“From Warsaw to Paris via Lima” ‐ The Final Leap Towards a Global Deal on Climate Change? Japan’s Strategic Actions on Climate Change 12th February 2014 Mr. Soichiro SEKI Director General Global Environment Bureau Ministry of the Environment, JAPAN
1 Agenda
1. Background: Process of International Negotiation on Climate Change 2. Current Status in Japan 3. Japan’s New GHG Emission Target 4. Japan’s Actions to address Climate Change
2 1. Background: Process of International NtitiNegotiation on Clima te Change
3 Outcome of COP19：Post‐2020 Framework Outcome： Decision on schedule towards the 2015 agreement ○Elaborate elements for a draft negotiating text (mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, capacity‐building and transparency of action and support) beginning at the ADP session in MMharch 2014.
Concerning intended nationally determined contributions, ○All Parties invited to initiate or intensify domestic preparations of intended contributions and communicate them well in advance of COP21 (by the first quarter of 2015 by those Parties ready to do so) in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of contributions ○Identify by COP20 information that Parties will provide when putting forward contributions
Additional session of the June ADP ※to be determined at March 1‐12 Dec. 2014 March 10‐14 , 2014 ADP session 30 Nov. ‐11 Dec. 2015 ADP Sep. 23 COP20（Lima, Peru） COP21（Paris, France） Climate Summit
Elaboration of elements for draft ・Identify information that Parties will ・Parties communicate intended nationally determined negotiating text（from March） provide when putting forward contributions（well in advance of COP21）【by March contributions (by COP20) 2015 for those Parties ready to do so】 ・Elaborate elements for a draft ・Make available a negotiating text（before May 2015） negotiating text 4 Tasks Ahead: Post‐2020 Framework
Expected Diiiscussions in 2014
○Elements of a draft negotiating text Begin to elaborate further at the ADP session in March 2014 <
〇Information that Parties will provide when putting forward contributions ・Identify by COP20 in Dec. 2014 ・Should facilitate clarity, transpyparency and understanding of contributions
〇Ex‐ante Consultation ・The proposal by developed countries including Japan to carry out ex‐ante consultations of intended contributions was not explicitly incorporated in the COP19 decision ・However, Parties are invited to communicate intended contributions well in advance of COP21 (by March 2015 by those Parties ready to do so), thus leaving room to carry out ex‐ante consultations before concluding the new framework at COP21. ・The next step is for Parties to make suggestions and exchange views concerning the content and procedures for ex‐ante consultation. 5 Outcome of COP19：Pre‐2020 mitigation ambition
OtOutcome： DiiDecision ildiincluding fthfurther mitigati on action by all
Urge developed country Parties to • Implement without delay its Cancun target and commitment for the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) • Revisit its Cancun target and commitment for the 2nd commitment period of the KP Procedure to revisit commitments under the KP: Parties submit by 30 April 2014, information relating to its intention to increase ambition; submitted info to be considered at high level ministerial round table in June • Periodically evaluate the continuing application of any conditions associated with its target • Increase technology , finance and capacity‐building support to enable increased mitigation ambition by developing country Parties
Urge developing country Parties to • Implements its mitigation actions under the Cancun agreement and where appropriate, consider further action Urge Parties that have not yet communicated targets or actions to do so
Accelerate activities on enhancing mitigation ambition by • Intensifying technical examination of opportunities fro actins with high mitigation potential from • Facilitating best practices of cities and subnational authorities • Inviting Parties to promote the voluntary cancellation of CERs, without double counting • Considering further activities to be undertaken at COP20 6 Tasks Ahead: Pre‐2020 Mitigation Ambition Expected Discussions in 2014 ○Revisiting 2020 target (developed countries) ・Possible discussions at ADP high‐level ministerial dialogue in June or Climate Summit in September (Concerning commitments for the 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Parties will submit by 30 April 2014 information relating to its intention to increase the ambition of its commitment, and submitted information will be considered at high level ministerial round table in June)
○Examination of opportunities for actions with high mitigation potential ・Organize a technical expert meeting at the sessions of the ADP in 2014 to share policies, practices and technologies and address the necessary finance, technology and capacity‐building, with a special focus on actions with high mitigation potential ・Prepare updates of the August 2013 version of the technical paper in advance of SB40 (June 2014) and COP20 (December 2014) ※Parties invited to submit to the secretariat, by 30 March 2014, information on mitigation benefits, costs, co‐benefits and barriers etc. concerning mitigation actions
○Share best practices of cities and subnational authorities ・ Convene during the ADP session in conjunction with SB40 a forum to help share among Parties the experiences and best practices in relation to adaptation and mitigation
7 2. Current Status of Japan’ s GHG Emission
8 Japan’s GHG emissionsduring 1st Commitment Period under KP
Japan’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Achievements Status for Emission Targets under the Kyoto Protocol
○ Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions (preliminary figures) in FY2012 were 1,341 Mt CO2 eq. (an increase of 6.3% compared to the base year (BY) and 2.5% compared to the previous year (PY)) ○ If the forest carbon sink measures target 1 is achieved and Kyoto mechanisms credits 2 are taken into account, the five-year average for total emissions during the first commitment period (CP1) of the Kyoto Protocol (FY2008-FY2012) shows an 8.2% 3 decrease compared to the total emissions of the base year; therefore, it is estimated that Japan will have achieved its target for the CP1 of the Kyoto Protocol (-6 % below base year level).
Emissions Amount to be deducted from Amount to be deducted from actual actual total emissions taking total emissions taking into account 1,341 Mt (Billion t-CO2 eq.) into account the forest carbon the Kyoto mechanisms credits ・・・ ③ sink measures target ・・・ ② (+6.3% from BY) Five-year average 1,308 Mt <＋2.5％ from PY＞ ・・① Actual total emissions 1,282 Mt （+3.7％ from BY） 1,279 Mt 1.3 (+1.6% from BY) 1,257 Mt （+1.4％ from BY） Forest carbon sink 1,261 Mt （-0.3％ from BY） measures target （3.8％ of BY） 1,207 Mt (-4.3％ from BY） Kyoto mechanisms 121.2 credits （5.9％ of BY） －4.0％ －4.6％ Kyoto Protocol ‐ CP1 －8.7％ 1.1 Reduction Target: －10.2％ ‐6% from BY (1, 186 Mt) －13.8％ 1.0 Five-year average for total emissions after deduction of ② 0.9 and ③ from ① ＝-8.2% from BY
Base Year (BY) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Five-year2008～ (2008-2012)2012 (In principle, 1990) (Preliminary(速報 Figures) 値) ５カAverage 年平 均 1: Forest carboncarbon sinksink measuresmeasurestarget: target: About About 3.8% 3.8% (47.67 (47.67 Mt Mt CO2/yr.) CO2/yr.) of theof the base base year year emissions emissions according according to the to Kyotothe Kyoto Protoc Protoc ol Target Achievement Plan.Plan. 2: Kyoto mechanisms credits: Acquired by the government: Total credits that were contracted as of FY2012 year-end through the Kyoto Mechanisms Credit Acquisition Program (97.528 Mt) divided by 5 (yrs.) Acquired by the private sector: The amount of credits that were acquired by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (According to the Environmental Action Plan by the Japanese Electric Utility Industry [FY2009 to FY2013]) 3:Total emissions and removals for the Kyoto Protocol target will be finalized after the technical review process under the Kyoto Protocol and the Convention to be conducted in FY2014. Also, the Kyoto mechanisms credits will be finalized after the true-up period for the first commitment period (expected to be completed in the second half of 2015 or later). 9 3. Japan’ s New GHG Emission Target
10 Japan’s New Emissions Reduction Target for 2020
New Target: 3.8% reduction compared to 2005 level
This target has been fldformulated as: ¾ a target at this point ¾ determined without taking into account the emissions reduction effect by nuclear power, given that the energy policy and energy mix is still under consideration.
Japan will come up with a firm target based on further review in line with the progress of considera tion of the energy policy and energy mix.
11 New Target vs. Past Targets
✩ If these targets are compared without the assumed emission reduction by nuclear power… New Target w/o +4.0% +2.1% +13.5% △3.8% Nuclear ★ ★
+7% w/o ★ Nuclear w/o Nuclear
△12% from FY2005 △15% level (domestic) from △6% FY2005 level From FY1990 + level △2.8% (forest)
～～Kyoto Target Mid‐Term Target ～FY1990 ～FY2005 ～～ ～New ～Target [FY2008 – 2012] Developed in 2009 [FY2020] Nuclear Power Nuclear Power [FY2020] Ratio Ratio Nuclear Power Ratio Nuclear Power Ratio w/o Nuclear 12 27% (Record) 31% (Record) 36% 42% 4. Japan’ s Actions to address Climate Change
13 ＡＣＥ： Ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ ｆｏｒ Ｃｏｏｌ Ｅａｒｔｈ Japan’s Diplomatic Strategy for Countering Global Warming
Current Situation India BBiasic CtConcept E China US Others U ¾Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. (IPCC Fifth Russia Japan Assessment Report) Innovation ¾Concrete actions are needed for: ・50% reduction of global GHG emissions Application ・80% reduction for developed countries
by 2050 Partnership ¾ AiActions for “Coo l Eh”Earth” are:
・Innovation of Low Carbon Technologies Year 2050 50% Reduction ・ of annual GHG Application of existing technologies emissions ・Partnership with various stakeholders Contributing to ¾Overcoming the aftermath of the Great East Japan realizing Cool Earth Earthquake and the nuclear accident. by technologies 14 OVERVIEW: November 2013, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Environment, JAPAN Action1 : Innovation
Carbon Fiber Filament and its application
¾ Endeavor to invest USD110 billion of both public and private finance over five years for research and development in energy and environment.
¾Implement the Low Carbon Technology Plan. → approx. 80% cover of the reduction to halve global GHG emissions by 2050. ((g,e.g., CCS, innovative structural materials, locally appro priate technology )
¾Host “Global Energy and Environment Innovation Forum” annually with the participation of leading persons. 15 Action2: Application
Exterior view of GOSAT (@JAXA)
¾ Double the number of partner countries to the Joint Crediting Mechanisms (JCM) over the next three years. 9 Support project fliformulation thhhrough JCM SSilpecial Financ ing ShScheme (JSF) and “Leapfrog” fund.
¾ Build basis for international diffusion of technologies. 9Promote international standardization (e.g., LED lighting) ¾ Launch a new satellite to observe GHGs in FY2017. 9MitMonitor nation‐by‐nation or megacity‐by‐megacity GHG emiiission lllevels → verify and propose countermeasures. 16 Action3: Partnership
¾ 1,600 billion yen (approx. USD 16 billion) of both public and private finance to developing countries over the 3 years since 2013 9Focus on disaster risk reduction and utilize new schemes e.g., Stand‐By Emergency Credit for Urgent Recovery (SECURE) etc. 9Promote the substantial scale‐up of private climate finance by utilizing public financial instruments. ¾ Japan will lead the discussion to develop a new iilinternational ffkramework for climate change bbdeyond 2020.
17 Basic Concept of the JCM
¾ Facilitat ing diffus ion of ldileading low carbon techlihnologies, products, systems, services, and infrastructure as well as implementation of mitigation actions, and contributing to sustainable development of developing countries. ¾ Appropriately evaluating contributions to GHG emission reductions or removals from Japan in a quantitative manner, by applying measurement, reporting and verification (()MRV) methodologg,ies, and use them to achieve Japan’s emission reduction target. ¾ Contributing to the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC by facilitating global actions for GHG emission reductions or removals, complementing the CDM.
Host Country JAPAN Leadin g l ow car bon techn ol ogi es, etc, and implementation of mitigation actions JCM Projects MRV Methodologies will be developed MRV by the Joint Committee
Used to achieve GHG emission J’Japan’s emiiission Credits reductions/ reduction target removals
18 Countries with which Japan has signed on bilateral documents ¾ Japan has held consultations for the JCM with developgping countries since 2011 and signed the bilateral document for the JCM with Mongolia, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Maldives, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Indonesia, Costa Rica and Palau.
Mongolia Bangladesh Ethiopia Kenya Maldives On January 8, 2013 On March 19, 2013 On May 27, 2013 On June 12,2013 On June 29, 2013 （Ulblaanbaatar） (Dhaka) (Addis Ababa) (Na iro bi) (Okinawa )
Viet Nam Lao PDR Indonesia Costa Rica Palau On July 2, 2013 On August 7, 2013 On August 26, 2013 On December 9, 2013 On January 13, 2014 (Hanoi) (Vientiane) (Jakarta) (Tokyo) (Ngerulmud)
¾ Japan hldheld the 1st Joint Committee wiihth Mongolia, Bangldlades h, Ethiop ia, Kenya, Viet Nam and Indonesia respectively. 19 Approaches for promoting JCM project formulation ‐ Implementation of JCM Demonstration Projects and Financing Program for JCM Model Projects ‐ Establishment of the JCM Special Financing Scheme (JSF) in collaboration with JBIC and NEXI ‐ Establishment of a fund to assist emission reduction projects which cooperate with projects assisted by JICA, etc. ‐ Assistance to cities and islands as a whole ‐ Utilization of the consultative meetings of relevant ministries, agencies, and organizations. Example of JCM Feasibility Studies/Model Projects /Demonstration Projects (2010 to 2013) Mongolia: Bangladesh: Viet Nam: •Upgrading and Installation of Centralized Control •Brick Production based on Non-Firing •Integrated Energy Efficiency Improvement at Beer Factory Red: JCM Model Projects System of High- Efficiency Heat Only Boiler Solidification Technology •Highly Efficient Coal Power Plants (Ultra Super Critical) Green: JCM Demonstration Projects •Energy-saving power transmission system •CCGT Power Generation •Highly Efficient Air Conditioning Black : JCM Feasibility Studies •Highly Efficient Transmission and Coal Power Plant •High-efficiency rice husk based •Highly Efficient Transformer •Wind-Power Generation cogeneration •Water purification and sludge emission reduction •10MW-scale solar power generation for stable power •Solar power generation with long-life •Vehicle-mounted terminal (digital tachograph) supply storage battery in non-electrified regions •Energy saving glass windows for buildings •Energy conservation at cement plant •Small-scale biomass power generation •Improvement of thermal installation and water Laos: cleaning/air purge at power plants Mexico: •Energy saving at beer plant •CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) Kenya: •Forest conservation measures (REDD+) •Expansion of geothermal project •Promotion of use of electric vehicles •Dissemination of Solar Lantern Thailand: Indonesia: •Energy saving in industrial park •Energy Efficient Refrigerants to Cold Chain Industry Myanmar: •Energy Savings through Building Energy •Energy Saving for Air-Conditioning and Process Cooling at •Run-of-river Micro Hydro Power Generation Management System Textile Factory •Geothermal binary power generation •Bagasse-based Cogeneration at Sugar Mill •Energy Savings at Convenience Stores •Mega-Solar Power Plants Using Thin-Film Solar Cells Maldives: Cambodia: •Optimum Control of Plant Equipment • Air conditioners by using deep sea water India: •Energy Efficient Technologies for Integrated steel works •Small-scale Biomass Power •Wind-Power Generation Sri Lanka: •Efficient Air Conditioners Generation by Using Stirling Engines •Energy-saving stores based on CO2 refrigerant ・Sustainable biomass-based power generation •Utilization of LED Lights at Office Buildings •Forest conservation measures (REDD+) •High-Performance Industrial Furnaces to Aluminium •Anaerobic treatment for wastewater from rubber plants •Solar power system at off-grid cell towers Djibouti / Rwanda: Industry •Improvement of REDD+ implementation using IC •Geothermal Power Generation •Bagasse-based Power Generation including Waste Heat Utilization technology 20 Monitoring of the effects of the introduction of low GHG and low‐carbon technology with satellite observation
The role of a new state‐of‐the‐art GHG observing satellite “GOSAT" 1. Absorption/emission in 64 regions across the globe, estimated with output 1. Utilize CO2 concentration data from satellite observation to make from the observation network on the ground and the from "IBUKI" (left) quantitative estimates of the CO2 concentration balance for the entire globe 2. Verify the useability of satellite CO2 concentration data
Development of the " GOSAT‐2",
aiming for launch in FY 2017 2. Averaged annual reduction in the uncertainty of assumed CO2 balance (%) in 64 regions across the globe, by combining observation data gathered by "IBUKI" with ground‐based observation data (right) The advantage of "GOSAT‐2" 1. Perform comprehensive measurement of black carbon (BC) in addition to CO2, etc. 2. Analyze the energy‐oriented CO2 emission and its reduction potential, by country 3. Analyze CO2 emissions by major cities or large point sources 4. Verify the CO2 emission reduction effects achieved through introduction of low‐carbon systems using data from “GOSAT‐2” Utilize this technology in the future to promote the shift to low‐carbon societies in other Asian countries under JCM. 1.Air pollution reduction, aerosols, etc. 2./3. Low‐carbon society building 4. industrial symbiosis‐type regional energy network system (Left: Example in Indonesia) ‐New challenges for GOSAT's successor‐ ‐GOSAT's ongoing challenges‐ Balancing the use of distributed renewable energy and sustainable grazing (Right: Example in Mongolia) Satellite Turbidity of the Industrial symbiosis type Observation atmosphere due to housing Electricity system Solar power Solar power Regional energy System System small particles Heat conduit power power management center Proposed district: About 200Ha Freezer Freezer CO2 (GOSAT L4B) Location of new environmental industry ・ Environmental industry / Thermal power plant (can preserve items other than meat) (can preserve items other than meat) Energy industry AEMS Green material production industry "Adjustment of electricity and heat demand and supply" Thermal power plant "Adjustment of demand in event of a Subterranean cold/heat utilization Subterranean cold/heat utilization power failure"
Aerosol monitoring Solar power Ultraviolet System Gas engine power rays Mega solar Large storage batteries Freezer GaSafe supply of Seafood powers engine Electricity Ishinomaki Refrigeration storage (can preserve items other than meat) port
Heat conduit processing system using Communication Resource recycling centers Subterranean cold/heat utilization Local data network Green Energy Park distributed renewable Reduction of power
Carbon monoxide (model) area energy, etc. consumption in the city 21 Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
{Japan is a marine nation with the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. Wind turbines have more introduction potential offshore than on land. {With higher wind speed, the ocean promises stable and efficient power generation. {Having not much in the way of shallow sea areas, Japan expects much from floating turbines that can be introduced to deep sea areas (50m or deepp)er) {Verification project of floating wind turbines started in FY2010. Demonstration machines at the pilot scale and commercial scale were installed and operated in FY2012 and FY2013 respectively. Associated technologies and systems will be established by FY2015 toward practical application. {Through these demonstrations, Japan aims to expand offshore wind power to more than one million kW by 2020.
Construction, installation, operation and evaluation of Japan’s first commercial‐scale floating offshore wind turbines
z Full‐fledged demonstration off the coast of Kabashima, Goto City, 2MW demonstrator Nagasaki z The world’s first hybrid spar model [Significant cost reduction taking advantage of Japanese technologies]
¾ Design and construction of a floating structure resistant to typhoons, etc. ¾ Coordination with the fishing industry/system in harmony with fisheries ¾ Environmental assessment method In FY2014, gather information concerning full‐fledged In addition, demonstrate technologies and systems to produce operation and power generation using the 2000kW hydrogen using surplus electricity in the process of power commercial‐scale equipment, its environmental impact, generation to supply energy for local production for local adaptation to weather conditions, safety, etc. to obtain consumption knowledge toward practical application. 22 Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Results of Pilot‐scale Test Hihigh generating effic iency More efficient than on land with steadier and stronger wind Achieved a capacity factor of 35% (standard is 20% for wind turbines on land) (10%‐ for photovoltaic solar)
(*)capacity factor = ratio of actual output to potential output Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Results of Pilot‐scale Test Resistant to typhoons Encountered a typhoon for the first time • September 16‐17, 2012 • Typhoon Sanba,, one of the strongest typhoons for the last 70 years, passed the region • Max. instantaneous wind speed: 53.5m/s • Max. wave height: 16.9m • No damage to floating structure and turbine • CfidConfirmed certittainty of ddiesign metho ds and high safety • Applicable to the Asia Pacific Region which experiences frequent typhoons Just after the typhoon 24 Thank you for your kind attention.
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