Coin Collectors and Museum Donors Contextualizing Delfino Trucchi and Antonino Salinas in Early Post- Unification Sicily (1868–73)

Journal of the History of Collections vol. 26 no. 2 (2014) pp. 277–286 Coin collectors and museum donors Contextualizing Delfino Trucchi and Antonino Salinas in early post- Unification Sicily (1868–73)

Antonino Crisà

The main scope of this paper is the presentation of two little-known sets of archival records, kept at the Central State Archive of Rome and crucial for knowledge of the history of Sicilian collections in the early post-Unification period. In particular, they detail two donations of coins and antiquarian objects to the Museum of Palermo by the collector Delfino Trucchi (1868) and by the Director Antonino Salinas (1873). The Ministry of Public Education, the main state authority for museum management and supervision, was appreciative of these actions. Records, transcribed in an online Appendix, form the core of this paper and offer fresh data to help contextualize these episodes in terms of the history of Sicilian archaeology. Last but not least, observations on the political significance of these donations will be provided, as well as remarks on the role of Salinas as both skilful numismatist and ‘clever’ donor of approximately 6,600 finds.

The Central State Archive of Rome (Archivio Centrale The Museum of Palermo records merit analy- dello Stato di Roma) holds among the substantial sis for three essential reasons. First, they provide archival collection of the Ministry of Public Education – Antiquities and Fine Arts (Ministero dell’Istruzione Pubblica – Antichità e Belle Arti) two sets of records relating to the Royal Museum of Palermo (Real Museo di Palermo, now Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘A. Salinas’). These documents offer important data which enhance our knowledge of the history of antiquarian collecting in Sicily during the second half of the nineteenth century and shed light on the acquisition of finds by regional institutions. The historical context is the early post-Unifica- tion period. Once Garibaldi had successfully landed in Sicily on 11 May 1860 and defeated the Bourbon troops of Francis II (1859–61) (Fig. 1), the last mon- arch of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, he established a dictatorship. A few months later Sicily was annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy. The new authorities had to deal with many internal problems, caused especially by the power of the local barons and élites, social revolts, an absence of public education and issues surrounding land and property.1 Nevertheless, as outlined below, Sicily already had a well-organized system for safeguarding the island’s antiquities, derived from the regime of the previous Bourbon government. Fig. 1. Coin of Francis II, King of the Two Sicilies (silver piastra 120 grana, 1859). Source: Numismatica Ranieri.

© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. doi:10.1093/jhc/fht043 Advance Access publication 15 February 2014 Antonino Crisà unpublished data on the relationship between the The material considered in this article comprises Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily these documents. Regarding the first set of records (docs. (Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti in Sicilia) and 1–5),4 dated from 13 June to 24 August 1868, they detail the Ministry of Public Education during the very the donation of two coins, issued by Queen Philistis early stages of post-Unification. Second, the docu- (third century bc),5 which the collector Delfino Trucchi ments testify to the way that private donations of coins gave to Salinas with the aim of increasing the numis- and archaeological finds were valued by regional and matic collection of the Royal Museum. The second set state institutions for convenient and political reasons; (docs. 6–8),6 formed by three records dated from 14 to indeed, donations increased the archaeological collec- 18 October 1873, clarifies for the first time the real sub- tions and the prestige of both the new Italian nation stance of Salinas’s impressive donation to the museum: and Sicily itself. Third, some of the donations led to it took place at precisely the date when he became its academic publications and they also helped to pro- director. It seems evident that he conceived his action in mote further investigations and donations (Fig. 2).2 order to create a positive impact and to mark the inau- The records under discussion relate to correspond- guration of his prestigious institutional role. ence to and from Antonino Salinas (1841–1914), director of the Museum of Palermo. These valuable documents remain poorly studied, although some Salinas, Palermo and collecting of them were mentioned by Giuditta Cimino in her Antonino Salinas (Fig. 3), born in Palermo on 19 monograph Lettere di Antonino Salinas a Michele November 1841, was a well-known archaeologist Amari (1985).3 and numismatist, professor of archaeology at the University of Palermo (from 1865) and later (from

Fig. 3. Antonino Salinas (1841–1914) in the early twentieth Fig. 2. First page of Salinas’s article (1868), published in two century. From G. M. Columba, Antonino Salinas: discorso different journals. commemorativo (1915), p. 1.

278 Coin collectors and museum donors: Trucchi and Salinas (1868–73)

1873) director of the National Museum of Palermo 1827 under the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, had as (Fig. 4). He excavated at numerous Sicilian sites (e.g. its mission the management and safeguarding of the Selinunte, Mozia, Tindari), and perfectly represents archaeological and cultural heritage of the island. The the evolution from the antiquarian background of Commission, which had its headquarters in Palermo, the new generation of professional archaeologists evaluated new finds, advised the state and regional (paid by the Italian state). In a short time he came to authorities on the island’s antiquities and art objects, dominate Sicilian archaeology and continued to do so operating with the backing of the Museum of Palermo for the whole post-Unification period; he became, in and the Lieutenant-General of Sicily (Luogotenente fact, a powerful figure, with contacts with politicians Generale per la Sicilia). When records of Trucchi’s in Rome. When he died in Rome on 7 March 1914, donation were produced in 1868, the Commission Salinas left a revived and well-organized museum in comprised the following people: Gaetano Daita Palermo, which had markedly increased its collections. (President), Giovanni D’Ondes Reggio (Director of The most significant of Salinas’s published works the Museum), Francesco Saverio Cavallari (Director of were Le monete delle antiche città di Sicilia (1867), Del Antiquities), Giuseppe Volpes (Secretary), Antonino Real Museo di Palermo: relazione (1873), Del Museo Salinas, Giuseppe Patricolo and Andrea D’Antoni nazionale di Palermo e del suo avvenire (1874) and (members). Seven years later this Sicilian body was Breve guida del Museo Nazionale di Palermo (1901).7 suppressed by Royal Decree on 5 December 1875.8 The Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts This digression on the Museum of Palermo is necessary (Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti), founded in in order to contextualize this paper in terms of the history of Sicilian archaeology and to emphasize the importance of Trucchi’s and Salinas’s donations. The museum was founded in 1812, following the donation to the University of Palermo by Prince Giuseppe Ventimiglia of a number of prints and paintings. The new institution took inspiration from the Museum of Naples and increased its collections by donations, excavations and acquisitions from the era of Bourbon domination to the post-Unification period, when it was moved to the old oratory of S. Filippo Neri at Bara dell’Olivella. Even the Bourbon kings donated significant Roman finds, many from excavations in Pompeii. Therefore, in 1867–8, a large part of the collections was newly arranged, while new acquisitions were constantly added. Undoubtedly, the Commission and the Ministry of Public Education appreciated such donations, since they increased the Museum’s collections at very little cost to the national treasury.9

Two coins of Philistis We know that coins of Queen Philistis, wife of Hieron II (269-215 bc), were much in demand by Sicilian collectors in the early post-Unification period. Indeed, Salinas stated that collectors constantly sought them not only for aesthetic and artistic reasons – specifically, they appreciated the high quality iconographies – but also for their historical value.10 Although the rarity of the coins of Philistis was somewhat decreased due to Fig. 4. Cloister of the Museum of Palermo (1900). Source: Vv. the discovery of hoards and substantial numismatic aa., Miscellanea di archeologia (1907). finds, they remained highly prized by collectors.11

279 Antonino Crisà

Queen Philistis issued silver tetradrachms showing by private collectors, evidently because they were use- her portrait on the obverse and her name and a quad- ful in strengthening the unity of the newly-born Italian riga on the reverse (bασιλισσας φιλιστιδος), the horses nation. Moreover, the Commission had expressed its either galloping or walking. In addition, some coins fea- gratitude to Trucchi for his spontaneous action17. ture control marks in the shape of Greek letters (α, ε, The Ministry of Public Education replied briefly on κ, φ, σ, etc.), which scholars consider as useful dating 23 June 1868, instructing Daita to thank Trucchi for his elements.12 Salinas provides quite a detailed descrip- remarkable donation to the Royal Museum of Palermo. tion of two coins in his 1868 essay: these were silver The Italian state was ‘personally’ grateful to him.18 tetradrachms, according to their weight (about 16 g) In the meantime, Salinas had written to Gaetano and size (26 mm). The obverse presents the diademed Daita on the two coins of Philistis. Subsequently, and veiled head of Philistis, while the reverse shows the that letter was published in the form of the afore- common legend βασιλισσας φιλιστιδος and a standing mentioned numismatic essay. Daita sent two copies Nike driving a quadriga and holding the reins. The team of the offprint to the Ministry of Public Education pulling the quadriga is galloping on the first coin13 and in Florence, although only one copy appears to have walking on the second.14 Two distinct marks appear on been filed.19 It may be inferred that the other copy the reverse – ε on the first coin andΦ on the second. went astray at the Ministry; or rather it may have In addition, Salinas offers a representative illustration been discarded to avoid the storage of a duplicate of the two coins, showing a similar example owned by copy. Lastly, on 24 August the Ministry replied more Professor G. G. Gemellaro (Fig. 5).15 formally, expressing gratitude to the President of the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily for having dispatched Salinas’s valuable essay.20 Records: Trucchi’s donation (1868) The article testifies to the numismatic exper- tise developed by Salinas, who was especially profi- The Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts met on 7 cient in ancient Punic and Greek Sicilian coins, as June 1868 in Palermo, as recorded in the relevant min- clearly attested by his research and published works utes. Its members resolved to inform the Ministry of (Fig. 6).21 He rightly comprehended the importance Public Education that Delfino Trucchi had just donated of the two coins of Philistis, especially due to their two silver coins of Philistis to the Royal Museum of excellent preservation and historical value. Daita had Palermo.16 So it was that Gaetano Daita, President of indeed sent Salinas’s essay to the Minister of Public the Commission, sent the Minister of Public Education Education to prove his skill and to highlight the effi- a letter on 13 June 1868, recounting that the dona- ciency of the Commission of Antiquities and Fine tion had taken place a few days earlier and that the Arts in Sicily – the body dealt promptly with valuing two coins were well-preserved. Daita was extremely donations by private collectors. appreciative of the gift, which he viewed as a meaning- At present, we have scant information on the ful act of patriotism. This aspect is noteworthy, for the coins’ provenance. Salinas stated in his paper that President ascribed a political significance to donations Delfino Trucchi had bought them in Mondello (Palermo), where they had been discovered (‘trovate di corto presso Mondello’). It can be inferred that they were found during deliberately targeted excavations, carried out by local collectors or antiquaries. Unfortunately, neither Salinas’s paper nor the archival records offer any further data concerning the discovery, although future research may yet reveal additional details.22 However, Salinas considered the discovery at Mondello as in some way exceptional, since substantial, well-preserved silver coins of Philistis were usu- Fig. 5. Drawing of a coin of the Queen Philistis, ‘posseduta dal prof. ally found in hoards. For instance, Canon Antonino G. G. Gemellaro’. From A. Salinas, ‘Di due monete della regina Lentinello had unearthed a remarkable hoard in the Filistide . . .’, Periodico di numismatica e di sfragistica 1 (1868), pl. ix, fig. 1. area of Achradina in Syracuse in 1853. The hoard

280 Coin collectors and museum donors: Trucchi and Salinas (1868–73)

government. For instance, Enrico Pirajno (1809–1864), a well-known antiquary and collector of ancient coins and other finds, carried out excavations at Lipari (Messina) and also supervised work at Cefalù (Palermo) as head of the local Commission of Antiquities.24 Salinas’s father, Emanuele, was a respected employee of the Bourbon government, as Inspector of Customs (Ispettore delle Dogane) at the Port of Messina. His mother, Teresa Gargotta, came from Termini Imerese and was a well-educated woman. She loved the classics and collected antiquities to the point where she accumu- lated hundreds of coins and other objects. Teresa was in some sense in competition with her brother Antonino, Salinas’s uncle, especially in terms of collecting coins struck by the ancient Sicilian mints. Salinas grew up, therefore, in a family context in which archaeology and numismatics were key aspects and which no doubt shaped him as a passionate scholar and collector.25 It is said that Salinas was able to identify all types of Sicilian coins, even by the time he was nine years old. His teachers had interests in numismatics too, notably Giuseppe Romano (1810–1878) and Gregorio Ugdulena (1815–1872), who published an outstanding and innovative essay on Punic coins, entitled Sulle monete punico- sicule (1857). When he commemorated Salinas in 1915, Professor Gaetano Mario Columba (1861–1947) high- lighted this innate ability in identifying all Sicilian and Fig. 6. Drawing of Punic coins, published in an early work by Magna Graecia coins and recognizing fake specimens, Salinas. From A. Salinas, Su di alcune monete puniche di Mozia . . . even if they were badly preserved or incomplete:26 (1858), p. 8. Nessuna moneta, della Sicilia e della Magna Grecia in par- contained many coins of Philistis and only one exam- ticolare, ebbe misteri per lui; nessuna fu così devastata dagli ple attributed to Hieron II, as reported by the archae- uomini o dal tempo, ch’egli non la riconoscesse a prima ologist Theodor Mommsen during a meeting at the vista; nessuna falsificazione fu così abile, che lo lasciasse Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica in Rome.23 perplesso un istante. Pareva che queste monete si rivelassero a lui per una voce segreta, impercettibile ad ogni altro orec- chio, anche non profano. The creation of Salinas’s collection: from A large part of Salinas’s collection, therefore, had its early years to the post-Unification period origins in his family’s collection, as he himself states on Collecting was a fashionable activity among Sicilian 10 October 1873 in a letter to Gaetano Daita. Published high society during the first half of the nineteenth in the journal Archivio Storico Siciliano, this letter con- century. Most of the collectors were noble or well- tains the only information hitherto available on Salinas’s esteemed antiquaries; they gathered huge numbers collection, which we can now expand with new archi- of antiquities and coins very easily, since antiquarian val records.27 At that time Salinas was thirty-two years markets were quite widespread at archaeological sites old and already a well-known professor of archaeol- and in the principal cities (e.g. Palermo and Messina), ogy at the University of Palermo, although he held his constantly fed by finds from excavations on the island. classes at the museum in order to involve the students Thanks to archival research, we know that antiquaries more directly with archaeological finds. In addition, took particular care in safeguarding Sicilian antiqui- he had just become director of the museum. Feeling ties, obtaining special commissions from the Bourbon that his possession of a private collection was no longer

281 Antonino Crisà appropriate, Salinas donated it to the museum, preserv- included also lead bullets (the so-called ‘ghiande ing only a few objects which evoked pleasant memories missili’) bearing Greek inscriptions, and Byzantine of his childhood and family. None the less, he imposed and medieval seals.30 two important conditions on his donation: firstly, that the collection should be preserved as a whole and not be dispersed; and secondly, that if the University of Records: Salinas’s donation (1873) Palermo were to institute a new course in archaeology Four days after Salinas wrote announcing his substan- at the campus itself and outside the museum, the col- tial donation, on 14 October 1873, the President of lection would become the property of the university in the Commission, Gaetano Daita, sent a letter to the order to support the classes.28 Ministry of Public Education in which he announced As mentioned above, Salinas often held classes at the gift, stressing the two conditions imposed by the Museum of Palermo, where his students could Salinas. He also underlined that such finds were use- observe and study objects at first hand. This was quite ful in teaching archaeology to young scholars at the an innovative teaching method and Salinas seemed Museum of Palermo. Daita thus considered Salinas’s to avoid the usual ex cathedra classes at the campus. action a clever, informed idea, which was advanta- F. Pottino, one of his students in the early twentieth geous to the Italian state and to science.31 century, provides a significant memoir:29 A valuable attachment to Daita’s letter lists the L’Archeologia col Salinas al Museo Nazionale: dai cortili, objects in Salinas’s collection, organized by catego- per sua cura rallegrati da verde e da fiori, all’ultimo piano. ries, materials and numbers of finds. Since the collec- Non lo si vide mai in cattedra, altro che per qualche breve tion remains unpublished, this tabulation is certainly comunicazione scientifica alla Storia Patria, né furono cat- informative, providing an idea on collection’s compo- tedratiche le sue lezioni. Da una sala all’altra, con passi lenti sition, and in particular the proportions of coins and si seguiva il Maestro . . . medals (Fig. 7).32 Coins represent the bulk of the finds Salinas briefly describes the collection in the last in the collection (97 per cent, 6,410 out of 6,641). section of his letter. Most of the coins were issued Bronze finds comprise not only thirty-nine small by ancient Sicilian cities, although he also collected statues, rings and tools, but also twelve medieval seal- medieval and modern coins from the Arabic period matrices, testifying to Salinas’s interest in medieval to the Bourbon domination. He was proud to possess history and archaeology. Lead finds are quite substan- a gold pirreale of Constance and Peter of Aragon. tial and include twenty-one ancient tokens (‘tessere Regarding archaeological finds, a bronze caduceus, antiche’) featuring stamps and inscriptions, twenty- which showed an archaic Greek inscription men- three medieval and early-modern tokens, twelve tioning the ancient Imachara, was a unique and Byzantine seals and eleven medieval seals with Latin remarkable object, as well as a group of terracotta legends (‘sigilli latini’). Among the terracotta finds the heads from Naxos. Last but not least, the collection most significant are forty-one ceramic fragments and

Fig. 7. Chart (by the author) giving an analysis of Salinas’s coin collection.

282 Coin collectors and museum donors: Trucchi and Salinas (1868–73)

Table 1: Table of percentages of coins in Salinas’s managing Italian antiquities, appreciated these actions collection. by private collectors, which were advantageous for the state. Donations not only made a contribution to Coin typology % Amount enhancing the prestigious cultural heritage of the new Ancient Sicilian 42 2,672 Kingdom of Italy (as the president of the Commission Medieval Sicilian 12 751 of Antiquities and Fine Arts also states) but they also Magna Graecia (outside Sicily) 8 530 increased museum collections at no cost. In contrast, Roman Consular 4 234 archaeological excavations, which might generate Roman Imperial 25 1,642 novel finds, were quite expensive to run. Byzantine 5 347 On the other hand, Salinas, as Director of the Medieval and Modern (outside Sicily) 3 191 Medals 1 43 Museum of Palermo from 1873 to 1914, repre- Total 6,410 sented the highest authority of post-Unification Sicilian archaeology, and he too sponsored donations – although his ‘museum theory’ clearly aimed at twenty-six lamps with figures or inscriptions (pre- increasing collections according to a regional perspec- sumably stamped or moulded), and ten amphora han- tive. The Palermo museum aimed to represent the dles with inscriptions; moreover, Salinas was proud to whole history of Sicilian arts, including those of the have collected five valuable archaic terracotta heads. medieval and modern periods. Donations therefore Salinas and his relatives were mainly interested in represented useful opportunities towards achieving ancient coins from Sicilian mints (42 per cent, 2,672 this programmatic manifesto, as is precisely explained out of 6,410) (see Fig. 7 and Table 1). According to the in Salinas’s early report on the Sicilian institution in list, the category ‘Siciliane antiche’ includes Greek 1873.34 and Punic coins (2,259 bronze and 113 silver). Roman His massive donation of more than 6,600 finds can Imperial coins number 1,642, or 25 per cent of the be considered a key action in Salinas’s early career. total. Roman Republican coins, issued by consuls (the Once appointed Director of the Museum, Salinas so-called ‘monete consolari’), and forty-three modern instigated his programme by offering his own col- medals form two quite significant components, which lection of finds.H e cleverly informed Daita, who in observe established collecting trends in Bourbon turn alerted the Ministry. In this way Salinas helped Sicily (see below). Salinas’s interest in medieval and personally to promote donations among private col- modern history is represented by 751 Sicilian medi- lectors. Such acts boosted Palermo’s profile and drew eval coins (12 per cent) and 191 coins minted outside the attention of the national authorities – a crucial Sicily (3 per cent). step, since it was they who allocated funds for Sicilian The last record in this documentary set is a short antiquities, which remained subject to national letter sent by the Minister of Public Education to jurisdiction. Daita on 18 October. The Minister was grateful to Donations by Trucchi can be contextualized in the Salinas, who had just donated a ‘new treasure’ for early stages of Salinas’s career as a scholar. At that the Museum of Palermo and had offered substantial time, as Professor of Archaeology at the University finds for scientific purposes. Furthermore, he fully of Palermo, he evaluated Trucchi’s coins, suggesting accepted Salinas’s conditions and personally thanked their acquisition by the Commission of Antiquities him for his generous action.33 (of which he was also a member) and wrote a detailed numismatic essay on these Sicilian coins. It is evident that publications of finds were essential to the promo- Conclusion tion of the scientific activity of the Commission, and Records of Trucchi’s and Salinas’s donations of finds it was for this reason that Daita sent the Ministry two to the Museum of Palermo form two important extracts of Salinas’s essay. and meaningful case-studies of Sicilian collecting This evidence helps to show something of the rela- after the Unification of Italy. Above all, they clearly tionship between donations and collecting trends in demonstrate how the Ministry of Public Education, nineteenth-century Sicily: the two coins of Philistis the main national authority for safeguarding and were fairly well-preserved and had a historical

283 Antonino Crisà importance, as Salinas stated in his paper. Quality evi- Address for correspondence dently was a key aspect, which the collectors carefully Antonino Crisà, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, considered before acquiring or purchasing coins: col- University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester le1 7rh. lectors were principally interested in coins issued by [email protected] Sicilian city mints, well-preserved silver tetradrachms being especially appreciated.35 Thanks to recent archival research, close com- Notes and references parison can be made between Salinas and three 1 D. Mack Smith, A History of Sicily, vol. iii. Modern Sicily after 1713 (London, 1968), pp. 434–68; L. Riall, ‘Garibaldi and the Sicilian collectors during the Bourbon regime in South’, in J. A. Davids (ed.), Italy in the Nineteenth Century: Sicily, namely Antonino Astuto (1742–1822), baron 1796–1900 (Oxford, 2000), pp. 132–53 (at pp. 142–5). of Fargione, Tommaso Gandolfo, a well-known law- 2 A. Salinas, ‘Di due monete della regina Filistide donate al yer from Termini Imerese (Palermo), and Enrico R. Museo di Palermo’, Periodico di numismatica e di sfragistica 1 (1868), pp. 193–207, pl. ix; A. Salinas, ‘Di due Pirajno (1809–1864). It is clear that they concen- monete della regina Filistide. Al Commendatore Gaetano trated mainly on ancient Sicilian coins, although Daita. Lettera di Antonino Salinas, Professore di archeo- Salinas also owned 234 Roman Republican coins (the logia nella R. Università di Palermo e Membro della Commissione R. di Antichità e Belle Arti per la Sicilia’, La so-called ‘monete consolari’). Astuto, for instance, Sicilia 3 (1868), pp. 3–20, note 20. Furthermore, the author owned a full 991 coins and Gandolfo 563 examples. published the same work as a pamphlet (Palermo, Ufficio Moreover, Salinas collected modern medals, dating Tipografico di Michele Amenta). Originally, the essay took the form of a letter, which Salinas sent to Gaetano Daita on from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century – a mat- 22 May 1868. ter for little surprise, since Gandolfo possessed 226 3 A. Salinas, Del Museo Nazionale di Palermo e del suo avvenire. medals of popes and famous men, and Astuto a fur- Discorso inaugurale per la solenne apertura della R. Università ther forty-six examples. degli Studj di Palermo letto addì 16 di novembre del 1873 da Regarding archaeological finds, collectors showed Antonino Salinas (Palermo, 1874) (= A. Salinas, Scritti scelti (Palermo, 1976–7), vol. i, pp. 46–65 (at pp. 63–4); A. Salinas, an interest in terracotta lamps, as Astuto’s 130 and ‘Dono fatto al R. Museo di Palermo dal prof. A. Salinas’, Salinas’s thirty-seven examples testify. In addition, Archivio Storico Siciliano 1 (1878), pp. 524–5; G. M. Columba, Antonino Salinas: discorso commemorativo (Palermo, 1915), Pirajno’s palazzo at Cefalù housed a huge collection pp. 23–4; G. Cimino, Lettere di Antonino Salinas a Michele of lamps, dating from the first to the sixth century ad, Amari (Palermo, 1985), p. xxxvii. which remains almost wholly unpublished. He found 4 Archivio Centrale dello Stato (acs), Ministero della Pubblica and preserved four lamps at Contrada Diana in Lipari Istruzione (mpi), Antichità e Belle Arti (aabbaa), versamento 36 i (1860–90), busta 285; A. Musacchio (ed.), Archivio Centrale in 1864, when he carried out his last excavations. dello Stato. L’Archivio della Direzione generale delle antichità Finally, the records discussed offer new data on col- e belle arti, 1860-’90. Archivi di Stato. Strumenti, cxx (Rome, lecting during the post-Unification period and con- 1994), vol. ii, p. 568: ‘31. ‘Trucchi Delfino. Doni al Museo di tribute to a better knowledge of donations by private Palermo, 1868’. collectors, the role of national and regional authorities 5 historical sources on Philistis are quite scant. Polybius mentioned Hieron II, tyrant of Syracuse (269-215 bc), who had in dealing with acquisitions of finds, and the activity of married Philistis, daughter of Leptines. However, she is Salinas in the early stages of his career as numismatist well-known for her numismatic issues, which display her portrait and name. Polyb. i, 9, 2–3; G. F. Hill, Coins of Ancient and as Director of the Museum of Palermo. However, Sicily (London, 1903), pp. 190–91; M. I. Finley, Ancient only continuing, systematic archival research can Sicily (London, 1979), pp. 111–12; M. Caccamo Caltabiano, reveal further information on these interesting sub- B. Carroccio and E. Oteri, ‘Il sistema monetale ieroniano: cronologia e problemi’, in M. Caccamo Caltabiano (ed.), La jects, which are certainly worthy of analysis in order to Sicilia tra l’Egitto e Roma. La monetazione siracusana dell’età expand knowledge of the history of Sicilian archaeol- di Ierone II. Atti del Seminario di Studi, Messina, 2–4 dicem- ogy and the evolution of its museums. bre 1993 (Messina, 1995), pp. 195–274 (at p. 226); B. Levy, ‘The Salton gift of Greek and Roman coins, ii: a portrait of Philistis’, Princeton University Library Chronicle 61 (1999), vol. 1, pp. 73–86. Supplementary information 6 acs, mpi, aabbaa, versamento i (1860–90), busta 286; An online appendix at http://jhc.oxfordjournals.org Musacchio, op. cit. (note 5), p. 571: ‘82. Oggetti donati dal prof. Salinas. Contiene elenco, 1873’. contains the set of archival records (Central State 7 Vv. aa., Miscellanea di archeologia, storia e filologia dedicata al Archive of Rome – Italy) as discussed in the text, prof. Antonino Salinas nel 40° anniversario del Suo insegnamento faithfully transcribed according to the original texts. accademico (Palermo, 1907); M. Cagiati, ‘Antonino Salinas’,

284 Coin collectors and museum donors: Trucchi and Salinas (1868–73)

Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 27 (1914), pp. 125–31; (note 2), p. 194, note 2; Poole, op. cit. (note 13), p. 212, note Columba, op. cit. (note 3); P. Orsi, ‘Antonino Salinas’, Archivio 538. Storico per la Sicilia Orientale 12 (1915), pp. 1–9; V. Tusa, 15 Gaetano Giorgio Gemellaro (1832–1904) was Professor of ‘Introduzione’, in A. Salinas, Scritti scelti (Palermo, 1976– Mineralogy and Geology at the University of Palermo, where 77), vol. i, pp. 7–21; V. Tusa, ‘Antonino Salinas nella cultura he founded and directed the Museum of Paleontology and palermitana’, Archivio Storico Siciliano 4 (1978), pp. 429–44; Geology (1866–1904). When young, he met the geologist Cimino, op. cit. (note 3). Charles Lyell (1797–1875) and fought with Garibaldi’s troops 8 Royal Decree, 5 December 1875 no. 2897 bis. See (1860–61). Gemellaro was senator of the Kingdom of Italy M. Bencivenni, R. Dalla Negra and P. Grifoni, Monumenti during the 18th Legislature (1892). e istituzioni (Florence, 1987–92), vol. i, p. 449; P. Pelagatti, 16 Marconi, op. cit. (note 8), p. 67: ‘3. Si dia intelligenza al ‘Dalla Commissione Antichità e Belle Arti di Sicilia (cabas) Ministero per la pubblica Istruzione delle due monete di alla Amministrazione delle Belle Arti nella Sicilia post–uni- argento della Regina Filistide donate al Museo dal Signor taria. Rottura e continuità amministrativa’, Mélanges de l’École Delfino Trucchi’. Française de Rome. Italie et Méditerranée 113 (2001), vol. ii, pp. 599–621 (at pp. 604, 606–9); C. Marconi, L’Attività della 17 Online appendix, Doc. no. i: ‘tale atto di patriottismo . . .’ Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti in Sicilia. Parte v. Verbali 18 Online appendix, Doc. no. 2: ‘La prego di ringraziare con delle Riunioni della Commissione, Anni 1863–1871. Quaderni del mano del Governo . . .’ viii Museo Archeologico Regionale ‘Antonino Salinas’ (Palermo, 19 acs, mpi, aabbaa, versamento I (1860–90), busta 285. 2002), p. 5. 20 Online appendix, Doc. nos 3–5. All documentation, pro- 9 New data and archival records have recently been published duced by the Ministry of Public Education, was moved from on the substantial numismatic and antiquarian collections of Florence to Rome when Rome became the new capital of the Tommaso Gandolfo and Antonino Astuto. They were acquired Kingdom of Italy in 1870. by the Museum of the University of Palermo. See A. Crisà, Numismatic and Archaeological Collecting in Northern Sicily 21 We quote only the most significant works on numismatics: during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2012), A. Salinas, Su di alcune monete puniche di Mozia. Lettera di pp. 11–26, 55–112. On the history of the Museum of Palermo, Antonino Salinas Gargotta al Barone Pasquale Pennisi (Palermo, see: B. Pace, ‘Antonino Salinas e il Museo di Palermo’, 1858); A. Salinas, Le monete delle antiche città di Sicilia, descritte Emporium 63 (1926), pp. 152–62; S. Moscati and C. Di Stefano, e illustrate da Antonino Salinas (Palermo, 1867); A. Salinas, Sul Il Museo Archeologico di Palermo (Palermo, 2006), pp. 16–18; tipo de’ tetradrammi di Segesta e di alcune rappresentazioni numis- Crisà, op. cit., pp. 9–11. matiche di Paneagreo. Memoria di A. Salinas (Florence, 1870). 10 Salinas, op. cit. [Di due monete . . . al R. Museo di Palermo] 22 Salinas, op. cit. [Di due monete . . . al R. Museo di Palermo] (note 2), p. 194. (note 2), p. 193; Salinas, op. cit. [Di due monete . . . Al Commendatore] (note 2), p. 3: ‘. . . poiché il signor Delfino 11 Ibid., p. 194: ‘Furono altra volta queste medaglie di una Trucchi presentavami due monete di argento, trovate di notevole rarità, la quale è scemata in questi ultimi decennj pei corto presso Mondello, e da lui acquistate, richiedendomi se numerosi ripostigli che se ne sono scoperti; ciò che lungi di potessero riuscire di qualche valore pel nostro Museo’. diminuire accresce l’importanza grandissima che esse hanno per la nostra storia antica’; p. 207: ‘. . . ma il Filistideo essendo 23 G. Henzen, ‘Adunanza degli 11 Febbrajo 1853’, Bullettino sempre molto ricercato a cagione della sua bellezza e impor- dell’Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica (1853), pp. 58–60 tanza, riacquista subito il suo valore anche dopo la scoverta di (at p. 58: ‘. . . il canonico Lentinelli a Siracusa abbia scoperto simili e ricchissimi ripostigli’. in Achradina un certo numero di medaglie di Filistide insieme ad una di Jerone tutte dentro lo stesso vaso’); Salinas, op. 12 M. Caccamo Caltabiano and V. Tromba, ‘La monetazione cit. [Di due monete . . . al R. Museo di Palermo] (note 2), della basilissa Filistide’, Numismatica e Antichità Classiche. pp. 206–7: ‘Infatti, di queste si sono rinvenuti de’ ripostigli di Quaderni Ticinesi 19 (1990), pp. 161–83; Caccamo, Caltabiano più centinaia di esemplari per la massima parte di stupenda and Oteri, op. cit. (note 5), pp. 226–44 (at p. 243: coins of conservazione’; ‘. . . egli è da osservare inoltre che se gli esem- Philistis are dated to 225–220 bc); Levy, op. cit. (note 5), plari donati dal sig. Trucchi furono in sì scarso numero rinv- pp. 73–86; C. Arnold Biucchi, ‘Magna Graecia and Sicily’, enuti presso Mondello, deve stimarsi un’eccezione, mentre in C. Alfaro and A. Burnett (eds), A Survey of Numismatic generalmente a grandi depositi una tal moneta si rinviene’. Research 1996–2001 (Madrid, 2003), pp. 23–38 (at p. 30: ‘A For more information on Sicilian hoards containing coins of more general range between 240 and 215 bc would seem more Philistis, see: M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm and C. M. Kraay, prudent’). An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (igch) (New York, 1973), 13 Syracuse, Philistis, wife of Hieron II (269–215 bc), ar tet- pp. 337–8, nos 2217–21, 2230–31. On Canon Lentinello’s radrachm: Obv/diademed and veiled bust of Philistis left; coin collection see: G. Guzzetta, Le collezioni numismatiche del Rev/standing Nike right driving a galloping quadriga and Museo di Siracusa. Dall’istituzione del Museo Civico al Museo holding reins, [βα]σιλισσας φιλιστιδος, ε (diameter 26 mm; Archeologico Regionale ‘P. Orsi’ (Catania, 2012), pp. 43–57. 13.30 g). Salinas, op. cit. [Di due monete . . . al R. Museo di 24 On collecting in northern Sicily during the Bourbon period Palermo] (note 2), pp. 193–4, note 1; R. S. Poole, A Catalogue (1816–60) see: Crisà, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 51–4. On Enrico of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Sicily (London, Pirajno, Baron of Mandralisca, see: M. A. Mastelloni, ‘La 1876), p. 213, note 543. collezione numismatica’, in M. A. Mastelloni, F. Piazza and 14 Syracuse, Philistis, wife of Hieron II (269–215 bc), ar tet- U. Spigo (eds), Enrico Pirajno di Mandralisca. Umanità, sci- radrachm: Obv/diademed and veiled bust of Philistis left; enza e cultura in una grande collezione siciliana (Palermo, 1998), Rev/standing Nike right driving walking quadriga and holding pp. 57–94; A. Crisà, ‘Numismatica e archeologia a Lipari nelle reins, βασιλισσας [φιλιστιδος], φ (diameter 26 mm; 13.15 g). lettere di Enrico Pirajno a Celestino Cavedoni (1861–1864)’, Salinas, op. cit. [Di due monete . . . al R. Museo di Palermo] Mediterranea. Ricerche storiche 6 (2009), no. 17, pp. 449–78;

285 Antonino Crisà

A. Crisà, ‘Lettera di Antonino Restivo Navarro al barone separatamente, sapendo per prova quanto ciò riesca dannoso Enrico Pirajno di Mandralisca con due repertori numismat- alla vera utilità delle serie; . . . che in avvenire l’insegnamento ici’, Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 110 (2009), pp. 521–32; dell’archeologia fosse dato fuori del Museo, allora le mie rac- A. Crisà, ‘Lettera di Enrico Pirajno di Mandralisca a Karl von colte dovranno diventare proprietà della Università degli Estorff con notizie di scavi e ricerche numismatiche a Lipari ed Studi di Palermo, perché servano di sussidio alle lezioni acquisti antiquari a Tindari’, lanx ii (2009), note 4, pp. 146– archeologiche’. 55; Crisà, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 29–36. 29 F. Pottino, ‘Antonino Salinas maestro’, in A. Salinas, Scritti 25 Columba, op. cit. (note 3), p. 14; Orsi, op. cit. (note 7), p. 2; scelti (Palermo, 1976–7), vol. ii, pp. 429–32. Tusa, op. cit. (note 7), p. 7. 30 Salinas, op. cit. [Dono fatto al R. Museo] (note 3), p. 525; 26 Columba, op. cit. (note 3), p. 14. A. Salinas, ‘Il Caduceo degli Imacaresi’, Archivio Storico 27 A. Salinas, op. cit. [Dono fatto al R. Museo] (note 3), p. 524: Siciliano 3 (1878), pp. 444–7. ‘alla quale [raccolta] son debitore del gusto che io presi sin 31 Online appendix, Doc. no. 6. dall’infanzia per le discipline archeologiche, e devo ancora in 32 Online appendix, Doc. no. 7. gran parte, quel po’ di pratica che posso avere acquistato nello 33 Online appendix, Doc. no. 8. studio dei monumenti’; p. 525: ‘le monete in numero di 6410 . . . provengono in massima parte dalle raccolte fatte già da mia 34 A. Salinas, op. cit. [Del Museo Nazionale di Palermo] (note 3), madre e da mio zio Gargotta di Termini’. Salinas also mentioned pp. 54–5: ‘Dissi che il Museo di Palermo, il solo nazionale che the donation in his report on the Museum of Palermo; Salinas, esista nell’Isola, debba rappresentare le arti di tutta Sicilia, op. cit. [Del Museo Nazionale di Palermo] (note 3), pp. 63–4. e con ciò intendo esprimere un concetto scientifico intorno all’indirizzo da dare all’Istituto . . .’ 28 Salinas, op. cit. [Dono fatto al R. Museo] (note 3), p. 524: ‘Ora che pei nuovi ordinamenti della nostra Commissione 35 See Crisà, op. cit. (note 9), pp. 52–4. di Antichità al mio ufficio di Professore universitario di 36 Ibid., pp. 33, 68–71, 89–91, 94–5; Crisà, op. cit. [Numismatica archeologia si è unito quello di Direttore del Regio Museo di e archeologia a Lipari] (note 24), p. 476. Collectors also gath- Palermo, non istimo più conveniente il conservare la mia rac- ered Roman Imperial coins (Salinas: 1,642; Astuto: 2,822; colta privata’; ‘gli oggetti . . . non chiedo che sieno conservati Gandolfo: 1,608).

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