King Tut's Tomb
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HM 51 COVER A.qxd 12/5/2007 1:20 PM Page 1 March 2008 www.history-magazine.com The Discovery of KING TUT’S TOMB $5.95 PLUS: 03 • Zero: A Brief History of Nothing • The Adventures of Jumbo the Elephant History March 2008March • Going Long: The Story of Football in North America 0562825 94944 PAP Registration No. Registration PAP 10629 ...And Much More! Publication Mail Agreement No. 40062922 Koch_EntertainmentHM51.qxd 12/3/2007 10:44 AM Page 1 Contents.qxd 12/5/2007 1:25 PM Page 1 OPENING NOTES . 4 Trivia items: The First Donut Machine, Earmuffs, Caisson Disease THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 1500S . 7 Victoria L. King explores the legacy of a period that still lingers THE SHE-SHE-SHE CAMPS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION . 13 1500-1509. Jane Kahramanidis looks at Eleanor Roosevelt’s attempts Zero. Page 7. to keep the women of America busy during the Great Page 32. Depression JUMBO THE ELEPHANT . 17 Doug Elliott follows the trail of the world’s most famous pachyderm THE BOAR WAR: MUCH ADO ABOUT A PIG . 19 Kathryn Russell Selk looks at the pig that sparked an international incident WAX:THE FLUID MEDIUM . 22 Francine Kirsch follows the story of wax through the ages She-She-She Camps. Marlowe. Page 13. THE DISCOVERY OF TUTANKHAMUN’S TOMB . 25 Page 36. Phill Jones documents one of archeology’s most famous discoveries ZERO — A BRIEF HISTORY OF NOTHING . 32 In an article about “nothing”, Ed Haag explains why zero is such a big deal THE ART OF INTRIGUE . 36 Kel Morin-Parsons delves into the mysterious life and death of playwright Christopher Marlowe Jumbo. OPIUM DENS AND BOHEMIA . 39 Bertillon. Page 17. Abridged from the book A Pickpocket’s Tale: The Underworld Page 44. of Nineteenth-Century New York, author Timothy J. Gilfoyle takes us on a tour of an opium den THE MEASURE OF A MAN . 44 Phill Jones studies the case of Alphonse Bertillon, the 19th-century biometrician HEY BUDDY, WANNA BUY A TOWER? . 47 Brian J. Noggle tells the story of the men who sold the Eiffel Tower TOUCHDOWN! THE HISTORY OF FOOTBALL Wax. IN NORTH AMERICA . 49 Touchdown! Page 22. Matt Polacko goes deep as he examines the beginnings Page 49. of all things pigskin HINDSIGHT . 52 We take a look at some recently released items that may be of interest to our readers THE LOST DAYS OF SEPTEMBER 1752 . 54 Huck DeVenzio tracks the change to our modern-day calendar WHAT’S COMING IN HISTORY MAGAZINE . 55 Tutankhamun. A peek at what we are working on for future issues of Lost Days. Page 25. History Magazine Page 54. History Magazine • February/March 2008 3 Trivia51.qxd 12/5/2007 1:28 PM Page 1 OPENING NOTES History Trivia THE FIRST DONUT MACHINE Harlem. People lined up to watch the donuts fry DONUTS HAVE BEEN around for centuries, but they and to purchase them fresh. Soon, he was unable to were all made by hand until a Russian immi- make enough donuts to keep up with the grant saw an opportunity in the early demand. 20th century. Levitt had an idea for a donut Adolph Levitt emigrated from machine that could fry and auto- Russia with his family to America matically turn donuts while in 1892. His father died within a pushing the fumes to the roof year, forcing Adolph to leave with a fan. With such a school at the age of 10. As a machine, he would be able to teenager, he began a mercantile produce donuts in greater business with his brother, John. numbers and meet the They opened several stores demand. Levitt worked with using their plan to put mer- an engineer on 12 prototypes chandise in the windows to before creating a successful attract customers. The stores one. The total cost was $15,000. prospered for awhile but, it Levitt called his machine The didn’t last. Wonderful Almost Human Auto- At 37, Adolph moved to New matic Donut Machine. He chose York and bought into a bakery chain. Mayflower Donuts for his brand Soldiers returning from WWI clamored name. He put the machine in the bakery for the donuts they had eaten in France. window and produced large quantities of Adolph heard about this and began frying donuts donuts. A circle of dough, shaped like a ring in a kettle placed in the window of his bakery in dropped from a hopper and into a vat of boiling oil, EARMUFFS As one of six children helping out on his family’s SOMETIMES A GREAT idea comes when one least expects farm, he sold eggs door-to-door along an eight-mile it. For Chester Greenwood, a flash of inspiration hap- route to raise extra money. Sometimes he made pened while ice skating on Abbot Pond in Maine; it candy or fudge to sell as well. But once he began was a particularly frigid day in December 1873. Fif- wearing his ear protectors, as Greenwood called teen-year-old Greenwood wanted to test out his new them, his life went in a new direction. His peers skates, but the icy wind rushing by his ears cut short asked their parents for earmuffs, and before long, his fun. everyone in the small community of Farmington, Most people in those days prevented cold ears by Maine, wanted a pair. The following winter, tying a wool scarf or muffler around their heads. Greenwood was mass producing his Greenwood Unfortunately, the wool Champion Ear Protectors. caused Greenwood’s ears to Young and old alike itch and the muffler was not were wearing Greenwood’s secure enough to enjoy win- self-proclaimed “blizzard- ter sports. Undeterred, proof” earmuffs, but he Greenwood asked for his wasn’t satisfied. He made grandmother’s help in fash- two important changes to ioning something to keep his invention. The first was his ears warm. Green- to solve the problem of the wood’s design included muff flapping too much. farm wire (a precursor of Greenwood attached a bailing wire) for the head- hinge to each side to keep it band and a combination of flush against the ear. A fur and velvet to cover the The drawings submitted for patent #188,292 for byproduct of this change “Improvements for Ear-Mufflers”. ear. His grandmother sewed was that the earmuff could it together while Green- now be folded and stored in wood shaped the headband with a pair of pliers, and a pocket. Then Greenwood substituted the farm wire the prototype of the first earmuff was born. in the headband for flat, spring steel. “I believe per- Many years later, The Wall Street Journal would fection has been reached”, he said and never made report that Greenwood’s ears “were so sensitive that another alteration to his design. they turned chalky white, beet red, and deep blue (in On 13 March 1877, the US Patent Office awarded that order) when the mercury dipped.” Greenwood with patent #188,292 for his invention. Greenwood had always been an industrious lad. He was just 18 years old. Greenwood soon opened a 4 History Magazine • February/March 2008 Trivia51.qxd 12/5/2007 1:28 PM Page 2 circulated, turned over to brown both sides and rolled out of the oil on a moving ramp. He set up a donut machine in a shop window in Times Square, New York that drew so many VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3 onlookers, it caused traffic to come to a PUBLISHER: halt. Halvor Moorshead Soon, Levitt sold machines to small [email protected] shops and large baking companies all DEPUTY EDITOR: over America. By this time, he was doing Victoria King a 25-million dollar a year business. [email protected] Levitt’s next step was to manufacture ASSISTANT EDITOR: Marc Skulnick the mix for the donuts. He started more [email protected] bakeries, opened restaurants to sell the donuts and created advertising to sell SPECIAL PROJECTS: Ed Zapletal them. During WWII, he rented machines [email protected] to the Red Cross so the soldiers could CIRCULATION MANAGER: have donuts. Rick Cree Donut machines grew to be more [email protected] refined and many other companies ADVERTISING SERVICES: produced their own version of Levitt’s Jeannette Cox machine. [email protected] Today, some 300 million donuts are Published by Moorshead Magazines Ltd. consumed in the US. In Canada, Tim 505 Consumers Road, Suite 500, Toronto, ON, M2J 4V8 Canada Horton’s, famous for its donuts, has (416) 491-3699 Fax (416) 491-3996 twice as many stores in the country as POSTAL INFORMATION —CANADA McDonald’s. — SANDRA MCGARRITY Publications Mail Agreement No. 40062922. PAP Registration No. 10629. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: History Magazine, Circulation Dept., 505 Consumers Road, Suite 500, Toronto, Ontario, M2J 4V8 Canada. E-mail: [email protected] POSTAL INFORMATION —UNITED STATES Postmaster send address corrections to History Magazine, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304. E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1492-4307. © 2008 Moorshead Magazines Ltd. Some illustrations copyright www.arttoday.com. We acknowledge the financial assistance of Today earmuffs come the Government of Canada, through the in a variety of colors Publications Assistance Program (PAP), and sizes. toward our mailing costs in Canada. SUBSCRIPTIONS History Magazine is published six times a year (Feb/Mar, Apr/May, Jun/Jul, Aug/Sep, Oct/Nov, Dec/Jan). Subscription rate for US (US funds): 1 year (6 issues) $28, 2 years (12 issues) $48, 3 years (18 issues) $65. factory which produced 30,000 earmuffs per year and Subscription rate for Canada (Cdn funds): 1 year (6 issues) $33, employed 20 people full-time.