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Jerry Durbeej EXISTENTIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, REDEMPTION, AND BUDDHIST ALLUSIONS IN THE WORK OF SAUL BELLOW by Jerry Durbeej A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Andrew Furman for introducing me to Saul Bellow and Jewish American Literature and for his patience and scholarly guidance. I am also indebted to Dr. Steven Blakemore and Dr. Carol Gould who have read my work, and I am grateful for their critical perspectives and invaluable support. I will always be respectful to Drs. Furman, Blakemore, and Gould for I am fully aware that the essence of my study also bears the imprint of your keen minds. iii ABSTRACT Author: Jerry K. Durbeej Title: Existential Consciousness, Redemption, and Buddhist Allusions in the Work of Saul Bellow Institution: Florida Atlantic University Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Andrew Furman Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Year: 2010 Within the past two centuries, massive industrialization, technological and scientific advances, wars, diseases, failures in social systems, and religious, ethnic, and political conflicts have produced an existential angst that has saturated the collective consciousness of modern man. The atrocities of World Wars I and II induced European and American authors and artists to confront this state of disillusionment, anxiety, loneliness, fear, and dread; consequently, much of our modern literature reflects this nihilistic darkness. In this state of grave doubts and uncertainties, the modern man finds himself alienated and disconnected from the very essences that ground him. Scholars of literature, philosophy, and the various arts and social sciences, having examined this contemporary dilemma, find just cause to question our western belief that science, technology, and materialism put the world in order. The further indictment is that these rational and materialistic forces have usurped the place of God and dismantled the ancient mythologies that once grounded our existence. iv This study examines the selected work of Saul Bellow and argues that his recurring themes of suffering, compassion, humanity, and renewal of the human spirit are antithetical to this collective existential angst. My argument introduces the doctrine of Existentialism and then explores the basic existentialist theory of Jean-Paul Sartre. From this platform, I later establish that Bellow takes a stand against this collective nihilism in favor of community and the celebration of life that are defined by a moral framework. Bellow‘s most representative novel in this vein of existential dislocation is Dangling Man. From this novel I argue that there is an inherent flaw in the notion that man‘s essential existence can only be defined through his agency as an individual, and that man, not God, is ultimately responsible for his actions and destiny. This pursuit of existence based on personal freedom and intellectual synthesis is prone to failure; Bellow‘s point of view is that the existentialist, having disconnected himself from God and community, plunges into an abyss fraught with angst and turmoil. Bellow‘s theme of humanity instructs that our redemption lies not in our personal quest, but in our absorption and participation in a community framed by moral precepts and the respect for God. Finally, and from another angle and through Bellow‘s Herzog, I establish a connection to Buddhism. From these Buddhist allusions, I further affirm that the quest for authentic existence and redemption demands a confrontation with our angst and an acknowledgement of our suffering. v DEDICATION This manuscript is dedicated to my family, particularly to my patient and encouraging wife, Chandra, who has put up with these many years of my schooling, and to my children, Ravi and Arianna, who are the center of our lives. I also dedicate this work to my late parents who believed in the pursuit of an education. EXISTENTIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, REDEMPTION, AND BUDDHIST ALLUSIONS IN THE WORK OF SAUL BELLOW Chapter 1: Saul Bellow: Trajectory and Influences ........................................................... 1 Saul Bellow: His Background and the Influence of the Jewish Tradition ................... 5 Bellow and the Relevance of the Primordial .............................................................. 12 Materialism and Spiritual Disconnect ........................................................................ 15 Existential Angst: Agency .......................................................................................... 17 Influence of the Romantic Ideology ........................................................................... 21 Ambiguity in Bellow .................................................................................................. 24 Bellow: Out of Favor .................................................................................................. 25 A Recap of the Essential Bellow ................................................................................ 28 Chapter 2: Existentialism: Counterpoint to Bellow .......................................................... 31 Existential Consciousness as a Prerequisite in Bellow ............................................... 31 Existentialism: A Brief Background .......................................................................... 34 Jean-Paul Sartre: His Basic Existential Premise ........................................................ 39 Existential Theme in Nausea ...................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3: Buddhism: Another Counterpoint to Bellow .................................................. 52 Buddhism and Judaism ............................................................................................... 52 A Prelude to Buddhism .............................................................................................. 58 Buddhism: The Basic Doctrine .................................................................................. 60 vi The First Holy Truth: All Is Suffering ....................................................................... 65 The Second Holy Truth: The Origin of Suffering ...................................................... 66 The Third Holy Truth: Nirvana .................................................................................. 67 The Fourth Holy Truth: The Path ............................................................................... 70 Closure ........................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter 4: The Aesthetic and Moral Conduct in Art and Literature ................................ 75 The Aesthetic and Moral Conduct: An Overview ...................................................... 75 Arts and Moral Conduct: A Background and Historic Point of View ....................... 78 The Axis of Poetry and Morality ................................................................................ 84 The Justification of Art: A Brief Segue ...................................................................... 86 The Artist as Outsider ................................................................................................. 89 The Power of Literature as Art ................................................................................... 91 The Role of the Author ............................................................................................. 100 The Unethical Stain: Some Justification .................................................................. 101 Moral Conduct: The Play of Emotion ...................................................................... 103 Closure ...................................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 5: Existential Play and Redemption in Bellow‘s Dangling Man ...................... 107 Dangling Man: The Prototype Novel ....................................................................... 107 SECTION A: Existential Play in Dangling Man ..................................................... 111 Bellow and the Lure of the Existential ............................................................... 111 Bellow‘s Existential Anti-Hero .......................................................................... 115 The Issue of Identity: The Existentialism Dilemma ........................................... 121 Joseph‘s Existential Preoccupation with Evil and Death ................................... 124 vii The Holocaust: Memory and Death ................................................................... 133 SECTION B: Redemption in Dangling Man: Bellow‘s Repudiation of Existentialism ........................................................................................................... 137 Redemption: The Power of Poetry, Emotion, and Love ............................................. 137 The Ordinary: Bellow’s Bridge to Redemption ............................................................. 141 Transformation: Bellow’s Religious Psychology ........................................................... 143 Induction and Death: Final Surrender ............................................................................ 148 Chapter 6: Buddhist Allusions to Bellow‘s Herzog ....................................................... 152 Overview of
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