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Henry Mayhew: Jornalista, Investigador Social Henry Mayhew: jornalista, investigador social NUNES, Everardo Duarte. Henry Mayhew: jornalista, investigador social e precursor da pesquisa qualitativa. Henry Mayhew: História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, v.19, n.3, jul.-set. 2012, jornalista, investigador p.933-949. social e precursor da Resumo Henry Mayhew serviu-se de sua pesquisa qualitativa* profissão, o jornalismo, para registrar o dia a dia da Londres da segunda metade do século XIX de uma forma que até Henry Mayhew: journalist, hoje interessa historiadores e cientistas sociais, como obra precursora da social investigator, and pesquisa qualitativa. Este artigo destaca aspectos metodológicos das foreshadower of qualitative investigações de Mayhew e analisa dois de seus relatos: sobre o surto de cólera e research sobre uma vendedora de rua. Aborda também trabalhos críticos que tomam sua obra como referência. Palavras-chave: Henry Mayhew (1812- 1887); história social; cólera; vendedora de rua; Londres no século XIX. Abstract As a journalist, Henry Mayhew recorded daily life in London in the latter half of the nineteenth century. His approach remains of interest to historians and social scientists today in that it foreshadowed qualitative research. The article highlights methodological aspects of Mayhew’s investigations and analyzes two of his reports, one on a cholera outbreak and the other on a female street vendor. It also addresses some analyses that have critiqued his work. Everardo Duarte Nunes Keywords: Henry Mayhew (1812-1887); Professor da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas/ social history; cholera; street vendor; Universidade Estadual de Campinas. nineteenth-century London. Rua Manoel Soares da Rocha, 320 Residencial Barão do Café, 5 13085-055 – Campinas – SP – Brasil [email protected] Recebido para publicação em julho de 2010. Aprovado para publicação em abril de 2011. v.19, n.3, jul.-set. 2012, p.933-949 933 Everardo Duarte Nunes There are, of course, two methods of dealing philosophically with every subject – deductively and inductively. The deductive method is the mode of using knowledge and the inductive method the mode of ‘acquiring it’. Henry Mayhew (1968, v.4, p.2; grifos do original). O jornalista Henry Mayhew (1812-1887) sempre esteve atento aos acontecimentos da Londres de seu tempo, a segunda metade do século XIX. Com suas pesquisas e seus relatos, inscreve-se como precursor dos estudos qualitativos, sendo irrelevante o volume de informações quantitativas que levantou. Ao lado disso, a epidemia de cólera e as condições de vida dos trabalhadores e dos pobres de Londres devem-lhe preciosos registros. Sua principal obra, London labour and the London poor1, especialmente dedicada a descrições etnográficas de trabalhadores de rua e pobres londrinos no contexto das transformações industriais e do espaço urbano inglês, foi precedida por relatos publicados no Morning Chronicle.2 Ao destacar Mayhew e suas contribuições, não se deve esquecer de contemporâneos seus que se dedicaram aos estudos das condições de vida urbana, muitos deles antecipando- se a suas descrições da pobreza, embora trabalhando de forma diferente o tema. É o caso de Eugène Buret (1810-1842), que exerceu grande influência sobre o pensamento socialista no início dos anos 1840, sendo citado por Marx e Walter Benjamin. Para Vatin (2006, p.70, 84), Buret “popularizou um olhar sobre o pauperismo industrial” e concluiu que industrialização à inglesa e pauperismo são “duas faces de um mesmo estado social”. Outro autor francês que também se destacou foi Louis René Villermé (1782-1863), médico, economista e higienista que produziu diversos trabalhos, entre eles estudos sobre o “estado físico e moral” dos operários das indústrias de algodão, além de ter batalhado contra o trabalho infantil. De importância similar na fase inicial da sociologia empírica é a obra de Fréderic Le Play (1806-1882), extensa investigação desenvolvida “ao longo das duas décadas e meia, nas quais coletou informações e elaborou monografias de famílias de praticamente todas as regiões europeias” (Botelho, 2002, p.519). Sob muitos aspectos, a obra de Mayhew se diferencia da produzida pela maioria dos autores que do final da primeira metade do século XIX até seu término se dedicaram às questões urbanas e dos trabalhadores, especialmente pela metodologia original que imprimiu à coleta de informações, como veremos neste artigo. Acrescente-se que, após longo período de esquecimento, sua obra voltou a ser estudada, trazendo novas interpretações a suas pesquisas sociais. A partir de diferentes interesses, destacam-se Anne Humpherys (1977) – autora da mais completa biografia de Mayhew –, Edward P. Thompson e Ellen Yeo (1984), Gertrude Himmelfarb (1973), Karel Williams (1981), James Bennet (1981), Olga Maria Trabulo (2002), Bryan S. Green (2002), John Scalan (2007), bem como a introdução de John D. Rosenberg (1968) para a reedição de London labour and the London poor, a de Victor Neuburg (1985), em uma seleção de textos dos quatro volumes da edição de 1865, a de Bertrand Taithe (1996), na reedição da correspondência de Mayhew com seus leitores. Cabe também mencionar o sensível trabalho de Seed (2005), que selecionou cerca de cem 934 História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro Henry Mayhew: jornalista, investigador social relatos de Mayhew transformando-os em poemas, e a revisão de Chris Louttit (2006) sobre quatro recentes livros – new Victorian novels – que se apoiam em Mayhew, como fonte material ou como intertexto. De modo geral, seus trabalhos se classificam como protossociologia, etnografia, filosofia social ou jornalismo social. O que, entretanto, deve ser observado é sua perspicácia metodológica para a investigação social, lembrando que ele viveu em período que precede o advento da sociologia como ciência, a chamada sociologia clássica, que emerge na França e na Alemanha a partir de 1890. Rocquin (2006, p.3) afirma que, apesar da importância dada a Principles of sociology (1874-1896), do filósofo e sociólogo inglês Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), a sociologia como disciplina acadêmica só apareceu na Inglaterra após 1950, depois de na América, Alemanha e França. Da mesma forma, a etnografia, como aqui trataremos, foi por ele utilizada antes de sua ‘oficialização’ pela The London Royal Anthropological Society, em 1894. Este artigo faz uma primeira aproximação com a obra de Mayhew, destacando aspectos metodológicos de suas investigações com base em dois de seus relatos.3 Há também uma segunda aproximação, com base nos mencionados trabalhos críticos que tomam sua obra como referência. Escolhi um relato sobre o surto de cólera e outro sobre uma vendedora de rua, porque me parecem emblemáticos das preocupações sociais do autor. O primeiro trata de problema frequente para a população londrina e foi estratégico para que Mayhew expusesse, em periódico de grande circulação da época, as péssimas condições de vida de expressiva parte dos moradores de Londres. O segundo destaca o cotidiano dos trabalhadores de rua, ilustrado pelo caso de uma jovem vendedora – cabe lembrar o fato de a população jovem e infantil ter sido destaque na obra de Mayhew, que, em 1851, cunhou a expressão street children. Personagem, época e obra Há algum tempo, dizia-se não existirem muitas informações sobre esse personagem londrino que viveu 74 anos, de 1812 a 1887. Só noventa anos depois de sua morte, em 1977, foi publicada o que se considera sua mais completa biografia, escrita por Anne Humpherys. Mayhew nasceu no mesmo ano em que o movimento ludista, contrário à mecanização decorrente da Revolução Industrial, atingiu o ápice, e durante sua vida acompanhou a trajetória desse processo, do proletariado inglês, dos desempregados e dos vendedores de rua. Tinha dois anos quando Stevenson inventou a locomotiva a vapor e oito quando Londres recebeu a primeira iluminação pública. Acompanhou, também, a aprovação, pelo Parlamento inglês, do direito à livre associação (1824) e da Nova Lei dos Pobres (1834), assim como os movimentos associativos dos trabalhadores, com a fundação da Associação dos Trabalhadores de Londres (1838) – marco do início do movimento cartista, que duraria uma década – e da Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores de Londres (1864). Viveu durante o período de maior progresso industrial e tecnológico da Inglaterra, da maior expansão colonial e das lutas operárias por melhores condições de vida e trabalho, melhores salários, extinção do trabalho infantil e regulamentação do feminino. Com 25 anos, viu v.19, n.3, jul.-set. 2012, p.933-949 935 Everardo Duarte Nunes ascender ao trono inglês a rainha Vitória, que reinaria de 1838 a 1901. Na Era Vitoriana Londres tornou-se a maior cidade do mundo, com grande concentração populacional (958.863 habitantes em 1801, 2.362.236 em 1851, 2.803.989 em 1861, 3.254.260 em 1871 e 4.231.431 em 1891), mas com milhares de pessoas vivendo na pobreza e habitando cortiços superpovoados, de péssimas condições sanitárias. Para mostrar sua pujança, a Inglaterra realizou, em 1851, a Grande Exposição dos Trabalhos da Indústria de Todas as Nações, primeira exposição internacional da indústria. Mayhew não só foi contemporâneo dessa exposição como escreveu sobre ela e 11 anos depois vivenciaria a Grande Exposição de Londres (Great London Exposition), também chamada de Exposição Internacional de 1862 (International Exhibition of 1862), que reuniu 36 países expondo as conquistas da indústria, da tecnologia e das artes. Henry Philip Mayhew nasceu em 25 de novembro de 1812, em Londres, onde morreu em 25 de julho de 1887, filho de rica e extensa família. São citados 17 filhos, embora esse número varie nas fontes, sendo ele o quarto na ordem de nascimentos.4 Filho de Joshua Dorset Joseph Mayhew, destacado advogado londrino, descrito como teimoso e autocrático, que exigia de seus filhos o tratamento de sir e que permanecessem de pé até que ele os autorizasse sentar (Humpherys, 1977, p.2). Em sua opinião, todos deveriam seguir sua carreira, mas apenas um deles o fez: Alfred, que se tornou solicitador. Thomas, Horace, Henry e August dedicaram-se ao jornalismo; Edward, ao teatro e depois à veterinária; Julius, à arte e fotografia.
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