Boston by the Numbers 2020

This report by the Boston Planning and Development Agency Research Division is a short reference guide to the city of Boston. It breaks down the population by age group, gender, and nativity. It also looks at Boston's colleges and universities, housing, and land use. This report uses data from the 2018 1-year American Com- munity survey, which are the most recent available at the time of publication. The Boston Planning & Development Agency

We strive to understand the current environment of the city to produce quality research and targeted information that will inform and benefit the residents and businesses of oston.B Our Division conducts research on Boston’s economy, population, and commercial markets for all departments of the BPDA, the City of Boston, and related organizations.

The information provided in this report is the best available at the time of its publication. All or partial use of this report must be cited.

Author: Boston Planning & Development Agency, Research Division.

Date: July 2020.

Information: Pease visit bostonplans.org/research-publications for more information.

Requests: Please contact us at bostonplans.org/research-inquiries with additional questions.

Research Division

Director Senior Demographer Research Manager Interns Alvaro Lima Phillip Granberry Kayla Myros Lena Clark Lucy Hewitt Deputy Director Senior Researcher/ Research Assistants Christina Kim Data Manager Emily Korest Jing Chen Allison Van Twisk Senior Economist Matthew Resseger Research Associate Kevin Kang

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Brian P. Golden, Director Contents

Chapter 1: Land Use & Housing ...... 4 Chapter 2: Gender...... 9 Chapter 3: Colleges and Universities ...... 17 Chapter 4: Young Adults ...... 20 Chapter 5: Families and Children ...... 25 Chapter 6: Seniors...... 32 Chapter 7: Foreign Born ...... 37

BostonPlans.org | 3 Chapter 1: Land Use and Housing

Land Area • Boston has a land area of 48.28 square miles. • Boston’s land area is 0.6% of the 7,800 square miles in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. • Boston is the second smallest major U.S. city in terms of land area after San Francisco.

Land Use • Over 48.0% of land parcels in Boston have tax-exempt public or institutional uses. Approximately 38.0% of land parcels are residential, and remaining parcels are commercial, industrial, or mixed-use.

Parcel Land Use in Boston

MAP 1 MAP FY 2019

Source: City of Boston Assessing Data FY'19.

4 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Tax-Exempt Properties • Much of the tax-exempt land in Boston is open space. More than 20.0% of the land in Boston is dedicat- ed to open space such as the Harbor Islands, the Boston Common and Public Garden, the Charles River Esplanade, the Emerald Necklace, Franklin Park, the Arnold Arboretum, and Stony Brook Reservation. • Another large category of tax-exempt land is land owned by hospitals and universities. Boston is home to 21 in-patient hospitals and 29 colleges and universities. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Boston Children’s Hospital, and universities such as Bos- ton University and Northeastern University are some of the city’s largest private employers.

Ownership of Tax-Exempt Land in Boston

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2019

1.2%

19.3% Boston Planning and Development 28.3% Agency City of Boston

5.9% Commonwealth of Massachusetts

1.1% Hospitals

Schools and Universities

Other (Federal, Religious Institutions, Museums) 44.3%

Source: City of Boston Assessing Data FY'19.

Commercial Land Uses • Boston had approximately 67.8 million square feet of office space in 2019.1 • Boston has 25.1 million square feet of retail space2 for about 3,000 food establishments3 and 2,160 non- food retail establishments.4 • Hotel room supply for the city increased from 21,193 units in 2019 to 22,524 units in 2020.5

BostonPlans.org | 5 Residential Properties • In 2018, Boston had a population density of 14,414 people per square mile of land. Greater Boston is the fourth most densely populated metro area in the U.S., behind the New York Metro Area, Greater Los Angeles, and the South Florida Metro Area.6 • Boston had 299,472 housing units in 2018, an increase of 18.9% from 251,935 in 2000. • Units in large buildings of 20 or more units increased their share of total housing units from 2000 to 2018.

Boston Housing by Housing Units in Structure

FIGURE 2 FIGURE 2000-2018

1 unit, attached or detached

2 units

3 or 4 units

5 to 9 units

10 to 19 units

20 or more units

Mobile home or boat, etc.

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

2018 2000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division. Analysis.

6 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Neighborhoods by Owner Occupied Housing • In 2018, 35.2% of occupied housing units in Boston were owner occupied, up from 32.0% in 2000. • Owner occupancy by neighborhood ranges from 63.7% in West Roxbury to 10.0% in Mission Hill.

Owner Occupied Units as a Percentage of Total Occupied Housing Units by Census Tract

MAP 2 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 7 Owner Occupancy Rate in Selected Boston Neighborhoods Over Time 1950-2018 FIGURE 3 FIGURE

45% 40% 38.6% 35% 35.2% 29.0% 31.8% 30% 25% 19.0% 20% 21.4% 15% 14.3% 11.9% 10% 5% 4.0% 0% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018

Back Bay Allston Roxbury South End Boston

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1950-2010 Decennial Census, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Analysis.

• Boston's owner occupancy rate has increased from 25.0% to 35.2% since 1950. Some neighborhoods such as Back Bay and South End have dramatically increased owner occupancy rates. Allston's owner occupancy rate has consistently been low, falling from 13.5% in 1950 to 11.9% in 2018.

8 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Chapter 2: Gender

Population • In 2018, Boston’s population of 695,925 included 333,815 males and 362,111 females.7 • Females made up 52.0% of the Boston population overall, but 57.3% of the elderly population.

Boston Population by Age and Gender 2018 FIGURE 4 FIGURE

200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 51.0% 120,000 100,000 53.0% 49.9% 80,000 51.8% 50.4% 60,000 57.3% 40,000 49.0% 47.0% 50.1% 48.2% 20,000 49.6% 42.7% 0 0 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 64 65+

Male Female

Source: U.S. Census Bureau , 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Race and Ethnicity • The race and ethnicity of males and females in Boston is similar to the overall trend. • Females are slightly more likely to be Black/African American (22.3% compared to 21.5% of males). • Males are slightly more likely to be non-Hispanic White (45.7% compared to 43.6%).

Race Distribution of Boston Population by Gender 2018 TABLE 1

Black/African Asian/Pacific Gender White Hispanic Other American Islander Male 45.7% 21.5% 20.2% 8.9% 3.8% Female 43.6% 23.3% 19.6% 9.7% 3.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau , 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 9 Education • Women are more likely than men to have an advanced degree, while men are more likely to just have a high school diploma.

Educational Attainment of Boston Residents by Gender (Age 18+) 2018 FIGURE 5 FIGURE

30% 25.3% 26.2% 26.0% 24.0% 25% 21.0% 19.0% 20% 18.6% 15.8% 15% 12.3% 11.8% 10%

5%

0% Less than High High School Some College or Bachelor's Degree Advanced Degree School Associate's

Male Female

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

• Women ages 18 to 64 are more likely to have a Bachelor’s degree or higher than men of the same age group (47.6% of women 18 to 64 compared to 43.6% of men). • Bachelor’s degree attainment has increased since 2000 for both men and women in all age groups.

Bachelor's Degree or Higher by Age and Gender

TABLE 2 2018

2000 2018 % of Males with % of Females % of Males with % of Females Age BA+ with BA+ BA+ with BA+ 25-34 51.7% 52.4% 66.5% 73.1% 35-44 33.9% 32.4% 49.5% 53.4% 45-64 30.8% 28.1% 38.5% 41.3% 65 and over 21.1% 14.4% 37.1% 29.4%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

10 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 • 71.9% of women ages 18 to 24 are enrolled in college or graduate school versus 66.0% of men of the same age.

Enrollment in College or Graduate School by Age and Gender

TABLE 3 2018

2010 2018 % of Males % of Females % of Males % of Females Age Enrolled Enrolled Enrolled Enrolled 18-24 55.9% 65.3% 66.0% 71.9% 25-34 16.6% 20.5% 19.7% 16.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 and 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Relationships • 29.7% of the Boston population age 18+ is married. • 27.5% of females 18+ and 31.9% of males 18+ are married.

Married Population of Boston by Age and Gender

FIGURE 6 FIGURE 2018

70% 59.6% 60% 52.1% 53.5% 48.9% 48.7% 50% 37.6% 40%

30% 27.0% 22.4% 20%

10% 1.6% 1.3% 2.2% 1.3% 0% 18 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 64 65+ Male Female

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

• 16.1% of Boston males ages 18 to 64 live with their own children under age 18, compared with 24.5% of females of the same age.

BostonPlans.org | 11 Population Living with Own Children Under 18 by Gender and Age

FIGURE 7 FIGURE 2018

70% 59.3% 60%

50%

40% 35.3%

30% 20.0% 19.1% 20% 16.0% 9.5% 10% 2.9% 0.3% 1.4% 0.0% 0% 18 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 64 65+

Male Female

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Employment • The labor force participation rate for women in Boston has been increasing since the 1950's, nar- rowing the gap between the male and female rates.

Labor Force Participation Rate by Gender and Age

FIGURE 8 FIGURE 2018

100% 88.8% 91.6% 90% 84.0% 86.2% 78.3% 80% 70.8% 70% 65.6% 63.9% 60% 50% 43.5% 40% 32.7% 30% 26.0% 18.4% 20% 10% 0% 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 64 65+ Male Female Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

12 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 • Overall, women ages 16 to 34 have a higher labor force participation rate than men, but women ages Population Living with Own Children Under 18 by Gender and Age 35 and over participate in the labor force at a lower rate than men. 2018 • Female labor force participation peaks between ages 25 and 34, while male labor force participation peaks between ages 35 and 44.

Occupations of Civilian Employed Boston Residents by Gender, Age 16+ 2018 FIGURE 9 FIGURE

Sales and Office 22.5% 17.4%

Service 19.6% 17.7%

Management, Business, and Financial 18.5% 19.6%

Education, Legal, and Community 17.4% 11.7%

Healthcare Practitioners and Technical 11.0% 3.8%

6.7% Computer, Engineering, and Science 12.0%

Blue Collar 4.2% 17.8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Female Male

Note: Blue Collar includes natural resources, construction, maintenance, production, and material moving occupations. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

• Men are more likely than women to be employed in computer, engineering, science, and blue collar occupations. • Women are more likely than men to be employed in healthcare, education, legal, and community occupations, as well as service and sales occupations.

BostonPlans.org | 13 Earnings and Poverty • The median personal earnings for employed males age 16 and over is $50,930, while it is only $41,813 for females. • Among those who work full-time and year-round, the median personal earnings for males is $62,101 and for females is $57,466.

Poverty Rate by Age and Gender 2018 FIGURE 10 FIGURE

30% 24.9% 25.3% 25% 19.2% 19.8% 20.2% 20% 15.9% 15.7% 15% 10.9% 10%

5%

0% Under 18 18 to 34 35 to 64 65+

Male Female

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

14 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Neighborhoods • Longwood's population is 64.7% female, perhaps due to the large percentage of female students at Simmons and Emmanuel Colleges. • In contrast, South Boston Waterfront's population is only 41.7% female.

Neighborhoods by Female Population Share

TABLE 4 2018

Neighborhood Females % of Neighborhood Population Longwood 3,560 64.7% Charlestown 10,660 54.9% Roslindale 16,164 54.6% West Roxbury 18,363 53.6% Jamaica Plain 21,715 53.5% Fenway 17,547 53.0% Dorchester 66,545 52.6% Mattapan 13,744 52.5% Roxbury 28,191 52.3% Hyde Park 19,933 52.3% Beacon Hill 4,881 51.8% Back Bay 9,238 51.6% Downtown 9,415 51.6% South Boston 18,460 51.3% Brighton 28,021 51.3% Allston 10,050 51.2% South End 16,454 50.9% North End 4,645 49.7% Mission Hill 8,376 49.0% West End 3,066 47.4% East Boston 21,937 46.7% South Boston Waterfront 1,600 41.7%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 15 Percentage of the Total Population that is Female by Census Tract

MAP 3 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

16 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Chapter 3: Colleges and Universities

World Renowned Center for Education • Boston is home to 29 colleges and universities, along with two community colleges.8 • Boston's colleges and universities contribute to the education of its residents: 51.4% of residents ages 25 and over have a Bachelor's degree or higher.

Enrollment • In 2018, there were 139,000 students enrolled in 4-year colleges and universities located in Boston.9 • Additionally, Bunker Hill Community College and Roxbury Community College enrolled about 13,500 students in 2018.10 • With 31,666 students, Northeastern University is the largest university in Boston.

Top 10 Colleges in Boston by Student Enrollment

TABLE 5 2018

Institution Name Total 2018 Enrollment Northeastern University 31,666 Boston University 30,118 University of Massachusetts, Boston 15,192 Boston College 14,107 Suffolk University 6,970 Berklee College of Music 5,402 Emerson College 4,560 Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences 4,448 Wentworth Institute of Technology 4,396 Simmons College 3,440

Source: Department of Neighborhood Development, "City of Boston Student Housing Trends: 2018-2019 Academic Year", exclud- ing MIT.

Employment • Boston's colleges and universities employed 36,446 people in payroll jobs in 2018.11 • Payroll employment in Boston's colleges and universities grew 12.6% from 2010 to 2018.

BostonPlans.org | 17 Student Housing • Of students enrolled in Boston's institutions of higher education for Fall 2018, 32.6% lived on campus and 67.4% lived off-campus in Greater Boston. • Of the students who lived off-campus in Greater Boston, 34.6% lived at home with parents or other family members, and 65.4% obtained housing in the private housing market.

Students of Boston Universities by Residence 2018 FIGURE 11 FIGURE

70,000 44.1% 60,000 32.6% 50,000 32,446 5,852 40,000 23.3% 30,000 16,093 20,000 41,123 31,089 10,000 17,532 0 On campus in Boston Off campus alone or with Off campus with parents or roommates other family

Undergraduate Graduate Source: Department of Neighborhood Development, "City of Boston Student Housing Trends: 2018-2019 Academic Year", excluding MIT, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

• Of the students who lived off-campus in Boston, half lived in Allston, Longwood, Mission Hill, Fenway, or Kenmore.

Top Zip Codes for Off-Campus Students in Boston 2018 FIGURE 12 FIGURE 02115 - Fenway/Kenmore 3,728 1,997

02215 - Longwood/Mission Hill/Fenway 2,796 2,213

02134 - Allston 2,283 2,481

02120 - Mission Hill 2,573 2,063

02135 - Brighton 1,718 2,121

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Undergraduate Housing Graduate Housing Source: Department of Neighborhood Development, "City of Boston Student Housing Trends: 2018-2019 Academic Year", excluding MIT, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

18 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Percentage of Total Population Enrolled in College or University by Census Tract

MAP 4 MAP 2018

Source: : U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 19 Chapter 4: Young Adults

Population • In 2018, there were 271,851 Boston residents between the ages of 18 and 34, making up 39.1% of Boston’s total population, a share that has been fairly steady since 1980. • In 2018, the non-Hispanic White share of the young adult population was 52.0%, compared to 44.6% of the Boston population overall. • 22.7% of young adults in Boston are foreign born, compared to 27.9% of Boston’s population. • 32.0% speak a language other than English at home, with 14.1% of young adults speaking Spanish. • 3.4% of young adults speak English less than “well.”

Race/Ethnicity in Boston

FIGURE 13 FIGURE 2018

All 44.6% 22.4% 19.9% 9.3% 3.8% Residents

Young 52.0% 16.2% 17.5% 11.0% 3.4% Adults

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% White Black/African American Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Islander Other

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Households • 13.9% of all young adults reside in group quarters, such as a college dormitory – among 18-22 year olds this percentage rises to 43.4%. • Only 18.7% of young adult householders own their residence.12 • Only 14.8% of young adults are currently married. 83.3% have never been married, and 1.8% are wid- owed, divorced, or separated.

20 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Education • 39.3% of young adults in Boston are currently enrolled in school, including 93.3% of people ages 18 and 19, 65.7% of people ages 20 to 24, 24.0% of people ages 25 to 29, and 11.6% of people ages 30 to 34. • 70.6% of young adults ages 25 to 34 have a Bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to 41.8% of adults ages 35 and older.

Educational Attainment of Young Adults

FIGURE 14 FIGURE 2018

30 to 34 2.8% 15.9% 13.4% 33.4% 34.5%

25 to 29 4.6% 9.5% 13.1% 49.0% 23.8%

20 to 24 5.4% 15.3% 47.5% 28.9% 2.9%

18 to 19 14.2% 21.0% 64.8% 0.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Less than High School High School or Equivalent

Some College or Associate's Degree Bachelor's Degree

Advanced Degree

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Employment, Income, and Poverty • The labor force participation rate for young adults in Boston is 75.4%. • The median personal income of employed young adults is $40,000 a year compared to $45,000 a year for all employed workers age 18 and over. • School enrollment affects the income of young adults: the median personal income of employed young adults who are enrolled in school is only $12,000 a year. • The poverty rate of young adults in households falls from 29.8% among 20-24 year olds to 11.0% among 30-34 year olds. • Although students living in dormitories are not included in poverty calculations, the poverty rate for young adult students who live off-campus is 26.1%. • The median household income of households with a householder ages 18 to 34 is $85,000 com- pared to Boston’s households median of $71,000.13

BostonPlans.org | 21 Economic Characteristics of Young Adults by Age Group

TABLE 6 2018

Labor Force Median Personal Median House- Age Group Poverty Rate Participation Rate Income hold Income 20 to 24 64.4% $18,000 29.8% $34,000 25 to 29 85.8% $50,000 14.0% $98,000 30 to 34 85.8% $58,000 11.0% $95,000

Note: Median Personal Income is of employed young adults. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Personal Income of Employed Young Adult Residents 2018 FIGURE 15 FIGURE

30 to 34 4.7% 12.7% 24.7% 20.7% 37.1%

25 to 29 6.7% 12.9% 29.8% 28.2% 22.4%

20 to 24 31.9% 27.4% 24.4% 13.4% 2.8%

18 to 19 92.1% 7.9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

less than $10,000 $10,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $49,999

$50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 and more

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

22 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Neighborhoods • The young adult share of neighborhood populations varies dramatically, from 93.5% in Longwood to 18.8% in West Roxbury. • Neighborhoods in close proximity to colleges and universities, such as Longwood, Allston, Fenway, and Mission Hill, have a high population share of young adults.

Neighborhoods by Young Adult Population Share

TABLE 7 2018

Neighborhood Young Adults % of Neighborhood Population Longwood 5,144 93.5% Allston 15,853 80.8% Fenway 26,193 79.1% North End 5,464 58.4% Mission Hill 9,806 57.3% Brighton 30,673 56.1% Beacon Hill 4,585 48.7% South Boston Waterfront 1,807 47.1% Back Bay 8,352 46.7% South Boston 16,465 45.8% Downtown 8,147 44.6% West End 2,574 39.8% South End 11,615 35.9% Jamaica Plain 13,781 34.0% Roxbury 17,706 32.9% East Boston 15,150 32.3% Dorchester 39,239 31.0% Charlestown 5,875 30.3% Roslindale 7,092 24.0% Mattapan 6,231 23.8% Hyde Park 8,845 23.2% West Roxbury 6,432 18.8%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 23 Percentage of the Population that is Young Adult by Census Tract

MAP 5 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

24 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Chapter 5: Children and Families

Households • Boston is home to 274,674 households, of which 128,894 (46.9%) are family households.14 • 35.9% of all Boston households are one-person non-family households. • Families of four make up only 14.5% of all Boston households. • In 2018, 41.6% of family households had children under the age of 18.

Boston's Population by Household Structure 2018 FIGURE 16 FIGURE

250,000 30.1% 200,000

19.1% 150,000 17.3% 12.7% 14.1% 100,000 6.7% 50,000

0 Married Single Family without Non-family One-person Group householder householder children under roommates household quarters with children with children 18 under 18 under 18

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Families by Presence of Children

FIGURE 17 FIGURE 2018

11.7% With children under 6

With children 6 to 17 21.9% With children under 6 and 58.4% 6 to 17 No related children 8.1%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 25 Family Types • Married couple families make up 60.6% of all family households. • Families that are headed by women with no spouse present make up 31.3% of all family households. • About 40.3% of children in Boston live with only one parent.

Families by Type

TABLE 8 2010, 2018

Family Types 2010 2018 % Change Married couple family with children under 18 27,684 23.4% 29,669 23.0% 7.2% Single male householder family with children under 18 6,552 5.5% 3,982 3.1% -39.2% Single female householder family with children under 18 25,561 21.6% 24,152 18.7% -5.5% Family without children under 18 58,343 49.4% 71,091 55.2% 21.9%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Decennial Census, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Income and Poverty • The median family income in Boston in 2018 was $85,934. • Married-couple families had a median family income of $117,224 in 2018. Families with a single male householder had a median family income of $72,293 while families with a single female householder had a median family income of $40,735. • Married-couple families with children under 18 had a median family income of $118,449 while single fathers had a median family income of $60,582 and single mothers had a median family income of just $27,543. • For non-families, the median household income in 2018 was $56,654.

Family Income in the Past 12 Months 2018 FIGURE 18 FIGURE

25,000 17.4% 15.9% 15.0% 20,000 13.1% 11.7% 15,000 10.2% 8.9% 7.8% 10,000

5,000

0 Less than $25,000 to $50,000 to $75,000 to $100,000 to $125,000 to $150,000 to $200,000 or $25,000 $49,999 $74,999 $99,999 $124,999 $149,999 $199,999 more

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

26 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 • Overall, 12.1% of Boston families live in poverty, similar to the family poverty rate in 2010.15 • However, the poverty rate is only 4.4% for married-couple families. • Families with children under 18 have an increased chance of living in poverty. Overall, 25.1% of children in Boston live in poverty. • 41.8% of all families with related children under 18 are headed by a single female householder. The poverty rate for families with children headed by single mothers is 38.3%. For single fathers, the poverty rate is 14.0%.

Families in Poverty by Family Type

TABLE 9 2018

Families in Poverty % of Families in Family Type Poverty Rate Poverty All families 15,613 12.1% 100.0% Married couple family with children under 18 2,138 7.2% 13.7% Single male householder family with children under 18 556 14.0% 3.6% Single female householder family with children under 18 9,253 38.3% 59.3% Family without children under 18 3,666 5.2% 23.5%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 27 Race and Ethnicity • There are 111,053 children living in Boston, 16.0% of the total population. • Overall, children in Boston are 32.6% Hispanic, 29.8% Black/African-American, 25.6% White, 6.2% Asian/ Pacific Islander, and 5.8% other.

Children in Boston by Age and Race/Ethnicity 2018 FIGURE 19 FIGURE

25,000 6.0% 4.4% 20,000 10.4% 3.5% 3.8% 4.8% 26.0% 8.3% 4.3% 5.8% 7.0% 8.3% 15,000 4.7% 34.6% 35.2% 36.8% 30.3% 24.3% 35.1% 10,000

23.6% 27.1% 30.1% 40.8% 35.5% 5,000 39.3% 23.1% 26.8% 24.4% 14.7% 21.0% 0 Under 3 3 to 5 6 to 8 9 to 11 12 to 14 15 to 17

White Black/African American Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Islander Other

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

• 90.8% of children in Boston are native-born, but over half live with at least one foreign-born parent. • 42.3% of children ages 5 to 17 speak a language other than English at home, compared to 53.3% in 2010.

Top Languages Spoken at Home for the Population ages 5 to 17

TABLE 10 2018

Language Total % of Population ages 5 to 17 English Only 41,983 57.7% Spanish 18,846 25.9% Haitian Creole 3,536 4.9% Mandarin 1,803 2.5% Vietnamese 1,540 2.1% Portuguese 1,437 2.0% Somali 1,116 1.5% Kabuverdianu 1,065 1.5% Arabic 985 1.4% Cantonese 480 0.7%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

28 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 • About 73.0% of school-age children in Boston attend Boston Public Schools (BPS). • 88.3% of Asian students, 84.7% of Hispanic students, 65.5% of Black students, and 59.4% of White students attend BPS.16

Pre-Kindergarten to High School Students by Race & Ethnicity 2018 FIGURE 20 FIGURE

30,000

25,000 15.3% 34.5% 20,000

15,000

84.7% 10,000 40.6% 65.5% 11.7% 5,000 59.4% 78.2% 88.3% 0 21.8% White Black Hispanic Asian Other

BPS Students Non-BPS Students Total

Source: Boston Public Schools at a Glance: 2018-2019, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 29 Neighborhoods • Children in Boston are concentrated in certain neighborhoods. Children make up over 20.0% of the populations of Roxbury, Dorchester, Hyde Park, Mattapan, West Roxbury, and East Boston. • In contrast, children make up fewer than 5.0% of the populations of Longwood, Fenway, and Allston.

Neighborhoods by Children Under 18 Population Share

TABLE 11 2018

Neighborhood Children Under 18 % of Neighborhood Population Mattapan 6,077 23.2% Roxbury 12,191 22.6% Dorchester 28,110 22.2% Hyde Park 8,178 21.5% West Roxbury 7,234 21.1% East Boston 9,667 20.6% Charlestown 3,790 19.5% Roslindale 5,726 19.4% Jamaica Plain 6,789 16.7% South Boston 4,827 13.4% South End 3,906 12.1% Mission Hill 1,611 9.4% Brighton 4,996 9.1% Beacon Hill 855 9.1% Downtown 1,489 8.2% West End 511 7.9% Back Bay 1,211 6.8% South Boston Waterfront 200 5.2% North End 469 5.0% Allston 865 4.4% Fenway 908 2.7% Longwood 144 2.6%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

30 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Percentage of the Population that is Children (ages 0 to 17) by Census Tract

MAP 6 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 31 Chapter 6: Older Bostonians

Population • In 2018, there were 117,000 Boston residents age 60 and over, 56.4% of whom were female. • Residents age 60 and over make up 16.7% of Boston’s total population. • The non-Hispanic White share of the older resident population is 49.4%, which is higher than that of the Boston population overall (44.6%). • 37.7% of older residents are foreign born, compared to 27.9% of Boston's population. • 35.5% of older residents speak a language other than English at home, and 77.0% of these residents speak English less than “very well."

Race & Ethnicity of Older Bostonians

FIGURE 21 FIGURE 2018

50,000 2.3% 45,000 9.7%

40,000 17.2%

35,000 1.4% 8.4% 30,000 12.9% 24.3% 25,000 3.9% 9.8% 29.7% 20,000 7.8% 15,000 26.2% 46.5% 9.2% 10,000 6.8% 47.6% 21.9% 5,000 52.4% 62.1% 0 60 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85+

White Black/African American Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Islander Other

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Households • 81,028 Boston households, 29.5% of total households, include one or more older residents age 60 and older. • 47.8% of older residents live in owner-occupied housing, and 49.8% in renter-occupied housing. • 5.4% of older residents live in group quarters. • 5.5% of older residents are grandparents living with grandchildren, and 1.0% are grandparents respon- sible for grandchildren.

32 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Household Structure of Older Bostonians

FIGURE 22 FIGURE 2018

50,000 2.7%

40,000 32.4%

2.7% 30,000 6.0% 28.5% 3.7% 7.2% 20,000 31.9% 51.6% 11.4% 12.3% 51.4% 10,000 41.9% 46.4% 8.7% Race & Ethnicity of Older Bostonians 34.9% 10.2% 7.2% 6.6% 2018 0 2.2% 60 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85+ Group Quarters One-person Household Non-family Roommates Family Household with No Children Under Age 18 Family Household with Children Under Age 18

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Marital Status of Older Bostonians 2018 FIGURE 23 FIGURE

50,000

45,000 18.7% 40,000 6.2% 35,000 17.0% 30,000 24.5% 2.6% 9.2% 25,000 15.2% 17.0% 20,000 2.0% 5.6% 15.9% 15,000 48.9% 27.5% 13.6% 10,000 50.3% 3.0% 10.5% 5,000 39.4% 50.8% 0 22.1% 60 to 64 65 to 74 75 to 84 85+

Married Widowed Divorced Separated Never Married

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 33 Educational Attainment • 45.4% of Boston residents age 60 and older have a high school degree or less. • On average, older residents have fewer years of formal education than younger residents.

Educational Attainment of Older Bostonians 2018 FIGURE 24 FIGURE

35% 30.8% 30% 26.7% 25% 22.5% 22.9% 20.1% 20% 17.8% 16.1% 17.2% 16.8% 15% 9.2% 10%

5%

0% Less than high High school Some Bachelor's degree Advanced degree school college/associate's

25 to 59 60+

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Economic Status • Only 32.4% of older residents age 60 and older were in the labor force in 2018, a percentage which has been rising steadily since 2008, when 25.8% of older residents were employed. • 36.7% of older residents were living with some sort of disability. • The median income for households with one or more persons age 60 and older is $59,785. • Overall, 17.0% of the older resident population lives below the poverty line.

34 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Neighborhoods • West Roxbury has the highest share of older residents with people over the age of 60 making up 25.6% of the neighborhood population. • In contrast, neighborhoods with high shares of young adults such as Longwood, Allston, and Fenway have the lowest shares of older residents, with 0.7%, 4.5%, and 6.2% of the neighborhood population Educational Attainment of Older Bostonians respectively. 2018

Neighborhoods by Older Bostonian Population Share

TABLE 12 2018

Neighborhood 60+ Population % of Neighborhood Population West Roxbury 8,789 25.6% Hyde Park 7,802 20.5% Downtown 3,608 19.8% Roslindale 5,823 19.7% West End 1,268 19.6% South End 6,274 19.4% Back Bay 3,388 18.9% Mattapan 4,734 18.1% Beacon Hill 1,589 16.9% Jamaica Plain 6,782 16.7% Dorchester 20,271 16.0% Charlestown 3,055 15.7% Mission Hill 2,663 15.6% Roxbury 8,355 15.5% North End 1,438 15.4% Brighton 8,020 14.7% South Boston 4,631 12.9% East Boston 5,841 12.4% South Boston Waterfront 456 11.9% Fenway 2,058 6.2% Allston 875 4.5% Longwood 37 0.7%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 35 Percentage of Population Age 60+ by Census Tract

MAP 7 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

36 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Percentage of Population Age 60+ by Census Tract 2018 Chapter 7: Foreign Born

Population • Boston has approximately 194,000 foreign-born people, who account for 27.9% of the city’s total population. • Boston has the 7th highest share of foreign-born residents among 25 peer U.S. cities.17 • Naturalized citizens make up 51.3% of Boston’s foreign-born population.

Foreign-Born Population 1950-2018 FIGURE 25 FIGURE

30%

25% 27.2% 27.9% 25.8%

20% 20.0% 15% 15.5% 15.8% 15.5% 13.1% 10%

5%

0% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1950-2010 Decennial Census, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 37 Origins • The Dominican Republic, China, and Haiti were the most common countries of origin for Boston’s for- eign-born population in 2018.

Top 10 Countries of Origin for the Foreign-Born Population 2018 FIGURE 26 FIGURE

Dominican Republic 12.4% China 10.8% Haiti 10.7% Jamaica 4.6% Vietnam 4.5% El Salvador 4.4% Cabo Verde 4.2% Colombia 3.9% India 3.3% Brazil 3.2%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

Race & Ethnicity • The race and ethnicity of the foreign-born population reflect the predominance of countries of origin in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia.

Race and Ethnicity by Nativity

FIGURE 27 FIGURE 2018

60% 54.5%

50%

40% 29.8% 30% 25.7% 22.5% 19.0% 21.1% 20% 16.0%

10% 4.2% 4.1% 2.8% 0% White Black/African Hispanic/Latino Asian/Pacific Other American Islander

Native Foreign-Born

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

38 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Languages • 37.0% of Boston residents speak a language other than English at home. • Spanish is the most common non-English language spoken at home in Boston. • In 2018, 16.9% of all Boston residents age 5 and older had limited English proficiency.

Most Common Non-English Languages Spoken At Home 2018 FIGURE 28 FIGURE

18% 16.3% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4.0% 3.7% 4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.3% 2% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.5% % of Boston Residents Age Residents Boston Age of 5+ % 0%

Note: Chinese includes Mardarin and Cantonese. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 39 Educational Attainment • The foreign-born population in Boston generally has lower educational attainment than the native born. • Among foreign-born residents age 25 years and older, about 37.7% have a Bachelor’s degree or higher in contrast to 59.2% of native-born residents. • Of the foreign-born population age 25 years and older, 24.6% have not completed high school, com- pared to 6.3% of the native-born population.

Educational Attainment by Nativity (Age 25+)

FIGURE 29 FIGURE 2018

40%

32.4%

30% 26.8% 24.6%

20.8% 20.1% 20% 18.4% 17.6% 16.1% 16.8%

10% 6.3%

0% Less than high High school diploma Some Bachelor's Degree Advanced Degree school college/Associate's degree

Native Foreign Born Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

40 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Economic Contribution • The largest share of the foreign-born population work in the service industry at 28.6%. • Since 2010, the share of the foreign-born population working in the service and blue collar industries has decreased, while the share working in the sales and office; management, business, and finance; education, legal, and community; computer, engineering, and science; and healthcare industries has increased.

Employment by Occupation and Nativity 2018 FIGURE 30 FIGURE

Service 28.6% 15.8%

Sales and Office 16.0% 23.2%

Blue Collar 15.2% 8.7%

Management, Business, and Finance 11.5% 19.3%

Education, Legal, and Community 11.2% 16.3%

Computer, Engineering, and Science 9.4% 8.9%

Healthcare practitioners 6.0% 7.0%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Foreign Born Native

Note: Blue Collar includes natural resources, construction, maintenance, production, and material moving occupations. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 41 Neighborhoods • Nearly half of East Boston’s residents were foreign-born in 2018, the greatest share of any neighborhood in the city. South Boston had the lowest share at 11.9%.

Neighborhoods by Foreign-Born Population Share 2018 TABLE 13

Neighborhood Foreign-Born Population % of Neighborhood Population East Boston 23,219 49.5% Downtown 6,574 36.0% Allston 7,007 35.7% Dorchester 43,409 34.3% Mattapan 8,294 31.7% Hyde Park 11,687 30.7% Roxbury 15,775 29.3% Mission Hill 4,914 28.7% Fenway 8,965 27.1% Brighton 14,602 26.7% West End 1,699 26.3% Roslindale 7,498 25.3% Jamaica Plain 9,854 24.3% West Roxbury 7,766 22.7% South End 7,245 22.4% Back Bay 3,972 22.2% Charlestown 3,051 15.7% Longwood 859 15.6% South Boston Waterfront 573 14.9% Beacon Hill 1,395 14.8% North End 1,211 13.0% South Boston 4,278 11.9%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

42 | Boston by the Numbers 2020 Percentage of Total Population that is Foreign-Born by Census Tract

MAP 8 MAP 2018

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

BostonPlans.org | 43 Endnotes

1 Office Statistics: Boston Q3 2019, Jones Lang LaSalle IP, Inc. 2 CoStar Property, “Total Market Statistics”, 3rd Quarter 2019. 3 Health Division Department of Inspectional Services, “Active Food Licenses”, January 2020, https://data. boston.gov/dataset/active-food-establishment-licenses. 4 U.S. Census Bureau 2012 Economic Census, Retail Indicators Branch, BPDA Research Division Analysis. 5 City of Boston Licensing Board, March 2020. 6 U.S. Census Bureau, 2014-2018 5-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis. 7 Source is U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 1-year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis unless otherwise noted. 8 Department of Neighborhood Development, “City of Boston Student Housing Trends: 2018-2019 Aca- demic Year”, excluding MIT. 9 Department of Neighborhood Development, “City of Boston Student Housing Trends: 2018-2019 Aca- demic Year”, excluding MIT. 10 Bunker Hill Community College, “Fast Facts”; Community College Review, “Roxbury Community College.” 11 Massachusetts Executive Office of Labor and Workforce Development (EOLWD), ES-202-2018, BPDA Research Division Analysis. 12 The householder is the person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. If it is owned or rented jointly, either person could be designated the householder. 13 Household income includes the income of everyone in the household, including roommates and other non-family members 14 The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as “two or more people (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption residing in the same housing unit.” 15 Poverty Rate is a percentage of families who have income below the poverty threshold set by the U.S. Census. The poverty threshold varies by household size and composition. In 2018, the poverty threshold in the U.S. for a family of two adults and two children was $25,465. 16 2018-2019 Boston Public Schools at a Glance Report, BPDA Research Division Analysis. 17 Peer cities are the principal cities in the nation’s largest metropolitan areas, plus three cities whose highly educated metropolitan area populations make them good comparisons for Boston.

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