). Of the total road length from Samadi to Kali Gandaki sector falls in Parbat district and 5 km stretch from Kali Gandaki bridge to Baglung bazaar falls in Baglung district. Construction works linking Baglung bazaar to Beni Bazaar in Myagdi district is currently being undertaken Table 1.2 gives a brief inventory of Pokhara Baghmg Highway Project.

Table: 1.2 Influence of Pokhara-Baglung Highway Project

Districts Start Point End Point Length Major Influence Areas Kaski Prithivi Chowk Samadhi Sangha 44km ; Hyangja, Surkhet, Naudanda, Bridge Kanre, Lurnle Parbat Samadhi Sangh Bridge Kali Gandaki Bridge 24km ' Tilahar, Nayapul, Kusma, Arimadi Baglung Kali Gandaki Bridge Baglung Bazaar 5 km , Baglung bazaar

1.4 BACKGROUND TO THE PRO.JECT

1.4.1 Rationale of the Study

The construction of 73.44 km Pokhara - Baglung Highway bears a great significance in the development process of the Western Hills. Before the construction of the feeder road,

3 • review of the development status of the areas before the construction of the road in terms of social and economic standards; • examination of the general road conditions and assessment of the operation and maintenance status; • assessment ofthe specific environmental impacts of the road project; • examination ofthe benefits from the projects like reduction in the vehicle operation and transportation cost and saving in transportation costs; • assessment of the multi-sectoral development activities created through this road that have been implemented by various agencies and examination of the new income generating activities availing in the area; • analysis of the development trends with regard to market pattern, industrial development and changes in the agricultural practices; • preparation of an inventory of the on-going development projects like education, health care, water supply and sanitation, irrigation and electrification; • analysis of the potential of different road side development possibilities in agriculture, trade, industry and recreation while keeping in view of the environmental sustainability; and

1.4.3 Study Methodology

As the project involves the establishment of the base line conditions and study of the potential for future development, primary and secondary data and information were to be collected. Primary level of information were obtained from the enumeration of the target groups, focus group discussion (FGD) and field observation. Similarly, secondary data and information were obtained from line agencies like NPC, Department of Road,' district and field based offices of the related GOs and NGOs. The information and result were analyzed with regard to the indicators formulated for the study.

1.4.3.1 Study Design

(a) Selection ofthe Study Cluster

Due to limited time and resources, for the purpose of collecting quantitative information on various aspects of development of the areas, altogether 6 growth points were identified. Each growth point and its hinterland constituted a cluster. The household survey was done in both growth points and their hinterland of the identified clusters. The major identified clusters were Hemja, Lumle in Kaski district, Tilahar and Shivalaya (Kusma) in Parbat district, Kalika Municipality in Baglung and Arthunge VDC (Beni) in Myagdi. Of these clusters identified, Kusma, Baglung Bazaar and Beni Bazaar are the district head-quarters, while Kalika Municipality in Baglung district is the zonal headquarters in the

" \, 5 variables like demographic situation, socio-economic conditions, status of agriculture, livestock, forestry, industries and marketing practices, status of basic services. The questionnaire also included questions on socio-cultural and environmental changes before and after the road, and the questions about the most promising economic activities. The questionnaire is attached herewith in the appendix- 1.

* Technical Observation

The technical team comprising of a Highway Engineer and Civil Engineer made a field visit along Pokhara-Baglung road from June 4 to June 10, 1997.Th~ team examined the site conditions along the road and gathered information with regard to the relevant technical and environmental indicators identified. For this a detailed checklist was prepared. The technical team also made the observation of the project office, Divisional Road Office at Pokhara, so as to gather information with regard to organization structure, manpower mobilization, equipment, use of resources and funds, delivery of services and its quality, maintenance plan and its schedules and appropriateness of technology and sustainability etc. Due to unavailability of technical reports like feasibility study, appraisal, mid-term evaluation and project completion report, the technical group has to continue the study basically on the basis of field observation, counting the vehicle movement and photographs.

* Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

In depth Focus Group Discussions were conducted in each ofthe study clusters identified to get a general ideas on the study indicators and parameters and generate new ideas for the future development potentials. There were two types ofFGDs - FGD 'A' and FGD 'B'. FGD 'A' was concentrated to local. people, local elite, teachers and local leaders, whereas, FGD 'B' was focused to GO Officials, NGOs and CBOs Officials and representatives of major political parties. FGD 'A' "Yas conducted in each of the study clusters selected for the study in addition to Dimuwa in Parbat district, which is shown in Annex: B.6, whereas, FGD 'B' was carried out in the Parbat, Baglung and Myagdi districts. With respect to FGD 'A', total number of participants were limited to 10. But, the participants FGD 'B' were as per the key informants shown in Appendix-III . In this manner, altogether 10 FGDs was carried out during the course of study comprising of 7 at cluster level and 3 at district headquarters. FODs guidelines is attached in Appendix-II. Apart from the FGD, personal interview of a few key informants were also taken.

7

,. District Agriculture Office, District Cottage and Village Industries Office and other related GOs and NOOs.

1.5.4 Supervision and Monitoring

The activities and the performance were monitored daily by the field executives and evaluated accordingly, when found necessary, the enumerators were provided further guidance. For this, every evening, the enumerators met field executive and reported personally daily progress and performance. Besides this, the team leader and other experts supervised the field activities and progress of the work and coordinated the activities.

1.5.5 Analysis Frame Work

The information and the database assembled were processed and tabulated to suit the specific requirements of different aspects of the study including the defined parameters and indicators. Base line survey data, secondary data and results of FGDs were coded and analyzed reflecting the present status and future prospects. Critical assessment were made on the basis of physical and other changes that occurred after the implementation of the various developmental activities recommended in the study. The collected primary and secondary data were analysed by using frequency, simple percentage, mean, mode, median, min-max. Further, t-test, index analysis and correlation were also used in order to ensure definite conclusion. This was supported by information gathered from in-depth interviews and FGDs.

On the basis of existing development trends, site characteristics and developmental aspirations of the local people, development plans were prepared for the site development. Further recommendations have been provided for the different project activities based on their prioritization and operation and management of the activities.

1.5.6 Procurement of I)ata:

To ensure safety and confidentiality, data has been reserved on back-up floppy diskettes besides saving in the hard diskette. The data and information in total or portions will not be released to any person or study or published without the prior approval ofNPC.

1.5.7 Retention of Questionnaire:

Questionnaire has been retained till the final approval of the report. However, it will be destroyed upon the final approval of the report.

9 CHAPTER II

TECHNICAL STUDY OF POKHARA BAGLUNG ROAD

2.1 GENERAL

Technical review of the constructed road is important from the consideration of sustainability of the road, operation and maintenance and traffic management. From this viewpoint the general road alignment, conditions of pavement and structures and traffic characteristics were assessed. Unavailability of the design data and other related project documents limited the scope of analysis. Hence the approach adopted to acquire the relevant information was the combination of questionnaire, group discussions and general observations. Based on these, various indicators were developed to examine the general road conditions and assess changes in the transportation system after the completion of the road. The result of this assessment has been described briefly in the following sections.

2.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROAD ALIGNMENT

Pokhara 13aglung Road, recently named as Bhupi Sherchan Highway, is classified as a feeder road according to the road classification of Nepal. The total length of the road alignment is 73.44 km which begins at Pokhara and ends at Baglung Bazaar. The. alignment passes through 3 different districts Kaski, Parbat and Baglung. For the first 4 Km of highway, the road gradually climbs up within the Pokhara sub-metropolitan city along the foot of the Hill. The road then travels along the bank of Seti River. After crossing Seti River at the distance of about 6 Km, the road travels along the major stretch of agricultural land crossing Hemja at about 12 Km up to the distance of 18 Krn. From the Yamdi River bridge at 18 Km+263 m chainage, the road steeply climbs through the Naudanda Hill detour all the way to Kunde Hill, the highest point in the road alignment (l762m., m.a.s.l.). The road then steeply descends to the Chuwa bridge at 52 Km+816 m chainage. The land use pattern from Yamdi bridge to Chuwa bridge is characterized by sparse to dense vegetation cover and forest with small stretches of terraces agricultural land. From the distance of about 36 Kms, the road travels along the right bank of Modi river to the distance of 55 Kms. The road gradually climbs from Chuwa bridge and reaches the major settlement area of Kusma at a distance of 59 Kms (966 m., m.a.s.l.). There is a small stretch of agricultural land in the vicinity of Kusma. Again from Kusma, the road descends gradually along the left bank of Kali to the distance of 66 Kms+929 m at Kali Gandaki Bridge. The road then steeply

11 also due to gradual erosion of shoulder materials, the pavement edge is gradually being uamageu as the vehicles move off the pavement sudace. (Plate 10) Due to the seepage of water below the pavement localized, settlements have taken place notably at the distance of 20 km, 38 km and 41 km chainage. At present DOR is carrying out temporary maintenance works in those areas by filling with gravels.

2.4.2 Retaining Structures

The type of retaining structures adopted for the Pokhara-Baglung road are stone masonry. gabion walls and dry stone retaining wa1ls. The height of these walls ranges from 2 m to above 10m. It was observed that in many retaining walls weep holes provided were not functioning properly. This can lead to the failure of the walls as these wall might not be able to sustain the water pressure that builds up behind the walL

2.4.3 Drainage Structure

The Pokhara-Baglung road has 3 major bridges with span of more than 30 m, 10 medium bridges with span in between 20 to 30 m and 21 minor bridges with span less than 20 m. In addition 244 culverts and 4 causeways are a1so located in the road. The bridge types used are concrete masonry unit arch bridge and precast reinforced concrete box arch bridge. The bridges are usually in good conditions a1though some minor damages were observed in certain places.

Side drains provided for the flow of surface water are of either of trapezoidal or rectangular cross sections. The drains lack proper maintenance and at places the drains are filled with sediments, gravels and debris. In addition, where the road passes through the settlement areas, the drains have been filled with pebbles and gravels to make the passage towards the residence. Also waste disposals in the side drains have also been observed at certain sections. The qisposal of the drainage water are not found to be proper in many places. The drainage water is disposed directly down the hill, where natural water courses does not exist. As a consequences, new gullies have been fonned below the road section, which has led to creep and erosion problems.

2.5 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Roads, like all other structures, are subject to deterioration with time even with proper construction and application of standard materials. The operation of road always require a regular maintenance to achieve a long life span of the road. Deterioration commences as soon as each portion of the road is completed and it is progressive and influenced by environmental, traffic, design and constructional factors. The effects of road deterioration are damages to road pavement and increase in roughness of carriage way. This leads to

13 should be noted here that the manpower for the operation and maintenance 1S not sufficient. Moreover, management aspects also need further improvement.

2.5.4 Equipments

It has been found that the equipments available at Pokhara Division Office are being used as and when required. The available equipmellts with DOR in general are not ~u[ficienl tu meeting ut:marlu~.

2.5.5 Peoples participation

People's participation is negligible in operation and maintenance activities of the road. In most places local people were found to be .responsible for creating the problem of pavement and road damage. It has hence become important to involve the local people in maintenance and conservation of the road and educate them. The involvement ofthe local people can be increased in maintaining the road side drains through public education. The role of local people should also be enhanced in watershed conservation of the area by encouraging them in developing community forestry. Also, local people need to be discouraged from the encroachment activities within right of way.

2.6 PROJECT FINANCING

Pokhara-13aglung Highway has been constructed as a turnkey project wIder the joint cooperation of His Majesty's Government of Nepal and the Government of People's Republic of China. The construction work for the project was started on Jan 1, 1988 and completed on July 16, 1993. The total cost of the project is Rs. 525 million which includes Rs. 102 million from HMG and,Rs. 423 million from the Chinese counterpart. This cost also included the recurrent maintenance costin the F.Y. 2051152 and 2052/53. The contribution from the HMG is 19.38 percent and the Chinese contribution is 80.82 percent. The actual' expenditure on the project from Chinese side is not known, hence the budget allocated during each fiscal year has been assumed to be the actual expenditure. The budget and expenditure in Pokhara-Baglung road project is obtained from the Office of the Auditor General and is presented in Annex: B.8.

2.7 COST RECOVERY

Cost recovery is one of the most important aspects to be considered for the sustainability of the road construction. The benefits of the investment mode need to be translated into the economic upliftment of local people in general and local funds should be generated for the maintenance of the road in particular. In the case of Pokhara-Baglung road, no provision has been made for the generation of local funds for road maintenance. In this regard, a system of toll tax may be adopted as in the case ofPrithivi Highway to generate

15 Table: 2.2 Origin and Destination (:haracteristics of the Vehicles Along Pokhara-Baglung Road

S. Origin Destination Vehicle Class Total No. Truck Bus Min Jeep Tractor Car Motor ibus cycle 1 Baglung Pokhara 7 20 - 16 - 3 11 57 2 Baglung - 4 I - - - - 5 3 Baglung Narayanghat 2 2 1 - - - - 5 4 Baglung Kusma I - - 2 - - 5 8 5 Baglung Bhairahawa 3 4 - - - - - 7 .., 6 BagJung Dimuwa 1 - - .) 1 4 4 13 7 Kathmandu BagJung - 4 - - - - - 4 8 Pokhara Baglung 8 20 - 15 - 1 23 67 9 Narayanghat Baglung 1 2 1 - - - - 4 10 Kusma Baglung 1 - - 1 1 - 3 6 11 Bhairahawa Baglung 3 3 - - - - - 6 12 Dimuwa BagJung - - - 2 1 3 - 6 13 Others - 14 8 - 2 22 4 10 64 Total 41 67 3 41 25 15 56 248

Table: 2.3 Traffic Capacity of Single Lane Black Topped Road in Mountainous Terrain

Details Traffic Volume in Traffic Volume in Traffic Volume in Veh/hr Veh/day PCU/day 1. Design Capacity I 90 900 1800 2. Actual Flow 248 442 _._• 14.59

The study of traffic flow characteristics along Pokhara-Baglung road indicates moderate vehicular movements. The present traffic flow in vehicles per hour, vehicles per day and vehicles in passenger car unit per day are still very small, compared to design capacity of single lane black topped road in Mountainous terrain according to Nepal Road Standards 2045. The peak traffic volumes observed to be 26 vehlhr between 17:00 to 18:00 hrs and 25 vehlhr between 10:00 to 11 :00 hrs are also below the design capacity of 90 vehlhr.

It should be noted that the current study period did not include the trekking season. During the trekking season, the traffic volume along the road increases considerably. The

Nepal Road Standards, 2045

17 Table 2.4 Projection of Traffic Volume along Pokhara Baglung Road

Year Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic Volume in Volume in Volume in Volume in Volume in Volume in PeV/day veh'!day PeV/day veh.!dav PeV/day veh'!day 1997 442 248 442 248 442 248 1998 464 260 475 267 486 273 1999 487 273 51l 287 535 300 2000 512 287 549 ' 308 588 330 2001 537 301 590 331 647 363 2002 564 317 635 356 712 399 2003 592 332 682 383 783 439 2004 622 349 733 411 861 483 2005 653 366 788 442 947 532 2006 686 385 847 475 1042 585 2007 720 404 911 511 1146 643 2008 756 424 979 549 1261 708 2009 794 445 1053 591 1387 778 2010 833 468 1132 635 1526 856 2011 875 491 1217 683 1678 942 2012 919 516 1308 734 1846 1036 2013 965 541 1406 789 20Jl 1140 I i

Scenario I: At the annual traffic increment of 5.0 percent, the traffic volume is expected to reach 965 PeU/day and 541 Veh/day in 2013. Scenario 2: At the annual. traffic lncrement of 7.5 percent, the traffic volume is expected to reach 1406 PeU/day and 789 Veh/day in 2013. Scenario 3: At the annual traffic increment of 10.0 percent, the traffic volume is expected to reach 2031 peU/dayand 1140 Veh/day in 2013.

Only at the annual increment of to.O percent the traffic volume will exceed the design capacity 1800 PeD/day and 900 Vehlday in the year 2013 as set out in Nepal Road Standards, 2015.

2.9 ROAD EXTENSION

The extension of the Pokhara-Baglung road up to Beni Bazaar in Myagdi district is currently being undertaken by the Department of Road. This road is constructed along the right bank of Kali Gandaki River. At the same time, the construction of another road to Beni Bazaar along the left bank of Kali Gandaki River is also being undertaken with the

19 CHAPTER III

ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF POKHARA BAGLUNG ROAD

3.1 GENERAL

Construction of the road network has important implication on the status of ecosystems related to broad spectrum of social, physical, chemical and biological environments. The present environment status of Pokhara - Baglung road and the changes observed in the area due to the construction of the road are highly important for the future development planning in the area. From this viewpoint, parameters of environment concern were qualified based on the project indicators. Each of the parameters· was analyzed with regard to the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts. In addition, the implementation and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) report of the project were also considered.

3.2 LAND USE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT

One of the major impacts due to the construction of a road network is loss of productive land and forests. The road passes through the major stretch ofproductive agricultural land after crossing Seti Bridge at about a distance of 6 km. to the distance of about 18 km. The EIS report estimated the loss of 15 ha of fertile land in Hemja, Dhital and Dhikurpokari VDCs in that area. New construction has been observed in the area due to the resettlement of the people along the road. There are also establishment of new restaurants and shops along the road. Some of the construction are well within the right of way of 30 m of the highway. The loss of productive land in the area is estimated to have doubled from the EIS after the road construction.

The section of the road from Naudanda to Lumle is characterized by terraced agricultural land and Hill slopes with sparse to dense vegetation cover. The EIS report estimated the loss of cultivable land, forest and pasture land of about 20 ha as a result of debris and gravel disposal from the road construction. Before the·road construction, this area used to be a centre of one day short trek from Pokhara. There has been a substantial impact on tourism in that area due to the loss of that service.

The section of road from Jhobang to Kusma goes along the bank of Modi River. From Kusma, the road goes along the bank of Kali Gandaki river up to Baglung. There are small segments of agricultural land, forest and pastures along the two river valleys. Along this section, about 20 ha of agricultural land, 20 ha of forests and 10 ha of pasture land is

21 f t . 3.4 SLOPE CONDITION AND MANAGEMENT OF EXCA VATED MATERIALS

The control of soil erosion and stabilization of the slopes have not been given adequate attention in Pokhara - Baglung Road. Steep slope cutting, concentrated drainage facility and haphazard disposal of the earth cut materials down the slopes has been observed in many road sections. This has resulted in the severe erosion problem and the excavated materials has ended up in the streams, rivers, lakes and agricultural land.

Poor management of excavated materials and lack of adequate drainage maintenance have resulted in a high rate of sediment deposition in the drains due to soil erosion. Consequently, the road frequently gets Hooded due to the blockage in the drainage system. Moreover, How through the road edge creates instability in the road cross section by the erosion of base and sub base materials.

Improper disposal of the cut materials by throwing it downhill of the road slope is very much evident in the Pokhara - Baglung road (plate 5) This has devastated the vegetation cover below and incited serious soil erosion problems and land slide scars have also developed. These scars will become bigger and bigger during monsoon seasons and will pose a serious threat to the road alignment if the proper protection measures are not implemented. In the road section between Naudanda to Lumle, The excavated materials thrown down the Hill side slopes is eventually ending up in the Fewa lake in Pokhara by the repeated cycles ofsoil erosion.

The Hill side excavation above the road for the construction of houses well within the right of way has been observed along the road. Also, there are excavations for stone quarries (Plate 6) for the new construction of the road from Kande.to Salyan Danda at 28 krn distance and from Kali Gandaki to Myagdi at 70 krn. distance constructed under the co-operation of FAD (Plate 2). This is done in a unsystematic way and excavated materials thrown downhill usual practice. Such, practices might affect the stability of the Hill side slopes and intensify the problem ofsoil erosion and ever trigger landslides.

The construction of Modi Khola Hydel Project might also affect the stability of Pokhara - Baglung road. The removal of boulders from the river beds for construction and raising up the water table through the steep gorges due to the construction of a dam might affect the stability of the road side slope if proper mitigating measures are not taken.

The Pokhara Baglung road passes through different soil conditions and geology that can contribute to the hazards of erosion, landslides and rock falls. The EIS report has identified prone to geological hazards and risks. A number of active land slides along the road have been observed, of which the most serious one is at a distance of about 40 krn from Pokhara (Plate 7) There are constantly under the hazard of rockfalls and create problems to traffic How.

23 3.7 BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT

The construction of road network and its basic amenities and services inevitably leads to clearing of forest. The major sector of Pokhara-Baglung road passes through river valleys with dense to sparse vegetation cover. Some of the major vegetation along the road includes, Sal, Sallo, Chilaune, Katus, Aiselu, Bans, Banana etc. All of these plants are abundant in the Hills of Nepal and none of them belong to endangered species. The territorial life in the area include, Dear, Fox, Jackal, Resus, Monkey and Leopard according to the local people. Birds like Falcon, Partridge, Crimson homed peasant are also seen in the area. The most common aquatic species in Seti, Yamdi, Modi, Pathi Khola and Kali Gandaki are Sahas, AsIa, Hile and Bam.

The clearing of forest for construction of the road and fodder fuel-wood and timber has affected the forest cover in the area. As has been already discussed, the disposal of excavated materials downhill road slopes has devastated vegetation in downhill slopes. Routine engineering measures in conjunction with bio-engineering need to be adopted to stabilize the Hill slopes.

The clearing of the forest and intrusion of vehicular traffic has resulted in the loss of habitat for wildlife and birds. As a result birds and wildlife reported in the EIS report seemed to migrated. While planning any future development project in the area, the ecological balance of the area should be given a high priority so as to minimize/mitigate the losses.

3.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS

The construction of a road network results in the encroachment of the virgin ecology and the design considerations should be devoted to keeping the natural beauty of the surrounding area in tact. From this viewpoint Pokhara-Baglung road has by large created aesthetically satisfying structures and landscape. The mass balance has generally been achieved with balancing of the cut and fill materials. The disposal of the excavated materials downhill especially after the Naudanda Hill detour has devastated vegetation. This has led to bare Hill slopes downhill of the road, which is aesthetically disturbing and environmentally not sound. Stone quarry sites have also been left behind without giving any consideration to aesthetic environment. These quarry sites and downhill slopes hence need to be reclaimed by planting vegetation cover.

After the construction of the road, new excavation for construction sites and stone quarries have been observed at certain road areas. Such trends should be discouraged at least on the right side of the road. In the future development planning in the area,

25 Low Score \ After Before • l. Noise 2. 3. Air 4.. 5.Deterioration 6. Problem Displacement pollution ' Environment of scenic Cleanliness High (300) of wild life (324) Protection beauty in (322) (336) (340) cOirummity Score (351) L Improper l. Community waste disposal forest (486) (528) 2, Defecting in 2. Cleanliness public area (479) (521) I 3. Fatigue Environmental Impacts as perceived by the Respondents 3. Air pollution . (473) (492) 4. Conservation 4. Environment of historical protection monuments (484) (411

5. Problem of . 5. Conservation I dispersed and of historical unplanned monuments settlement t (468) (401) i 6. Land Erosion : 6. Noise I (400) .. .ot-­ problem (464) : !. 2, Loss of 3. Defecating 4, 5. Land Slide 6. Heart, After- Deterioration cultural in public area Displacement (420) eye&TB in natural heritage (388) ofwild life problem High scene (374) (389) (422) Score (371) Low Score - Before

Landslide and erosion have marginally increased at Hemja. Disorganized garbage disposal has become an ever increasing problem. (See Annex: A6 and A8 for details))

In between the pre and post construction period of the road, a significant positive change in the environment aspect was derived from the perception of the respondents. The t• value (11.99) at 5 percent confidence level showed the greater value of observation than the table value which clearly showed substantial change in the positive direction.

3.10 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS

Based on the study of environmental status of Pokhara-Baglung Road Project, the overall environmental impact due to the construction of the road is moderate in magnitude. Although the direct loss of productive land due to the construction of the road is limited, this would increase significantly due to the implementation of various developmental activities. The areas that require particular attention include surface water drainage and slope stability. Side drains have been found to be choked with silt deposition and waste disposal at road sections. Also drainage outlets which are now being disposed to farmland

27 CHAPTER IV

DISTRICT RESOURCE ENDOWMENT

4.1 HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCE

The major places along the Pokhara-Baglung highway are Hemja, Kande, Naudanda, Lumle, Tilahar, Kusma, Baglung, and Beni. Historically, most of them were commercial centres. Pang, about} kilometres from Kust:na Bazaar has fertile land which is compared with Tarai land in folklore (Madesh ko Dang, Pahad ko Pang). Baglung, Kusma and Beni are the district head quarters are which are also the commercial centres overall endowed with socio-economic institutions undertaking agricultural and livestock production and other development activities exist. The region exports paper, agricultural and livestock products to other places of the country. Moreover, these places serve as the trekking routes for tourists. There are many prominent tourist spots just outside the Pokhara Valley in the conservation area. In addition, there are many other small settlements along the Pokhara -Baglung Road. This road originates at Pokhara and passes along the important places and ends at Beni.

Table: 4.1 Influence of Pokhara-BagIung Road

Districts Popn in 1991 Popn Area Average Total '000' Growth '000' ha. Size of Irrigated holding Area 1. Kaski 292.94 25.1 4715.8 2. Parbat 143.55 3. Baglung 232.49 I 0.77 4. Myagdi 100.55 0.37 . Total 769.53 98.9 7263.2 as % to All Nepal 1.16 3.81 1.21 Note: popUlation growth refers to the 1981-1991 Source: 1. Population Census 1991, CBS, NPC, 1994 2. National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal, 1991192 Highlights, CBS, NPC, 1994.

Table 4.1 showed an overview of the influence of the Pokhara-Baglung road in terms of the coverage of population and hectare-cultivated as well as total area. The road will provide opportunities to increased production and consumption to the population of about 0.77 million with the annual growth rate of 1.52 percent. The road will influence about 1.16 percent of the population ofNepal and 4.48 ofthe physical area ofNepal.

29 4.3 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF VARIOUS CROPS

4.3.1 Area Under Crops

Prior to road construction, the mean area under the food·grains and cereal was 128840 hectares and it was found to have decreased marginaliy after the construction of the road. Similarly, average area under cash crops was estimated at 5230 hectares in the pre road construction, which at present increased by 1.36 times. The mean area under paddy was computed at 29967 hectares prior to construction of the road followed by 48357 hectares for , 27727 hectares for millet, 21650 hectares for wheat and 1140 hectares for barley. In the cash crops, potato covered 2793 hectares on an average in the pre construction of the road and 1133 hectares were used in the cultivation of oilseed. Similarly, black gram was being cultivated on the average area of 1120 hectares and lentil was totally nil during the pre·construction of the road. (See Annex B:13, B: 14, B: 15, B:16, B.17, B.18, B.19, B.20,B: 20a, and B: 20b for details)

In the post construction phase of road, the area under paddy was estimated at 30749 hectares showing the growth by l.03. times. Similarly, area under the crops like maize was decreased by 4 percent and wheat by 16 percent. But, area under millet and barley were found to have increased by 1.07 and 2.93 times respectively. Similarly, the area under potato, oilseed and chicken pea were found increased by 1.48, 1.41 and 1.24 times respectively. In totality, area under cultivation was found to have increased for all crops. (See Annex: 20c for details)

4.3.2 Production of the crops

The mean production of food·grains and cereals increased from 197023 Mt. in the. pre• construction of road to 20101 Mt. in the post construction of the road which was found grow by 1.02 times. In the post construction of the road, production of all crops was found increased except wheat, sugarcane and black gram. Especially the production of barley was found increased by 3.12 times which is the highest for all crops. In the cash crops, the growth rate of potato, oilseed and chick pea were found encouraging in between the pre and post construction of the road. In totality also, production of the crops has positive growth in the post construction period of the road compared to the pre construction era. (See Annex B:13 to B.20c for details)

4.3.3 Yield of the Crops

The yield rate of the millet, oilseed, potato and sugarcane were found decreased in the post construction of the road compared to the pre-construction period. The yield rate of paddy and maize increased marginally, whereas, the yield of black •gram and wheat were increased by 22 percent and 13 percent respectively. In the case of food grain and cereals, the yield

31 Table: 4.2 Area Under Fruit Trees and Fruit Production in 1993/94 (Area in ba. and Production in Mt.)

Fruits Kaski Parbat Baglung Myagdi All Nepal % to All . Nepal 1. Orange 185 1943 52 546 96 1008 47 494 4511 46517 8.42 8.58 2. Sweet Orange 1 67 1 10 3 29 2 19 1574 16789 0.83 0.74 1 Lime 18 128 16 , 14 26 185 14 19 1428 10289 5.IS 4.33 4. Lemon 14 99 3 21 1 7 2 14 314 2264 6.37 6.23 5. Other Citrus 5 42 1 8 . . - - 72 612 8.33 69.44 6. Apple 6 54 2 18 30 270 21 189 2634 24372 2.24 2.18 7. Peer 26 299 37 426 50 575 26 299 2293 26185 6.06 6.11 8. Walnut 11 39 13 46 18 63 14 49 763 2905 7.34 6.78 9. Peach 23 156 21 143 40 272 33 224 1659 10899 7.05 7.29 10. Plum 11 77 9 63 25 175 17 119 1108 7617 5.60 5.70 1(. Mango 25 200 19 152 17 136 14 112 9892 88568 0.76 0.68 12. Banana 28 400 16 229 2 29 - - 2908 41151 1.58 1.60 13. Guava 52 624 31 372 20 240 13 156 299 34478 38.8 4.04 14. Papaya 23 311 16 216 2 27 18 243 1978 27654 2.98 2.88 15. JackFruit 3 33 8 88 - - 4 44 1283 14880 U7 l.ll 16. Pineapple 13 163 11 138 1 13 7 88 746 10624 4.29 3.78 17. Lichhi 17 138 6 45 7 53 I 9 68 1399 10872 2.79 2.80 Source: Agricultural Statistics Division, Ministry of Agriculture/HMGN, 1993/94

4.4 LIVESTOCK HOLDING AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS

4.4.1 Livestock Population

The average population of livestock was found reduced by 2 percent in the post construction period of the road. TIle mean population of total livestock was 1,523,850 in the pre• construction of the road which was reduced to 1,492,414 after the construction of the road. (See Annex: B.27). The decrease in the population of livestock was occurred mainly due to decrease in fowl and duck. However, the population of pigs, cattle, buffaloes, goat and sheep were increased by 1.22, 1.14, 1.13, 1.09 and 1.01 times in the post construction period compared to the pre-construction period of the road. (See Annex: B.27) However, in Kaski district, population of livestock was continuously found increasing after the construction of the road and compared to 1994/95 the popUlation of livestock increased by 17.09 percent. In Parbat, there has also been positive growth up till 1994/95, but declined in 1995/96 by 4.70 percent. But, in the cases.ofBaglung and Myagdi, post construction period of the road was found to be more negative than the pre-construction period. It was revealed from the interview of key informants and FGD participants that livestock population was found decreased due to high demand. It was because the stock of chicken need not to be hold for longer period. It was also spelt out by the key informants that due to increasing demand chicken sometimes needed to be brought from Pokhara. On the whole, the

33 Table: 4.3 Average Investment of Agriculture Development Bank (ADBIN)

. District Before After Average Change in Times D R D R D R Kaski 44,712 53,905 84,288 141,484 1.89 2.62 • Parbat 18,371 10,296 20,943 33,461 1.14 3.25 • BagJung 26,803 17,997 23,787 38,435 0.89 2.14

! Myagdi 7,697 4,366 9,532 18,500 1.24 4.24 Total 97,582 86,563 138,550 231,879 1.42 2.68 I Mean _ .. ~4,~?,§_ "---- 21,641_ __ .}4,()~ti_ . 57,97.0 1.42 .. 2.68 Source: Annex: B.37 and B.38

Note: D = Loan Disbursement R =Repayment ofLoan

The mean growth rate of the five years was derived at 34.90 percent prior to road construction, whereas the mean growth rate after the construction of road was derived at 42.0. percent which means increased by 1.42 times. Thus, the scenario clearly indicated that the investment of ADBIN has substantially changed along with the construction of the road as there has been encouraging change in investment on agriculture especially in vegetable farming and livestock rearing in all four surveyed' districts. On the basis of in~depth interview of the respective branch managers and related staff of ADBIN clearly confinned that the investment in livestock rearing, especially in poultry farming and vegetable farming is increasing after the construction of the road and they were endeavoring to increase. the . investment further.

4.6 FERTILIZER AND INSECTICIDES

The published data showed that the AlC has not been able to meet the supply target of fertilizers and insecticides in the surveyed districts. Comparatively, the achievement was found better in Kaski district than in other districts. But, the set target of the government for' 1996 was found much lesser than the target fixed for 1995 which showed the reduction in the supply of fertilizer and insecticides in all districts. This did not match with the construction of road and how policy· discrepancy of the goverhment. Construction of the road' should. have encouraged to allocate higher share of inpdJ in order to reap the benefits of the road fully. It clearly indicated that the targets are not demand-based and low supply target has directly affected in the overall agrlcultW'al production and productivity. Therefore, the government should pay greater attention in this respect, so that the overall national objectives of poverty alleviation and income growth through commercializing the agricultural products may be attained and true benefits from the road realised. (See Annex: B.21 to B.24)

35 percent in Kaski and Baglung faced a large decrease of 94.9 percent in the lower secunuary level. In the case of Parbat, decline was noticed at primary and secondary levels by 4.3 percent and 53.1 percent respectiyely in 1995. (See Annex: 8.74 & 8.75)

In Kaski district, it showed increasing trend in overall enrollment in 1995 with the average growth of 2.9 percent. In Parbat district, the mean decrease in all levels was estimated at 11.2 percent in 1995. In totality, the mean enrollment was found to have recorded a marginal growth of 0.7 percent in Parbat district. (See Annex: 8.74 & 8.75)

In Baglung and Myagdi districts decline was found to have been 7.4 and 35.1 percent respectively in the year 1995 in the overall enrollment of students. But, in totality, the growth rate was found to be positive showing the mean growth rate of 3.3 percent in Baglung district and 5.6 percent in Myagdi district. (See Annex: B.74 & 8.75)

In total, average annual growth rate of overall enrollment came at 2.6 percent showing the highest average growth of 8.2 percent at lower secondary level and the negative average growth of 1.5 percent at secondary level. The average enrollment growth was found to be better in Myagdi district and low average growth was noticed in Parbat district (See Annex: 8.74 & 8.75).

4.9 COMMUNICATION

Postal Service: In the surveyed districts, postal services existed. The details of post¥tl services by types is shown in Annex: B.43.

Telephone: There were the STD/ISD services in all surveyed districts. In Lumle, telephone facility existed in Lmnle Agriculture Research Centre only.

4.10 HEALTH SERVICES

Health service in the surveyed districts seemed to be satisfactory. There were four hospitals in Kaski district while in other districts, there is one district hospital each. The highest number of (47) sub-health posts existed in Baglung district. There were 14 health posts in Kaski which is highest among the surveyed district. From the view point of health facilities, Kaski and Baglung seemed to be better than Parbat and Myagdi. (See Annex: B.44) !

37 17 in 1995 to 14 in 1996, but overall employment was found increased from 226 to 305 in 1996. (See Annex: B.60 to B.63)

4.16 NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

The growing emergence of NGOs is one of the noticed impacts of the road. In Pokhara, there were 220 NGOs up to June 1, 1996, followed by 217 in Baglung, 58 in Parbat and 6 in Myagdi. (See Annex: B.64)

The overall resource endowment was found to be relatively positive and the construction of road seemed to have contributed to the growth albeit no favourable change was noticed in the agriculture and livestock sector.

39 Majority of contributing factors for migration seemed to be the willingness to change family occupation which was expected to have higher economic benefits.

5.2 EDUCATIONAL STATUS

In all the locations, literacy level is considerably higher than in other parts ofNepal for both periods of before and after road construction. Such a high figure needs cautious interpretation and may not be applicable for generalization, Majority of families belonging . to road head areas or its peripheral areas have some educational background. Another reasons derived from FGD was due to road accessibility which provided opportunity to enhance their education as population belonging to road head areas have widespread influence to obtain education. But, it may not be true in all locations of the surveyed districts. (See Table: 5.2)

Table: 5.2 Literacy Rate by Locations and by Sex

Location Before After Gender Inequality

• I Male Female Total Male Female Total Before After Hemja 93.1 60.3 80.0 96.6 72.8 85.3 32.8 23.8 I Lumle 74.1 55.0 66.0 93.8 68.2 82.2 19.1 25.6 Tilahar 90.0 78.1 83.9 90.2 70.1 80.5 11.9 11.1 • Shivalaya 84.7 70.3 77.9 93.4 83.7 88.7 14.4 19.7 Baglung 89.7 63.6 78.4 83.5 81.4 82.6 18.1 2.1 Arthunge 90.6 83.0 90.6 91.7 75.6 84.1 17.6 16.1 Total 88.5 69.1 79.8 91.6 75.5 84.0 17.4 16.1 -•

The significance test of t- Value ( 1.50) at 5% level of confidence showed that observed value is less than the table value. There was no significant difference in literacy status with respect to scenario between before and after road construction. On an average, only a marginal increase (5.3%) in literacy was noticed ( See Annex A.l 0.1). During the pre• construction period of the road, the highest literacy rate was observed in Arthunge and the lowest rate in Lumle. In the post construction period ofthe road, Shivalaya stood as the area with the highest literacy among the survey area and Hemja came at the last rank. In the case of Arthunge, despite increase in the total number of literate population, a decrease in total proportion of literate population was noticed. On the whole, including the outcome ofFGD, increase in literacy was not merely the impact of the road construction. Rather it was considered as the government's changing policy toward education and increasing

41 5.6 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

Correct assessment of absolute size of income and expenditure is a specialized topic. The generally accepted trend is that people tend to under-report income and over-report expenditure.

Table: 5.3 Income and Expenditure Pattern at Current Price Location Before After Growth Index I _Index Ratio of in - in Exp. Income Exp. Ratio Income Exp. Ratio Exp. to Income in % in % Income Hemja i 1801 2544 141 4959 5905 119 0.84 275 232 i - Lumle I 2400 2811 117 3627 5149 142 1.21 151 183 • Tilahar 3647 2693 74 6788 4807 71 0.96 186 178 • • Shivalaya 2927 6043 206 7653 8590 112 0.54 261 142 Baglung 4790 6531 136 6131 7853 128 0.94 128 120 i Althunge 5507 4213 76 7326 5667 77· 1.01 133 134 I Mean 3512 4139.17 125 6080.67 6328.50 108 0.92 173 153 Correlation 0.595 Coetlicient I -'-­

Table: 5.4 Income and Expenditure Pattern at Constant Price of 1991-92

Location Before After Growth Index - Index l Ratio of in in Exp. Income Exp. I Ratio Income Exp. Ratio Exp. to Income - in °10 in % ! Income Hemja 1801 2544 141 4,438.6 5285.37 119 0.84 246 208 Lumle 2400 2811 117 3,246.4 4608.7 142 1.21 135 164 Tilahar 3647 2693 74 6,075.7 4302.58 71 0.96 167 160 • Shivalaya 2927 6043 206 6849.9 7688.62 112 0.54 234 127

! Baglung 4790 6531 136 5487.66 7028.96 128 0.94 115 107 Arthunge 5507 4213 76 6557.26 507235 77 1.01 129 120 Mean 3512 4139.17 125 5442.6 5664.43 104 0.96 155 136 Correlation 0.595 Coefficient i Deflator 0.895 --• ,-­ -- , -•

The mean income in the region has increased from Rs. 3,512.00 to Rs.6,080.67 after the

's' construction of the road ranging from the highest of Rs.7,653.00 in Shivalaya to the lowest of in Rs. 3,627.00 in Lumle. Similarly, the mean expenditure has also increased simultaneously after the construction of the road from Rs.4,139.l7 to Rs. 6,328.50 showing

43 based commodities to enter into the area. Such a situation brings change in household expenditure pattern. (See Annex: A.2)

On an average, the total proportion of spending on food was found increased from 42.1 percent to 43.4 percent between the pre and post road construction.

Expenditure index of current status in relation to prior construction period of road showed decline of expenditure on three items namely repair and maintenance, festival and oiL In all sectors expenditure index.is above 100 indicating increased expenditure on all other items. There was no doubt that road accessibility will increase expenses on transportation. The excess of expenditure was noticed to be almost 2.15 percent. Expenditure on modem facility such as telephone has also increased. One of the favourable indications may have emerged from increased expenditure on kerosene and gas. This situation could possibly lead to lowering demand of fire wood and hence help in forest preservation. (See Annex: A.3)

5.8 CHANGES IN LAND VALUE I LAND HOLDING

As elsewhere, the opening of the road has increased land value.

Table: 5.5 Changes in Land Value

(In Rs I Ha) ! Road Heads Land on Road Side Land off the Road Side Pre Post Growth Pre Post. Growth Ratio Ratio Hemja 2,074,130 9,063,260 4.37 531,648 1,210,535 2.28 Lumle 1,528,309 4,056,173 2.65 561,202 915,802 1.63 Tilahar 1,154,121 4,010,640 3.48 632,428 755,128 1.19 I • Shivalaya 1,555,755 10,233,679 6.58 842,664 1,348,681 1.60 • Baglung 7,631,776 19,838,179 2.60 2,020,473 . 4,139,096 2.05 Arthunge 1,970,915 7,496,279 3.80 1,468,487 2,492,996 1.70 Mean 2,652,501 9,116,368 3.44 1,009,484 1,810,373 ~ 1.79

The mean cost at the road side has increased from Rs. 2,652,501 per hectare in pre construction phase of the road to Rs. 9,116,368 in the post construction phase of the road. The higher growth rate was observed on road side than the off road side. On the road side, the land value has increased as high as 6.58 times in Shivalaya. The lowest growth rate of 2.60 times was observed on the road side of Baglung. Off the road side, land value has increased at the most by 2.28 times in Hemja. The lowest growth was observed at Tilahar.

45 Table 5.7 Food Sufficiency From Current Crops Cultivation

Area 12 months 12 months 9 months 6 months 3 months Total Mean & above A. Before N 0/0 N 0/0 N % N 0/0 N '% I. Hemja 5 14.3 9 25.7 6 17.1 3 8.6 12 34.3 35 8.3 2. Lumle 2 7.1 8 28.6 11 39.3 J 10.7 4 14.3 28 9.1 ., j. Tilahar 1 3 7 21.2 l! 24.2 9 27.3 8 24.2 33 7.5 4. Shivalaya 4 11.4 6 17.1 3 &.6 6 17.1 16 45.7 35 6.9 5. Baglung 4 11.8 1 2.9 4 11.8 4 11.8 21 61.8 34 5.7 6. Arthunge 3 8.8 1 2.9 3 8.8 0 0 27 79.4 34 4.9 Total 19 9.5 32 16.1 35 17.6 25 12.6 88 44.2 199 7.0 B. After 1. Hemja 5 14.3 8 22.9 5 14.3 5 14.3 12 34.3 35 8.1 7 ! 2. Lumle I 3.6 8 28.6 9 32.1 25 3 10.7 28 8.7 3. Tilahar 1 3 7 21.2 9 27.3 8 24.2 8 24.2 33 7.6 4. Shivalaya 4 11.4 6 17.1 3 8.6 7 20 15 42.9 35 7.0 5. Baglung 3 8.8 2 . 5.9 4 11.8 4 11.8 21 61.8 34 5.6 6. Arthunge 3 8.8 0 0 3 8.8 0 0 28 82.4 34 4.6 Total 17 8.5 31 15.6 33 16.6 3l 15.6 87 43.7 199 6.9 • C. % Change 1. Hemja 0.0 0.0 -11.1 -10.9 -16.7 ·16.4. 66.7 66.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 -2.4 2. Lumle -50.0 -49.3 0.0 0.0 -18.2 -18.3 133.3 133.6 -25.0 -25.2 0.0 -4.4 I ... :J. Tilahar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 12.8 -11.1 11.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 4. Shivalaya 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 17.0 -6.3 -6.1 0.0 1.4 5. Baglung -25.0 -25.4 100.0 103.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.8 6. Arthunge 0.0 0.0 ·100.0 -100.0 0.0 0.0 - 3.7 3.8 0.0 -6.1 Total -10.5 -10.5 -3.1 -3.1 -5.7 -5.7 24.0 23.8 -l.l -1.1 0.0 -1.4

The table showed thnt the proportion of households reporting food sufficiency to at least 9 months has declined in almost a111ocations. The decline was partially adjusted by increment in food self sufficiency up to 6 months. The higher food sufficiency was derived in Lumle and the lowest in Arthunge in both the pre and post road construction. Average food self sufficiency period was 7.0 months prior to road construction. This figure declined to 6.9 months after the construction of the road recording a change of 1.43 percent. This showed only a negligible reduction in food sufficiency showing almost no-impact in food production. The t-test value (1.57) at 5 percent confidence level also showed only insignificant difference in the food sufficiency before and after the road construction. However, the increasing marketing opportunity and selling in the markets was noticed from the table included latter, and it may have been responsible for reduced food sufficiency_

47 5.12 CHANGES IN MARKETING OF COMMODITIES

The proportion of households who sold products such as milk, pigs, potato, lentil, vegetables and fruits have increased. However, households selling other commodities have decreased. Despite this fluctuation, the actual amount of commodities sold after construction of the road has increased to the extent of 38.0 percent for many commodities. Sales Index figure showed that marketing of milk, goat, chicken, eggs, potato, soybean and vegetables have almost increased by 38.0 percent. Sale of paddy and wheat have almost doubled. Possible reason for increment was mainly due to new consumption establishments such as restaurant, lodges and others. Partly, changing behaviour of customers choice was also responsible. (See Annex: A.35 tor details). The t-value (2.12) at 5% confidence level showed a significant change in the proportion of selling commodities. This also clearly indicated that the construction ofthe road has made a favourable impact in the generation of market and motivated people to engage in increased economic activities.

The sale of agricultural products, livestock and livestock production was considered to be one of the major sources ofincome. IUs encouraging to note that there had been increase in the sale of each listed item of the table below after road construction. This showed a favourable change brought by the road. The mean change in the total income from the sale of the various agro-product and livestock production amounted to Rs. 10,288 in the post construction period of the road from Rs. 6,634 in the pre construction ofthe road i.e. increased by 55.1 percent. (See Annex: A.36)

5.13 OCCUPATIONAL CHANGE

Road access has brought a shift in occupation. The assumption that most families depend on agricultural tarming is not true in this case. Proportion of households undertaking agricultural activities including livestock rearing has dropped from 46.0 percent to nearly 38.8 percent. This is consistent with the CBS survey which has reported decline of employed popUlation in agriculture from 91.15 percent to 81.23 percent. Farm based activities were transferred to market economy activities. Business enterprises were developed after the road construction. After road construction, the proportion of families engaged in business enterprises were counted to 23.2percentwhich was 18.7 percent prior to the road construction. (See Annex: A.II)

Changes were observed in service sectors and education except for Lumle and Arthunge. In Lumle, small scale groceries faced survival problem, whereas this problem was faced by micro business group in Arthunge. One special feature of occupational change was the reduction in proportion of households engaged in crop and allied fanning, but increment in livestock raring. However, in Lumle and Shivalaya, households engaged in livestock raring have decreased. Another major impact was noticed in portering. The proportion of portering

49 Maize Prod. 113.54 255.83 186.09 178.00 102.80 69.98 906.24 Yield 1.55 2.15 2.01 2.11 2.60 1.75 2.02

i Area 22.50 35.25 26.87 . 31.60 8.95 9.29 134.46 Millet Prod. 25.88 66.62 23.65 39.50 4.Y2 9.:W 169.76 Yield 1.15 1.89 0.88 1.25 0.55 0.99 1.26 Area 32.80 26.00 18.50 6.10 11.54 17.94 112.88 Potato Prod. 311.60 205.14 101.75 27.76 90.94 125.58 862.76 Yield 9.50 7.89 5.50 4.55 7.88 7.00 7.64

Area 5.20 13.75 i 21.50 2.20 17.55 6.80 67.00 Soybean Prod. 2.13 22.83 20.43 1.21 . 14.92 3.40 64.91 Yield 0.41 1.66 0.95 0.55 0.85 0.50 0.97 ; c. % Change Area (49.1) (38.7) 58.8 (14.3) (41.0) 33.3 (23.5) Paddy Prod. (28.5) 14.8 6.5 (17.8) (39.7) 35.9 (13.0) Yield 40.4 87.1 (32.9) (4.0) 2.1 2.0 13.8 ; Area (32.9) 25.2 .>~ •.> ~ (50.5) 1.2 124.7 (2.6) Wheat Prod. (3.8) 54.4 7.0 (30.7) 2.2 102.6 22.5 Yield 43.1 23.3 3.5 40.2 l.0 (9.8) 26.0

Area 158.0 0.8 (11.6) i ( 16.4) (22.8) (25.3) ( 1.8) I Maize Prod. 160.7 (9.2) (8.6) 11.0 (6.7) (37.8) (0.6) Yield 1.3 ( 10.0) 3.6 32.7 20.9 (16.7) 1.0

Area 83.8 (4.2) (35.3) 64.8 (44.3) (32.2) i (3.6) Millet Prod. 152.5 103.4 (35.9) 142.5 (59.2) (32.2) 39.4 Yield 36.9 i 112.4 (1.1) i 47.1 (26.7) - 44.8

i Area 60.8 239.4 4.5 (74.0) (38.2) (29.5) (0.4) Potato Prod. 81.2 164.9 ( 12.8) (87.2) (39.0) • (28.0) I (4.8)

Yield 12.7 i (22.0) (16.5) (50.8) ( 1.4) 2.2 (4.5)

Area 22.4 ( 11.5) 13.2 41.9 I (23.5) i 49.1 i (1.3) I Soybean Prod. 36.5 (2.7) (3.1) 142.0 18.2 126.7 6.8 Yield 10.8 9.9 (14.4) I 71.9 54.5 51.5 I 7.8 Area: In Hectare Prod.: In Mt. Yield: In Mt.

Productivity of each crop has increased marginally. However, increase in productivity could not match the level of production. As a result, total production of all crops have reduced. Mainly both production and productivity were found decreased in potato, whereas, production loss was noticed in the maize, paddy, wheat. However, it is encouraging that the yield rate of almost all crops was found increased after the road construction. Increment in productivity is due to enhanced accessibility to agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizer and pesticides, especially in the corridors of the road.

The survey findings in changes on occupation and agricultural production and productivity, particularly cereal crops in the areas along Pokhara-Baglung road follow the views of classical economist profounded in case of labours surplus economy. As perthe issue about decreasing cereal crops production, increasing productivity and move labour force from agriculture to other sector of the economy raised by the authorities in

51 Access to and use of modem health service facilities were increased. The travel time to reach at health institutions has been significantly reduced. The travel time required by growth centres is given in the following table.

Table: 5.10 Average Time Required to Visit for Health Institutions (In hrs.) Area Before After Change t. Hemja 2.30 0.64 1.66 "') Lumle 1.18 0.59 0.57 3. Tilahar 2.0 1.0 0.50 4. Shivalaya 0.25 0.17 0.32 5. Baglung 0.21 0.13 0.08 6. Arthunge 0.13 0.10 0.03 7. Mean 1.01 0.44 0.53

--~-~.----.--.. ~~ - _.. -- -..._.._. ---_.__._.._...

The reduction of travel time may be due to access to private clinics and or access to new mode of mass transportation. Modes of transportation used to visit the health service centers are presented below.

Table: 5.11 Modes of Transportation Prior to Road Construction Location Porter Mule . Trucli Bus After Betore I After Before I After After 1. 57,,1 2. 3.6 96.4 3. Tilahar 81.8 5.7 64.7 Althunge 2.9 2.9 64.7 3.9 35.3

Road access has significantly contributed on choice of mode of transportation and health institutions. The time consuming and uncomfortable practice of carrying the patient by porter has been displaced now by the availability of other faster and comfortable modes of transport facilities. Ambulance service has been made available at Hemja, Lumle, Shivalaya, and Baglung.

Ambulancc scrvice covcrage was as high as 83 percent in Shivalaya, 40 percent in Hemja, 32.4 percent in Baglung, and 3.6 percent in Lumle. The other areas have yet to be served by the Ambulance. The most popular service after the road access have been the bus service. This is tme tor all locations except Shivalaya and Arthunge, where the popular mode of transportation is truck service.

S3 Table: 5.13 Availability and Use of Latrines

Location Before After % Change

%of % of on Use %of 0/0 on Use %or % on Use by Availability by Children Availability by Children Availa bility Children I. Hemja 80.0 80.0 97.1 97.1 21.4 21.4 2. Lumle 21.4 20.1 11.9 71.4 236.0 255.2 3. Tilahar 60.6 60.6 &1.8 81.8 35.0 35.0 4. Shivalaya 51.4 50.3 11.4 68.8 . 38.9 36.8 5. Baglung 82.4 81.2 97.1 97.1 17.8 19.6 6. Arthunge 50.0 50.0 79,4 782 58,8 56.4 I~I\1ean 51.63 57.03 83.12 82.40 67.98 70.73

The table suggests that in all the areas, consistent with the growth of toilet construction and use of toilet by children have constantly increased. The traditional practice of children defecating at public places and streets has been considerably declined. This must be considered as a significant positive change contributed by the construction ofthe road.

All sorts of development can not be considered as positive unless people exposed to. this type of development become compatible with the development residual output. One such case is solid waste problem as an increasing pressure of development output. Improper waste disposal practices create many unwanted situations. Many urban areas of Nepal have experienced this problem. However, in this study, all the locations have compatible waste disposal system after the road development.

Following table illustrates this statement.

Table: 5.14 Changes in Waste Disposal Practice in percentage

Location Waste Disposal in Open Place Before After 1. Hemja 11.4 - 2. Lumle 46.4 10.7 3. Tilahar 27.3 - 4. Shivalaya 22.9 17.1 5. Baglung 17.6 2.9 6. Arthunge 11.8 11.8

55 Low Score \ After High I. Transit 2. I 3. Industries ' 4. Women's I 5. Less 6. New losses Employment, (407) ,Saving Group employment economic Scorel (378) opportunltles • (416) opportunities opportunit Before (384) I (435) ies I (439) 1. Livestock I. Banking and ----110> rearing (462) credit fucilities (533) 2, Duration of t 2. Decision right Daily domestic to women on work (451) economic aspects (525) 3, Transit Losses Economic Impacts as Perceived by the Respondents 3, Trade & (400) Business (517) 4, Less 4, Women's employment participation in opportunities income (399) generating activities (514) 5. Banking and 5. People' credit facilities purchasing (397) power (496) 6, Increase in T 6. Improved injlul( of tourists --+ +-­ living standard (394) (489) l. Women's 2. Industries 3. Domestic 4. Income ;, Skill 6. High Saving (309) Amenities level and Development Decision Groups (310) employment Opportunities rights to Score I (281) opportunities (317) women After (313) (338) Low scorelBefore

The box indicates that top six practice or problems before the construction of the road were (i) high livestock rearing, (ii) duration of daily domestic work load, (iii) transit losses, (iv) less employment opportunities, (v}banking and credit facilities and (vi) improved influx of tourists, These top six practices or problems still persisted after construction ofthe road also but with some modifications as shown below;

• High transportation cost and transit losses prior to construction ofthe road were not the major problems after the construction of the road.

• Women has acquired improved decision rights in economic transactions after the construction ofthe road. • Though lh~ lup six ilems remained valid before and after the construction of road ( with exception to transportation cost) internal position within top six has changed. After the construction of the road, inflation has taken the top position against the second position before the road construction. Similarly, the position within the vertical bar indicated following changes.

57 it has also generated some negative impacts, especially in population growth and migration, and increase in prostitution, drug addiction, conflict between the communities. However, the extent of negative impacts was low. However, iUs encouraging to note that substantial improvement was noticed in the reduction ofchild marriage.

A box model is used tv analyse the social impacts also. The vertical and ~orizontal bars are presented below. Before the construction of the road, the perceived positive factors were cooperativeness on the people, and security to foreigner, whereas, fooding and clothing, status of women, views of number of children, attitude towards small family seemed to be the major problems as people used to adopt these more negatively. The perceived negative factor was gender inequality. After the construction of the road, the Issues on top six ranks have undergone changes. Positive factors were schooling of girls, good attitude towards small family, use of contraceptives, higher access to education and travel friendliness and enhanced status of women. The increasing score shows that on an average position of women in the society is continuously increasing.

The lowest ranked issues before the construction ofthe road in priority order are :

i) cheating habits of people ii) Poor cultural exchange iii) Good behaviour with foreigners iv) Crowdness v) Influence of foreign culture

After Before 1. Cheating 2. Cultural 3. Behaviour 4. Crowdness 5. Influence 6. Number habits exchange with (474) of foreign of (351) (460) foreigners culture children (469) (481) (502) 1. Coopcrntiv(l l. Sohooling of feeling with ---+ gitb (GOG) neighbour (519) t 2. Security to 2. Attitude towards foreigners (497) smallliunily ($89) 3. Fooding & Social Impacts as perceived by the Respondents 3. Use of Clothing (436) contraceptives (570) 4. Number of 4. AccessibiHty to children (435) education (562) S. Status of I S. Easy in women (4IS) traveling (S59) 6. Attitude if 6. Status of ---. "'II-­ towards small women (555) family (403) I. Watching 2. Cheating 3. Crowdness 4. Easy in 5. Use of 6. Inlluence After cinema/video habits & non• (328) Traveling contraceptm:s of foreign (287) cooperating (332) (352) culture (317) (367) Before

59 (~ l

Infrastructure has improved at Hemja. Notably irrigation facilities, electricity and drinking water supply have improved as a result of the construction of the road. Lumle is less affected by road construction. Irrigation and electricity facilities have not improved satisfactorily. Marginal improvement is observed in drinking water supply. Contrary to this Tilahar has experienced worsening condition of drinking water supply after the construction of the road. There was improvement in market expansion and irrigation facilities after the construction of road in Shivalaya. Baglung also experienced marginal improvement in market expansion. Arthunge has the highest degree of shift in perception towards irrigation facilities, electricity, drinking water supply and market expansion compared to other locations. (See Annex: A6 and A8 for details)

In respect to infra-structure and development activities, the perceived value of the respondents increased from 699 to 1025 i.e. increased by 46.6 from the road construction. The t-test value (20.33) at 5% confidence level also clearly ratified to this positive change.

5.20.4 Perception on Agriculture Production and Land Use

The t-value (15.91) at 5 percent level of confidence showed that significant positive change had been brought by the construction of the road in agricultural production and land use. The change in total values increased from 751 to 1043 after the road construction.

Prior to the construction of the road, agricultural production and productivity were given the top rank with the total score of 399 and an average score of 2.24 indicating that production/productivity was just above the low level. In the post construction of the road, although it received the seventh position, the total score increased to 482 and average score to 2.69. This indicates that productivity has marginally increased from just above low level to middle leveL (See Annex: A6 and A8 for details)

Vegetable farming in the construction of the road was at the second rank with a total score of 371 and an average score of2.08. After construction of the road, it stood at the third rank:. The total score increased to 543 and the average score to 3.07. The figure also suggested that vegetable farming has upgraded from low level production to middle level production. Deterioration of cultivable land was not perceived as a problem both in pre and post construction of the road. The construction ofthe road has considerably increased the use of chemical fertilizers because ofeasy access to market.

Marginally adverse impact was noticed in the production of herbs due to road construction. Prior to construction of the road, the production of herbs was not a priority

61 Table: 5.15 Major Development Activities After Road Construction

Details N % 1. Increase in shop 191 -96.5 2. Establishment of new industries 55 27.8 3. Agriculture (new crops) 40 20.2 4. Arrival ofNGOs with various development packages 61 30.8 5. Community forest 91 46.0

6. Horticulture farming , 69 34.8 7. Herb Farming 29 14.6 8. Increase the Hotels 132 66.7 9. Increase the Restaurants 87 43.9 10. Irrigation facility 33 16.7 11. Drinking water 91 46.0 12. Electrification 106 53.5 13. Increase trade 13 6.6 14. Increase in tourists influx 46 23.2 15. Increase in employment opportunity 4 2.0 16. Cleanliness of area 68 34.3 17. Drainage 18 9.1 18. Increase in health facility 80 40.4 19. Availability of telephone, fax, courier services 57 28.8 20. Timely dispatch of the products in the market 67 33.8 I 21. Reduction of transit losses/damage 49 24.7 I Total 198 100.0

5.22 AVAILABILITY OF, LOCAL RESOURCE AND PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION

The question relating to availability of local resources and contribution of people in the cases of arrival of development activities in their respective areas, 75.88 percent said that ail necessary resources like labour, bamboo, grass, herbs, agro-products, livestock and fruits are adequately available to support the development activities. 72.8 percent assured that the government and development stake holders will get full participation of the people. The major type of participation spelt out by the respondents consisted of labour, bamboo, grass, herbs, agro-products, livestock etc. (See Annex: A.44, A.45, A.46 & A.47 for details)

63 CHAPTER VI

POTENTIALITIES ARISING FROM THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION

6.1 POTENTIALITIES ARISING FROM THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION

The construction of the road has helped to evolve various potentialities in the areas. The major development and economic potentialities have occurred along the road head sides of Parbat, Baglung and to some extend in Beni Bazaar of Myagdi district. On the basis of the study following potentialities have been identified from the road construction.

6.1.1 Development Potentialities

* The major development potentiality was observed as initiation of the trend of the arrival of INOOs and NGOs as the development partners. Prior to road construction, the activities and number of NOOs were limited in the region, but after the construction of the road even the INOOs like Save the Children-US, Medicine du Monde, CEPRED, DCRDC, etc. have started their activities, thus, opening a new era of development and social upliftment. * The initiation of Modi Hydro Project is also the emergence of the road accessibility. Upon the completion of this project, it will significantly contribute in accelerating growth and development in the region. The project was being talked about for some time but the construction ofthe road made it accessible as well as reduced costs ofthe project. * Acceleration in the people's enthusiasm to participate in the development activities is also one of positive contributions from the road construction. The construction of Baglung-Beni road via the bank of the Kali Oandaki Bridge (Maldhunga) is the explicit example of people's tangible contribution as the road is constructing fully on the people's participation and equity. The local people were found very much \..--~~ enthusiastic to construct green road to connect inner settlement. So the government should capitalize their sentiments by providing technical supports to them. * Increasing number of irrigation and drinking water projects ,of the government, availability of STD/ISD telephone services in almost allroad heads areas, etc. are also new additions and significant development from the road. * The establishment of English medium boarding schools and establishment of campuses in Shivalaya - Parbat district and Baglung are also new activities. * Establishment of Dairy Farms in Baglung, Chilling Centre in Shivalaya I Parbat district, milk collection centres in the major road head areas are important potentialities contributing in the income generating potentiality. * TV, video and cinema halls may also be f(mnd as contributions of the road which have worked people as a source of entertainment and as well as a means of

65 medium schools, increasing enrollment in secondary level and campuses are the noted social potentialities brought by the road. * Increasing awareness of women and gender equality are also the increasing potentialities. * Cross-culture exchange opportunities, easy in traveling and time saved in traveling also are important social impacts

6.1.4 Potential Negative Problems

* Migration is also the potential result arising by the road. Greater concentration along on the road side is noticed. * Increasing problem of social security, social distortion and crime are the negative potential impacts of the road with its greater impact in the future. * Increasing possibility of pollution can be considered as one ofthe negative impacts of the road. * Haphazard settlement due to lack of road side land use planning may distort the land use pattern. * It may also generate added problems ofwaste disposal.

6.2 FUTURE POTENTIALITIES

On the basis of survey and available data and information, the future potentialities from the road may be as below:

* Modi Khola Hydro project could bring change not only in socio-economic aspects but also in development activities. Mainly the project will bring forth the higher potentiality of establishment: of rice and oil mills, and small and medium scale industries in the region, especially juice, jam factories, bakeries, agro-processing industries, cold storage, dairy farm, poultry farm etc. Further, it will also generate scope of increasing electrical shops and employment to electricians. Thus, attention should be given to attract private sector in the region so that potentialities could be exploited in a better way. * There is a higher possibility of migration in the road head areas in the future as Modi Hydro project is being developeq. Thus, it will increase the costs of land on the one hand, on the other, industries like concrete, bricks and tiles, concrete blocks, cement industry, hardware shops, construction material shops, saw mills etc. may be developed. Thus, it will contribute to generate employment, especially to labour, masons, carpenters etc. * Due to the high possibility of migration in the future, it may generate congestion in the future. Thus, attention should be given to develop proper settlement planning for the future.

67 CHAPTER VII

LESSONS LEARNT FOR FUTURE

It is undisputed that the construction of the road network will have a positive effect on the economic development of the area But, it is equally important that the construction of the road should be supplemented by various economic packages, establishments and suitable development institutions and activities to accomplish a faster all round development of the area. At the same time, it should be remembered that development is a continuous and evolving process. It would be unjust to attribute all the developmental activities and negative trends to the construction of the road alone. The completion of Pokhara Baglung road, has given some very important lessons which should be used as the basis for the future development activities in the area & implementation ofsimilar road projects in the country.

1) The Pokhara-Baglung road has been a major contributive factor for speeding up the implementation of the Modi Khola Hydro Electricity Project which could bring a lot of positive changes in the living conditions of the people of the area. Moreover, the major benefit of the road is exposure ofthe people and the area with other parts of the country, people and the technology. However, construction of the road projects like Pokhara Baglung road project, taken on a turnkey basis by a external donor does not help for technology transfer. The construction of road under such donor's condition, where there is no involvement of Nepalese experts, engineers, other technicians and contractors and where not even project doctunents are available for further review, does not help in any way to transfer of technology. Such projects only help to increase dependency syndrome.

2) The construction of the road projects need to be prioritized and classified with regard to investment pattern and participation of the local government and people. The road projects with a high EIRR should be classified as commercial roads and private sector institutions should be encouraged in investing in construction, operation & maintenance ofthese roads. The roads connecting the remote areas ofthe country should be classified as the remote roads and the entire cost of construction, operation and maintenance should be borne by the government. In perspective these roads should be seen as an obligation of the nation towards underprivileged rural people and a means of national unification, long term future development, social justice and general welfare of the people. The third category of the road should be social roads connecting rural areas with national highways, feeder roads and district roads. These projects should be taken up as low cost green roads with peoples' participation while the technical and fmancial support should be provided through the local government institutions and lor by the government. 3) Construction of road in ecologically fragile hilly areas of Nepal is a challenging endeavour. Road projects have to be properly planed, designed and implemented so as to minimize and mitigate damages to the environment and blend the road structure to

69 participating towards maintenance of the road shoulders, cleaning of side drains and preventing road side encroachment.

5) Without the timely payment of compensation to the concerned local people along the road, they will not be willing to cooperate with the project. A precondition for the identification for the local people with the road project and the basis for implementation programmes in the long run is the cooperation of the local people. Also the cooperation of the local people will help .in preventing road side encroachment and other malpractices in the roads.

6) Strong rules against the encroachment within the right of way should be backed up by an efficient monitoring systems capable ofstringent enforcement ofrules.

7) The construction of road network alone will not automatically result in the desired economic benefits. It is only a major infrastructural component necessary to foster the . economic growth. In hilly areas where resources are scarce, faster economic growth can only be accomplished by push strategies like introducing various economic packages and bringing in developmental institutions and activities in the area. This should be done at the planning stage of any new project of road construction and in remote and social roads, such push strategies will have to be adopted while in commercial road, road planning along may be adequate. Otherwise, if road is expected to bring future development, it may take a longer time and may not bring desirable change.

8) Agricultural growth is the key to accelerated growth. While the construction of road network will facilitate in bringing in agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides and seeds and transportation of agricultural surplus, the constraints to the growth in agriculture are reliable year - round irrigation facilities and improved and appropriate technology in farming systems. The strategyfor agricultural. growth needto focused on high commodity crops like citrus, off - season vegetables, coffee ginger,. et cetera with the efficient farming systems supplemented by good facilities for storing, processing and marketing of the products. For this, institutions in the area should be strengthened not only for farming technology, but also to provide necessary loans and appraise the farmers with storing, processing techniques and marketing management of the products along with the construction ofthe road.

9) Livestock is another important sector to be promoted to enhance the economic growth in the area. Livestock like all productive sectors, is largely demand driven and dependent on private sector activities. The public sector institutions here, will have to facilitate in providing breeding and farming technologies and support services. Establishing marketing systems and improving veterinary services also may be important support services to promote livestock farming.

71 CHAPTER VIII

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

8.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1.1 General Recommendations.

The completion ofPokhara-BaglungRoad Project is a major infrastructural developmental activity in the region and has created numerous opportlmities for economic growth. In order to translate these opportunities into accelerated economic growth, a set of strategies have been drawn up based on the study findings.

Strategy 1: Establishment of Road Maintenance System

Road maintenance work is a continuous activity and has to be started not when the first damages have appeared, but right after the construction has completed. The Divisional Road Office at Pokhara has the expertise required for the execution of the required works, but does not have manpower allocated especially for the project. Hence, Pokhara Baglung Road Maintenance Wing should be established within the Divisional Road Office with an exclusive responsibility of road operation, maintenance and monitoring. For the efficient operation and maintenance system, the wing should be equipped with adequate technical manpower and financial resources. These personnel inputs for the. wing should be 1 engineer, 2 overseers and field superVisors. The wing should have the overall responsibility in the following areas of the road maintenance system.

• Setting up of a mechanism for the collection of toll tax from the road user vehicles by the involvement of private sector and securing financial contribution from the local municipalities, DDCs and VDCs. • Involving local people in the road maintenance activities through the user group associations. In this process, it is suggested to scaling down the maintenance cost by extending the length of portions to be tackled by one VDC and/or user groups. Moreover, responsibilities to be given for certain road portions to respective VDCs. Above all a program to be launched to create awareness of the local people regarding the protection ofroad from being damage. • Monitoring and evaluation ofthe road conidor area against road side encroachment. • It is also suggested to make clear demarcation of boundary of road so that road side encroachment could be checked up. Moreover, haphazard settlement and greater concentration along road side have disturbed the land use system of the areas. The enlargement of settlements generate a process of concentrated natural resources

73 dissemination and adoption of innovations and technologies becomes faster, sustainable and ahle to address a larger mass ofheneficiaries.

Strategy 5: Establishment of Monitoring and Evaluation System

The existing monitoring and evaluation system of the activities in the road corridor is non• functional and ineffective. As stated in the strategy I, Pokhara Baglung Road Wing in the Divisional Road Office should be made functional in monitoring road side activities. Besides this, the Project Coordination Committee ( PCC) should also have an overall responsibility of monitoring various development activities being implemented in the region. For this, indicators and criteria for monitoring should be developed in detail and it should be used as a basis for monitoring and evaluation. This should taken as a continuous activity so as to bring forth effectiveness to ratify the development in the region. This purposive activity can be carried out by the external experts under the overall coordination of the PCC.

Strategy 6: Formulation of Pokhara Baglung Road Corridor Regional Master Plan

The regional planning of Pokhara Baglung road corridor should be the basis for developmental activities in the area. Based on the findings of this study, a Regional Master Plan should be formulated. The National Planning Commission, Regional Office at Pold1ara should take an initiative in the preparation of the Pokhara Baglung Road Corridor Regional Plan in collaboration with the Project Coordination Committee.

8.1.2. Specific Recommendations:

In order to realize the development potential of the area, it is equally important the specific programs and "push strategies" like introducing various economic packages and bringing in developmental institutions and activities' focused on specific areas be formulated and implemented. From the viewpoint, on the basis of the study findings sector-wise implementation programs have been drawn for implementation in the project areas.

(a) Agriculture and Livestock

Development in the agriculture and livestock is the key to accelerated growth. The strategy for this development needs to be focused on high value commodity crops and livestocks. The area far from road points settlement should be emphasized for seed production. For this, seed development technology to be given to the people of the area. At the same time, good facilities for storing, processing and marketing of the product are also equally important to supplement the growth. The area-wise specific recommendation for agriculture and livestock are presented in the following table.

75 Resides these, storage facilities like cold storage need to be established At Rent RAzi1af, Baglung Bazaar, and Hemja. These area') already have the facilities of the market centres. TIlese facilities should be extcndcd for thc outside marketing of the products. Also veterinary services should be established in Baglung and Hemja.

(b) Industries

There is a high potentiality of establishing small and medium scale industries in the region, especially juice, jam factories, bakeries and agro-processing industries. Fruit processing plant can be established in Beni Bazaar. Similarly, chilling centres can be established in Baglung, Tilahar and Hemja. The potential for paper making industries exist all over in Parbat and Baglung districts. Also there may be possibility of exploiting iron ore deposit in Phalamkhani VDC of Parbat district. The project might be possible to be implemented, but first the feasibility study of the project has to be carried out. On the other hand, industries like concrete blocks, bricks, Shaw mills, bakeries, juice and jam can be developed all over the region. Stone quarry site at Deurali, Bhurke and Ramja VDCs of Parbat can also be exploited for conztruction materials industries like stone and aggregates.

(c) Tourism

There is also a high scope for expanding tourism business in the future. The area between Kanre, Lumle and Naudanda used to be a centre oftourism activities before the construction of the road. Due to the change in the trekking routes, after the construction of road, the tourism business in the area had declined though it comes under Annapurna Conservation Area. However, there is a high potentiality to develop these areas for sightseeing with a view of Pokhara valley on one side and on the other. With sound tourism development strategies, including the promotion of establishment of hotel, resorts and restaurants and providing hotel management and tourism training, this areas should be developed into an attractive tourist destination. Nayapul, which is the starting point of the trekking route to Jomsom should also be developed in a systematic manner by disseminating necessary skills and strategies about tourism. Trainings should also be provided to local hoteliars, restaurant operators etc. to maintain standard and upgrade their facilities.

Baglung and Myagdi should be promoted for tourism expansion with the development of tourism infrastructure. Also the promotion of rafting industry in Kali Gandaki river can also result in tourism growth.

Further, domestic tourism also can be promoted in the areas as Gupteshower Gupha ( cave) in Parbat district. Also Radha Krishna Mandir (Kushma) and Modi Kali Gandaki Dovan in

77 (1) Social Services

Demand for health care and educational services has not been fulfilled by the existing services in the area. Hence the existing services like district hospitals need to be strengthened on one hand, while new education institutions and vocational training institutions need to be established, especially in Baglung area.

With the implementation of these developmental programs, actions and initiatives, the full developmental potential in the area can be realized and the fruits of development can be delivered to the local people at large.

S.2 CONCLUSION

The corridor of Pokhara~Baglung Road Project has a high potential for blossoming into an accelerated economic growth centre. The completion ofPokhara Baglung Road Project has opened up new avenue of opportunity to realize this potential. Time is now ripe to realize the potential and exploit the opportunities created. With judicious planning and implementation of various initiatives, programs and actions, the area may soon take off into boom area. The findings of this study and recommendations can help in a long way in setting up development priorities and approaches. The actions taken now will have major bearing on a long term future growth in the region. The construction is a major infrastructural activity but in order to realise fully its potentials, some push strategies especially in introducing economic activities should be adopted. Along with, road maintenance work should be initiated with people's participation and toll ta"Xes may be collected at a singular point to: generate fmance, maintain the road and develop the area.

o

79 I J

S31B'rf1 1'rf:JllSll'rfis If :X3NNlf Annex: A.I Population & Family Size by Age Cohort

Areas Male Female Total MI FRatio 1. Hem.ia 0-14 21 56.76 16 43.24 37 20.32 131.25 15-59 71 52.21 65 47.79 136 74.73 [09.23 60+ 2 22.22 7 77.78 9 4.95 28.57 Total 94 51.65 88 48.35 182 100.0 106.82 Family Size 5.20 2. Lumle

I 0-14 35 59.32 24 40.68 59 38.06 145.83 ! 15-59 46 50.00 ... 46 50.00 92 59.36 100.00 160+ -' 75.00 1 25.00 4 2.58 300.00 • Total 84 54.19 71 45.81 155 100.00 118.31 Family Size 5.54 3. Tilahar • 0- 14 24 42.11 33 57.89 57 32.39 72.73 15-59 51 51.82 53 48.18 itO 62.50 107.55 60+ 5 55.56 4 44.44 9 5.11 125.00 Total 86 48.86 90 51.14 176 100.00 95.56 Family Size 5.33 4. Shivalaya 0.. t4 29 52.73 26 47.27 55 29.41 111.54 i 15-59 58 50.00 58 50.00 116 62.03 100.00 160+ 9 56.25 7 43.75 16 8.56 128.49 Total 96 51.34 91 48.66 187 100.00 105.49 Family Size 5.34 5. Baglung 0-14 31 50.00 31 50.00 62 35.43 100.00 15-59 59 54.13 50 45.87 109 62.29 118.00 60+ 3 75.00 1 25.00 4 2.28 300.00 Total 93 53.14 82 46.86 175 100.00 113.41 Family Size 5.15 6. Arthunge 0-14 37 53.62 32 46.38 69 33.82 115.63 15-59 65 52.42 59 47.58 124 60.79 110.17 60+ 7 63.64 4 36.36 11 5.39 175.00 Total 109 53.43 95 46.57 204 100.00 114.74 Family Size 6.00 Total (1-6) 0-14 171 52.21 162 ! 47.79 339 31.42 109.26 15-59 356 51.82 331 48.18 687 63.67 107.55 60+ 29 54.72 24 45.28 53 4.91 120.83 Total 562 52.09 517 47.91 1079 100.00 108.70 Family Size 5.42 L• - Annex: A.2 Monthly Family Expenditure (After) (In Rupees) Details Hemja Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total 0/0 Change inB&P Amt. 0/0 Amt. 0/0 Amt. 0/0 Amt. 0/0 Amt. % Amt. 0/0 Amt. % I. Food 2440 41.3 2559 49.7 2229 46.4 4186 48.7 2703 34.4 2376 41.9 16493 43.4 3.1 1. Rice 407 6.9 770 15.0 592 12.3 767 8.9 560 7.1 458 8.1 3554 9.4 8.0 2. Other grains 377 6.4 434 8.4 450 9.4 720 8.4 495 6.3 339 6.0 2815 7.4 32.1 3. Milk 350 5.9 268 5.2 160 3.3 550 6.4 242 3.1 282 5.0 1852 4.9 (14.0) 4. Oil 190 3.2 150 2.9 140 2.9 400 4.7 150 1.9 160 2.8 11% 3.1 (39.2) 5. Spices 172 2.9 124 2.4 193 4.0 320 3.7 177 2.3 137 2.4 1123 3.0 (9.1) 6. Sugar 400 6.8 220 4.3 200 4.2 540 6.3 350 4.5 280 4.9 1990 5.2 48.6 7. Tea 130 2.2 80 1.6 70 1.5 160 1.9 110 1.4 90 1.6 640 1.7 21.4 8. Meat/fish 188 3.2 263 5.1 200 4.2 350 4.1 194 2.5 240 4.2 1435 3.8 35.7 9. Flour 76 1.3 110 2.1 164 3.4 179 2.1 315 4.0 250 4.4 1094 2.9 (14.7) 10. Beverage 150 2.5 140 2.7 60 1.2 200 2.3 110 1.4 140 2.5 800 2.1 (16.0) 2. Education 735 12.4 650 12.6 500 10.4 1010 11.8 1500 19.1 860 15.2 5255 13.8 16.9 3. Transportation 634 10.7 187 3.6 433 9.0 601 7.0 517 6.6 300 5.3 2672 7.0 141.4 4. Festival 364 6.2 600 11.7 650 13.5 550 6.4 680 8.7 540 9.5 3384 8.9 (35.5) 5. Clothing 550 9.3 556 10.8 450 9.4 850 9.9 643 8.2 521 9.2 3570 9.4 (9.6) 6.R&M 150 2.5 205 4.0 175 3.6 143 1.7 222 2.8 200 3.5 1095 2.9 (56.1 ) 7. Electricity 141 2.4 0 0.0 120 2.5 144 1.7 195 2.5 145 2.6 745 2.0 5.3 8. Water 30 0.5 0 0.0 20 0.4 56 0.7 45 0.6 30 0.5 181 0.5 25.0 9. Telephone 95 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 210 2.4 232 3.0 215 3.8 752 2.0 81.8 10. Kerosene 64 1.1 72 1.4 80 1.7 120 1.4 220 2.8 130 2.3 686 1.8 (21.7) 11. Gas 350 5.9 220 4.3 0 0.0 400 4.7 396 5.0 230 4.1 1596 4.2 55.6 12. Others 352 6.0 100 1.9 150 3.1 ~20 3.7 500 6.4 120 2.1 1542 4.1 (2.4) Total 5905 100.0 5149 100.0 4807 100.0 8590 100.0 7853 100.0 5667 100.0 37971 100.0 Per Capita Expenditure 1135.58 929.42 901.88 160a.61 1524.85 944.50 7005.72 % change Monthly 132.1 - 83.2 - 78.5 - 42.1 - 20.2 - 34.5 - 52.9 - Expenditure between Before & After Annex: A. 4 Domestic Amenities & Appliances

Before After Details Yes No Total Yes No Total 1. Hemia N % N % N % N % N % N % 1. T.V. 5 14.3 30 85.7 35 100.0 17 48.6 18 51.4 35 100.0 2. VCR 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 1 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 3. Radio 28 80.0 7 20.0 35 100.0 31 88.6 4 11.4 35 100.0 4. Electricitv 24 68.6 11 31.4 35 100.0 33 94.3 2 5.7 35 100.0 5. Telephone 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 6. Private Tap 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 7. Iron 6 17.1 29 82.9 35 100.0 13 37.1 22 62.9 35 100.0 8. Pressure Cooker 8 22.9 27 77.1 35 100.0 22 62.9 13 37.1 35 100.0 9. Rice Cooker 1 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 8 22.9 27 77.1 35 100.0 lO. Refrigerator 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 3 8.6 32 91.4 35 100.0 11. Fan 1 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 6 17.1 29 82.9 35 100.0 12. Heater 3 8.6 32 91.4 35 100.0 12 34.3 23 65.7 35 100.0 2. Lumle 1. T.V. 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 [00.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 2. VCR 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 3. Radio 19 . 67.9 9 32.1 28 100.0 17 60.7 11 39.3 28 100.0 4. Electricity 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 5. Telephone 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 6. Private Tap 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 7. Iron 2 7.1 26 92.9 28 100.0 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 8. Pressure Cooker 8 28.6 20 71.4 28 100.0 6 21.4 22 78.6 28 100.0 9. Rice Cooker 2 7.1 26 92.9 28 100.0 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 10. Refrigerator 1 3.6 27 96.4 18 100.0 0 0.0 ~lS 100.U 'lll 100.0 11. Fan 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 12. Heater I 3.6 27 96.4' 28 100.0 0 0.0 28 100.0 28 100.0 3. Tilahar 1. T.V. 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 2 5.7 33 94.3 35 100.0 2. VCR 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 3. Radio 31 88.6 4 11.4 35 100.0 32 91.4 3 8.6 35 100.0 4. Electricity 2 5.7 33 94.3 35 100.0 12 34.3 23 65.7 35 100.0 5. Telephone 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0

I 6. Private Tap 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 1 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 7. Iron 3 8.6 32 91.4 35 100.0 7 20.0 2S SO.O 35 100.0 8. Pressure Cooker 17 48.6 18 51.4 35 100.0 21 60.0 14 40.0 35 100.0 9. Rice Cooker 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 JOO.O 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 10. Refrigerator 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 3 8.6 32 91.4 35 100.0 11. Fan 1 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 I 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 0 0.0 35 100.0 35 100.0 I 2.9 34 97.1 35 100.0 1.....12. Beater -'- Annex: A.S FGD Outcomes

1. Hemja

Impact Areas Non-Impact Areas Positive Impacts • Education • Decrease in transportation costs • Market • Easy accessibility to sale local products • Drinking water • Use of contraception • Mills & small industries • Accessibility of communication Development Needs • Electrification • Employment generating activities • Arrival ofNGOs • Irrigation • Establishment of West em Rural Development Bank: • Cold storage • Establishment of Save the Children, US • Dairy/Chilling centre • Easy accessibility to health • Market arrangements • Save travel time • Training needs on agriculture, farming, knitting and taiiloring • Establishment of security post Viable Economic Activities Negative Impacts • Cash crops, cucumber, potato, ginger, onion, cauliflower, cabbage, gadey and peas • Migration • Horticulture - apple, orange • Increase in land cost • Animal feed industry • Increase in market price • Livestock and poultry farming • Influence offoreign culture and life style • Knitting and tailoring industries • Increasing pollution • Rice and flour mill provided if availability of electriciEv • Social deterioration • • Decrease in tourist arrival • Unemployment to Mule holders , Problems

• • No irrigation • Lack of veterinary service • Un-utilization of Agriculture Tools Corporation Centre • Increasing deforestation 3. TiIahar

Impact Area Non-Impact Areas Positive Impacts • Increase in number of schools • Increase the. number of schools and enrollment • Agricultural or cropping pattern • Literacy above the national average, 60-65% of males literacy, Development Activities 50-52% female literacy • Women's consciousness towards their right and their • Road extension as the present road is too narrow for two-way involvement in development and economic activities and crossing of vehicle formation of Mother's Club and women Saving Groups • Substantial time saving in traveling and carrying goods • Appropriate policy for settlement, especially in road side (transportation) • Easy accessibility to health, fertilizer and daily consumable items • Bridge in Modi Khola (50 m) • Market Development (shops and restaurants, hotels) • Bridge either in Dobilla or Phalebas • Adequate vegetable farming and fruit farming • North South feeder road which could make accessible to all VDCs • Increase in poultry and livestock farming • Improvement on existing health services • Arrival of Modi Khola Hydro Project Economic Activities Negative Impacts • Market arrangement for local products • Degradation of culture/religions • Horticulture farming and herbs farming • Increase in land price Rs. 5 thousand per yard to Rs. 40-50 • Vegetable farming thousand • Increase in the use of alcohol/liquors • Export radish and radish seeds as it is famous even in India • Increasing pollution and noise • Goat farming~ • Occupational change • Agriculture and vegetable product collection centre Problems • Livestock rearing and poultry farming • Road has contributed only to D.H.Q. and indeed the road has • Bee keeping, angora wool benefited to 10% areas of the district / 40 VDCs are still . deprived of road benefits . • Market problem to vegetable products • No bridJ in Modi river <"

------Negative Impacts Cold storage by providing government subsidies in energy • Degradation of culture/religions Horticulture farming and herbs farming • Diverting to fashion, non-respecting elders Vegetable farming • Increase in land price Rs. 5 thousand per yard to Rs. 40-50 Export radish and radish seeds as it is famous even in India thousand • Gradually prostitution is increasing Sheep farming, • Increase in the use of alcohol/liquors Agriculture and vegetable product collection centre • Un-trust to district hospital and excessive export of the patient Livestock rearing and poultry farming to Pokhara • Wastage of man-power due to political influence Bee keeping, angora wool • Increasing accident roads due to defective road design (narrow road and lack of settlement planning around road side) • No specific settlement plannim!; and lodges in the main road • Increasing pollution and noise • Occupational change Problems • Road has contributed only to D.H.Q. and indeed the road has benefited to 10% areas of the district /40 VDCs are still deprived of road benefits. • Market problem to vegetable products • Majority of people go to Pokhara for treatment • Decrease in food production in the D.H.Q. and positive economic and living standard change in limited areas • Educated people do not involve in agriculture • Wastage of drinking water • No bridge in Modi river • Lack of cold storage , • Lack of vocational school • Insignificant number of industries and lack of entrepreneurshi p 6. Myagdi

Impacts Areas Non-Impact Areas • Easy accessibility to fertilizer • Land use • Easy accessibility to health • Temporary migration for job in foreign countries, Hongkong, Indian Army • Easy in traveling and transportation • Education • Income in the registration of industries • Not accessible to hinterland • Increase in investment, loan Development Needs • Increase block (concrete block) industries Metal road, so that road could be utilized through out the year. At present, no accessibility in the rainy season. • Arrival of NGOs Potential Economi.c Activities and Needs Negative Impacts ". • Establishment of cold storage • Sexual harassment • Fruit processing industry • Decline in tourist flow • Tourism training and industry • No significant change from road • Paper industry (Lokta) • Unemployment problem to porters and mule-holders • Market arrangements from the government • Increase in land price from Rs. 2 thousand per yard to Rs. 45

thousand ...... Problems • Lack of markets for agricultural and industrial products • Road has not completed, just gravelin~ road, no metal road • No cold storage 2. Behaviour of friendship with 2.14 47.45 37.00 13.40 373 9 2.07 17.16 76.41 27.35 4.83 469 15 2.61 25.74 foreigners 3. Cheating habits and nOIl- 5.05 22.71 49.21 23.03 317 14 1.77 15.14 35.96 38,49 21.14 351 17 1.97 10.73 cooperative attitudes with

foreigners --- -- 4. Cooperative feeling with 34.68 44.51 18.88 1.93 519 1 2.87 29.29 64.74 9.25 0.77 - 540 8 3.03 4.05 neighbours 5. Security of foreigners ">5.75 62.17 9.26 2.82 497 2 2.89 29.78 67.61 7.24 1.01 525 9 3.05 5.63 6. Influence of foreign culture 16.35 34.33 35.42 13.90 367 10 2.12 30.52 70.30 28.34 2.18 482 13 2.77 31.34 and depletion of religion and culture 7. Cultural exchanges 7.18 46.92 ~5 12.05 390 7 2.15 10.26 74.62 28.21 4.87 460 16 2.54 17.95 Accessibility of education 2.06 50.90 32.39 14.65 389 8 2.07 39.07 87.15 17,48 0.77 562 4 2.99 44,47 8. -- 9. Schooling girls 20.24 33.98 33.73 12.05 415 5 2.21 72.29 62.89 10.60 0.24 606 1 3.28 46.02 10. Women's status 4.82 46.99 40.48 7.71 415 5 2.23 35.66 83.86 12.05 2.17 555 6 2.97 33.73 11. Attitudes toward Small family 6.95 43.18 40.20 9.68 403 6 2.18 64.52 72.21 7.94 1,49 589 2 3.20 46.15 12. Number of child 12.87 50.34 29.43 7.36 435 4 2.38 31.26 57.24 23.91 2.99 502 12 2.76 15.40 13. Use of contraceptives and 3.41 34.94 44.89 16.76 352 11 1.93 65.91 80.97 13.64 1.42 570 3 3.13 61.93 sterilization after fulfillment of child ---5 14. Accessibility in travelling 1.20 32.53 45.18 21.08 332 12 1.82 50.60 104.82 10.84 2.11 559 3.05 68.37 17.20 15. Fooding and clothing 11.0 I 57.80 26.61 4.59 436 3 ~L 37.61 61.93 16.51 l.l5 511 Il 2.97 16. Watching Cinema, Video, TV 4.18 27.18 35.54 33.10 287 15 1.64 72.47 76.31 30.66 2.79 ~3 10 2.95 82.23 17. Crowd and congestion 2,44 35.67 42.07 19.82 328 13 1.87 34.15 79.57 23.78 7.01 474 14 2.68 44.51 f---- 3. Health --. I. Pregnancy test 3.47 34.68 40,46 21.39 346 7 1.85 50.87 99.71 13.29 2.02 574 2 3.04 65.90 -- -- 2. Delivery practice at hospital 5.93 30.27 43.32 20.47 337 8 1.86 33.23 95.25 24.33 1.48 520 7 2.87 54.30 and health post 3. Immunization to child 5.96 46.15 38.21 9.68 403 1 2.19 63.52 74.44 7.94 0.74 591 1 3.23 46.65 4. Knowledge about MCH 2.24 33.61 50.42 13.73 357 3 1.97 39.22 102.52 11.76 1.12 552 3 3.03 54.62 5. Use of contraceptives for birth 3.90 29.22 38.96 27.92 308 9 1.72 64.94 89.61 20.78 1.95 546 4 3.03 77.27 spacing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 1.07 36.90 52.94 9.09 374 2 2.08 50.27 77.01 14.97 1.87 539 6 3.03 44.12 7. Health check UD 1.14 37.61 45.58 51 6 1.95 54.70 79.49 19.37 0.57 541 5 3.06 54.13 15.67. r---2 ---I---- 1---- 8. Accessibility to health facility 3.40 38.24 44.76 13.60 353 4 2.02 33.99 89.24 19.26 1.70 509 9 2.9\ 44.19 Oil and treatment time -- Availability of medicine 3,41 40.91 ~3.64 352 5 2.03 32.95 99.72 13.07 1.70 519 8 2.97 47.44 9. 42.05 -- --'------10. Government investment and 1.27 22.93 56.69 19.11 314 8 1.80 25.48 72.61 39.49 5.10 448 r-g 2.57 42.68 projects II. Availability of goods at any 1.18 38.94 40.71 19.17 339 4 1.89 4838 88.50 21.24 0.29 537 1 3.02 58.41 time ------6. Agriculture and I,and Use L Agricultural production and 10.03 39.10 43.61 7.27 399 1 2.24 18.05 67.67 34.59 0.50 482 7 2.69 20.80 productivity 2. Vegetable farming 3.23 44.47 39.89 12.40 371 2 2.08 58.22 68.73 18.33 1.08 543 3 3.07 4636 3. Use of chemical fertilizers 2.33 35.86 43.73 18.08 343 5 1.91 60.64 89.21 13.41 0.58 562 1 3.14 63.85 4. Use of improved seeds 1.20 27.84 58.68 12.28 334 8 1.95 75.45 77.25 12.57 030 553 2 3.23 65.57 5. Use of insecticides 1.19 19.58 65.88 1335 337 6 1.88 41.54 80.12 27.89 ,----l18 509 5 2.88 51.04 6. Deterioration of agriculture 1.19 41.19 38.81 18.81 335 7 1.91 35.82 74.33 25.67 537 473 8 2.72 41.19 land 7. Encroachment of government 3.92 22.55 49.67 -23.86 306 9 1.75 18.30 47.06 45.75 15.03 386 9 2.17 26.14 land 8. Cultivation of cash crop 336 36.97 45.94 13.73 357 4 2.01 31.37 96.64 19.61 1.12 531 4 2.92 48.74 9. Fruit farming 2.23 30.92 55.15 11.70 359 3 1.99 23.40 81.06 25.07 5.57 485 6 2.65 35.10 10. Herbs farming 3.27 20.82 28.57 47.35 245 10 1.44 3.27 30.61 18.78 50.61 253 10 1.45 3.21 Annex: A.8 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road (1) Hemja

Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi LQW Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic Aspects I. Decision rights to women 0.00 18.75 62.50 18.75 64 VII 1.78 14.81 66.67 18.52 0.00 108 VII 2.84 68.8 2 Women's participation in 0.00 29.17 63.89 6.94 72 V 2.06 20.87 70.43 8.70 0.00 115 IV 3.03 59.7 income generation activities 3 Women saving group 0.00 5.77 61.54 32.69 52 XII 1.53 15.69 67.65 15:69 0.98 102 IX 2.83 96.2 4 Improve in living standard 0.00 20.83 15.00 4.17 72 V 2.06 28.32 58.41 12.39 0.88 113 V 2.97 56.9 5 People's income level & 0.00 19.35 64.52 16.13 62 VIII 1.82 16.67 50.00 31.25 2.08 96 XII 2.59 54.8 employment opportunities 6 New economic opportunities 6.06 36.36 36.36 21.21 66 VI 1.89 22.64 53.77 22.64 0.94 106 VIII 2.79 60.6 7 Less employment opportunities 53.85 25.96 17.31 2.88 104 II J.97 57.89 33.55 7.89 0.66 152 I 3.30 46.2 8 Livestock rearing 55.56 38.89 1.85 3.70 108 I 3.18 0,00 57.83 40.96 1.20 83 XVI 2.44 (23.1) 9 Trade and business 6.56 4.92 68.85 19.67 61 IX 1.74 36.09 60.90 3.01 0.00 133 II 3.24 118.0 10 Industry 0.00 1731 42.31 40.3& 52 XII 1.49 25.00 28.13 45.83 1.04 96 XII 2.53 84.6 11 Banking facilities and loan 0.00 4.55 87.88 7.58 66 VI 1.89 0.00 90.00 10.00 0.00 100 X 2.86 51.5 facilities to industrialist 12 People's purchasing power 0.00 20.55 16.71 2.74 73 IV 2.09 21.82 62.73 14.55 0.91 110 VI 2.89 50.7 13 Intransit losses of conunodities 0.00 31j)3 44.83 24.14 58 XI 1.76 18.18 34.09 47.73 0.00 88 XV 2.51 51.7 14 Increase in the influx of 0.00 71.05 1&.42 10.53 76 III 2.30 17.02 54.26 27.66 1.06 94 XIII 2.69 23.7 Foreign tourist ___ ------15 Employment opportunities to r- 6.67 O.uO 76.67 16.67 60 X 1.76 8.99 64.04 22.47 4.49 89 XIV 2.54 48.3 local people in tourism industry 16 Skill development 0.00 0.00 66.67 33.33 51 XlIJ 1.50 25.00 40.63 31.25 3.13 96 XII 2.59 88.2 • opportunities 17 Duration of daily domestic 34.62 51.92 H.54 1.92 104 II 2.97 8.08 69.70 22.22 O.CO 99 XI 2.75 (4.8) works 18 Accessibility of domestic 0.00 _12.77 53,19 47 XIV 28.81 0.00 118 III 151.1 34.04 1.34 40.68 30.51 2~ ----- 5. Use of contraceptives for biJ1h 0.00 40.68 23.73 3559 59 V 1.64 79.25 19.81 0.94 0.00 212 I 3.72 259.3 ~acing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 0.00 23.68 71.05 5.26 76 I 2.05 65.93 32.97 0.00 110 182 II. 3.50 139.5 7. Health check up 0.00 37.50 52.78 9.72 72 IT 2.06 49.32 45.21 5.48 0.00 146 V 3.32 102.8 8. Accessibility to health facility 0.00 23.08 70.77 6.15 65 III 2.03 34.19 58.97 6.84 0.00 117 IX 3.16 80.0 and treatment on time 9. Availability of medicine 0.00 29.03 54.84 16.13 62 IV 1.88 39.67 49.59 9.92 0.83 121 VIII 3.10 95.2 4. Environment 1. Environment protection 0.00 45.57 48.10 6.33 79 VIII 2.19 15.24 60.00 24.76 0.00 105 VIII 2.76 32.9 2. Community forest 0.00 59.30 37.21 3.49 86 III 2.39 39.02 36.59 24.39 0.00 123 V 2.93 43.0 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 20.00 74.67 5.33 75 X 2.03 30.53 66.41 3.05 0.00 131 IV 3.20 74.7 4. Noise problem 8.33 12.50 25.00 54.17 48 XV 1:37 80.81 15.15 3.03 1.01 198 I 3.60 312.5 5. Air pollution 0.00 6.25 41.67 52.08 48 XV 1.33 72.34 25.53 1.06 1.06 188 n 3.55 291.7 • 6. De forestation 0.00 19.05 60.32 20.63 63 XIII 1.75 8.79 56.04 30.77 4.40 91 XI 2.46 44.4 7. Transformation of wildlife 0.00 57.14 38.10 4.76 84 IV 2.33 30.48 37.14 28.57 3.81 105 VIII 2.63 25.0 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 6.15 23.08 49.23 ?1.54 65 XII 1.81 9.30 55.81 25.58 9.30 86 XII 2.32 32.3 9. Land erosion 4.82 65.06 19.28 20.84 83 V 2.3\ 0.00 32.88 57.53 9.59 73 XVI 2.03 (12.0) 10. Land slide 4.76 57.14 30.95 7.14 84 IV 2.33 0.00 38.03 47.89 14.08 71 XVII \.97 (15.5) 11. Disposing garbage in open 4.88 54.88 34.15 6.10 82 VI 2.34 9.88 40.74 41.98 7.41 81 XIII 2.25 (1.2) place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 4.94 51.85 37.04 6.17 81 VII 2.31 10.53 43.42 31.58 14.47 76 XV 2.11 (6.2) 13. Problem of dispersed and 0.00 37.50 58.33 4.17 72 XI 2.18 8.70 65.22 26.09 0.00 92 X 2.71 27.8 unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration of historical and 0.00 10.34 68.97 20.69 58 XIV 1.71 43.24 21.62 34.23 0.90 III VII 2.78 91.4 cultural heritage 15. Conservation of historical and 31.46 30.34 31.46 6.74 89 II 2.47 24.49 33.67 38.78 3.06 98 IX 2.51 10.1 cultural monuments 16. Fatique 54.84 43.55 1.61 0.00 124 I 3.44 10.26 19.23 64.10 6.41 78 XIV 2.11 (37.1 ) 17. Respiratory diseases 12.70 28.57 31.75 26.98 63 XIll l.80 45.39 48.94 5.67 0.00 141 m 3.28 123.8 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 0.00 46.15 48.72 5.13 78 IX 2.23 27.35 58.97 13.68 0.00 117 VI 3.00 50.0

5. Development ~ I People and women's 0.00 20.55 73.97 5.48 73 II 2.03 26.02 65.85 8.13 0.00 123 V 3.08 68.5 participation in development activities ...... , '~,.1Ir

Annex: A.S Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(2) Lumle

Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic Aspects 1. Decision rights to women 0.00 12.00 68.00 20.00 50 VI 1.72 9.76 65.85 24.39 0.00 82 II 2.73 64.0 2 Women's participation in 0.00 12.77 63.83 23.40 47 VIII 1.68 0.00 87.34 12.66 . 0.00 79 III 2.82 68.1 income generation activities 3 Women saving group 0.00 0.00 61.54 38.46 39 XIV 1.44 0.00 73.77 13.11 13.11 61 VIII 2.26 56.4 4 Improve in living standard 0.00 13.64 54.55 31.82 44 X 1.57 10.13 64.56 25.32 0.00 79 III 2.72 79.5 5 People's income level & 0.00 0.00 60.00 40.00 40 XIII 1.43 0.00 73.97 24.66 1.37 73 IV 2.61 82.5 employment opportunities 6 New economic oIJportunities 0.00 0.00 60.00 40.00 40 XIII 1.43 0.00 65.22 31.88 2.90 69 VI 2.46 72.5 7 Less employment opportunities 0.00 34.62 46.15 19.23 52 IV 1.86 0.00 59.09 36.36 4.55 66 VII 2.36 26.9 8 Livestock rearing 0.00 16.67 74.07 9.26 54 1II 1.93 19.51 51.22 29.27 0.00 82 II 2.73 . 51.9 9 Trade and business 0.00 6.12 77.55 16.33 49 VII 1.75 13.79 10.34 65.52 10.34 58 IX 2.00 18.4 10 Industry 0.00 0.00 63.41 36.59 41 XlI 1.46 0.00 6.98 60.47 32.56 43 1.54 4.9 11 Banking facilities and loan 0.00 5.88 78.43 15.69 51 V 1.76 0.00 64.29 31.43 4.29 70 V 2.41 37.3 facilities to industrialist 12 Peo~le's purchasing power 0.00 0.00 65.12 34.88 43 XI 1.48 0.00 60.00 37.14 2.86 70 V 2.41 62.8 13 Intransit losses of commodities 32.00 6.00 36.00 26.00 50 VI 1.85 0.00 31.91 46.81 21.28 47 XIII 1.81 (6.0) 14 Increase in the influx of 0.00 55.38 43.08 1.54 65 I 2.41 63.72 18.58 15.93 1.77 113 I 3.14 73.8 Foreign tourist 15 Employment opportunities to 0.00 25.86 68.97 5.17 58 II 2.07 0.00 23.08 61.54 15.38 52 XI 1.86 (10.3) local people in tourism industry 16 Skill development 0.00 0.00 69.T! 30.23 43 XI 1.54 0.00 10.71 85.71 3.57 56 X 2.00 30.2 opportunities 17 Duration of daily domestic works 0.00 13.04 60.87 26.09 46 IX 1.64 0.00 12.77 63.83 23.40 47 XIII 1.68 2.2 5. Use of contraceptives for birth 0.00 0.00 13.33 86.67 30 IX 1.07 9.41 8US 9.41 0.00 85 IV 2.93 183.3 spacing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 0.00 0.00 69.77 30.23 43 I 1.54 25.81 61.29 12.90 0.00 93 I 3.00 116.3 7. Health check up 0.00 0.00 19.35 80.65 31 VIII 1.11 25.81 64.52 8.60 1.08 93 I 3.00 200.0 8. Accessibility to health facility 0.00 0.00 40.00 60.00 35 V 1.25 10.67 64.00 21.33 4.00 75 ViI 2.59 114.3 and treatment on time 9. Availability of medicine 0.00 0.00 35.29 64.71 34 VI 1.21 0.00 76.00 24.00 0.00 75 vn 2.68 120.6 4. Environment 1. Environment protection 0.00 0.00 30.30 69.70 33 XIV 1.18 0.00 68.57 28.57 2.86 70 IV 2.50 112.1 2. Community forest 0.00 20.00 44.44 35.56 45 IX 1.55 0.00 69.86 27.40 2.74 73 HI 2.52 62.2 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 0.00 35.29 64.71 34 XIII 1.21 10.00 71.25 17.50 1.25 80 II 2.76 135.3 4. Noise problem 0.00 7.14 57.14 35.71 42 X 1.50 0.00 68.18 24.24 7.58 66 VI 2.36 57.1 5. Air pollution 0.00 54.55 25.45 20.00 55 V 1.96 0.00 62.26 11.32 26.42 53 X 1.89 (3.6) 6. Deforestation 0.00 12.00 76.00 '12.00 50 VII 1.85 0.00 51.92 26.92 21.15 52 XI 1.93 4.0 7. Transfonnation of wildlife 0.00 0.00 31.25 68.75 32 XV 1.19 0.00 0.00 36.36 63.64 33 XIV 1.22 3.1 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 0.00 57.69 15.38 26.92 52 VI 1.86 0.00 0.00 19.35 80.65 31 XV l.ll (40.4) 9. Land erosion 0.00 7.50 50.00 42.50 40 Xl 1.43 0.00 6.00 80.00 14.00 50 XII 1.79 25.0 10. Land slide 0.00 0.00 57.89 42.11 38 XII 1.41 0.00 0.00 85.71 14.29 49 XIII 1.75 28.9 II. Disposing garbage in open 35.44 37.97 25.32 1.27 79 I 2.82 0.00 68.85 16.39 14.75 61 VIII 2.18 (22.S) place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 11.94 40.30 44.78 2.99 67 II 2.39 0.00 51.92 23.08 25.00 52 Xl 1.86 (22.4) 13. Problem of dispersed and 0.00 5.36 92.86 1.79 56 IV 2.00 0.00 42.86 53.97 3.17 63 VII 2.25 12.5 unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration of historical and 0.00 0.00 96.15 3.85 52 VI 1.93 0.00 52.38 44.44 3.17 63 vn 2.33 21.2 cultural heritage 15. Conservation of historical and 0.00 0.00 83.33 16.67 48 VIII 1.71 0.00 56.52 43.48 0.00 69 V 2.46 43.8 cultural monuments 16. Fatique 0.00 29.51 68.85 1.64 61 III 2.18 9.76 73.17 17.07 0.00 82 I 2.83 34.4 17. Respiratory diseases 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 56 IV 2.00 0.00 56.52 43.48 0.00 69 V 2.46 23.2 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 0.00 5.77 84.62 9.62 52 VI 1.86 0.00 60.00 26.67 13.33 60 IX 2.14 15.4 5. Development 1. People and women's 0.00 0.00 6.90 93.10 29 VII 1.04 0.00 100.0 0.00 0.00 84 I 3.00 189.7 • participation in development 0 activities ------Annex: A.8 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(3) Tilahar

Details Before After clJo High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic Aspects 1. Decision rights to women 0.00 7.69 20.51 71.79 39 XIV LI8 10.81 12.16 75.68 1.35 74 IX 2.18 89.7 2 Women's participation in 0.00 24.19 48.39 27.42 62 VI 1.68 0.00 23.68 73.68 2.63 76 VII 2.11 22.6 • income generation activities 3 Women saving group 0.00 7.32 19.51 73.17 41 XIII 1.17 0.00 14.75 68.85 16.39 61 Xl 1.79 48.8 4 Improve in living standard 0.00 39.71 55.88 4.41 68 V 2.19 0.00 78.57 21.43 0.00 84 V 2.71 23.5 5 People's income level & 0.00 0.00 42.86 57.14 42 XII 1.27 0.00 35.59 40.68 23.73 59 XII 1.79 40.5 employment opportunities 6 New economic opportunities 0.00 6.98 41.86 5LI6 43 XI 1.34 0.00 32.14 46.43 21.43 56 XIII 1.81 30.2 7 Less employment opportunities 0.00 5.26 77.19 17.54 57 VII 1.73 0.00 9.52 85.71 4.76 63 X 1.97 10.5 8 Livestock rearing 13.33 60.00 26.67 0.00 90 II 2.73 26.37 23.08 50.55 0.00 91 IV 2.53 LI 9 Trade and business 50.00 12.50 22.22 15.28 72 III 2.32 55.81 39.53 3.10 1.55 129 I 3.31 79.2 10 Industry 8.89 0.00 48.89 42.22 45 X 1.45 13.11 0.00 75.41 l1A8 61 XI 1.91 35.6 11 Banking facilities and loan 11.11 16.67 72.22 0.00 72 III 2.25 24.74 52.58 22.68 0.00 97 III 2.85 34.7 facilities to industrialist 12 People's purchasing power 0.00 4.84 87.10 8.06 62 VI 1.88 0.00 48.00 50.67 1.33 75 VIII 2.34 21.0 13 Intransit losses of commodities 0.00 60.00 28.57 11.43 70 IV 2.19 0.00 69.23 28.21 2.56 78 VI 2.52 11.4 14 Increase in the influx of 0.00 0.00 74.51 25.49 51 IX 1.59 0.00 11.54 65.38 23.08 52 XIV 1.68 2.0 Foreign tourist 15 Employment opportunities to 0.00 0.00 21.62 78.38 37 XV 1.12 0.00 0.00 40.00 60.00 40 XV 1.25 8.1 local people in tourism industry 116 Skill dev~l.opment 15.38 0.00 57.69 26.92 52 VIII 1.68 21.62 20.27 51.35 6.76 74 IX 2.24 42.3 opportumties ,

3. Immunization to child 0.00 67.06 32.94 0.00 85 I 2.58 53.69 46.31 0.00 0.00 149 I 3.47 75.3 4. Knowledge about MCH 0.00 45.57 50.63 3.80 79 IV 2.26 7.48 86.92 5.61 0.00 \07 III 2.97 35.4 5. Use of contraceptives for birth 0.00 9.84 78.69 11.48 61 VII 1.85 8.89 66.67 22.22 2.22 90 VIII 2.65 47.5 spacing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 0.00 49.32 49.32 1.37 73 VI 2.35 42.48 45.13 12.39 0.00 113 II 3.14 54.8 7. Health check up 0.00 49.37 50.63 0.00 79 IV 2.39 29.91 58.88 11.21 0.00 \07 III 3.06 35.4 8. Accessibility to health facility 4.88 51.22 41.46 2.44 82 II 2.41 15.38 69.23 15.38 0.00 \04 V 2.89 26.8 and treatment on time 9. Availability of medicine 0.00 58.44 36.36 5.19 77 V 2.33 0.00 93.55 4.30 2.15 93 VII 2.82 20.8 4. Environment 1. Environment protection 0.00 40.30 53.73 5.97 67 XI 2.16 9.41 52.94 37.65 0.00 85 VII 2.58 26.9 2. Community forest 0.00 69.51 21.95 8.54 82 II 2.34 7.62 82.86 9.52 0.00 \05 I 2.92 28.0 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 32.43 62.16 5.41 74 VII 2.11 0.00 69.23 30.77 0.00 91 IV 2.60 23.0 4. Noise problem 0.00 29.51 55.74 14.75 61 XIV 1.91 0.00 40.54 59.46 0.00 74 XIV 2.31 21.3 5. Air pollution 0.00 13.85 76.92 9.23 65 XII 1.91 8.25 74.23 16.49 1.03 97 II 2.77 49.2 6. Deforestation 4.94 66.67 22.22 6.17 81 III 2.45 0.00 53.16 45.57 1.27 79 XI 2.39 (2.5L 7. Transformation of wildlife 0.00 5.77 73.08 21.15 52 XIV 1.68 0.00 37.50 50.00 12.50 64 XVI 2.00 23.1 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 0.00 60.87 20.29 18.84 69 IX 2.03 0.00 73.17 17.07 9.76 82 X 2.34 18.8 9. Land erosion 0.00 63.38 28.17 8.45 71 VIII 2.29 0.00 85.71 11.90 2.38 84 VIII 2.71 18.3 10. Land slide 0.00 66.67 32.10 1.23 81 III 2.53 8.42 78.95 12.63 0.00 95 III 2.88 17.3 11. Disposing garbage in open 0.00 82.14 16.67 1.19 84 I 2.71 0.00 59.21 39.47 1.32 76 XII 2.45 (9.5) place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 4.76 71.43 23.81 0.00 84 [ 2.71 37.21 27.91 2558 9.30 86 VI 2.46 2.4 13. Problem of dispersed and 0.00 63.75 32.50 3.75 80 IV 2.42 0.00 75.90 19.28 4.82 83 IX 2.52 3.8 unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration ofhistQrical and 0.00 51.56 43.75 4.69 64 XIII 2.29 0.00 58.21 35.82 5.97 67 XV 2.31 4.7 cultural heritage 15. Conservation of historical and 0.00 67.50 30.00 2.50 80 IV 2.50 9.52 67.86 16.67 5.95 84 VIII 2.55 5.0 cultural monuments 16. Fatique 25.32 34.18 37.97 2.53 79 V 2.55 0.00 50.70 45.07 4.23 71 XIII 2.29 (IO.I) 17. Respiratory diseases 0.00 64.00 29.33 6.67 75 VI 2.34 0.00 84.27 15.73 0.00 89 V 2.78 18.7 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 5.88 44.12 41.18 8.82 68 X 2.1.9 0.00 81.18 18.82 0.00 85 VII 2.74 25.0 5. Develo~ment 1. People and women's 0.00 6.12 61.22 32.65 49 VIII 1.53 19.75 18.52 61.73 0.00. 81 III 2.38 65.3 ------Annex: A.S Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(4) Shivalaya

Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Challge 1. Economic Aspects l. Decision rights to women 6.06 27.27 45.45 21.21 66 XII 1.83 53.99 42.33 3.68 0.00 163 III 3.40 147.0 2 Women's participation in 0.00 21.82 65.45 12.73 55 XVI 1.90 58.39 37.23 4.38 0.00 137 VIII 3.43 149.1 income generation activities 3 Women saving group 0.00 53.42 41.10 . 5.48 73 VIII 2.28 36.70 57.80 5.50 0.00 109 XIV 3.21 49.3 4 Improve in living standard 6.35 47.62 41.27 4.76 63 XIV 2.33 62.02 34.88 3.10 0.00 129 XI 3.49 104.8 5 People's income level & 0.00 46.88 46.88 6.25 64 XIII 2.21 55.38 41.54 3.08 0.00 130 X 3.42 103.1 employment opportunities 6 New economic opportunit~es 6.06 36.36 54.55 3.03 66 XII 2.28 54.55 40.91 4.55 0.00 132 IX 3.38 100.0 7 Less employment opportunities 6.45 38.71 48.39 6.45 62 XV 2.21 25.53 57.45 17.02 0.00 94 XV 2.94 51.6 8 Livestock rearing 5.26 63.16 28.95 2.63 76 VII 2.53 63.77 21.74 14.49 0.00 138 VII 3.29 81.6 9 Trade and business ILl 1 45.83 38.89 4.17 72 IX 2.40 71.79 26.92 1.28 0.00 156 V 3.63 116.i 10 Industry 16.90 33.80 45.07 4.23 71 X 2.37 60.61 36.36 3.03 0.00 132 IX 3.47 85.9 11 Banking facilities and loan 0.00 47.56 46.34 6.10 82 IV 2.22 60.76 32.28 6.33 0.63 158 IV 3.36 92.7 facilities to industrialist 12 People's purchasing power 5.00 52.50 40.00 2.50 80 VI 2.42 62.65 36.14 1.20 0.00 166 II 3.53 107.5 13 Intransit losses of comn:odities 13.19 69.23 13.19 4.40 91 II 2.68 11.94 40.30 32.84 14.93 67 XVI 2.09 (26.4) 14 Increase in the influx of 54.74 28.42 10.53 6.32 95 I 2.88 51.38 19.27 23.85 5.50 109 XIII 2.73 14.7 Foreign tourist 15 Employment opportunities to 26.67 56.67 8.89 7.78 90 III 2.65 48.00 15.00 32.00 5.00 100 XIV 2.63 lU local people in tourism industry 16 Skill development 16.67 29.17 47.22 6.94 72 IX 2.25 65.75 32.88 1.37 0.00 146 VI 3.56 102.8 opportunities 17 Duration of daily domestic 9.88 59.26 24.69 6.17 81 V 2.45 53.78 22.69 23.53 0.00 119 XU 3.05 46.9 works ~-- 5. Use of contraceptives for birth 6.45 43.55 32.26 17.74 62 VII 2.00 52.,;5 45.99 1.46 0.00 137 vrr 3.43 121.0 spacing 1---: r--- 6. Treatment practice at hospital 0.00 3750 53.13 9.38 64 YI 2.06 41.38 51.72 6.90 0.00 116 VIII 3.22 81.3 7. Health check up 0.00 31.34 59.70 8.96 67 V 2.03 73.62 20.25--- c----6.13 0,00 163 IV 3.54 143.3 8. Accessibility to health facility 5.80 43.48 46.38 4.35 69 IV 2.30 68.87 29.80 1.32 0,00 151 VI 3.60 118.8 and treatment on time 9. A vailability of medicine 12.50 42.19 34.38 10.94 64 VI 2.21 71.34 26.75 1.27 0.64 157 V 3.57 145.3 ~-- 4. Environment I. Environment protection 6.45 24.19 51.61 17.74 62 XI 1.88 86.15 13.85 0:00 0.00 195 II 3.82 214.5 2. Community forest 0.00 26.79 46.43 26.79 56 XV 1.70 88.46 11.54 0.00 0.00 208 I 3.85 271.4 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 46.15 41.03 12.82 78 V 2.05 71.01 23.08 5.92 0.00 ' 169 1II 3.52 116.7 4. Noise problem 0.00 11.11 74.07 14.81 54 XVII 1.80 36.04 54.05 9.01 0.90 III IX 3.08 105.6 5. Air {)ollution 0.00 20.69 62.07 17.24 58 XIV 1.81 59.06 32.21 8.05 0.67 149 IV 3.31 156.9 6. Deforestation 10.81 40.54 45.95 2.70 74 VII 2.39 54.96 34.35 10.69 0.00 131 V 3.28 77.0 7. Transformation of wildlife 6.67 15.00 63.33 15.00 60 XII 1.88 0.00 59.15 28.17 12.68 71 XVII 2.15 18.3 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 0.00 10.91 16.36 55 1.77 52.75 19.78 17.58 9.89 91 XIV 2.60 65.5 72.73 XVI -- ,..------i----- 9. Land erosion 0.00 47.37 47.37 5.26 76 VI 2.24 30.19 'SO.94 15.09 3.77 106 XI 2.79 39.5 i ---:--' 10. Land slide 6.15 23.08 55.38 15.38 65 X 1.91 10.13 64.56 10.13 15.19 79 XVI 2.26 21.5 I II. Disposing garbage in open 45.83 21.88 31.25 1.04 96 II 2.82 43.64 43.64 5.45 7.27 110 X 2.82 14.6 ! place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 32.99 58.76 8.25 0.00 97 r 3.13 49.56 39.82 7.08 3.54 1I3 VIII 3.05 16.5 13. Problem of dispersed and 5.13 69.23 25.64 0.00 78 V 2.69 41.38 51.72 6.90 0.00 116 VII 3.22 48.7 unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration of historical and 0.00 40.68 54.24 5.08 59 XIII ~9_.1 11.94 49.25 35.82 2.99 67 XVIII 2.48 13.6 cultural heritage ------15. Conservation of historical and 37.21 41.86 18.60 2.33 86 IV 2.87 51.20 43.20 4.80 0.80 125 VI 3.29 45.3 cultural monuments 16. Fatique 22.47 64.04 13.48 0.00 89 III 2.97 32.00 48.00 20.00 0.00 100 XII 2.94 12.4 17. Respiratorydiseases 5.88 52.94 38.24 2.94 68 IX 2.43 30.00 41.25 22.50 6.25 80 XV 2.58 17.6 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 28.17 2958 36.62 5.63 71 VIII 2.45 42.55 44.68 4.26 85l 94 XfII 2.76 32.4 5. Development 11. People and women's 0.00 42.25 53.52 4.23 71 IV 2.22 65.41 32.08 2.52 0.00 159 V 3.53 123.9 participation in development . activities ------Annex: A.S Cbanges in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the POkbara-BaglungRoad

(5) Baglung

Details Before After 0/0 High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic A~l!ects 1. Decision rights to women 0.00 10.34 34.48 55,17 29 IX 1.32 13.79 62,07 17.24 6.90 58 IV 2.52 100.0 2 Women's participation in 0.00 0.00 78.79 2121 33 VI 1.65 0.00 70,59 23.53 5,88 51 VIII 2.43 54.5 income generation activities 3 WOlDen saving group 0.00 10.34 41.38 48.28 29 IX 1.38 0.00 7925 15.09 5.66 53 VI 2.52 82.8 4 Improve in living standard 0.00 0.00 58.33 41.67 24 XII 1.41 0.00 70.21 21.28 8.51 47 XI 2.35 95.8 5 People's income level & 0.00 20.69 27.59 51.72 29 IX 1.38 0.00 35,71 47.62 16.67 42 XIII 1.91 44,8 employment opportunities 6 New economic opportunities 0.00 12.50 16,67 70.83 24 XII 1.20 0,00 16.67 6Lll 22.22 36 XV 1.71 50.0 7 Less employment opportunities 9,09 54.55 22.73 13.64 44 III 2.20 17.78 26,67 44.44 ILl 1 45 XII 2.14 2.3 8 Livestock rearing 0,00 73.33 13.33 13.33 45 II 225 0.00 24.32 59.46 1622 37 1.85 (17.8) 9 Trade and business 0.00 16.67 66.67 16.67 36 V 1.80 34.78 47.83 11.59 5.80 69 III 2.76' 91.7 10 Industry 0.00 10.00 60.00 30.00 30 vm 1.58 14.81 66.67 7.41 11.11 54 VI 2.45 80,0 11 Banking facilities and loan 0.00 50.00 33.33 16.67 36 V 2.00 73.47 18.37 4.08 4,08 98 I 3.27 172.2 facilities to industrialist 12 People's purchasing power 0.00 29.03 45,16 25,81 31 VII 1.72 0.00 76.60 12.77 10.64 47 XI 2.35 51.6 13 Intransit lOSSeS of commodities 62.75 5.88 15.69 15.69 51 I 2.43 0.00 43.90 39,02 17.07 41 XIV 1.95 (19.6} . 14 Increase in the influx of 0.00 12.00 24.00 64.00 25 XI 1.25 0.00 73.47 16.33 10.20 49 IX 2.33 96.0 Foreign tourist 15 Employment opportunities to 0,00 11.54 23.08 65.38 26 X 1.24 0.00 75.00 12.50 12.50 48 X 229 84,6 local people in tourism industry 16 Skill development 0.00 10.00 40,00 50.00 30 VIII 1.36 0,00 84.21 10,53 526 57 V 2.59 90.0 opportunities , ..~ " 17 Duration ofdaily domestic works 58.54 7,32 14,63 19.51 41 IV 228 0.00 67.35 24.49 8,16 49 IX 2.33 19.5 , 18 Accessibility of domestic appliallces 0.00 11.54 30.77 57:69 26 X 1.30 74.23 15.46 8.25 2.06 97 II 3.34 273.1 .~. spacing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 0.00 16.67 55.56 27.78 36 II 1.64 0.00 63.83 25.53 10.64 47 VI 2.24 30.6 7. Health check up 0.00 22.22 14.81 62.96 27 VI L29 0.00 67.92 30.19 1.89 53 III 2.52 96.3 8. Accessibility to health facility 0.00 33.33 0.00 66.67 27 VI L29 0.00 70.59 23.53 5.88 51 V 2.43 88.9 and treatment on time 9. A vailability of medicine 0.00 15.38 71.79 12.82 39 I 1.86 0.00 81.82 14.55 3.64 55 I 2.62 41.0 4. Environment 1. Environment protection 0,00 1154 23.08 65.38 26 IX 1.24 0.00 23.08 66,67 10,26 39 VIII 1.95 50.0 2, Community forest 0.00 10.34 34.48 55.17 29 VII 1.32 0.00 67.35 24.49 8.16 49 IV 2.33 69.0 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 11 11 29.63 59.26 27 VIII 1.29 0.00 63.83 25.53 10.64 47 V 2.24 74.1 4. Noise problem 0.00 0.00 33.33 66.67 24 X l.20 0.00 23.08 66.67 10.26 39 IX 1.95 62.5 5. Air pollution 0.00 11.54 23.08 65.38 26 IX 1.24 0.00 17.14 57.14 25.71 . 35 XI 1.67 34.6 6. Deforestation 0.00 73.47 12.24 14.29 49 II 2.23 0.00 14.29 76.19 9.52 42 VIII 1.91 (14.3) 7. Transformation of wildlife 0.00 0.00 30.77 69.23 26 IX 1.18 72.73 3.41 18.18 5.68 88 I 2.93 238.5 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 0.00 0.00 37.04 62.96 27 VIII 1.23 0.00 18.18 42.42 39.39 33 XII 1.50 22.2 9. Land erosion 0.00 55.81 23.26 20.93 43 III 1.95 0.00 62.50 25.00 12.50 48 VI 2.18 11.6 10. Land slide 0.00 0.00 74.29 25.71 35 IV 1.59 0.00 16.22 64.86 18.92 37 X 1.76 5.7 11. Disposing garbage in open 67.92 5.66 11.32 15.09 53 I 2.52 0.00 69.23 23.08 7.69 52 II 2.36 (1.9) place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 67.92 5.66 11.32 15.09 53 I 2.52 0.00 26.67 66.67 6.67 45 VII 2.05 (\5.1 ) 13. Problem of dispersed and 0.00 9.68 64.52 25.81 31 VI 1.63 0.00 63.46 30.77 5.77 52 II 2.36 67.7 unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration of historical and 0.00 0.00 47.62 52.38 21 XIII 1.31 0.00 22.22 29.63 48.15 27 XIII 1.42 28.6 cultural heritage 15. Conservation of historical and 0.00 60.00 11.43 28.57 35 IV 1.84 0.00 66.00 24.00 10.00 50 [II 2.27 42.9 cultural monuments 16. Fatique 37.50 0.00 31.25 31.25 32 V 1.78 0.00 64.86 16.22 18.92 37 X 2.06 15.6 17. Respiratory diseases 0.00 0.00 26.09 73.91 23 XI 1.15 0.00 11.11 29.63 59.26 27 XIII 1.29 17.4 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 0.00 0.00 9.09 90.91 22 XI 1.05 0.00 0.00 30.77 69.23 26 XIV U8 18.2 5. Development 1. People and women's 0.00 0.00 84.21 15.79 38 n 1.73 0.00 66.10 33.90 0.00 59 VI 2.57 55.3 participation in development activities 2. Expansion of market 0.00 0.00 89.47 10.53 38 II LSI 73.47 6.12 20.41 0.00 98 II 3.27 157.9 --~------... Annex: A.8 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(6) Arthunge

------Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic Aspects I. Decision rights to women 29.47 56.84 10.53 3.16 95 II 2.88 74.73 23.08 2.20 0.00 182 I 3.64 91.6 2 Women's participation in 37.5D 50.00 10.42 2.08 96 I 3.00 77.27 17.05 5.68 0.00 176 II 3.59 83.3 income generation activities 3 Women saving group 0.00 25.53 59.57 14.89 47 XI 1.88 12.90 53.23 25.81 8.06 62 XVI 2.38 31.9 4 Improve in living standard 0,00 75.00 22.50 2.50 80 VI 2.58 66.21 26.90 6.90 0.00 145 VII 3.45 81.3 5 People's income level & 0.00 59.21 39.47 1.32 76 VIII 2.45 52.46 34.43 13.11 0.00 122 IX 3.21 60.5 employment opportunities 6 New economic opportunities 0.00 51.43 45;71 2.86 70 IX 2.33 58.06 29.03 12.90 0.00 124 VIII 3.26 77.1 7 Less employment opportunities 25.00 56.25 15.00 3.75 80 VI 2.76 27.59 48.28 20.69 3.45 87 XIV 2.72 8.8 8 Livestock rearing 40.45 43.82 13.48 2.25 89 III 2.97 45.71 37.14 15.24 1.90 105 XI 3.00 18.0 9 Trade and business 4.76 82.14 11.90 1.I9 84 IV 2.80 73.17 25.61 1.22 0.00 164 IV 3.64 95.2 10 Industry s.n 51.43 37.14 5.71 70 IX 2.33 45.71 37.14 15.24 1.90 105 XI 3.00 50.0 U Banking facilities and loan 0.00 80.90 17.98 1.12 89 III 2.70 62.34 35.06 2.60 0.00 154 VI 3.50 73.0 facilities to industrialist 12 People's purchasing power 0.00 63.75 35.00 1.25 80 VI 2.50 51.61 33.87 14.52 0.00 124 VIII 3.18 55.0 13 Intransit losses of commodities 5.00 78.75 12.50 3.75 80 VI 2.67 0.00 69.57 23.19 7.25 69 XV 2.38 (13.8) 14 Increase in the influx of 0.00 69.51 29.27 1.22 82 V 2.56 76.19 14.29 9.52 0.00 168 III 3.50 104.9 Foreign tourist 15 Employment opportunities to D.OO 47.83 46.38 5.80 69 X 2.23 38.83 46.60 11.65 2.91 103 XII 2.94 49.3 local people in tourism industry 16 Skill development opportunities 0.00 52.17 40.58 7.25 69 X 2.23 50.45 35.14 10.81 3.60 III X 3.00 60.9 17 Duration of daily domestic works 19.05 67.86 11.90 1.19 84 IV 2.90 17.98 67.42 13.48 LI2 89 XIII 2.87 6.0 18 Accessibility of domestic appliances 0.00 62.34 36.36 1.30 77 VII 2.48 70.89 22.78 6.33 0.00 158 V 3.51 105.2 ~-

spacing 6. Treatment practice at hospital 4.88 65.85 29.27 0.00 82 I 2.65 77.27 17.05 5.68 0.00 176 II 3.59 114.6 7. Health check up 5.33 52.00 42.67 0.00 75 V 2.50 79.53 12.28 8.19 0.00 171 III 3.56 128.0 8. Accessibility to health facility 5.33 52.00 42.67 0.00 75 V 2.50 54.96 34.35 10.69 0.00 131 VIII 3.28 74.1 and treatment on time 9. A vailability of medicine 5.26 63.16 31.58 0.00 76 IV 2.62 53.73 44.78 1.49 0.00 134 VI 3.44 76.3 4. Environment 1. Environment protection 5.80 43.48 49.28 1.45 69 XIV 2.38 43.64 38.18 18.18 0.00 110 VII 3.06 59.4 2. Community forest 0.00 44.78 50.75 4.48 67 XVI 2.23 61.54 25.38 12.31 0.77 130 III 3.25 94.0 3. Cleanliness in community 0.00 52.38 41.27 6.35 63 XVII 2.25 43.24 45.95 10.81 0.00 III VI 3.17 76.2 4. Noise problem 0.00 63.38 33,80 2.82 71 XII 2.45 34.78 45.65 15.22 4.35 92 XII 2.79 29.6 i 5. Air pollution 0.00 60.00 37.14 2.86 70 XHI 2.41 50.00 34.82 14.29 0.89 112 V 3.11 60.0 6. Deforestation 0.00 75.00 25.00 0.00 80 VIII 2.67 30.48 60.00 9.52 0.00 105 X 3.09 31.3 7. Transformation of wildlife 0.00 48.53 50.00 1.47 68 XV 2.34 34.78 35.87 28.26 1.09 92 XII 2.79 35.3 8. Deterioration of scenic beauty 0.00 62.50 33.33 4.17 72 XI 2.40 41.67 31.25 25.00 2.08 96 XI 2.82 33.3 9. Land erosion 9.20 79.31 11.49 0.00 87 V 2.90 54.96 38.93 6.11 0.00 131 II 3.36 50.6 10. Land slide 21.98 69.23 8.79 0.00 91 III 3.03 54.14 42.86 3.01 0.00 133 I 3.41 46.2 11. Disposing garbage in open 39.13 48.91 10.87 1.09 92 II 3.07 0.00 54.93 42.25 2.82 71 XVII 2.37 (22.8) place 12. Faecing hitter & thither 32.99 52.58 14.43 0.00 97 I 3.03 22.22 16.67 50.00 lUI 72 XVI 2.12 (25.8) 13. Problem of dispersed and 4.76 71.43 23.81 0.00 84 VI 2.71 9.76 54.88 34.15 1.22 82 XIV 2.56 (2.4) unplanned settlements 14. Deterioration of historical and 0.00 52.94 41.18 5.88 68 XV 2.27 30.38 34.18 27.85 7.59 79 XV 2.47 16.2 cultural heritage 15. Conservation of historical and 0.00 73.97 24.66 1.37 73 X 2.61 57.14 33.33 9.52 0.00 126 IV 3.32 72.6 i cultural monuments I 16. Fatique .4.55 81.82 13.64 0.00 88 IV 2.84 29.91 58.88 11.21 0.00 107 VIII 3.06 21.6 17. Respiratory diseases 4.94 70.37 24.69 0.00 81 VII 2.70 45.28 3Ll3 22.64 0.94 106 IX 2.94 30.9- 18. Problems of heart, eye and TB 0.00 74.03 25.97 0.00 77 IX 2.66 27.27 51.l4 20.45 1.14 88 XIII 2.84 14.3 5. Development 1. People and women's participation 0.00 59.21 39.47 1.32 76 V 2.45 62.41 27.66 9.93 0.00 141 VI 3.36 85.5 in development activities 2. Expansion of market 0.00 73.08 25.64 1.28 78 III 2.60 80.90 16.85 2.25 0.00 178 I 3.71 128.2 3. Development activities 0.00 54.17 44.44 1.39 72 VII 2.40 76.43 13.38 10.19 0.00 157 V 3.49 118.1 Annex: A. 9 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(1) Hemja

Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Cbange 1. Economic Aspects 1. Unemployment 52.83 31.13 13.21 2.83 106 I 3.03 77.84 16.22 4.32 1.62 185 I 3.49 74.5 2. Land price 6.67 15.00 56.67 21.67 60 III 1.76 32.52 63.41 3.25 0.81 123 III 3.15 105.0 3. Market price of essential 0.00 54.22 40.96 4.82 83 II 2.31 52.63 39.47 7.89 0.00 152 II 3.30 83.1 commodities 2. Social Aspects 1. Population growth 14.12 35.29 49.41 U8 85 II 2.43 20.87 70.43 8.70 0.00 115 II 3.03 35.3 2. Migration 13.11 24.59 36.07 26.23 61 VII 1.79 42.11 28.95 28.07 0.88 114 III 2.85 86.9 3. Increase in houses 10.00 22.50 65.00 2.50 80 III 2.22 32.26 60.48 6.45 0.81 124 I 3.10 55.0 4. Child marriage, multi-wives, 59.26 19.44 16.67 4.63 108 I 2.92 19.75 22.22 44.44 13.58 81 VII 2.08 (25.0) 5. Prostitution, Drug addicts, 0.00 15.79 52.63 31.58 57 VIII 1.58 38.46 25.96 28.85 6.73 104 IV 2.54 82.5 social discriminates 6. Crime rate '0.00 4.76 79.37 15.87 63 VI 1.75 23.53 55.88 13.73 6.86 102 V 2.62 61.9 7. Ethnic dispute 0.00 18.46 67.69 13.85 65 V 1.86 0.00 33.33 44.44 22.22 63 VIII 1.80 (3.1) 8. Discrimination in clothing and 5.71 42.86 28.57 22.86 70 IV 1.89 37.65 28.24 9.41 24.71 85 VI 2.07 21.4 fooding between son and daughters 3. Health 1. Maternal Mortality 4.40 62.64 32.97 0.00 91 II 2.60 10.13 34.18 45.57 10.13 79 II 2.14 (13.2) 2. Infant MOitality 0.00 57.83 40.96 1.20 83 III 2.44 11.43 25.71 48.57 14.29 70 III 2.00 (15.7) 3. Treatment by faith healers 58.12 3333 8.55 0.00 117 I 3.34 0.00 18.18 69.70 12.12 66 IV 1.89 (43.6) 4. Decrease in mortality 0.00 32.43 64.86 2.70 74 IV 2.18 22.22 63.89 12.96 0.93 108 I 2.92 45.9 I Annex: A.9 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-Baglung Road

(3) Tilahar

Details Before After % High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Cbange 1. Economic Aspects ----- 1. Unemployment ILl 1 3.17 1.06 189 3.63 107.7 61.54 13.19 24.18 1.10 91 II 3.03 84.66 III -- 2. Land price 53.01 18.07 19.28 9.64 III 2.59 92.86 536 1.79 0.00 224 I 3.86 169.9 .~ ------3. Market price of essential 53.06 27.55 18.37 1.02 9& I 3.06 91.00 7.11 1.90 0.00 211 II 3.84 1I53 commodities ------2. Social Aspects 1. Population growth 61.54 38.46 0.00 0.00 117 I 3.55 71.51 28.49 0.00 0.00 179 II 3.65 53.0 2. Migration 50.00 23.86 18.18 7.95 88 III 2.67 73.56 20.69 5.75 ,0.00 174 III 3.55 97:Ii 3. Increase in houses 39.60 32.67 21.72 0.00 WI II 2.89 84.02 15.07 0.91 0.00 219 I 3.78 116.8 4. Child marriage, multi-wives, 0.00 59.21 34.21 6.58 76 VII 2.30 22.54 16.90 45.07 15.49 71 VII 2.03 (6:§L 5. Prostitution, Drug addicts, 0.00 73.26 23.26 3.49 86 V 2.53 7.92 83.17 7.92 0.99 101 V 2.89. 17.4 social discriminates 6. Crime rate 45.98 24.14 20.69 9.20 87 IV 2.56 67.97 23.53 6.54 1.96 153 IV 333 75.9 7. Ethnic dispute 6.78 0.00 74.58 18.64 59 VIII 1.74 0.00 10.53 66.67 22.81 57 VIII 1.68 (3.4) 8. Discrimination in Clothing and 0.00 65.85 34.15 0.00 82 VI 2.56 9.41 74.12 9.41 7.06 85 VI 2.58 3.7 fooding between son and daughters ----- 3. Health 1. Maternal Mortality 5.71 38.57 48.57 7.14 70 III 2.19 0.00 W.91 69.09 20.00 55 III 1.72 (21.4) 2. Infant Mortality 0.00 35.82 56.72 7.46 67 IV 2.09 0.00 10.91 ·69.09 20.00 55 III 1.72 (17.9) 3. Treatment by faith healers 0.00 41.77 58.23 0.00 79 II 2.32 0.00 5.36 71.43 23.21 56 II 1.65 (29.1) 4. Decrease in mortality 76.60 I 2.76 9.41 60.00 23.53 7.06 85 I 2.43 (9.6) 4.26 ----19.15 0.00 94 Annex: A.9 Changesin Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After Construction of the Pokhara-BaglungRoad

(5) Baglung

Details Befor~ After 0/0 HiJ;!h Medi Low NegU Total Rank MSc High Medi Low Negli Total Rank MSc Change 1. Economic Aspects 1. Unemployment 16.00 54.00 12.00 18~OO 50 I 2.17 46.38 21.74 23.19 8.70 69 III 2.56 38.0 2. Land price 13.33 10.00 26.67 50.00 30 III 1.43 89.60 7.20 0.00 3.20 125 I 3.57 316.7 3. Market price of essential 10.53 4737 21.05 21.05 38 II 2.00 83.48 7.83 5.22 3.48 115 II 3.38 202.6 commodities .-r-- - - 2. Social Aspects 1. Population growth 61.02 5.08 23.73 1011 59 I 2.57 30.77 57.69 10.26 1.28 78 III 3.00 32.2 2. Migration 21.62 24.32 16.22 37.84 37 II 1.68 80.67 10.08 8.40 0.84 119 I 3.50 221.6 3. Increase in houses 11.43 8.57 45.71 3429 35 III 1.59 7934 14.88 4.96 0.83 121 II 3.56 245.7 4. Child marriage, multi-wives, 0.00 0.00 75.86 24.14 29 VI 1.61 0.00 63.16 21.05 15.79 38 V 2.11 31.0 5. Prostitution, Drug addicts, 0.00 20.00 26.61 5333 30 V 1.36 - 0.00 25.00 44.44 30.56 36 VI 1.64 , 20.0 social discriminates r- 6. Crime rate 0.00 8.82 64.71 26.47 34 IV 1.62 0.00 29.27 58.54 12.20 41 IV 1.95 20.6 7. Ethnic dispute 0.00 21.43 28.57 50.00 lAO 0.00 30.00 26.67 43.33 30 1.50 7.1 28 r-----VII VIII 8. Discrimination in clothing and 0.00 10.34 41.38 48.28 29 VI 1.38 0.00 1935 38.71 41.94 31 VII 1.48 6.9 fooding between son and daughters 3. Health --_. c--- -- 1. Maternal Mortality 0.00 40 II 100.0 0.00 10.00 90.00 20 IV LOS 0.00 60.00 25.00 15.00 -- 2.11 2. Infant Mortality 0.00 0.00 19.05 80.95 21 III 1.11 0.00 58.54 29.27 12.20 41 I 2.16 95.2 i 3. Treatment by faith healers 66.67 0.00 8.33 25.00 48 I 2.18 0.00 0.00 70.59 29.41 34 III 1.55 (29.2) 4. Decrease in mortality 0.00 22.22 29.63 48.15 27 J[ 1.42 0.00 51.22 39.02 9.76 41 I 2.16 51.9 Annex: A.10 Literacy (Before)

~r7""-~~'~-. Areal Illiterate Literate Total Education N % N % N % 1. Hem.ia Male 6 6.9 81 93.l 87 100.0 Female 23 39.7 35 60.3 58 100.0 Total 29 20.0 116 80.0 145 100.0 2. Lumle Male 14 25.9 40 74.1 54 100.0 Female 18 45.0 22 55.0 40 100.0 Total 32 34.0 62 66.0 94 100.0 3. Tilahar Male 6 10.0 54 90.0 60 100.0 Female 14 21.9 50 78.1 64 100.0 Total 20 16:1 104 83.9 124 100.0 .4. Shivalaya Male 11 15.3 61 84.7 72 100.0 Female 19 29.7 45 70.3 64 100.0 Total 30 22.1 106 77.9 136 100.0 5. Baglung Male 6 i 10.3 52 89.7 58 100.0 Female 16 i 36.4 28 63.6 44 100.0 Total 22 21.6 80 78.4 102 100.0 !6. Arthunge IMale 2 3.4 57 96.6 59 100.0 Female 8 17.0 39 83.0 47 100.0 Total 10 9.4 96 90.6 106 100.0 Total (1-6) Male 45 11.5 345 88.5 390 100.0 Female 98 30.9 219 69.1. 317 100.0 l Total J 143 20.2 564 79.8 707 100.0 'Annex: A.10.1 Change in Literacy Rate

Details Illiterate Literate ! Education Before After %·Change Before After % Change I 1. Hem.ia i Male 6.9 3.4 (50.7) 93.1 96.6 3.8 I • Female 39.7 27.2 (31.5) 60.3 72.8 20.7 Total 20.0 14.7 (26.5) 80.0 85.3 ! 6.6 2. Lumle i I Male 25.9 6.3 I (75.7) 74.1 93.8 26.6 Female I 45 31.8 (29.3) 55 68.2 24.0 Total 34.0 17.8 (47.6) i 66.0 82.2 24.5 3. Tilahar Male 10.0 9.8 (2.0) I 90.0 90.2 0.2 i Female 21.9 29.9 36.5 78.1 70.1 (10.2) i Total 16.1 19.5 21.1 83.9 80.5 (4.1) 4. Sbivalaya I Male 15.3 6.6 (56.9) 84.7 93.4 I 10.3 I Female 29.7 16.3 (45.1) 70.3 83.7 19.1 Total 22.1 11.3 (48.9) i 77.9 88.7 I 13.9 5. Baglung I I Male 10.3 i 16.5 60.2 89.7 83.5 (6.9) I I Female 36.4 I 18.6 (48.9) 63.6 81.4 28.0 Total 21.6 I 17.4 (19.4) 78.4 82.6 5.4 • 6. Arthunge

! Male 3.4 8.3 144.1 96.6 91.7 (5.1) I Female 17.0 24.4 43.5 83.0 75.6 (8.9) Total 9.4 15.9 69.1 90.6 84.1 (7.2) Total (1-6) I Male 11.5 8.4 (27.0) 88.5 91.6 3.5 I Female 30.9 24.5 (20.7) 69.1 75.5 9.3 Total 20.2 16.0 (20.8) 79.8 , 84.0 5.3 I Annex: A.IO.I Education Status (After) Area Simply Primary Lower Secondary Certificate Graduate Post Total Literate Secondary Graduate N Ojo N % N % N % N % N °jo N % N % 1. Hemja , Male 14 16.3 10 11.6 15 17.4 8 9.3 23 26.7 11 12.8 5 5.8 86 100.0 Female 9 15.3 8 13.6 12 20.3 5 8.5 15 25.4 7 11.9 3 5.1 59 100.0 Total 23 15.9 18 12.4 27 18.6 13 9.0 38 26.2 18 12.4 8 5.5 145 100.0 2. Lumle Male 22 29.3 18 24.0 10 13.3 6 8.0 12 16.0 4 5.3 / 3 4.0 75 100.0 Female IS 40.0 10 222 7 15.6 4 8.9 5 ]1.1 I 2.2 0 0.0 45 100.0 Total 40 33 28.0 23.3 17.0 14.2 10.0 8.3 17.0 14.2 5.0 4.17 3.0 2.5 120 100.0 3. Tilahar Male 14 18.9 22 29.7 18 24.3 8 10.8 8 10.8 3 4.1 I 1.4 74 ]00.0 Female II 20.4 19 35.2 12 22.2 5 9.3 6 11.1 I 1.9 0 0.0 54 100.0 Total 25 20 41.0 32 30.0 23.4 13.0 10 14.0 10.9 4.0 3.13 1.0 0.78 128 100.0 4. Shivalaya Male 38 44.7 11 12.9 10 11.8 7 8.2 8 9.4 7 8.2 4 4.7 85 100.0 Female 31 43.1 13 18.1 9 12.5 7 9.7 5 6.9 4 5.6 3 4.2 72 100.0 Total 69 44 24.0 15.3 19.0 12.1 14.0 8.9 13.0 8.28 11.0 7.01 7.0· 4.46 157 100.0 5. Baglung Male 20 2S.2 15 21.1 11 15.5 7 9.9 11 15.5 5 7.0 2 2.8 7] 100.0 Female 19 33.3 13 22.8 8 ]4.0 5 8.S 8 14.0 3 5.3 I 1.8 57 100.0 Total 39 30 28.0 21.9 19.0 14.8 12.0 9.4 19.0 14.8 8.0 6.25 3.0 2.34 128 100.0 6. Arthunge Male 19 21.6 17 19.3 19 21.6 14 15.9 11 12.5 5 5.7 3 3.4 88 100.0 Female 16 24.6 14 21.5 16 24.6 8 12.3 8 12.3 2 3.1 1 1.5 65 100.0 i Total 35 23 31.0 20.3 35.0 22.9 22.0 14 19.0 12.4 7.0 4.58 4.0 2.61 153 100.0 Total (1-6) Male 127 26.5 93 19.4 83 17.3 50 lOA 73 ]5.2 35 7.3 18 3.8 479 100.0 Female 104 29.5 77 21.9 64 18.2 34 9.7 47 13.4 18 5.1 8 2.3 352 100.0 Total 231 28 170 20.5 147 17.7 84.0 10 120 14.4 53.0 6.38 26.0 3.13 831 100.0 i Annex: A.ll Occupation (Before)

Occupation Hernia Lumle Tilahar Shivalava Ba~lung Arthunge Total N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 1. Agriculture Male - 43 49.4 20 37.0 10 16.7 22 30.6 11 19.0 9 15.3 115 29.5 --- Female 36 62.1 17 42.5 18 28.1 41 64.1 10 22.7 16 34.0 138 43.5 Total 79 54.5 37 39.4 28 22.6 63 46.3 21 20.6 25 23.6 253 35.8 -~------f----- 2.-Livestock Farming r------~ ---- Miile 3 3.4 12 22.2 5 8.3 7 9.7 7 12.1 2 3.4 36 9.2 Female 5 8.6 16 40.0 2 3.1 4 6.3 9 20.5 0 0.0 36 11.4 Total 8 5.5 28 29.8 7 5.6 11 8.1 16 15.7 2 1.9 72 10.2 3. Shop Male 1 1.1 1 1.9 0 0.0 5 6.9 6 10.3 2 3.4 15 3.8 Female 2 3.4 1 2.5 0 0.0 3 4.7 5 11.4 ---- 1 2.1 12 3.8 3 - 2.1 2 2.l 0 0.0 8 5.9 11 10.8 3 2.8 27 3.8 Total ------4. Business Male 2 2.3 1 1.9 6 10.0 11 15.3 6 10.3 39 66.1 65 16.7 Female 1 1.7 0 0.0 5 7.8 10 15.6 4 9.1 20 42.6 40 12.6 Total 3 2.1 1 1.1 1l 8.9 21 15.4 10 9.8 59 55.7 105 14.9 - -- 5. Industry --- -- Male 2 2.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 2.8 1 1.7 0 0.0 5 1.3 Female 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.6 Total 3 2.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 2.2 I 1.0 0 0.0 7 1.0 -- -- 6. Labour Male 7 8.0 3 5.6 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 3.1 -- Female 4 6.9 1 2.5 0 0.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 1.9 ------~----- 7.6 4 4.3 2 1.6 1 0.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 18 2.5 Total n -,- 7. Govt. Service Male 7 8.0 4 7.4 6 10.0 8 11.1 3 5.2 1 1.7 29 7.4 ------Female 2 3.4 2 5.0 _2 3.1 0 0.0 I 2.3 0 0.0 7 2.2 Total 9 6.2 6 6.4 8 6.5 8 5.9 4 3.9 1 0.9 36 5.1 Annex: A.ll Occupation (After)

------,- Occupation Hemja Lumle THahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total 0/0 change N 0/0 N % N 0/0 N % N 0/0 N % N % 1. Agriculture Male 39 43.8 31 38.8 16 19.5 26 28.6 17 20.0 9 8.2 138 25.7 ( 12.9) Female 49 60.5 24 36.4 14 18.2 44 51.2 14 20.0 9 12.5 154 34.1 (21.6) Total 88 51.8 55 37.7 30 18.9 70 39.5 31 20.0 18 9.9 292 29.5 (17.6) 2. Livestock Farming Male 4 4.5 15 18.8 8 9.8 4 4.4 6 7.1 5 4.5 42 7.8 (15.2) Female 8 9.9 24 36.4 5 6.5 3 3.5 9 12.9 1 1.4 50 ILl (2.6) Total 12 7.1 39 26.7 13 8.2 7 4.0 15 9.7 6 3.3 92 9.3 (8.8) 3. Shop Male 2 2.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 3.3 9 10.6 9 8.2 23 4.3 13.2 Female 3 3.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 I 1.2 7 10.0 7 9.7 18 4.0 5.3 Total 5 2.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 2.3 16 10.3 16 8.8 41 4.1 7.9 4. Business Male 5 5.6 6 7.5 12 14.6 20 22.0 12 14.1 51 46.4 106 19.7 18.0 Female 3 3.7 2 3.0 13 16.9 18 20.9 10 14.3 37 51.4 8-.} 18.4 46.0 Total 8 4.7 8 5.5 25 15.7 38 21.5 22 14.2 88 48.4 189 19.1 28.2 5. Industry Male 4 4.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 4.4 2 2.4 2 1.8 12 2.2 69.2 Female 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 I 0.2 (66.7) Total 4 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 2.8 2 1.3 2 1.1 13 1.3 30.0 6. Labour Male 4 4.5 4 5.0 3 3.7 2 2.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 2.4 (22.6) Female 3 3.7 2 3.0 2 2.6 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 1.8 (5.3) Total 7 4.1 6 4.1 5 3.1 3 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 21 2.1 (16.0) Male 12 13.5 6 7.5 25 30.5 21 23.1 22 25.9 19 17.3 105 19.6 21.0 Female 7 8.6 7 10.6 34 44.2 16 18.6 21 30.0 16 22.2 101 22.3 . 16.1 Total 19 11.2 13 8.9 59 37.1 37 20.9 43 27.7 35 19.2 206 20.8 18.9 Total (1-15) Male 89 100.0 80 100.0 82 100.0 91 100.0 85 100.0 110 100.0 537 100.0 .

Female 81 100.0 66 100.0 77 100.0 86 100.0 70 100.0 72 100.0 452 100.0 I

Total 170 100.0 146 100.0 159 100.0 177 100.0 155 100.0 182 100.0 989 100.0 i Annex: A.13 Reasons for Migration

Details Hemja Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total N % N % N % N % N % N 0/0 N % L Better location - - 1 50.0 I 7.7 1 100.0 -- 4 57.1 7 28.0 2. Well economic benefit 1 100.0 - - 5 38.5 - - 1 100.0 3 42.9 10 40.0 3. To change family occupation I 100.0 1 50.0 7 53.8 - - - - 5 71.4 14 56.0 4. Education for the children - - - - 5 38.5 1 100.0 - - I 14.3 7 28.0 5. Health facility ------1 100.0 - - 2 28.6 3 12.0 6. Saving in travel time & - - - - 1 7.7 ------1 4.0 money ----- '---.... 1 1---.. 7. Saving in travel time & 100.0 1 50.0 3 23.1 ------5 20.0 money in business Total 1 100.0 2 100.0 13 100.0 1 100.0 1 100.0 7 100.0 25 100.0

Annex: A.14 Income Generating Activities (Before)

------Details Hernia Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total N % % % ----- N % N % N % N N 0/0 N 1. Agriculture 31 88.6 25 89.3 25 78.1 10 50.0 12 36.4 6 18.2 109 60.2 ----- 2. Service 13 37.1 7 25.0 13 40.6 5 25.0 11 33.3 2 6.1 51 28.2 3. Business 2 5.7 2 7.1 5 15.6 5 25.0 11 33.3 27 81.8 52 28.7 4. Teaching 2 ··5.7 2 7.1 2 6.3 1 5.0 1 3.0 - 8 4.4 ..- 5. Livestock farming 3 8.6 2 7.1 ------5 2.8 ....._---_ ... - _.._---_. 7. House rent ------2 6.1 2 l.l ------.._- 8. Industry 1 2.9 - - - - 1 5.0 2 6.1 - - 4 2.2 Total 35 100.0 28 100.0 32 100.0 20 100.0 33 100.0 33 100.0 181 100.0 NS -- - - 3 8.6 13 39.4 1 2.9 1 2.9 18 9.0 -_. . .. _ ...._. -_. Total Responses 35 28 32 91.4 20 60.6 33 97.1 33 97.1 181 91.0 35 100.0 28 100.0 35 100.0 33 100.0 34 100.0 34 100.0 199 100.0 '-- Total Annex: A.16 Average Investment in Physical Facilities

Areas House Sl:Iop Land Purchase Vehicle Purchase No Investment Total N % N % N % N % N % N % ------I. Hemia 2 5.7 12 34.3 1 2.9 7 20.0 13 37.1 35 100.0 --- 2. Lumle '" 10.7 15 53.6 1 3.6 0 0.0 9 32.1 28 100.0 3. Tilahar 4" 11.4 7 20.0 5 14.3 7 20.0 12 34.3 35 100.0 4. Shivalaya 3 9.1 12 36.4 6 18.2 4 12.1 8 24.2 33 100.0 -- I------5. Baglung 3 8.8 6 17.6 7 20.6 12 35.3 6 17.6 34 100.0 --- 6. Arthunge 1 2.9 3 8.8 2 5.9 10 29.4 18 52.9 34 100.0 Total 16 8.0 SS 27.6 22 11.1 40 20.1 66 33.2 199 100.0 Annex:A.20 Monthly Family Income (In Rupees) Areas Refm"e After % Change in Mean Family Income Mean SD Mean SD 1. Hemja 1,801 1,200 4,959 6,101 175.3 2. Lumle 2,400 2,242 3,627 2,326 51.1 3. Tilahar 3,647 7,052 6,788 10,209 86.1 4. Shivalaya 2,927 2,573 7,653 9,274 161.5 5. Baglung 4,790 3,658 6,131 4,668 28.0 6. Arthunge 9,507 11,895 22,326 39,818 134.8 Total .. 4,395 6,836 8,929 19,031 103.2

L_ Mean . __ =',179 _L--.. 8,581 .

Annex: A.21 Availability of Toilet

Before After I % Areas Yes I No Total Yes No Total • Clian ge N I % IN % N 0/0 N % N % N 0/0 1. Hernia 28 I 80.0 I 7 20.0 35 100.0 34 97.1 I 2.9 35 100.0 2. Lumle 22 78.6 28 100.0 20 71.4 8 28.6 28 100.0 13 39.4 33 100.0 27 81.8 . 6 18.2 33 100.0 8.6 35 100.0 32 91.4 3 8.6 35 100.0 5. 17.6 34 100.0 33 97.1 I 2.9 34 100.0 6. 34 100.0 199 100.0 Annex: A.2S Disposal of Waste

• Areas Open Space No Particular Burn Dump in Total Places Pit A. Before N 0/0 N 0/0 N % N % N 0/0 l. Hemja 4 1 104 1 2.9 2 5.7 28 80.0 35 100.0 ,.., 2. Lumle 13 46.4 12 42.9 - .) 10.7 28 100.0 .., - .J. Tilahar 9 27.3 1 3.0 7 21.2 16 48.5 33 100.0 I 4. Shivalaya 8 2:4... 9 4 ItA • - - 23 65.7 35 100.0 5. Baglung 6 17.6 - - 23 67.6 5 14.7 34 100.0 6. Arthunge 4 11.8 2 5.9 2 5.9 26 76.5 34· 100.0· Total 44 22.1 20 10.1 34 17.1 101 50.8 199 100.0 i B. After

1.. Hemja - - 1 2.9 ! 2 5.7 32 91.4 35 100.0 ....') Lumle 3 10.7 2 7.1 3 10.7 20 71.4 28 100.0 I 3. Tilahar - - 1 3.0 8 24.2 24 72.7 • 33 100.0 I 4. Shivalaya 6 17.1 - - 3 8.6 26 74.3 35 100.0 5. Baglung 1 2.9 1 2.9 21 61.8 11 32.4 34 100.0 I 6. Arthunge 4 11.8 - . 3 8.8 27 79.4 34 100.0 ! Total 14 7.0 5 2.5 40 20.1 140 70.4 199 100.0 C. % Change 1. Hernia - - - 14.3 - . 2. Lumle (76.9) (8304) 567.3 - .., - .J. Tilahar - - 14.2 49.9 ! - 4. Shivalaya (25.3) - - 13.1 - 5. Baglung (83.5) - (8.6) 12004 - . 6. Arthunge - - 49.2 3.8 - Total (68.3) (75.2) 17.5 38.6 - I - J '-- I Annex: A.28 Total Amount of Loan

'------f"'- - - " .1 Before After Areas Local Bank Local Bank % i Merchant Merchant Change Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD 1. Hemia 100000 200000 5000 8367 127500 187150 76000 110454 27.5 . 2. Lumle - - - - 50000 -- - - 3. Tilahar 23333 29439 - - 83730 77043 - . 258.8 4. Shivalaya 70000 - 32500 17678 70000 . 80600 78306 . 5. Baglung 98125 126602 194375 344128 123125 180455 203125 179024 25.5 . 6. Arthunge 55833 80026 87368 89975 181333 263070 164286 90240 224.8 I Total 82381 151992 131059 138416 105950 131002 , , 28.6

Annex: A.29 Investment in Fixed Deposit and Loan to People

Areas Yes No Total N % N % N % L Hernja 2 5.7 ! 33 94.3 35 100.0 2. Lurnle 1 3.6 27 96.4 28 100.0 3. Tilahar 1 3.0 32 97.0 33 100.0

! 4. Shivalaya 5 14.3 30 85.7 35 100.0 5. Baglung 1 2.9 33 97.1 34 100.0 6. Arthunge 6 17.6 i 28 82.4 34 100.0 ,_ Total 16 183 L.92.0 199 100.0 '---- 8.0 .1 -

Annex: A.30 Mean Investment

, Fixed Deposit Loan to Local People I Amount Profit Amount Profit I 1. Hernia 70,500.00 8,500.00 33,000.00 10,000.00 j 2. Lumle 33,500.00 4,300.00 18,650.00 5,600.00 I 3. Tilahar 30,555.00 3,950.00 45,000.00 13,500.00 4. Shivalaya 132,500.00 17,500.00 76,500.00 25,200.00 5. Baglung 129,560.00 16,500.00 66,486.00 20,650.00 . 6. Arthunge 110,000.00 13,700.00 59,000.00 19,500.00

1 Mean . 84,435.83 .. L 10,741.67 ~.... 49,772.67 '---- 15,741&,7 I Annex: A.33 Details of Livestock I Areas Before After 0/0 1. Hemja Sum Mean N Min. Max Sum Mean N Min. Max. Change ... I. Oxen 10 1 10 1 1 8 3 .J 1 1 (20.0) 2. Cow 6 1 5 1 2 10 2 5 1 2 66.7 .J.'" Buffalo 53 2 26 I 5 77 .J'" 24 1 5 45.3 4. Goat 544 42 13 I 500 657 60 11 1 5 20.8 5. Chicken 521 130 4 10 400 1098 549 2 99 999 110.7 6. Sheep 15 15 1 15 15 21 21 1 5 5 40.0 7. Duck 5 5 1 5 5 9 3 3 1 3 80.0 Total 1154 19 60 1 4 1880 41 46 2 6 62.9 2. Lumle I. Oxen 16 1 13 1 2 24 2 15 1 3 50.0 2. Cow 2 1 2 1 1 10 3 3 1 3 400.0 .J.'" Buffalo 43 2 22 1 5 55 2 24 1 5 27.9 4. Goat 54 3 20 I .J'" 124 5 26 1 7 129.6 5. Chicken 45 3 14 1 3 103 4 24 1 5 128.9 Total 160 2 71 2 4 316 3 92 3 5 97.5 3. Tilahar 1. Oxen 24 2 15 1 2 30 3 10 1 2 25.0 2. Cow 39 4 9 1 3 58 58 1 I I 48.7 .J.'" Buffalo 36 2 22 1 5 65 5 13 1 .J'" 80.6 4. Goat 55 4 15 I 5 102 9 12 1 5 85.5 5. Chicken 215 22 10 2 99 411 41 10 2 99 91.2 6. Duck 10 2 5 1 2 14 5 3 1 2 40.0 Total 379 5 76 2 6 680 14 49 3 7 79.4 4. ShivaJaya I. Oxen 29 2 18 1 2 27 2 17 1 2 (6.9) 2. Cow 13 1 11 I 2 8 1 7 1 2 (38.5) .J.'" Buffalo 32 1 24 I 3 35 2 7'"_.J I 3 9.4 4. Goat 4 1 3 I 2 10 3 3 1 2 150.0 5. Chicken 51 5 11 I 10 220 20 11 1 35 331.4 6. Duck 20 4 5 1 5 39 7 6 1 20 95.0 Total 149 2 72 2 4 339 5 67 2 5 127.5 5. Baglung I. Oxen 9 2 6 1 2 4 1 3 1 2 (55.6) 2. Cow 9 2 4 1 4 14 14 1 2 2 55.6 3. Buffalo 15 2 10 1 3 19 2 9 1 2 26.7 4. Goat 325 17 19 3 10 451 18 25 4 15 38.8 5. Chicken 54 5 11 4 7 142 7 19 4 4 163.0 Total 412 8 50 2 6 630 11 57 3 7 52.9 6. Arthunge I. Oxen 14 2 7 1 2 25 2 11 1 2 78.6 2. Buffalo 19 2 12 1 3 25 2 15 1 3 31.6 3. Goat 55 3 21 3 3 110 4 25 3 3 100.0 4. Sheep 21 4 6 21 21 33 4 9 6 6 57.1 5. Duck 8 8 I 8 8 J2 2 5 2 2 50.0 6. Pig 4 4 1 4 4 6 2 4 I 2 50.0 4 69 2 4 74.4 Total 121 3 - 48 2 211 3 Annex: A.35 Details of Agriculture and Livestock Product Sale

Before Hemja Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total Mean • 1. Milk CLtr) 558 455 650 750 660 300 3373 562 2. he/she Buffalo (Nos) 5 0 7 0 0 3 15 3 3. he/she Goat (Nos.) 15 20 45 5 6 4 95 16 4. Chickens (Nos.) 410 260 345 250 325 65 1655 276 5. Eggs (Nos.) 1100 845 992 456 1500 635 5528 921 6. Paddy (Qtl) 88 0 0 0 0 10 98 16 7. Wheat (Qtl) 19 0 0 0 5 24 4 8. Maize (Qtl) 45 82 65 50 35 25 302 50 9. Millet (Qtl) 15 23 35 11 15 9 108 18 10. Potato (Qtl) 462 95 80 75 335 150 1197 200 11. Soybean (Qtl) 26 0 9 11 25 8 79 13 12. Vegetables (QtI) 30 11 12 8 26 7 94 16 B. After I. Milk (Ltr) 805 614 914 1069 865 387 4655 776 2. he/she Buffalo (Nos) 7 2 10 5 1 4 29 5 3. he/she Goat (Nos.) 22 27 63 7 8 5 132 22 4. Chickens (Nos.) 592 346 485 356 426 84 2289 382 5. Eggs (Nos.) 1588 1158 1394 650 1967 820 7577 1263 6. Paddy (Qtl) 125 0 2 4 0 13 144 24 7. Wheat (Qtl) 27 3 9 6 7 0 51 9 8. Maize (Qtl) 65 110 91 71 46 32 415 69 9. Millet (Qtl) 22 31 49 16 20 12 149 25 10. Potato (Qtl) 653 125 112 107 439 194 1631 272 11. Soybean (Qti) 34 2 13 16 33 10 108 18 12. Vegetables (Qtl) 43 15 17 II 34 9 129 22 C. % Change I. Milk (Ltr) 44.3 34.9 40.6 42.5 31.1 29.0 38.0 38.1 2. he/she Buffalo (Nos) 40.0 0.0 42.9 0.0 0.0 33.3 93.3 66.7 3. he/she Goat (Nos.) 46.7 35.0 40.0 40.0 33.3 25.0 38.9 37.5 4. Chickens (Nos.) 44.4 33.1 40.6 42.4 31.1 29.2 38.3 38.4 5. Eggs (Nos.) 44.4 37.0 40.5 42.5 31.1 29.1 37.1 37.1 6. Paddy (Qtl) 42.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 46.9 50.0 7. Wheat (Qtl) 42.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 112.5 125.0 8. Maize (Qtl) 44.4 34.1 40.0 42.0 31.4 28.0 37.4 38.0 9. Millet (Qtl) 46.7 34.8 40.0 45.5 33.3 33.3 38.0 38.9 10. Potato (Qtl) 41.3 31.6 40.0 42.7 31.0 29.3 36.3 36.0 11. Soybean (Qtl) 30.8 0.0 44.4 45.5 32.0 25.0 36.7 38.5 12. Vegetables (Qtl) 43.3 36.4 41.7 37.5 30.8 28.6 37.2 37.5 Annex: A.37 Source of Treatment

Area Hospital Health Sub-sub Private ! Nursing Tradition Total I Post Health Clinic Home al Faith Post Healer A. Before N % N 0/0 N 0/0 N % N % N 0/0 N 0/0 I. Hemja 32 91.4 1 2.9 - · · . · - 2 5.7 35 100.0 12. Lumle 6 21.4 20 7L4 1 3.6 1 3.6 · - · - 28 100.0 3. Tilahar 6 18.2 26 78.8 · . - - - · · 1 3.0 33 100.0 i 4. Shivalaya 33 94.3 2 5.7 - · - - - · · - 35 100.0 I 5. Baglung 33 97.1 1 2.9 · - · - - - - - 34 100.0 100.0 i 6. Arthunge 30 88.2 2 5.9 1 2.9 1 2.9 - - - - 34 Total 140 70.4 52 26.1 2 1.0 2 1.0 - - 3 1.5 199 100.0

B. After ! I. Hemja 33 94.3 1 2.9 · - 1 2.9 - - - 35 100.0 . . 100.0 2. Lumle 5 17.9 22 78.6 - 1 3.6 - · - i 28 "I 100.0 J. Tilahar 15 45.4 17 51.5 · - · - - - 2 6.1 33 4. Shivalaya 35 100.0 . . · · - . - - · - 35 100.0 I 5. Baglung 33 97.1 - - - 1 2.9 - - - - 34 100.0 6. Arthunge 31 91.2 2 5.9 - - 1 2.9 - - - - 34 100.0 152 76.4 42 21.1 4 2.0 2 1.0 199 100.0 i I Total · - -

Annex: A.38 Time for Collecting Wood (In hours) Before After I Areas Mean SD Mean SD 1. Hemja 3.91 1.74 3.63 1.70

! 2. Lurnle 2.79 1.88 2.79 1.88 3. Tilahar 0.92 0.83 0.8J 0.78 4. Shivalaya 3,07 1.79 2.01 1.06 5. Baglung 3.41 1.58 4.00 1.32

6. Arthunge 4.50 3.50 5.67 6.21 ! Total 2.98 2.23 2.88 2.83

Annex: A.39 Time for Fetching Drinking Water (In Hours) Before After Areas Mean SD Mean SD 1. Hernja 0.69 0.37 0.26 0.31 2. Lurnle 0.23 0.07 0.23 0.07 i 3. Tilahar 0.48 1.73 0.09 0.05 14. Shiva[aya 0.45 0.45 0.08 0.05 ! I 5. Baglung 0.39 0.60 0.34 0.62 6. Arthunge 1.30 3.27 0.13 0.11 I Total 0.57 1.41 0.18 0.27 Annex: AAI Major Problems of the Areas

Details Hemja Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung Arthunge Total N % N % N % N % N % N % N % r-- 1. Lack of drinking water 34 34.7 0 0.0 15 24.2 1 3.8 18 22.0 5 8.9 73 17.9 2. Lack of irrigation 30 30.6 21 25.3 9 14.5 1 3.8 1 1.2 2 3.6 64 15.7 3. Unemployment 3 3.1 0 0.0 8 12.9 2 7.7 2 2.4 2 3.6 17 4.2 4. Lack of conservation 2 2.0 0 0.0 6 9.7 2 7.7 11 13.4 15 26.8 36 8.8 program for forest and environment 5. Population growth 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 4.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.7 6. Lack of skill development 3 3.1 0 0.0 3 4.8 1 3.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 1.7 program 7. Lack of drainage 5 5.1 0 0.0 4 6.5 0 0.0 22 26.8 2 3.6 33 8.1 8. Unplanned market 3 3.1 0 0.0 2 3.2 10 38.5 2 2.4 2 3.6 19 4.7. 9. Unplanned settlement 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.6 0 0.0 2 2.4 1 1.8 4 1.0 10. Lack of electricity I 1.0 18 21.7 2 3.2 0 0.0 11 13.4 0 0.0 32 7.9 II. Lack of trade 1 1.0 0 0.0 1 1.6 6 23.1 3 3.7 0 0.0 11 2.7 12. Lack of agricultural 10 10.2 28 33.7 1 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 39 9.6 technical manpower 13. Lack of dam 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 4.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 14.3 11 2.7 14. Lack of bridge 0 0.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 8 14.3 9 2.2 15. Lack of road expansion 6 6.1 15 18.1 4 6.5 3 11.5 10 12.2 11 19.6 49 12.0 Total 98 100.0 83 100.0 62 100.0 26 100.0 82 100.0 56 100.0 407 100.0 Annex: A.43 Reasons for Suggestion

Details Hemia Lumle Tilahar Shivalaya Baglung_ Arthunge Total N 0/0 N 0/0 N % N % N % N % N % 1. Dissemination of development 1 2.9 - - 1 16.7 1 11.1 3 23.1 4 17.4 10 10.5 2. Increase of employment 8 22.9 3 33.3 1 16.7 1 11.1 1 7.7 2 8.7 16 16.8 3. Upliftment of local people's living 4 11.4 ------4 4.2 standard 4. Increase in production 5 14.3 ------1 7.7 1 4.3 7 7.4 5. Increase in work efficiency & skill 1 2.9 - - 1 16.7 ------2 2.1 6. Fulfillment of demand of local 2 5.7 - - 1 16.7 1 11.1 1 7.7 2 8.7 7 7.4 market 7. To operate industty 2 5.7 ------1 4.3 3 3.2 8. To utilize local resources 1 2.9 - - 1 16.7 - - 6 46.2 2 8.7 10 10.5 9. To Explore potentiality of tourism ------1 4.3 1 1.1 10. To maximize the use ofland 1 2.9 ------1 4.3 2 2.1 11. For economic development 9 25.7 2 22.2 1 16.7 - - 1 7.7 6 26.1 19 20.0 12. For educational development 2 5.7 1 11.1 1 16.7 ------4 4.2 13. Not stated 2 5.7 3 33.3 1 16.7 8 88.9 4 30.8 6 26.1 24 25.3 35 100.0 9 100.0 6 100.0 9 100.0 13 100.0 23 100.0 95 100.0 Total '------Annex: A.46 Peoples Participation for Development Activities

Area Yes No Total N % N 0/0 N 0/0 1. Hemja 23 85.2 4 14.8 27 100.0 2. Lumle 25 100.0 - - 25 100.0 3. Tilahar 9 42.9 12 57.l 21 100.0 ..., 4. Shivalaya 26 89.7 .) 10.3 29 100.0 5. Baglung 19 79.2 5 20.8 24 100.0 6. Arthunge 8 32.0 17 68.0 I 25 100.0 .. Total 110 72.8 41 27.2 l 151 100.0

Annex: A.47 Types of Peoples Participation

Areas Peoples Land ! Trained/Skilled Investors Total ! Contribution Man lower N 0/0 N % N 0/0 N % N % 1. Hemja 23 100.0 12 52.2 7 30.4 . 5 2l.7 23 100.0 .2. Lumle 25 100.0 21 84.0 1 4.0 1 i 4.0 25 100.0 3. Tilahar 9 100.0 2 22.2 - - - - 9 100.0 i i 4. Shivalava 26 100.0 15 57.7 8 30.8 2 7.7 26 100.0 5. Baglung 19 100.0 i 14 73.7 2 10.5 1 ! 5.3 19 100.0 I 6. Arthunge I 8 100.0 5 . 62.5 - - - - 8 i 100.0 Total 110 • 100.0 69 62.7 18 16.4\ 9 8.2 110 100.0

• Annex: A.49 Changes in Socio-economic and Environmental Aspects After the Road Construction ofPokhara-Baglung (Total Score)

Details Before After % Change 1. Economic Aspect 1424 1911 34.2 2. Social Aspect 1452 2021 39.2 3. Health Aspects 773 1118 44.6 4. Environment Aspect 1496 1738 16.2 5. Development Aspects 699 1025 46.6 6. Agriculture and Land Use 751 1043 38.9 Total 6595 8856 34.3 Annex: A.Sl Negative Impact in Socio~economic and Environmental Aspects After the Road Construction ofPokhara-Baglung (Total Score)

Details Before After % Change A. Hem.ia 1. Economic Aspect 249 460 84.7 2. Social Aspect 589 788 33.8 3. Health Aspects 365 323 -11.5 Total 1203 1571 30.6 • B. Lumle

i 1. Economic Aspect 155 282 81.9 2. Social Aspect 385 379 -1.6 3. Health Aspects 227 231 1.8 Total 767 892 16.3 C. Tilahar 1. Economic Aspect 212 624 194.3 2. Social Aspect 696 1039 49.3 3. Health Aspects 310 251 -19.0 Total 1218 1914 57.1 D. Shivalaya 1. Economic Aspect 240 503 109.6

2. Social Aspect 556 967 ,- 73.9 3 . Health Aspects 329 393 19.5 Total 1125 1863 65.6 E. Baglung 1. Economic Aspect 118 309 161.9 2. Social Aspect 281 494 75.8 J. Heullh A!5peCl!5 116 156 34.5 Total 515 959 86.2 F. Al'thuuge 1. Economic Aspect 273 485 77.7 2. Social Aspect 645 902 39.8 3. Health Aspects 311 341 9.6 Total 1229 1728 40.6 i

J \ 8 :X3NNtI Annex B: 1 Comparative Chart of Road Length, Influenced Population and Area (1951-1995)

Year Description Total Length Influenced Influenced of Road (Km) Population Area

; (No.lKm) (Sq.KmlKm) 1951 Year of Democracy 376 21,250 391 1956 At the beginning of 1st 624 13,600 236 Five Year Plan 1962 At the beginning of 2nd 1,193 7,970 123 Five Year Plan 1965 At the beginning of3rd 2,049 5,130 72 Five Year Plan 1970 At the beginning of 4th 2,504 4,600 59 Five Year Plan

I 1975 At the beginning of 5th 3,173 3,800 46 Five Year Plan 1980 At the beginning of 6th 4,940 2,844 30 Five Year Plan 1985 At the beginning of 7th 5,925 2,840 25 Five Year Plan

. 1990 7,330 2,579 20 i 1991 At the beginning of 8th 8,328 2,217 18 Five Year Plan 1993 9,534 1,939* 15 1995 10,724 1,724* 14

* Population Census 1991.

Source: Nepal Road Statistics, 1995, Department of Roads Annex B: 3 Salient Features ofPokhara-Baglu!1g Road Project Start Point: Pokhara, Kaski End Point: Kalika, Baglung Length: 73.44 Kms Road Type: Black Topped Feeder Road Starl of Construction: 1988 End of Construction: 1994 Project Type: Turnkey Project, financed by People's Republic of China Project Financing Contribution: (Rs. in '000') Nepal: 101,679 China: 423,000 Total Project Costs: 524,679

Engineering Standard: Right of Way: 25 to 30 m Fonnation Width: 4.5 to 6.5 m Pavement Width: 3.5 to 5.5 m Pavement thickness: 2.5 cm Design Speed: 30 kmlhrs Minimum Radius: 15 m Maximum Gradient: 9% A verage Gradient: 4.5% Bridge Width: 6 m Load Capacity of Bridge: Automobile -15, Trailer-80

Major Bridges: 3 Nos l Modi (46+472): 40 m clear span (Concrete masonry unit arch bridge) Kali Gandaki (66+929): 80 m clear span (Precast R.C. Box arch bridge) Kanthe (67+623): 40 m clear span (Concrete masonry unit arch bridge) iYfedium Bridges: 10 Nos,l Firke (l +942): 20 m clear span Yauuli (5+810): 30 m clear span Yamdi (18+263): 30 m clear span Jaljala I ( 31 +243): 20 m clear span Jaljala II (31 +365): 20 m clear span Dhoti (38+782): 30 m clear span Pati (47+091): 30 m clear span Ambot (49+841): 20 m clear span Chuwa (52+816): 30 m clear span Annadi (63+148): 20 m clear span Minor Bridges: 21 Nos l Culverts: 244 Nos. Source: HMG/Nepal, Department of Roads

Based on PRC bridge classification (e) Indicators Based on the Project Benefits

* Access, saving in the cost and time of transportation and ease in the transportation of goods to and from the influence area * Road side development including market centres and industries * Charges in the agricultural practices due to ease in transportation of the products and availability of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs * Extension of the physical amenities in terms of health care, education and recreational facilities :;. Enhancement of the land value and charges in the land use pattern :;. Generation of the employment opportunities '" Saving in the vehicle operation and maintenance cost * Saving in travel time '" Sustainability of the road side development

." AnnexB: 7 Collection of Secondary Data and Information

District Date' Collected Data & Agency Collected by: Information I. Kaski 9" 11 June Agriculture, Livestock, DDC, DAO, Mr. Kedar Man Joshi Education, Health, DLSO, DEO, Mr. Shiva Adhikary Drinking Water, DDWO, Tele. Mr. Bishnu Raj Adhikary Electricity, Office, CSIDC, Mr. Ratna Prajapati Telecommunication, WDB, NGOs, Mr. Durga P. Bastola Industries, Women DIO, DRO etc. Development etc. 2. Parbat 8 " 11 June do do Mr. Kedar Man Joshi Mr. Bishnu Raj Adhikary Mr. Ratna Prajapati 3. BagJung 7 - 10 June do do Mr. Shiva Adhikary Mr. Ratna Prajapati 4. Myagdi 5·6 June do do Mr. Shiva Adhikary Mr. Ratna Prajapati I ,--

AnnexB: 8 Investment for Pokhara-Baglung Road (Rs. in '000') FY Budget Actual Expenditure HMG China HMG China Total 2044/45 8,654 50,000 10,153 50,000 60,153 I 2045/46 11,000 90,000 19,769 90,000 109,769 2046/47 19,802 80,000 9,713 80,000 89,713 2047/48 38,722 86,000 5,782 86,000 91,782 2048/49 27,250 40,000 26,310 40,000 66,310 2049/50 40,000 65,000 26,813 65,000 91,813 2050/51 1,500 - 865 0 865 2051152 2,500 2,000 1,776 2,000 3,776 2052/53 1,000 10,000 498 10,000 10,498 Total 150,428 423,000 101,679 423,000 524,679 Proportionate (%) 26.23 73.77 19.38 80.82 Note: The project was completed on 2050/411

Source: Office of the Auditor General, Babarmahal, Kathmandu. AnnexB: 10 District~wise Population

District HH Population I Male Female Total • 1. Kaski 60,403 141,535 151,410 292,945 2. Parbat 27,973 66,572 76,975 143,547 3. Baglung 44,371 108,340 124,146 232,486 20,696 47,734 52,818 .. 100,552 ~Myagcli .. ,

Source: Population of Nepal, District & Village Development Committees/Municipalities, Population Census 1991, CBS, 1994.

AnnexB: 11 Population of the Survey Areas

District Cluster HH I Population % of District Total Mal Female Total HH I Male I Female I Total e Kaski I Hemia 1,276 3,006 3,403 6,409 2.11 T 2.12 2.25 2.19 Lumle 955 2,228 2,457 4,685 1.58' 1.57 1.62 1.60 Parbat I Shivalaya 1,076 2,718 2,516 5,234 3.85 4.08 3.27 3.65 • Tilahar 863 1,974 2,244 4,218 3.09 2.97 2.92 2.94 I Baglung Baglung 2,940 7,315 7,904 15,219 6.63 6.75 . 6.37 6.55 Municipality

Myagdi Arthunge 919 1,954 2,212 4,166 I 4.44 4.09 4.19 4.14

Source: Population of Nepal, District & Village Development Committees/Municipalities, Population Census 1991, CBS, 1994. Annex B: 13 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Kaski District

Before Road Construction After Road Construction 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Paddy 18040 41180 2.28 17300 38630 2.23 17300 38230 2.21 12240 26159 2.14 13280 30361 2.29 15300 35100 2.29 Maize 15450 24010 1.55 15400 24000 1.56 15450 24720 1.60 13050 20880 1.60 13500 22275 1.65 15400 25450 1.65 Millet 10100 11450 1.13 10060 11430 1.14 10200 12240 1.20 8000 9600 1.20 10060 11569 US 10000 11980 1.20 Wheat 6900 9720 1.41 6530 9230 1.41 6850 9720 1.42 4199 6300 LSO 4300 6536 1.52 4530 8404 1.86 Barley 90 90 1.00 100 90 0,90 80 80 LOO 150 142 0.95 340 323 0.95 100 100 1.00 Total 50580 86450 1.71 49390 83380 1.69 49880 84990 1.70 37639 63081 1.68 41480 71064 1.71 45330 81034 1.79 Oilseed 420 310 0.74 410 240 0.59 350 240 0.69 820 480 0.59 840 496 0.59 600 372 0.62 Potato 700 6450 9:21 850 6860 8.07 870 8790 10,10 950 7667 8.07 950 7790 8:20 850 8000 9.41 Sugarcane 40 700 17.50 40 750 18.75 40 700 17.50 10 170 17.00 40 760 19.00 40 800 20.00 Lenti! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 20 0.50 40 20 0.50 ChickPea 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 20 10 0,50 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 Black Gram 640 280 0.44 640 280 0.44 650 280 0,43 400 188 0.47 410 230 0.56 570 302 0.53 Total 1820 7750 4.26 1960 8140 4.15 1930 10020 5.19 2200 8515 3.87 2300 9306 4.05 2120 9504 4.48 Area: Hectare Production: Mt. Yield: Mt.

AnnexB: 14 . C _•.. ~ _- -. - ..... - ~ ._._ Ch-.----l"'l- ..... ------·-7 d K------_ .... _-_ ...... - Before Road Coristruction After Road Construction 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 --- Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Paddy 18040 41180 2.28 -4.10 -6.19 -2.18 0.00 -1.04 -1.04 -29.25 -31.57 -3:29 8.50 16.06 6.97 15.21 15.61 0.35 Maize 15450 24010 1.55 -0.32 "0:04 0.28 0.32 3.00 2.67 -15.53 -15.53 0.00 3.45 6.68 3.12 14.07 14.25 0.16 Millet 10100 11450 1.13 -0.40 -0.17 0.22 1.39 7.09 5.62 -21.57 -21.57 0.00 25.75 20.51 -4.17 -0.60 3.55 4.17 Wheat 6900 9720 1.41 -5.36 -5,04 0.34 4.90 5.31 0.39 -38.70 -35.19 5.74 2.41 3.75 1.31 5.35 28.58 22.05 Barley 90 90 1.00 11.1 I 0.00 -10.00 -20.00 -11.11 11.11 87.50 77.50 ·5.33 126.67 127.46 0.35 -70.59 -69.04 5.26 Total 50580 86450 1.71 -2.35 -3.55 -1.23 0.99 1.93 0.93 -24:54 -25.78 -1.64 10.20 12.66 2.22 9.28 14.03 4.34 Oilseed 420 310 0.74 -2.38 -22.58 -20.69 -14.63 0.00 17.14 134.29 100:00 -1463 2.44 333 0.87 -28.57 -25.00 5.00 Potato 700 6450 9.21 21.43 6.36 -12.41 2.35 28.13 25.19 9.20 _12.78 -20.12 0.00 1.60 1.60 -10.53 2.70 14.78 Sugarcane 40 700 17.50 0,00 7.14 7.14 0.00 -6.67 ~6.67 -75.00 -75.71 -2,86 300.00 347.06 11.76 0.00 5:26 5:26 Lentil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chick Pea 20 10 0.50 000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 000 0.00 0.00 0.00 000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Black Gram 640 280 0.44 0.00 0:00 0.00 1.56 0.00 -1.54 -38.46 -32.86 9.11 2.50 22.34 19.36 39.02 31.30 -5.55 ! Total 1820 7750 4.26 7.69 5.03 -2.47 -1.53 23.10 25.01 13.99 -15.02 -25.45 4.55 9.29 4.54 -7.83 2.13 10.80 Area: Hectare Production: Mt. Yield: Mt. Annex B: 17 c-----,- ... _------, Production and Yield in n ,.' D"...... --- Before Road Construction After Road Construction 1990/91 _1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995196 Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Padqy 5190 12060 2.32 4960 1I250 2,27 4900 9800 2.00 4750 8850 1-86 4759 10476 2.20 4762 10000 2,10 Maize 14810 20070 1.36 14710 20000 1.36 14700 18820 1.28 14700 21315 1.45 14000 20400 1.46 14500 20750 1.43 i Millet 4140 4950 1.20 4130 4930 1.19 4150 4940 1.19 7500 7575 l.01 7500 7575 Lor 7500 7035 0,94 ! Wheat 6180 7400 1.20 6200 7380 Ll9 6210 7430 1.20 6210 ' 8074 1.30 684& 9587 1.40 6848 8217 120 Barley 410 370 0.90 420 380 0.90 430 410 0,95 1490 1419 0.95 1480 1413 0,95 400 600 150 Oiseed 320 300 094 300 180 0.60 310 180 058 450 292 0.65 450 270 0.60 300 280 0,93 Total 30730 44850 1.46 30420 43940 1.44 30390 41400 1.36 34650 47233 1.36 34587 49451 L43 34010 46602 1.37 Potato 600 6250 10.42 670 5450 8.13 680 5570 819 1900 15454 8.13 1015 8323 8.20 943 3247 3.44 SlIgarcane 50 510 10,20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 175 17,50 10 175 17.50 Lentil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 48 0.80 60 75 1.25 Chick Pea 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 30 10 0.33 30 10 0.33 50 30 0.60 50 30 0,60 Pigeon Pea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 7 0.70 10 7 0.70 Black Gram 180 100 056 180 100 0.56 190 100 0.53 200 100 0.50 315 220 0.70 315 190 0,60 Total 1I70 7170 6,13 U70 5740 4,91 1210 5860 4.84 2580 15856 6.15 1910 9073 4.75 1688 4004 2.37 Area: Hectare Production: Mt. Yield: Mt.

Annex B: 18

c~ _.... -._- -- 0.._-::: ....:-:: .. --- .- -- 1- •• ------7 . - ---_=--::.--- ._._-_._.------l"')-----l"') _. ------Before Road Construction After Road Construction 1990191 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995196 Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Paddy 5190 12060 2.32 -4.43 -6.72 -2.39 -1.21 -12 .. 89 -11.82 -3,06 -969 -6,84 0.19 18.37 18.15 0.06 -4.54 -4.60 Maize 14810 20070 1.36 -0.68 -0.35 033 -0.07 -5,90 -5,84 0.00 13.26 13,26 -4,76 ·4,29 0,49 3.57 1.72 ·1.79 Millel 4140 4950 1.20 -0.24 ·0.40 -0.16 0.48 0,20 ·0.28 80.72 5334 -15.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -7.13 -7,13 Wheat 6180 7400 1-20 0.32 ·0.27 -0,59 0.16 0.68 0.52 0.00 8.67 8.67 10.27 18.74 7.68 0.00 ·14.29 -14.29 Barley 410 370 0.90 2.44 2.70 0,26 2.38 7.89 5.39 24651 246.10 -0.12 -0.67 -0,42 0.25 .72,97 -57.54 57.11 Oiseed 320 300 0,94 -1.01 ·2.03 -1.03 -0.10 -5.78 -5.69 14,02 14.09 0.06 -0.18 4.70 4.89 -1.67 -5.76 -4,16 Total 30730 44850 1.46 -6.25 -40,00 -36.00 3.33 0.00 -323 45.16 62.22 11.75 0.00 -7.53 -7.53 -33.33 3.70 55.56 Potato 600 6250 10.42 11.67 -12,80 -21.91 1.49 2.20 0.70 179.41 177.45 -0.70 -46.58 -46.14 0.82 -7.09 -60.99 ·58,01 Sugarcane 50 510 10.20 -100.0 -100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Lentil a 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 56.25 56.25 Chick Pea 20 10 0.50 0.00° 0:00 0.00 50.00 0.00 -3333 0.00 0.00 000 66.67 200.00 80.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pigeon Pea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 Black Gram 180 100 0,56 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 0.00 ·5.26 5.26 0.00 -5.00 57.50 120.00 39.68 0.00 -13.64 -13.64 ___ Total 1170 7170 6.13 0.00 -19.94 -19.94 3.42 2.09 -128 113.22 170.58 26.90 -25.97 -42.78 -22.71 ·11.62 -55,87 -5007 • Area: Hectare Production: Mt. Yield: Mt. Annex: 20a Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield of Four Surveyed District Before Road Construction After Road Construction

--- -- Crops 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Paddy 30720 67590 no 29700 64100 2.16 29480 59930 2.03 29481 60719 2.06 30569 67228 no 32196 69870 2.17 Maize 48210 71860 1.49 48360 72800 LSI 48500 72760 L50 45060 70102 1.56 46005 73825 L60 48810 77070 158 Millet 27690 3155G 1.14 27630 31510 Ll4 27860 32700 1.17 26300 29055 LlO 31360 34251 109 31000 32060 1.03 Wheat 21880 28300 1.29 21480 27090 1.26 21590 27700 1.28 16709 23332 140 18448 26663 1,45 19350 28951 150 Barley 1130 1050 0.93 1150 1050 0.91 ". 1140 1080 0.95 3630 3498 0.96 3945 3818 0.97 2438 2595 1.06 Total 129630 200350 1.55 128320 196550 1.53 128570 194170 1.51 121180 186106 1.54 130327 205785 1.58 133794 210546 L57 Oiseed 1260 1010 0.80 1150 680 0.59 990 630 0,64 1720 1040 0.60 1740 1012 0_58 1329 886 0,67 Potato 2640 22630 8,57 2840 22610 7,96 2900 24900 8.59 4690 35413 7,55 3815 28613 7.50 3923 21477 5.47 Sugarcane 100 \360 1360 100 2170 21.70 100 2110 21.10 50 880 17.60 90 1645 18,28 90 1685 18.72 Lentil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 170 124 0,73 156 162 1.04 Chick Pea 80 40 0.50 80 40 0,50 90 40 0.44 90 40 0.44 llO 60 0.55 110 60 0,55 Pigeon Pea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 8 0.73 II 8 0,73 Black Gram 1070 530 0,50 1070 530 0,50 1220 590 0.48 880 498 0,57 1080 714 0,66 1240 712 0,57 Total 5150 25570 4.97 5240 26030 4,97 5300 28270 5.33 7430 37871 :5.10 7016 32176 I 4.59 6859 24990 3,64 Area: Hectare Production: Mt. Yield: Mt. Annex: B.20c Average Growth Rnte of Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield

, Details Before After Average Growth Rate I A. Kaski Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Paddy 17547 39347 2.24 13607 30540 2.24 0.78 0.78 2.24 Maize 15433 24243 1.57 13983 22868 1.63 0.91 0.94 1.60 • Millet 10120 11707 1.16 9353 11050 1.18 0.92 0.94 1.17 Wheat 6760 9557 1.41 4343 7080 1.63 0.64 0.74 1.52 Barley 90 87 0.97 197 188 0.97 2.19 2.17 0.97 Total 49950 84940 1.70 41483 71726 1.73 0.83 0.84 1.71 • Oilseed 393 263 0.67 753 449 0.60 1.92 1.71 0.63

I Potato 807 7367 9.13 917 7819 8.56 1.14 1.06 8.85 Sugarcane 40 717 17.92 30 577 18.67 0.75 0.80 I 18.29 Lentil 0 0 0 27 13 0 0 0 0 • Chick Pea 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.50

Black Grams 643 280 0.44 460 240 0.52 0.72 0.86 0.48 ! Total 1903 . 8637 4.53 2207 9108 4.13 1.16 1.05 4.33 • B. Parbat Paddy 6140 10807 1.76 9082 18799 I 2.07 1.48 1.74 1.91 Maize 11650 19460 1.67 10733 17692 1.65 0.92 0.91 1:66 I Millet 9003 10603 1.18 8015 8491 1.06 0.89 0.80 1.12 Wheat 5483 6837 1.25 3957 6035 1.52 0.72 0.88 1.38 Barley 317 297 0.94 368 365 0.99 1.16 1.23 0.96 Total 32593 48003 1.47 32156 51382 1.60 0.99 1.07 1.54 i Oilseed 260 190 0.72 193 114 0.59 0.74 0.60 0.66 Potato 617 4587 7.44 897 5828 6.50 1.45 1.27 .6.97 · Sugarcane 10 153 15.33 10 170 17.00 1.00 1.11 16.17 Lentil 0 0 0 42 41 0 0 0 0 Chick Pea 20 10 0.50 20 10 0.50 LOO 1.00 0.50. Pigeon 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Pea I Black 227 133 0.60 283 201 0.72 1.25 1.51 0.66 .

• Gram ! Total 1133 5073 4.48 1446 6365 4.42 1.28 1.25 4.45 Annex: B.20c Average Growth Rate of Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield in Kaski District Total (A+B+C+D) Before After Average Growth Rate Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield Are Prod Yield Paddy 29967 63873 2.13 30749 65939 2.14 1.03 1.03 1.01 Maize 48357 72473 1.50 46625 73666 1.58 0.96 1.02 1.05 Millet 27727 31920 1.15 29553 31789 1.08 1.07 1.00 0.94 Wheat 21650 27697 1.28 18169 26315 1.45 0.84 0.95 1.13 Barley 1140 1060 0.93 3338 3304 1.00 2.93 3.12 1.07 Total 128840 197023 1.53 128434 201012 1.56 1.00 1.02 1.02 Oilseed 1133 773 0.68 1596 979 0.62 1.41 1.27 0.91 Potato 2793 23380 8.37 4143 28501 6.84 1.48 1.22 0.82 • Sugarcane 100 1880 18.80 77 1403 18.20 0.77 0.75 0.97 Lentil 0 0 0 109 95 0 0 0 0 i Chick Pea 83 40 0.48 103 53 0.51 1.24 1.33 1.06 • Pigeon 0 0 0 7 5 0 0 0 0 i Pea I Black 1120 550 0.49 1067 641 0.60 0.95 1.17 1.22 Gram I Total 5230 26623 ·5;09 7102 31679 4.44 1.36 1.19 0.87 AnnexB: 23 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Baglung District

Fertilizer Unit 1994 1995 1996

M.Ton Target Achieve Target Achieve Target ! Achieve ment ment ment A. Sulghet 20% " ------! Urea 46% " - 522.70 - - 646.00 416.17 Potas 60% If - 2.14 - - 4.00 2.63 DAP. 18:46 " - 200.73 - - 250.00 270.38 i Total - 725.57 - - 900.00 689.18 Insecticides 1. Powder M. Ton - 2992.21 - - 1.00 1.09 Litter - 18.20 - - 5.00 - 2. Liquid --

Source: District Agriculture Development Office, Baglung.

AnnexB: 24 Supply of Fertilizer and Insecticides in Myagdi District

Fertilizer Unit 1994 1995 1996 M.Ton Target Achieve Target I Achieve Target Achieve ment . ment ment ! • A. Sulphet 20% " --- - - If Urea 46% - 266.44 - 352.26 400.00 209.85 ! If Potas 60% - 0.80 - I 1.10 1.00 ! 2.52 D.A.P. 18:46 If - 67.80 70.76 200.00 83.75 Total - 335.04 - 424.12 601.00 296.12 Insecticides 1. Powder M. Ton 42.30 - 1.59 0.30 0.77 2. Liquid Litter 20.50 - 12.40 3.00 4.30 •

Source: District Agriculture Development Office, Myagdi. Annex: B.26 Change in Livestock Population

Details Before Road Construction I After Road Construction A. Kaski 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 I 1. Cattle NA 48;893 -5.00 8.08 8.08 2.64 2. Buffaloes NA 39,941 -2.50 64.34 -5.47 10.34 3. Sheep NA 11,048 -5.00 5.75 5.76 47.74 4. Goat NA 50,822 -3.03 11.00 6.87 -5.06 5. Pigs NA 4,979 -20.00 2.94 2.93 7.37 6. Fowl NA 304,608 -5.00 -0.48 -0.48 24.73 7. Duck NA 2,094 -9.98 80.37 -10.12 9.91 Total 462,385 -4.75 7.97 0.71 17.09 B. Parbat I 1. Cattle NA 30,397 -0.25 32.58 5.12 8.59 2. Buffaloes NA 42,964 -0.18 16.59 20.78 -16.31 3. Sheep NA 6.297 -0.62 -28.09 -22.49 8.83 4. Goat NA 21,197 -0.27 8.33 20.85 1.23 5. Pigs NA 963 1.14 2.67 198.50 -8.48 6. Fowl NA 87,524 -1.07 27.62 -3.58 -5.33 7. Duck NA 427 -2.81 261.45 2.47 -0.13 Total 189,769 -0.63 22.28 6.19 -4.70 C: Baglung 1. Cattle NA 77,361 -2.00 8.69 8.69 -4.63 12. Buffaloes NA 70,513 -2.00 14.32 14.32 -7.30 13. Sheep NA 19,779 -5.00 9.10 9.10 -17.00 4. Goat NA 51,273 4.88 12.97 -8.35 19.39 5. Pigs NA 3,745 76.45 -31.90 12.53 33.02 6. Fowl NA 318,169 -10.00 -6.76 -6.76 -50.50 7. Duck NA 7,150 -15.0/ 6.96 -24.62 -75.51 Total 547,990 -6.66 0.68 -0.65 -25.89 D. Myagdi 1. Cattle NA 44,569 -0.25 17.64 17.64 8.39 2. Buffaloes NA 31,459 -0.18 27.38 -18.47 0.90 3. Sheep NA 17,656 -0.62 -0.37 -4.17 -1.31 4. Goat NA 25,202 -0.27 -0.21 25.03 5.62 5. Pigs NA 842 1.19 0.94 0.93 0.81.1 6. Fowl NA 208,985 -l.07 -22.61 -15.47 -10.31 7. Duck NA 1,033 -2.71 -1.69 -44.84 -14.86 Total 329,746 -0.79 -9.30 -6.00 -2.51 % Change i (A+B+C+D) L Cattle NA 201,220 -2.08 14.24 10.00 2.46 2. Buffaloes NA 18<1,877 -1.37 27.79 4.64 -4.06 J. Sheep NA 54,780 -3.09 0.92 1.43 3.48 4. Goat NA 148,494 -2.81 9.32 6.47 5.32 5. Pigs NA 10,529 17.93 -15.76 25.59 13.22 6. Fowl NA 919,286 -5.46 -5.01 -5.83 -9.58 7. Duck NA 10,704 -12.35 32.04 -18.97 -34.67 I Total 1,529,890 -4.07 3.42 -0.23 -4.57 Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture Annex: B.28 Annual Meat Production Details Before Road Construction After Road Construction A .. Kaski 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1. Buffalo Meat NA 1,536 1,784 2,200 2,080 2,295 2. Mutton NA 25 67 35 37 55 3. Goat NA 361 430 i 274 293 278 4. Pig NA 356 124 293 302 324 5. Chicken NA 285 73 270 269 336 . 6. Duck NA 2 - 3 4 4 Total Meat 2,565 2,478 . 3,075 2,985 3,292 B. Parbat 1. Buffalo Meat NA 843 841 980 1,184 991 i 12. Mutton NA 14 14 i 15 . 12 13 3. Goat NA 155 154 i 167 202 I 204 4. Pig NA 39 39 40 119 109 5. Chicken NA 49 48 61 59 56 6. Duck NA - - 1 1 I I Total Meat 1,100 1,096 1,263° 1,577 1,374 C. Baglung ! 1. Buffalo Meat NA 1,537 1,506 1,586 1,293 1,305 2. Mutton NA 41 39 65 62 61 3. Goat NA 306 291 150 188 199 . 4. Pig NA 55 97 12 12 12 5. Chicken NA 175 157 108 I 91 I 82 .6. Duck NA 6 5 I 1 0 0 Total Meat 2,120 2,095 i 1,922 1,646 1,659 D. D. Myagdi i 1. Buffalo Meat NA 1,247 1,245 1,722 1,969 1,823 I 2. Mutton NA 65 65 55 60 53 ! 3. Goat NA 170 329 329 302 361 4. Pig NA 12 12 66 74 98 I 5. Chicken NA 141 139 146 136 67 . 6. Duck NA 1 1 5 4 1 • Total Meat 1,636 1,791 2,323 2,545 2,405 Total (A+B+C+D) 1. Buffalo Meat NA 5,163 5,376 6,488 6,526 6,414 ·2. Mutton NA 145 185 170 171 182 3. Goat NA 992 1,204 920 985 I 1,042 4. Pig NA 462 272 411 507 i 543 5. Chicken NA 650 417 585 5551 541 6. Duck NA 9 6 9 9 6

Total Meat 7,421 7,460 8,583 8,753 8,730 i I, I, \ ,,' Annex: B.30 Change in Annual Meat Production

(In Times) A. Kaski Before After A vera1!e Chan1!e 1. Buffalo Meat 1,660 2,192 1.32 2. Mutton 46 42 0.92 . 3. Goat 396 282 0.71 4. Pig 240 306 1.28 5. Chicken 179 292 1.63 • 6. Duck 1 4 3.67 Total Meat 2,522 3,117 1.24 B. Parbat 1. Buffalo Meat 842 1,052 1.25 2. Mutton 14 13 0.95 3. Goat 155 191 1.24 4. Pig 39 89 2.29 5. Chicken 49 59 1.21 6. Duck 0 1 0 Total Meat 1,098 1,405 1.28 C. Ba1!lun1! 1. Buffalo Meat 1,522 1,395 0.92

2. Mutton 40 63 1.57 i 3. Goat 299 179 0.60 4. Pig 76 12 0.l6 5. Chicken 166 94 0.56 6. Duck 6 0 0.06 Total Meat 2,108 1,742 0.83 D. Mya1!di 1. Buffalo Meat 1,246 1,838 1048 Z.Mutton 65 56 0.86 3. Goat 250 331 1.33 4. Pig 12 79 6.61 5. Chicken 140 116 0.83 6. Duck 1 3 3.33 Total Meat 1,714 2,424 1041 Total (A+B+C+D) 1. Buffalo Meat 5,270 6,476 1.23 2. Mutton 165 174 1.06 3. Goat 1,098 982 0.89 .4. Pig 367 487 1.33 5. Chicken 534 560 1.05 6. Duck 8 8 1.07 Total Meat 7,441 8,689 1.17 I { , i Annex: B.32 Change in Egg Production

- ,-:----:~~-=-. -~ -:~~-- ---" Details Before Road Construction After Road Construction A. Kaski 1990/91 1991192 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1. Laying Hen(Nos) NA 88,266 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.13 2. Laying Duck (Nos) NA 769 0.90 1.27 1.27 1.10 3. Hen Egg (000) NA 9,254 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.09 4. Duck Egg (000) NA 49 0.90 1.27 1.27 1.10 Total Et:U~ 2,716 3.25 1.00 1.00 1.09 B. Parbat 1. Laying Hen(Nos) NA 41,105 0.99 1.28 0.96 0.95 2. Laying Duck (Nos) NA 161 0.97 3.61 1.02 1.00 3. Hen Egg (000) NA 2,710 0.99 1.28 0.96 1.25 i 4. Duck Egg (000) NA 6 1.00 3.50 1.00 1.00 Total Egg 2,716 0.99 1.27 0.97 1.25 C. Ba,:dung 1. Laying Hen(Nos) NA 83,048 0.90 0.56 0.85 0.90 ! 2. Laying Duck (Nos) NA 1,618 0.85 0.37 0.55 0.85 3. Hen Egg (000) NA 5,312 0.90 0.65 0.84 0.90 4. Duck Egg (000) NA 90 0.84 0.47 0.53 0.84 Total Egg 5,402 0.90 0.65 0.84 0.90 D. Myagdi 1. Laying Hen(Nos) NA 54,779 0.99 1.29 0.93 0.50 2. Laying Duck (Nos) NA 534 0.97 2.83 0.75 0.24 3. Hen Egg (000) NA 4,074 0.99 1.11 0.93 0.62 4. Duck Egg (000) NA 38 0.97 2.19 0.75 0.23 Total Egg 4,112 0.99 1.12 0.93 0.61 Total (A+B+C+D) 1. Laying Hen(Nos) NA 267,198 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.88 2. Laying Duck (Nos) NA 3,082 0.89 1.25 0.90 0.75 3. Hen Egg (000) NA 21,350 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.99 4. Duck Egg (000) NA 183 0.89 1.19 0.89 0.75

Total Egg 14,946 1.37 0.97 0.95 ---.-0.98 Annex: B.34 Annual Milk Production

Details Before Road Construction After Road Construction A. Kaski 1990/91 199119 1992/93 1993/9 1994/95 1995/9 2 4 6 1. Milk Cow (Nos) NA 8,167 7,759 8,386 9,063 9,302 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) NA 13,042 12,806 21,045 19,894 21,950 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) NA 5,750 5,431 5,870 6,344 5,511 fJ] 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) NA l2,272 12,050 19,803 18,720 20,655 F! Total Milk 18,022 17,481 25,673 25,064 26,166 ~ B. Parbat 1. Milk Cow (Nos) NA 3,287 3,268 4,333 4,555 4,946 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) NA 13,517 13,555 15,803 19,087 15,974 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) NA 1,038 1,033 1,370 1,440 1,564 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) NA 9,137 9,159 10,678 12,897 10,794 Total Milk 10,175 10,192 12,048 14,337 12,358 C. Baglung 1. Milk Cow (Nos) NA 8,693 8,084 8,786 9,549 9,107 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) NA 22,060 23,384 26.733 30,562 28,332 "J. Cow Milk (M.Ton) NA 2,440 2,288 2,487 2,703 2,578 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) NA 16,346 17,327 19,809 22,646 20,994 Total Milk 18,786 19,615 22,296 25,349 23,572 D. Myagdi 1. Milk Cow (Nos) NA 4,054 4,031 4,742 5,579 6,047 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) NA 5,485 5,500 7,002 5,712 5,764 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) NA 1,197 1,191 1,401 1,648 1,786 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) NA 3,977 3,986 5,077 4,139 4,177 Total Milk 5,174 5,177 6,478 5,787 5,963 Total (A+B+C+D) 1. Milk Cow (Nos) NA 24,201 0.96 1.13 1.10 1.02 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) NA 54,104 1.02 1.28 1.07 0.96 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) NA 10,425 0.95 1.12 1.09 0.94 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) NA 41,732 1.02 1.30 1.05 0.97 Total Milk 52,157 1.01 1.27 1.06 0.96 - -

Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture. Annex: B.36 Average Change in Annual Milk Production

I District Before After Average Change A. Kaski 1. Milk Cow (Nos) 7,963 8,917 1.12 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) 12,924 20,963 1.62 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) 5,591 5,908 1.06 !4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) 12,161 19,726 1.62 Total Milk 17,752 25,634 1.44 B. Parbat 1. Milk Cow (Nos) 3,278 4,611 1.41 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) 13,536 16,955 1.25 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) 1,036 1,458 1.41 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) 9,148 11,456 1.25 ! Total Milk 10,184 12,914 1.27 C. Baglung 1. Milk Cow (Nos) 8,389 9,147 1.09 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) 22,722 28,542 1.26

3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) 2,364 2,589 1.10 i 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) 16,837 21,150 1.26 I Total Milk 19,201 23,739 1.24 Myagdi 1. Milk Cow (Nos) 4,043 5,456 1.35 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) 5,493 6,159 1.12 3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) 1,194 1,612 1.35 4. Buffalo Milk ~LTon) 3,982 4,464 1.12 Total Milk 5,176 6,076 1.17 Total (A+B+C+D) I 1. Milk Cow (Nos) 23,672 28,132 1.19 • 2. Milk Buffaloes (Nos) 54,675 72,619 1.33 ,3. Cow Milk (M.Ton) 10,184 11,567 1.14 4. Buffalo Milk (M.Ton) 42,127 56,796 1.35 68,364 Total Milk 52,311 . 1.31 I Annex; B. 38 Change in Annual Investment of Agriculture Development Bank (ADB/Nepal)

,--~~-~ Before After Average Change

~-~ r-~- ~- District 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 J D R D R D R D R D R D R

-~ I---~ ~-~ Kaski 60633 48360 -52.52 22.93 297.75 35.72 21.28 39.71 23.15 23.65 72.42 r--30:50

-~ ~- ~~~ ~-~ Parbat 9637 5962 181.25 145.39 22.96 34.66 10.00 44.66 -17.09 -11.36 49.28 53.34

- -~ 8aglung 22695 14659 36.2 45.54 25.28 3.11 -19.44 27.4 45.48 19.7 21.88 23.94 Myagdi 8527 5347 -19.48 -36.71 136.85 189.18 1.97 57.63 36.61 22 38.99 58.03 Total 101492 74328 -7.71 32.92 116.53 33.78 10.11 39.73 20.66 17.51 34.90 30.99 Mean 25373 18582 -7.71 32.92 116.53 33.78 10.11 39.73 20.66 17.51 34.90 30.99 (c) % of Girls in Total Students

ower Secondary I Seconda Total 53.4 47.4 49.8 45.0 41.6 47.2 43.3 42.1 42.7 66.7 38.4 62.4 Total 50.0 47.3 49.0

(d) No. of Students by School Level (In Percentage)

District Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Total Kaski 69.4 20.2 10.4 100.0 Parbat 74.5 18.1 7.4 100.0 Baglung 80.3 14.1 5.7 100.0 Myagdi 84.9 11.1 4.0 100.0 Total 75.9 16.6 7.5 100.0

(e) No. of Students Repeating the Class

District Prima Lower Seconda Total I Girls Total I Girls Kaski 15,334 I 7,651 2,386 I 1,139 1781 5,319 1,261 1 561 I 7,742 1,197 I 525 8,396 3,293 Sl1 I 196 3,575 50,325 I 24,005 5,355 I 2,421 27,295

Source: Educational Statistics 1995/96, Regional Educational Directorate, Statistics Division, Pokhara.

(f) % Girls Students Repeating the Class

District Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Total " I Kaski 49.9 47.7 51.3 49.7 Parbat 47.6 44.5 13.7 47.1 • Baglung 47.0 43.9 33.7 46.5 Myagdi 44.9 38.4 37.9 44.3 Total 47.7 45.2 26.8 47.3 I

j' ~ (c) No. of Secondary Teachers

District UnderSLC SLC Certificate Diploma De ree Total T F T F T F T F T F T F • • Kaski Total 1 ~ 5 - 26 - 361 15 12 - 405 15 Trained - - - - 14 - 248 14 7 - 269 14 Parbat Total ------237 - 4 1 241 1 Trained ------105 - - - 105 - Baglung • Total - - 3 1 20 1 186 5 7 - 216 7 Trained - - - - 4 - 8S .)" 4 - 93 3 Myagdi Total 15 4 85 21 38 2 [00 2 7 - 245 29 Trained II 2 53 11 36 35 4 139 13 ~ .. - "--...... , , -

Source: Educational Statistics 1995/96, Regional Educational Directorate, Statistics Division, Pokhara. Annex B: 43 Postal Services

District District Post Ilaka Post Atirikta Post Total Post Office Office Office Offices Kaski 1 9 41 51 Parbat 1 6 25 32 1 12 35 48 ~ya~di 8 31 40 Note: Regional Post Office - 1 in Kaski. Source: District Postal Office of concerned districts.

Annex B: 44 Health Services

District Hospital Health Health Sub- • Ayurbedi Total Center Post health c Post Aushadha lava Kaski 4 - 14 32 - 50 Parbat 1 1 10 22 NA 34 Baglung 1 2 10 47 2 62 Myagdi 1 - 9 25 - 35 Source: District Health Office of concerned districts.

AnnexB: 45 Morbidity (Top 10 Diseases), 1996 Kaski

Diseases No. of Patients 1. Skin Diseases 22,894 2. Acute Respiratory Infection 10,167 3. Diarrhea Diseases 8,608 • 4. Worm Infection 1,883 5. Gastritis 5,012 6. Fever Unknown Origin 4,628 7. Bronchitis (Cops) 3,164 8. Toothache 2,83~ 9. Falls & Injury 2,701 10. Ear Infection 2,674 I Total 64,565 Source: District Health Office, Kaski. Annex B: 48 Morbidity (Top 10 Diseases), 1996 Myagdi

Diseases No. of Patients

• II. Skin Diseases 3,338 i 2. Worm Infection 3,328 3. Diarrhea Diseases 2,761

4. Acute Respiratory Infection 2,480 , 5. Dysentery 1,560 16. Gastritis 1,479 7. Pyrexia (Unknown origin) 1,093 • 8. Headache 1,001 9. Anemia 665 10. Otitismedia 605 Total 18,310 I Source: District Health Office, Myagdi.

AnnexB: 49 Information About Family Planning, 1996

Details District Kaski Parbat Baglung Myagdi Targe Achie Targe Achie • Targe Achie Targe I Achie

I t t t t . A. FP Users 6303 4155 1. Sterilization 1500 1175 462 249 - 389 - 27 2. Condom 1000 1422 - - - 61418 - - 3. Pills 680 488 - -- 2168 - 541 4. Depo 2500 2625 - - - 2536 - 1096 5. IUD 150 160 - - - 71 - - 6. Norplant 70 108 - - - 4 - - B. ANC Check-up 5333 7451 2875 1885 1192

Source: District Health Office of the concerned districts. Annex B: 53 Vehicle Movements in Pokhara-Baglung Road

From To Nos. (Local)

Day Coach

1. Baglung Pokhara 20 2. Baglung Narayangadh 2 3. Baglung Birgunj 4. Baglung Kathmandu 2 .., 5. Baglung Sunauli .J

Night Coach

1. Baglung Kathmandu 2 2. Baglung Birgunj 1 3. Baglung Sunauli 2 4. Baglung Kakadbhitta 1 5. Baglung Kothiyaghat 1 Total 35

Sajha Yatayat

1. Day Coach (Baglung-Kathmandu) 1 2. Night Coach (Baglung-Kathmandu) 1 Annex B: 55 Drinl{ing Water Project Parbat

(c), . Runnin!! Proiect Name of Project Estimated Cost Expenses till Estimated No. of Taps Approved now Benefited Budget Population Public Private I. Kusma D.W.P. 1,405,000.00 10,451,000.00 14,902 50 900000.00 2. Phalamkhani D.W.P. 2,014,000.00 139,900.00 2,488 23 50000.00 3. Arher Dandakharka D.W.P. 6,236,000.00 2,644,000.00 8,027 56 1700000.00 4. Pang D.W.P. 5,230,000.00 2,238,000.00 5,354 63 1200000.00 5. Devisthan D.W.P. 12,538,000.00 2,964,000.00 12,213 87 1300000.00 6. D.W.P. 4,800,000.00 1,479,000.00 4,920 108 800000.00 7. Saraukhola D.W.P. 4,542,000.00 1,845,000.00 3,129 27 500000.00 8. Bhangara D.W.P. 4,806,000.00 1,116,000.00 1,068 85 500000.00 9. Durlung D.W.P. 1,096,000.00 542,000.00 338 15 400000.00 10. Kurgha D.W.P. 2,763,000.00 - 1,286 70 600000.00 11. Thuli Pokhari D.W.P. - 2,565 200000.00 12. RanipanilBarrachaur D.W.P. 6,658,000.00 77,000.00 6,559 51 500000.00 13. Khanigaon D.W.P. - - 6,559 - 200000.00 14. Shalija D.W.P. 2,670,000.00 - 2,674 - 100000.00 15. Bhoksing Hoshrandi D.W.P. 196,800.00 - 1,490 - 100000.00 16. Ba,iung D.W.P. - - - - 100000.00 17. 5,851,000.00 - 5,221 - 100000.00 18. Pakhapani D.W.P. - - 4,302 - 200000.00 19. Durlung D.W.P. - - - 100000.00 20. Ramja Deurali D.W.P. 68,193 - 300000.00 Source: District Drinking Water Office, Parbat, Kusma, 1997. Annex B: 58 Irrigation Project in Myagdi District (F.Y. 2046/47 to F.Y. 2052/53)

Name of Project VDCIWard Benefited Covered Remarks No. Popnlation Areas (Ra) 1. Babiyachour LP. Babyacour-5 412 25 2. Ranwang LP. " 609 60 3. Serephero LP. Arman-5 220 15 4. Pipalbot I.P. " 411 31 5. Kharpani LP. Arman-3 278 14 i 6. Chhiswang LP. " 464 19 7. Kaskeri LP. I Baranja-l 197 23 8. Bagarkot LP. lamrokkot-l 754 25 • 9. Pankhu LP. Arman-l 264 25 10. Tatopani I.P. Singa-3,4,5 571 28 • 11. Kaule Tusharopani LP. Kuhu-4,5,6 773 40

12. Pok Phant I.P. Arrnan-6,7,8,9 342 25 i

13. Bhedakhor LP. Devisthan -1 443 65 i 14.1825 SaaleLP. Ratnechour 420 25 15. 2004 Saale LP. Ratnechour- ! 540 25 ! 3,4,5,6 ! i 16. Arman I.P. Arman-6,9 414 47 i

, Total 7112 492 I 1 Source: District Irrigation Office, Myagdi.

Annex B: 59 Forest Area

District Total Area Forest Area % of Forest Area (Ra) (Ha) 1. Kaski 201,700 80,606 39.96

2. Parbat 45,451 23,027 50.66 i i 3. Buglung 182,486 97,995 53.70 4. Myagdi 229,700 88,313 38.45 Total 659,337 289,941 43.97 Source: District Profile of concerned districts, 1995 Annex B: 61 Cottage and Small Industries Parbat

Type of Industry Running Closed Total Fixed Current Total Employment Capital Capital Investment Investment Investment I. Rice Mill 229 54 283 13.789.230 7,495.346 21,284,576 649 2. Textile 6 13 19 852,712 526,349 1,379,061 162 3. Hosiery 3 5 8 589,475 390,870 980,345 26 4. Quilts 4 4 8 297,136 414,887 712.023 39 5. Radi Pakhi - 5 5 58.180 16.820 75,000 12 6. Printing/Stationery 2 - 2 198.500 397.500 596,000 II 7. Carpet 10 4 14 482.500 626.800 1,109,300 62 8. Ready-made Garment I I 2 242.305 154,495 396,800 13 9. Leather - 6 6 23,063 44.937 .68,000 21 10. Furniture 7 2 9 620,476 383.150 1.003.626 73 II. Paper 2 18 20 343,410 197,614 541.024 97 12. Brick 3 10 13 715.380 590.314 1,305,695 180 13. Bread 5 7 12 1.044.177 1.083,952 2,128,129 59 14. Dairy - 2 2 173,523 101,436 274,959 15 15. Potato Chips - I 1 132.675 162,092 294,767 4 16. Confectionery 1 - I 1,110,750 604,200 1,714,950 10 17. Juice 2 - 2 56.600 63,400 120,000 9 18. Agar Batti - 1 1 21,800 25.200 47,000 5 19. Bamboo 2 2 4 85.240 56,642 141,882 16 20. Metal/Steel 3 3 6 950,779 818.337 1,769,116 54 21. Chalk I 1 2 91,250 107,502 198,752 15 22. Soap 1 - I 35.000 15,000 50,000 6 23. Wire I I 2 32,450 32,550 65,000 4 24. Sutkesh - I 1 27,500 14,184 41,684 3 25. Chuna I - I 6,820 18.180 25,000 4 26. Slate I I 2 119.950 215,600 335,550 30 27. Construction 67 - 67 3,329,000 770,000 4,099,000 70 28. Gold - I I 59.200 38,800 98,000 5 29. Press 2 - 2 211,950 98,773 310,723 5 30. Spices 2 - 2 125,000 74,367 199,367 5 3 I. Concrete Block 5 - 5 1,778,045 1,001,580 2,779,633 36 32. Candle I - I 89,500 158,000 247,500 5 33. Grill 5 - 5 1,183,250 886,750 2,070,000 25 34. Animal Feed 2 - 2 1,400,020 1,600,000 3,000,020 11 35. Film I - I 3,000,000 2,000,000 5,000,000 12 36. Training Centre 4 - 4 238,000 104,800 342,800 15 37. Radio Repairing I - I 50,000 50,000 100,000 3 38. Herbs 1 - I 16,370 42,347 58,717 3 39. Tailors 25 - 25 240,000 250,000 290,000 50 40. Lipstick 1 - I 50.000 50,000 100,000 4 41. Dalmoth I - I 100.000 200,000 300,000 6 42. Ice Cream I - I 350,000 150,000 500,000 15 Total 404 143 547 34,321,216 22.032,774 56,153,999 1849

Source: Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee, Parbat. 9. Handicrafts 1 44,000 2 I 10. Driving Training 1 223,581 5 Centre 11. Health Service 1 499,000 2 Total 23 9,946,229 102 1996 1. Rice Mill 11 2,322,535 28 2. Furniture 2 386,600 4 3. Computer Institute 1 286,900 5 4. Construction 1 100,000 1 5. Hotel 1 8,496,000 17 6. Consultancy Service 2 8,546,000 4 7. Carpet 1 99,000 4 8. Bind (Dori) 1 100,000 6 Total 20 20,337,035 69 Source: Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee, Baglung.

Annex B: 63 Cottage & Small Industries Mva!!d' Type of Industry No. of Total Annual Employment Industry Investment Production (Rs.) 1995 1. Construction 2 450,000 2,000,000 140 2. Mill 7 2,100,000 8,887,500 20 3. Furniture 3 1,600,000 792,000 26 4. Hotel/Lodge 2 11,983,400 7,652,000 18 5. Training Centre 1 100,000 120,000 3 6. Metal Works 1 500,000 1,000,000 10 7. Printing Press 1 500,000 1,350,000 8 Total 17 17,233,400 21,801,500 225 1996 1. Construction 6 6,556,500 4,000,000 260 2. Sewing/Knitting & 1 100,000 400,000 6 Ready-made Garment 3. Carpet 1 100,000 324,000 3 4. Candle 1 300,000 750,000 6 5. Mill 3 1,100,000 2,222,750 14 6. Hotel/Lodge 1 5,000,000 5,616,000 10 7. Metal Works 1 300,000 1,062,500 6 Total 14 __ J},456500 .... 14,375,250 305

Source: Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee, Myagdi. i I i

Annex B: 66 Women Development Division Myagdi

Investment

Pro~ram VDC No. of Group No. of Debtors Investment (Rs.) 1. Arthunge 48 162 851,650 2. Jyarnrukkot 42 174 953,000 3. Bhamkili 37 141 981,500 4. Ratnechour 5 17 74,000 5. Singa 9 41 258,000 6. Pulachour 7 29 222,000 Total 148 564 3,340,150

Annex B: 67 Women Development Division Myagdi

Training Program 1996

Training Duration No. of Remarks (Days) Participants 1. Basic Training 5 100 Women 2. Veterinary 7 25 Women ,., .J. Vegetables Farming 4 50 Women 4. Population & Family Welfare 7 90 Women Refreshment Training for Village Women 5. Population & Family Welfare Training 2 60 Women for Village Women 6. Business Management Training 10 20 Women 7. Guardian Education Training 4 60 Women 8. Institutional Development Training 7 20 Women 9. Education Tour 10 20 Women

Source: Women Development Office, Myagdi, 1995 t' i

Annex B: 69 Investment of Agriculture Development Bank (ADB) 1994/95 Baglung (Rs. '000') Details I Investment Collection Cantin Over Outsta uing Due nding Outsta Interest ndin Target Achiev Target I Achiev 1. Foodgrains 3600 3406 4163 3369 I 6337 I 3275 I 2102 2. Cash Crops 4080 4202 4796 ., .J. Special Crops 605 177 159 4. Agriculture tools Sale 250 10102 3101 5. Agriculture Tools 4150 3029 1782 6. Irrigation 1240 371 643 7. Biogas 700 364 113 8. Land Development 1350 1445 564 9. Cottal!e Industrv 5100 5205 4044 5071 - - 23 69 11. Agriculture Based I 12295 11667 6998 7808 I 32522 I 6863 • 6894 Indust 12. Horticulture 780 502 544 461 2699 402 625 Total 36200 40470 26930 31246 83618 19694 18464 !

Source: Agriculture Development Bank, Branch Office, Baglung. Annex B: 70c Educational Status 1992

District I School Student Teacher Region Primary Low.Sec Sec. Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Primary Low.Sec Sec; ----- Total Girl Total Girl Total Girl ------1. Kaski 402 116 76 66,036 33,195 11,641 5,094 12,286 4,850 1,840 394 529 2. Parbat 307 63 40 39,132 18,600 5,866 2,443 6217 2.155 1034 175 149 3. Baglung 365 73 40 53,245 23,539 6,517 2,481 7,256 1,971 1,47] 230 207 4. Myagdi 178 43 18 20,196 8,727 3,010 1067 2,738 847 646 126 86 1,252 295 171 178,609 84,061 27,034 11,085 28,497 9,823 4,991 925 971 Total ..... Western Region To~l 4,716 1,063 616 752,132 331,722 113,212 42,382 109,320 37,161 19,921 3,180 2,996 National Total 19,498 4,230 2,309 3,034,710 1,161,806 433,428 143,951 421,709 128,286 77,948 13,225 12,132 ------% on Western Region Total 26.55 27.75 28.25 23.75 25.34 23.88 26.15 26.07 26.43 25.05 29.09 32.41 ----- % on National Total 6.42 6.97 7.54 5.89 7.24 6.24 7.70 6.76 7.66 6.40 6.99 8.00 -----

Annex B: 70d Educational Status 1993

District I School Student Teacher .... Region Primary Low.Sec Sec. Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Primary Low. Sec Sec. Total Girl Total Girl Total Girl ------1. Kaski 421 112 74 70457 34519 16704 7257 8165 3077 2042 307 286 ----- ~ .. ----,------2. Parbat 251 65 41 39241 18642 7856 3469 3928 1501 490 153 266 ------3. Baglung 391 74 40 57848 25911 9752 3606 4693 1681 1034 171 153 4. Myagdi 190 45 23 20459 8626 4436 1712 1545 539 1817 403 395 ----- Total 1253 296 178 188005 87698 38748 16044 18331 6798 5383 1034 1100 Source: Ministry of EducatIOn Annex B: 71a Changes in Educational Status 1991 District I School Student Teacher Region Primary Low.Sec Sec. Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Primary Low.Sec Sec. ------Total Girl Total Girl Total Girl 1. Kaski 6.68 - - 1.60 4.21 10.44 14.58 (3.05) 9.39 4.25 (2.07) (2.05) I 2. Parbat ( 1.11) - - 8.40 6.37 5.33 2.96 10.12 22.54 (2.77) (4.92) I-'---(29.84)..... 3. Bagiung 9.70 1.41 2.63 (0.10) (l8.0~) 9.10 (I4.52) 31.10 0.82 7.44 0.45 (1.49) 4. Myagdi 20.27 (2.27) 7.69 17.37 28.08 13.63 21.29 5.41 13.59 3.04 9.09 18.03 ------... Total 7.48 - 1.28 4.26 0.60 r-- 9.30 6.71 37.89 10.82 3.62 (0.67) (6.27) Western Region Total 5.45 (OAO) 2.56 5.42 5.80 12.52 17.88 7.35 9.80 5.22 2.71 5.40 National Total 4.78 2;04 6.45 3.43 6.92 9.98 15.39 8.45 11.33 4.61 4.89 11.57 % on Western Region Total 1.92 0.43 (1.26) (1.09) (4.89} (2.86) (9.48) 28.46 0.91 (1.54) (3.28) (11.06) ~()n National Total 2.70 (1.96) 92.89 0.83 (5.86) (0.62) (7.62) 27.03 (0.41) (0.93) (5.23) (15.95)

Annex B: 7tb Changes in Educational Status 1992 District I School Student Teacher Region Primary Low.Sec Sec. Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Primary Low.Sec Sec. r------Total Girl Total I Girl Total Girl ------I. Kaski 0.75 9.43 16.92 (OAI) 4.30 9.75 11.39 13.32 8.40 - 3.96 10.90 2. Parbat 14.55 - - 0.94 14.15 11.22 32.41 4.80 17.63 18.04 0:57 11.19. ----- 3. Bagiu~ 0.83 1.39 2.56 9.25 37.62 12.50 77.09 0.25 c----c-46.33 3.88 3.14 4.02j 4. Myagdi - - 28.57 (5.31) (2.20) 15.02 26.57 7.29 20.66 0.31 5.00 19.44 Total 3.73 3.87 10.13 j 1.98 13.37 11.29 27.97 7.28 17.57 4.50 3.24 10.09 I Western Region Total 1.48 5.98 10.00 1.73 7.01 13.94 21.02 11.65 23.17 4.28 3.62 5.16 National Total 4.30 4.57 11.06 5.22 8.24 14.52 20.78 6.67 12.97 4.64 1.69 4.34 % on Western Region Total 2.23 (2.01 ) (2.33) (3.91) (4.55) 0.20 (0.38) 4.68 0.14 0.25 5.94 5.74 ----- % on National Total (0.62) (0.71) (0.79) (2.97) 4.78 (2.80) 5.91 0.60 4.08 (0.16) 1.45 5.40.. Annex B: 71e Changes in Educational Status 1995

District / School Teacher Student - Region Primary Low.Sec Sec. Primary Lower Secondary Secondary Primary Low.Sec Sec. --- Total Girl Total Girl Total Girl ------1. Kaski 8.35 16.81 14.47 (2.35) ( 1.86) 10.14 36.91 27.75 73.61 (14.25) (39.02) (30.17) i--'------2. Parbat 0.00 3.03 4.76 (4.33) (5.35) 4.61 146.37 (53.06) (55.36) 121.98 2.80 2.12 ---'-'..-- 3. Baglung 3.96 1.23 2.33 0.96 (3.02) (94.89) 8.76 144.88 327.84 28.61 38.31 29.51 ------,.------4. Myagdi (O.SI ) 0.00 13.64 (6.38) (S.68) (84.63) (60.78) (66.34) (73.S9) (68.63) (48.09) 8.89 Total 3.89 7.24 9.29 (2.17) (3.40) (36.02) 17.70 (11.31) (4.0S) (7.73) (22.46) (6.07}

Annex: B.72 School Enrollment

Kaski Parbat Baglung Myagdi Total ---r- Primary I.ow. Sec. Primary Low. Sec. Primary Low. Sec. Primary Low. Sec. Primary Low. Set. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. Sec. 1990 65,268 9,604 1l,183;O 35,763 5,007 5,387 48,787 5,310 5,521 18,172 2,303 2,421 167,990 22,224 24,51:; 1991 66,310 10,607 108420 38,768 5,274 5,912 48,736 5,793 7,238 21,329 2,617 2,552 175,143 24,291 26564" 1992 66,036 11,641 12286,0 39,132 5,866 6,217 53,245 6,517 7.256 20,196 3,010 2;738 178,609 27,034 28.. 49'; 1993 70,457 16,704 8165.0 39,241 7,856 3,928 57,848 9,752 4,693 20,459 4,436 -1-;545 188,005 38,748 18.331 1994 69,275 19,671 7923.0 40,871 4,075 8,251 63,957 9,318 1,856 23,639 10,805 4,634 197,748 43,869 22 .. 6 fit: 1995 67,650 21,666 10122.0 39,108 4,263 3,8;3 64,573 476 4,545 22,132 1,661 1,560 193,463 28,066 20100 Total 404,996 89,893 60,521 232,889 32,341 33,588 337,146 37,166 31,109 125,927 24,832 15,450 1,100,958 184,232 140.668 _67,499 14,982 10087.0 38,815 _ 5,390 55»8 56,191 6,194 5,185 20,988 4,139 2,575 183,493 30,705 23445 J"lea~ '-- , - Annex: R. 74 School Enrollment (All Level)

Year Kaski Parbat Baglung Myagdi Total • 1990· 86,055 46,157 59,618 22,896 214,726 1991 87,759 49,974 61,767 26,498 225,998 I 1992 89,963 51,215 67,018 25,944 234,140 1993 95,326 51,025 72,293 26,440 245,084

1994 I 96,869 53,203 75,131 39.078 264,281 I i 1995 99,438 47,244 69,594 25,353 241,629 i Total 555,410 298,818 405,421 166,209 1,425,858 Mean 92,568 49,803 67,570 27,702 237,643 I

Annex: B.75 Annual Growth Rate in School Enrollment of All Level (In Percentage)

Year Kaski Parbat Baglung Mvagdi Total I 1991 2.0 8.3 3.6 15.7 5.2 1992 2.5 2.5 8.5 -2.1 3.6

I 1993 6.0 -0.4 7.9 1.9 4.7 I • 1994 l.6 4.3 3.9 47.8 7.8 I • 1995 2.7 -11.2 -7.4 -35.1 -8.6

• I Average 2.9 I 0.7 3.3 5.6 2.6 XION3dd'rf Appendix -1 Questionnaire (All responsefl will be kept strictly confidential and will be used only for re~earch purpose)

l. Name: 2. Age: 3. VDC: 4. Ward No.: 5. Type of family: 1. Nuclear 2. Extended

6 Size- -- ..... of....• fami!- - ._.--- Age 1M F Education Occupation

I ! Before tbe , After Before the After Having Constn. of Having Constn. of Road Road Road Road I M F M F M F M F

I 123 1 2 3 ' 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 234 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 456 456 4 5 6 456 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 7 7 7 7 10 11 12 10 11 12 10 11 12 10 II 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 13 14 15 13 14 15 / 0-4 I , 5-9 I 10 - 14 I i 15 - 19 , 20 - 24 I 25 - 29 , I , 30 - 34 I 35 - 39 I I 40 - 44 L

I 45 - 49 I 50 - 54 ! I, , 55 - 59 I + L§o I ! '--- L Code Education Occupation 1. III iterate 1. Agriculture 2. Literate 2. Livestock farming 3. Primary level 3. Shop 4. Lower Secondary 4. Business 5. Secondary level 5. Industry 6. Intermediate 6. Labour 7. Graduate 7. Government Service 8. Post Graduate 8. Private Service 9.NGO 10. Health Related 11. Teaching 12. Carpentry 13. Mason 14. Porter (Note: Please circle in the coding number) 15. Others ...... How much financial benefit me you getting from you additional physical facilities ?

1. House rent: 2. Shop-in-rent: 3. Income from shop: 4. Vehicle: 5. Industry:

13. What is your monthly expenses in the following items ?

Items Before After 1. Food 1. Rice 2. Other cereals 3. Milk

4. Fats (Ghee/oil) i

5. Spices ( I 6. Sugar 7. Tea 8. Meat/fish

9. Breads i 10. Alcohol I 2. Education I 3. Transport I 4. Festivals 5. Cloth/wearing 6. construction (R & M) 7; Electricity 8. Water . 9. Telephone I I 10. Others ...... -~--~

14. Do you take the following?

Details Before After Yes No Yes No , I 1. Breakfast 1 2 1 I 2 2. Lunch ! 1 2 1 2 I 3. Tiffin 1 2 1 2 I ! : 4. Dinner 1 2 I 1 2 I

15. Did you loose anything in staying at present location? I 6. Other, specifY ......

21. Use of:

Details I Past Now Yes No Yes No I l. Washing hands by soap after toilet, before and 1 2 1 2 after eating 2. Use of dehydration powder during the! 1 2 1 2 . diarrhea I ·3. Use of safe drinking water I 1 2 1 2 4. Improved seeds for agriculture 1 2 1 2 5. Fertilizer 1 2 1 2 I I 6. Insecticides 1 2 1 2 .7. Sending school to daughters 1 2 1 2 8. i 1 2 1 2 I

22. What crops do you plant? Please list them out.

23. How long you have been cropping these plants?

24. If you have changed, what were the reasons?

25. Have you taken loan ?

.1. Yes 2. No

26. If yes, from where I whom?

From Before After I Amt. Int. rate Purpose Amt. lnt. rate Purpose 1. Local merchant 2. Bank

i 3. Others ...... '----

27. Have you or your family member have invested anywhere else besides your family occupation ? 1. Yes 2. No

hf>rp? 28 If , -- - - Details Amount Interest / Profit / Dividend 1. Fixed deposit 2. Bond - 1. Dried the old market such as ...... ;...... and developed new markets like ......

32. Has the road construction has dried the old market and developed new markets?

1. Yes 2. No

33. If yes, please specify which markets are dried and which are developed newly.

Dried markets (Old markets) Newlv developed markets

I

34. To what extent the changes in market structure has affected to the area and people ?

Details High Medium Low I Negligible 1. Arduous to the people around in buying 1 2 2 3 things 2. Generated unemployment 1 2 2 .)"

I 3. Encouraged or obliged to shift / migrate to 1 2 2 ".) ! i newly developed are i 4. Decrease living standard of old market area 1 2 2 . .)" especially shop-keepers 5. Change has affected on overall economic 1 2 2 ".) development of the area and become stagnant to invest in the area 6. Developed new· venture in the old market 1 2 2 3

l.....-area .-.-..... -... -.. ~~

35. What economic activities have developed in the old market area after dried up?

36. How many crops do you cultivate?

Crops Before Now Cropping Area Productio Cropping Area Production n .., 1. Paddy 1 2 3 1 2 .) 2. Wheat 1 2 3 1 2 3 3. Maize 1 2 3 1 2 .)" ., 4. Millet 1 2 3 1 2 .) I 9. Maize I 10. Millet 11. Potato I 12. Lentil I 13. Soybean 14. Vegetables I 15. Others -- Code

Market: 1. Local 2. Baglung 3. Pokhara 4. Parbat 5. Others

42. What could be your saving per month / year?

Before: Rs. After: Rs.

43. If you have to sell your any product in various places, how would you sell and how many days/hours it takes to the market?

Mode of transport I Places I Before After I Porter Mule Truck Porter Mule Truck i 1. Baglung 12 Pokhara i I 3. Parbat

44. If you have food insufficiency, how do you manage?

Details Before After 1. Alternative jobs or work like .... 2. Loan -. ::>. 14. -

45. What is the food sufficiency duration of your family?

I Duration Before After 1. More than 12 months 2. 2 months I 3. Up to 9 months 4. Up to 6 months 5. Up to 3 months

! t-; 46. Your treatment place: 1. Taking loan 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 I;* 2. establishing business industry 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 3. Managing fund for domestic 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 activities 4. Purchase of domestic items 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5. Sell of product assets 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 6. Marriage/Social ceremony 1 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 7. Determining number of children 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 8. Use of contraceptive I 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 9. Health check uI's 1 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 10. Casting vote 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 11. Participating women in 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 development activities 12. Involving women In income 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 generating activities 13. Working at home for women 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 14. Environment preservation I 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 15. Women's saving !!roup 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 16. Women's welfare group 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 17. Community forest 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 20. Income level of people and employment I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 opportunities 21. New economic opportunities I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 22. Extension & development of market I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 23. Losses of employment opportunities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 24. Unemployment 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 25. Easy accessibility to health I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 26. Easy accessibility to education I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 27. Agricultural products & productivity I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 28. Livestock farming I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 29. Vegetable farming I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 30. Business volume I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 3 I. Industries 1 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 32. Travel time I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 33. Involvement ofNGOs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 34. Development programs I 2 :5 4 1 2 3 4 35. Irrigation facilities 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 36. Use offertilizer 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 37. Use of improved seed I 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 38. Use of insecticides 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 39. Electrification 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 40. Water supply 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 41. People's participation in development 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 activities 42. Price of land 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 43. Social deterioration like prostitution, I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 drug addicts 44. Crime rate 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 45. Market price of essential commodities I 2 3 4 I 2 3 4 46. Disputes among higher caste and lower 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 cast c1othing,h~a!thcare 1 2 3 4 47. Eq1lality in fooding, 1 - 2 3 , .... 4 .. 2. After: hours

50. What are the reasons for changes in collecting wood?

51. Please state the timing of fetching water? 1. Before: hours 2. After: hours

52 PI h hod of d' b ') Places Before After l. Open space 2. As & where you like 3. Burning 4. Dumping in pit 5. Putting in container ------_ .. _--- "-_._----

53. What major development did you notice from the construction of this road?

1. Increase in shop 2. Establishment of new industries like ...

3. Anival ofNGOs with various development packages like ...... ,'<,

4. Increase in inigation facilities 5. Increase in water supply 6. Electrification 7. Increase trade like Nepali paper, ...... 8. Increase the tourists in the area 9. Increase in employment opportunities specially in the sectors like ......

10. Cleanliness of area 11. Drainage 12. Increase in health facilities 13 . Availability of telephone, fax, courier services 14. Timely despatch of the products in the market 15. Reduction of Intransit losses/damage

54. What are the major problems of the area, at present? Please state them priority­ wise.

55. In your opinion, what economic and development actIvIties could be more beneficial to flourish in your area? what is the reason for suggesting them ?

Suggested Potential Economic Activities Reason for Suggestion Appendix-II FGD Guidelines

1. Welcome

1.1 Welcome to the participant with "Namaste" with introduction of moderator/note taker. 1.2 Briefing about of objectives ofthe study 1.3 Getting the introduction of all participants 1.4 Tentative time: One hour

2. Issues

2.1 What major change did you perceive from the road?

Issues Before After It. Child marriage, multi-wives marriage with . consent : 2. Equal treatment to son and daughter : ,., j. Schooling daughter i 4. Women literacy_ 5. ANC/PNC 6. ImmunizationiMCH 7. Use of contraception, sterilization 8. Family size 9. Delivery of child 10. IMR, MMR 11. Use of alcohol 12. Helping & supporting women in domestic work (child care) 13. Women's decision role 14. Migration .. 15. Community development program 16. Changes in occupation structure 17. Enhanced living standard & better income 18. Market extension & development 19. New economic venture, high employment opportunities 20. Business volume 21. Changes food habits 22. Changes living standard ! 23. Changes income 24, Changes expenditure 25. Changes domestic amenities 26. Changes properly acquisition/dispose 27. Changes physical facilities of people 28. Agricultural pattern, cropping, land use, productivity 29. Use of improved seeds, fertilizer, insecticides 3. What are the pros and cons, strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the road in the development of the area?

4. What economic and development activities in the area are noticed with the arrival of road:

5. What are the existing major problems of the areas ?

6. What could be the best potential economic activities which can be developed in the area?

7. How they should be explored & promoted ?

8. How development activities can be sustained ?

9. Community participation, sufficiency of indigenous resources, contribution which . can be expected from people.

10. Conclusion

Thank you for your participation and giving your valuable time, idea and suggestion to make this study more meaningful and success. Appendix - IVa Name of Participants of FGDs Parbat District

Name of Participants DesiJ!llation/Office A. Government Officials 1. Mr. Yem Prasad Gurung DDO 2. Mr. Ram Sharma Paudel CEO 3. Mr. Ramji Prasad Paudel Act. CEO 4. Mr. Ram Chandra Basnet Chief, SDTC 5. Mr. Ariun Bahadur Thapa Technical Assistant. 6. Mr. Jeet Thapa National Investigation Office 7. Mr. Priya K.C. Postal Officer 8. Mr. Surya Prasad Acharya LDO 9. Mr. Bikas Lamsal CPNUML 10. Mr. Yedu Prasad Paudel VEDI i I I. Mr. Roshan Shrestha MDM 12. Mr. Nilkantha Paudel Member, DDO 13. Mr. Adun Paudel Senior Industry Officer 14. Dr. Tej Raj Thapa MO 15. Mr. Lok Bahadur Thapa Chief, DIO 16. Mr. Surya Raj Kandel DDWO 17. Mr. Kedar Man Joshi RESTUC, Moderator B. Local ElitelLeaders B.1 Kusma (Shivalaya) VDC 1. Mr. Bhakti Kunwar VDC . 2. Mr. lhalak Subedi Pakuwa VDC I ~ ! .). Mr. Tek Raj Timilsina RamjaVDC 4. Mr. Kashi Ram Lamichhane Shivalaya VDC 5. Mr. Govinda Pahadi Shivalaya VDc 6. Mr. Narayan Bahadur Kunwar VDC 7. Mr. Mahan Bahadur Gurung Bhuk Deurali VDc 8. Mr. Yek Narayan Chalise Shivalaya VDc 9. Mr. Tilak Ram Paudel PipaJtari VDC 10. Mr. Bishwa Rai Shivalaya VDc II. Mr. Shiva Adhikary RESTUC, Moderator B.2 Tilahar VDC B.2.1 Local ElitlLeaders 1. Mr. Tirtha Bahadur Lamichhane Tilahar VDC 2. Mr. Govinda Prasad Sharma Tilahar VDC .)." Mr. Nanda Lal Subedi Tilahar VDC 4. Mr. Bodh Raj Subedi TiiaharVDC 5. Mr. Ganesh Bahadur Lamichhane Tilahar VDC 6. Mr. Maheshwar Paude1 Tilahar VDC 7. Mr. Nawa Datt Lamsat Tilahar VDC 8. Mrs. Durga Devi Lamsal Tilahar VDC 9. Mr. Shiva Adhiakary RESTUC, Moderator Appendix - IV c Name of Participants ofFGDs Myagdi District Arthunge VDC, Beni

Name of Participants Designation/Office A. Government Officials 1. Mr. Ratna Kaji Bajracharya CDO 2. Mr. Buddhi Bahadur K.C. Asst. CDO 3. Mr. Gam Bahadur Nepali Manager, ADB 4. Mr. Yadav Regmi National Investigation District Office 5. Mr. Prakash Chandra Pokharel Engineer, DIO 6. Mr. Yem Bahadur K.C. DEO 7. Mr. Rameshwor Shrestha Manager, NBL 8. Mr. Bharat Sharma ADO 9. Mr. Anil Bhadra Khanal Engineer, DDWO 10. Mrs. Aniu Kafle WDO 11. Mr. Gyan Prasad Sharma DLCO 12. Mr. Bindeshwor Rao DLSO 13. Mr. Krishna Gyawali DFO 14. Mr. Netra Bahadur Prasai ArC 15. Mr. Bishwa Prem Dhakal Senior Officer, CSIDC 16. Mr. Shiva Adhikary RESTUC, Moderator B. Local Elit/Leaders

1. Mr. Had Krishna Shrestha , VDC Chairman i 2. Mr. Subhash K.C. Ex-Chairman 3. Mr. Amrit Man Sherchan Ward Member 4. Mr. Ravindra Raj Joshi Social Worker 5. Mr. Sudarshan Kumar Shrestha Chairman, rCF 6. Mr. Shiva Kumar Shrestha Secretary, rCF 7. Mr. Nirjan Sherpunja Social Worker 8. Mrs. Tulsi Lata Shrestha Woman Member, Arthunge VDC , 9.J\;1r. Shiva Adhikary ...... _ RESTUC, Moderator Municipality: Baglnng VDe: Tilahar (Parbat) Name Ward No. Name Ward No. 1. Mr. Hira Bahadur Budha 2 2. Mr. Bal Bahadur K.C. 2 1. Mr. Bidur G.c. 6 3. Mr. Tika Ram Sapkota 2 2. Mr. Babu Ram Sharma 6 4. Mr. Devendra Raj Pant 5 3. Mr. Thanishwor Rijal 6 5. Mr. Lila Kumari K.C. 11 4. Mr. Gajendra Bdr. Khatri 9 6. Mr. Bimal Shrestha 4 5. Mr. Tirtha Bdr. Lamichhane 6 7. Mr. Dilli Prasad Sharma 4 6. Mr. Jhalak BahadurK.C. 9 8. Mr. Shiva Lal Phagarni 2 7. Mr. Tej Bahadur Larnichhane 6 9. Mr. Narayan Acharya 11 8. Mr. Nanda Lal Bhandari 6 10. Mr. Krishna BahadurShrestha 2 9. Mr. Bam Bahadur K.C. 9 11. Mr. Thir N ath Shanna 2 10. Mr. Kul Bahadur K.C. 6 12. Mr. Bharat Kumar Shrestha 2 11. Mr. Kaushila Lamichhane 5 13. Mr. Dilli Prasad Shanna 8 12. Mr. Jeevan Prasad Regmi 6 14. Mr. Nanda Ram Acharya 11 13. Mr. Padma Bahadur Karki 6 15. Mr. Chhabi Lal Sapkota 2 14. Mr. Ghana Bahadur Bhakheli 6 16. Mr. Ganga Prasad Sapkota 2 15. Mr. Ganesh Bdr. Lamichhane 6 17. Mr. Bal Prasad 2 16. Mr. Kshetra Bahadur Regmi 4 18 . Mr. Durga Prasad Shrestha 11 17. Mr. Dhan Prasad Shanna 4 19. Mr. Buddhi BahadurK.C. 11 18. Mr. Kul Bahadur Kshetri 7 20. Mr. Lila Acharya 1 19. Mr. Ramesh Timilsina 6 21. Mr. Sita K.C. 2 20. Mr. Nanda Lal Subedi 4 22. Mr. Megh Raj Upadhyay 2 21. Mr. Maheshwor Paudel 6 23. Mr. Report Joshi 2 22. Mr. Nuwa Datt Lam~;;al 6 24. Ml'. Surya Bahadur Pomu 2 23. Mr. Bodh Raj Subedi 6 25. Mr. Krislma Subedi 2 24. Mr. Hari La1 Nepali 8 26. Mr. Yogeshwor Ojha 3 25. Mr. Narayan Paudel 6 27. Mr. Madhukar Rajbhandari 3 26. Mr. Khem Lamichharie 6 28. Mr. Raghu Rajbhandari 3 27. Mr. Hira Bahadur Paudel 6 29. Mr. Mukunda Prasad Sharma 2 28. Mr. Phanindra Bahadur Kshetri 6 30. Mr. Bal Prasad Shrestha 2 29. Mr. Om Bahadur Lamichhane 6 31. Mr. Surya Prasad Limbu 2 30. Mr. Sher Bahadur K.C. 6 32. Mr. Premendra Shrestha 3 31. Mr. Rudra Bahadur Kshetri 6 33. Mr. Nir Bahadur K.C. 2 32. Mr. Mahendra Lamichhane 6 34. Mr. Prakash MalIa 2 33. Mr. Gyan Bdr. Gharti Kshetri 6 SHclVN90~OHcl Appendix: VI

A panoramic view ofPokhara.,Baglung Road from Kali Gandaki Bridge to Baglung Section along the Bank of Kali Gandaki River.

Road section at the distance of 5 kIn from Excavation for the construction of a building at the Pokhara, where there is complete absence of foot of Sarangkot hill, which is well within the any cross drainage work to drain out water from right of way of30 m. the Khahare Khola. A view of Kali Gandaki Bridge, also visible is the recently constructed road to Myagdi along the left Bank of Kali Gandaki River.

Improper disposal of excavated materials down the slopes.

Quarrysite for the stone which does not give good aesthetic outlook. "

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.1. ADB: Environment Guidelines for Selected Infrastructural Projects; Office of the Environment ADB, 1993. 2. Agricultural Perspective Plan, Final Report, Main Document, 1995. 3. Agricultural Project Services Centre/John Mellor Associates, Inc. 4. Bhattarai, Deepak; At the Threshold of21 st Century; Nepal Engineering College, 1996. 5. Central Bureau of Statistics: Population Monograph 6. Department Road: Nepal Road Statistics, 1995. 7. Gahlowt, R.S. Gupta, V.P: Treative on Hill Road~ Standard Book House, Delhi, India 1992. 8. GECON and Associates; Environmental Impact Study ofPokhara Baglung Road Project; 1992. 9. Khanna, S.K. Justo c.E.G: Highway Engineering; Nem Chand & Bros; Roorkee Press, India, 1994. 10. Ministry of Agriculture, Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (from 1990/91 to 1995/96). 11. NPC/IUCN NCS Implementation Program: National Environmentailmpact Assessment Guidelines; Kathmandu, 1993. 12. Schaffner, Urs: Road Construction in Nepal Himalaya: The exposure from Lamosangu-Jiri Road Project; ICIMOD Occasional Paper No.8, 1987.