Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51 (2019) 2042e2049
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Technical Note A proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of concentration of major/trace and toxic elements in broiler gizzard and flesh of Tehsil Gujar Khan area in Pakistan
* Khawar Nadeem a, Javaid Hussain b, Noaman Ul Haq c,A.UlHaqa, , Waheed Akram b, Ishaq Ahmad b a Department of Basic Sciences, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan b NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center on Advanced Nanomaterial's and Defects Engineering, National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan c Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan article info abstract
Article history: Ten gizzard and three flesh samples of the broiler were collected from different locations in Tehsil Gujar Received 20 April 2019 Khan District Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The samples were dried, crushed and ground. Pellets were prepared Received in revised form by pressing the powder of the samples and that of the Bovine liver 1577c reference material obtained 30 May 2019 from NIST, USA. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) installed at National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Accepted 3 June 2019 Pakistan has been used as a reliable and improved technique to determine concentration of various Available online 4 June 2019 major/trace and toxic elements e.g. S, Cl, K, Ca, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Ti, Cd, Ga, Cr, V and Ni, in the Gizzard and Flesh samples of the broiler. The concentrations of all the detected elements in the samples are Keywords: fi fi Major/minor minerals statistically signi cant. The certi ed and measured values of the elements in the reference material were Trace elements in agreement with each other within a deviation of 7%. S, Cl, K and Ca are within tolerable limits and are PIXE good for human consumption. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were more than the acceptable limits of Broiler gizzard World Health Organization, WHO whereas Ga, As, Sn, Sb and Pb are not detected in most of the samples. Broiler flesh © 2019 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the Permissible limits CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction According to the dietary reference intake, DRI, one should take 0.8 g of proteins per kg of body weight [3]. 66% of Pakistan popu- Poultry meat holds an important position in human daily diet lation is facing lack or deficiency of protein in their food material due to its unmatchable qualities that contains essential amino [4]. Here the main source of protein in human diet is animal meat. It acids, essential elements and vitamins. Poultry meat can be rapidly is worth mentioning that increase in the population has also played cooked and has frequent sensorial and nutritive qualities like a role in the decrease of proteins contents in the daily diet [2]. poorest in calories and richest in proteins [1] such as high in low fat Chicken meat in Pakistan is easily available at low prices so it is proteins (than other red meat which support for muscle growth highly preferred and contributes approximately nineteen percent and healthy body weight); high in an amino acid (which increases of the overall meat demand and has capacity to produce meat serotonin level in the brain and act as natural anti-depressant); rich further [2]. The poultry meat industry has made good progress over in phosphorus and selenium, (good for teeth, bones, kidney and the years. According to the economic survey of Pakistan (2017e18), liver); contains niacin (protects against cancer and genetic (DNA) poultry meat production in Pakistan [5] was 11.70 million tons in damage); controls homocysteine levels (which causes cardiovas- 2015e16 which increased to 13.891 million tons meat during cular diseases); and good for osteoporosis or arthritis in old age. 2017e18. The poultry meat growth has increased by 13.2% in the In 1964, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) became the first year 2017e18 as compared to 2016e17. commercial poultry producer and started breeding of layers and Poultry feed plays an important role in the growth of poultry broilers whereas poultry feed was produced by lever brothers [2]. birds. For proper growth a poultry birds should be given balanced diet. Poultry feed consists of several ingredients and healthy feed helps farmer to protect the birds from different diseases and help in * Corresponding author. the weight gain [6,7]. However, some preventive medicines [8] e.g. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Ul Haq). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.06.005 1738-5733/© 2019 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). K. Nadeem et al. / Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51 (2019) 2042e2049 2043
Monensin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin, Oxytetracycline, Oxolonic Acid, the chicken heart (11 samples), kidney (6 samples) and 12 samples Norfloxacin, Furazolidone, Flumequine, Erythromycin, Dano- each of leg tissue, leg bone and wing bone taken from Kasur area by floxacin, Trimethoprim, Chloramphenicol, Enrofloxacine etc. are ICP. They concluded that the concentration in all samples were given to the birds to save them from seasonal diseases and achieve within the tolerable limits except Mn which exceeded the good growth rate and weight gain. In case of anemia and weight permissible limit set by WHO, only in wing bone and back bone loss, birds are given high doses of iron and copper salts [9].Itisa while nickel was high in all chicken parts. Rehman et al. [4] re- common perception that contamination of poultry feed with ported heavy elements: Zn, Ag, Mn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd and Ni concen- various environmental pollutants particularly heavy metals, have trations determined by AAS in different parts i.e. kidney, liver, been used carelessly to avoid business losses. Surtipanti et al. [10]. gizzard, heart, and muscle of broiler chickens from district Bannu, determined the toxic metals contents in 63 samples (from Jakarta Khyber Pakhtunkhaw, Pakistan area. Higher concentration of Cu, Fe local market, Indonesia) of chicken meat, intestine and liver using and Zn were detected in domestic chickens as compared to the neutron activation analysis, (NAA) and atomic absorption spec- broiler. They concluded that the meat of broiler chicken contains troscopy, AAS. They found that the concentrations of Cu, Cr, Co were investigated elements within the tolerable limits set for human higher in chicken liver and intestine and concentrations of Cr, Co, diet. Mariam et al. [19] reported the concentration of some trace/ Hg, Cu, Sb, Zn and Se were in the tolerable range in the chicken macro minerals e.g. lead, arsenic, copper, cadmium, zinc, mercury meat. Kurnaz and Filazi [11] randomly collected 20 samples from 4 sodium, potassium and calcium in liver, kidney and lean meat of different cities including industrial and rural areas of Turkey and beef, mutton and chicken meat local markets in Lahore by AAS. determined the concentration of toxic metals Pb, Fe, Cu and Cd in Arsenic, lead and mercury concentration in the samples were above the muscle and liver samples of broiler by AAS. They found that tolerable limits which showed that the toxic metals pollution in the samples from industrial areas possess significantly higher metals Lahore region. Rehman et al. [20] determined the heavy metals in levels than from rural areas but were below the standard limits tissue, litter and poultry feed of broiler and household layers by established by Turkish and EU legislation. PIXE from district Faisalabad, Pakistan. The results showed high Akan et al. [12] reported the concentration of heavy metals in contamination of heavy metals in feed samples that reveal bio- different liver and kidney of Chicken, Cow, Sheep and Goat in the accumulation in different tissues of broiler and also emission in samples from the Kasuwan Shanu market in Maiduguri Metropolis, litter which were harmful for human consumption. Khan et al. [21] Bomo State, Nigeria by AAS. They concluded that the concentration collected thirty samples each from liver, breast and thigh muscle of of metals is statistically significant. In general concentrations of broiler from different sales outlets of districts of Khyber Pak- metals were within tolerable limit except that of Cr and Pb which htunkhaw (KPK), Pakistan and analyzed by using AAS. They was higher than the standards of Australia-New Zealand Food Au- concluded that level of Cd, Cr, Zn, Fe, Mn and Pb was high as thority, ANZFA (2001). Zhuang et al. [13] reported heavy metals compared to the permissible limits. Jaweria et al. [22] reported that concentrations in five tissues of 48 chickens. One group of chickens concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Ni and Zn by AAS in various was feed with high metal feed while other group of samples was tissues of chicken. They concluded that concentrations of these fed with uncontaminated feed. Concentration of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb elements are lower than the permissible limits. Yasir [23] deter- were determined by AAS in the kidney, liver, muscle, blood and mined the major/minor minerals and toxic metals in 33 samples of feathers. They concluded that the concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn and the broiler liver, using Proton Induced X-ray Emission, PIXE tech- Cu were relatively high in experimental group. nique. Concentration of all investigated elements was in the toler- Ismail and Abolghait [14] estimated the concentration of Cd and able limits and concluded that liver of a broiler is good to eat. Pb by AAS in chicken giblets from Ismailia city of Egypt. They Demirezen and Uricin [24] reported that concentration of heavy randomly collected sixty samples of chicken heart, liver, and giz- metals in feed products for poultry birds is a severe health hazard zards. They reported significantly high concentration of Cd and Pb. for the human being as it is reflected in the bird's meat. Subhan Szekely et al. [15]. examined the heavy metals in liver sample of et al. [25] determined the changes in biochemical parameters of beef, chicken and pork by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, XRF. blood and accumulation of cadmium in various tissue caused by The samples were collected from the same location of Budapest various levels of dietary cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in broiler chicks (Hungry), over three consecutive weeks. Results of first sampling by AAS. They found that Cd concentration values were high in showed greater amounts of cadmium and lead content with respect kidney rather than in liver and breast samples. to standard value (0.5 mg/kg) (1881/2006 EC Regulation). Result of From above mentioned literature review it is established that second sampling is also relevant to the first sampling excluding any toxic material taken by birds in feed, medicine or environment manganese contents which were five times higher in second may pollute their meat. The aim of this study was to determine the sampling. In third sampling the cadmium content is higher than the concentration of major/trace minerals and level of toxic elements in standard limit and lead content were not detected. the flesh and gizzards of the broiler samples. Therefore, this study Hussain et al. [16]. determined the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn in carried out to determine the levels of seventeen major or trace and the liver of chickens collected from local market of Al-Basra, Iraq. toxic elements in the boiler gizzard and meat samples collected Five frozen Liver samples of chicken each from nine different from Gujar Khan (Rawalpindi District), Pakistan by PIXE. brands were analyzed by AAS for concentrations of heavy metals. The amount of Cd and Pb concentration was high in the local 2. Materials and method chicken livers. The results showed the lead concentration in sam- ples was lower than the tolerable limit. Muhammad et al. [17] The broiler chicks were selected according to their ages between studied concentrations of the heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Pb, Cd, Fe and 34 and 39 days. All samples were collected randomly from different Cr) in the breast, gizzard, liver and kidney of two species i.e. Hacco locations of Tehsil Gujar Khan, District Rawalpindi. This area is and Isa Brown of adult layers chickens. Twelve samples from each geographical located at the latitude: 33.25080 N; longitude: group were collected in 8 weeks. Inductively Coupled Plasma- 73.29660 E and its altitude is 505 m. Sample collection (Table 1)was Optical Emission Spectrometry, ICP-OED was used. They conclude divided in to three groups. Each group composed of four locations. that the odd layer strains of poultry are within safe limit for dietary From each location either gizzard or flesh sample was collected. The intake and safe for consumption. three gizzard samples and one flesh sample was collected in each Rohma Imran et al. [18] estimated the metal concentration in group on dates specified in Table 1. The bird feed, in each group was 2044 K. Nadeem et al. / Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51 (2019) 2042e2049
Table 1 Tehsil Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi locations from where samples were collected.
S.No Group Sample code Collection area Feed use Broiler age Collection date
1 1 JRG Jabbar Islamabad Feed 35 25-02-2017 2 GNG Gujar Khan Islamabad Feed 37 12-02-2017 3 MLG Missa Kaswal Islamabad Feed 34 03-03-2017 4 KNF Kalyam Awan Islamabad Feed 35 22-03-2017 5 2 DAG Doutala High Tech Feed 36 25-02-2017 6 SOG Sukho High Tech Feed 35 07-03-2017 7 KAG Kountrila High Tech Feed 36 29-01-2017 8 KNF Kallar Syedan High Tech Feed 39 27-02-2017 9 3 SAG Sohawa Kashmir Feed 37 19-03-2017 10 MAG Mandra Kashmir Feed 38 25-01-2017 11 NIG Narali Kashmir Feed 37 29-03-2017 12 QNF Qazian Kashmir Feed 38 16-03-2017