United States Patent (19) 11) 4,235,043 Harasawa et al. 45 Nov. 25, 1980

54 METHOD FORCULTIVATING ALGAE AND (56) References Cited A COVERING MATERAL USED THEREFOR U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 3,043,709 7/1962 Amborski ...... 47/17 X 75 Inventors: Isamu Harasawa, Kiyose; Yukio 3,403,471 10/1968 Clement et al...... 47/.4 Hariki, Funabashi; Katsuhiko Maeda; 3,542,710 1 1/1970 Glatti ...... 47/17 X Kouichi Nakamura, both of Uozu, all 3,879,890 4/1975 Chen et al...... 47/1.4 of Japan 4,084,346 4/1978 Stengel et al...... 47/1.4 4,087,936 5/1978 Savins et al...... 47/1.4 73) Assignee: Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabashiki Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan OTHER PUBLICATIONS The Algae: A Review, Prescott, 1968, Houghton Miff 21 Appi. No.: 20,507 ton Co., pp. 311-312. Primary Examiner-Robert E. Bagwill 22 Filed: Mar. 14, 1979 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Sherman & Shalloway 57 ABSTRACT 30 Foreign Application Priority Data A method for cultivating an aiga, which comprises Oct. 28, 1978 (JP Japan ...... 53-132116 growing the alga in a light field substantially free from light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm; and a (51 Int. Cl...... A01G 7/00 covering material for use in the cultivation of algae, said 52 U.S. C...... 47/1.4; 47/17; covering material substantially inhibiting the transmis 47/DIG. 6 sion of light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm. 58) Field of Search ...... 47/1.4, DIG. 6, 58, 47/17 9 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures

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TME ELAPSE ( DAYS) 4,235,043 2 Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, METHOD FOR CULTIVATING ALGAE AND A and Chlorophta. COVERNG MATERIAL USED THEREFOR Examples of typical algae to which the method of this invention can be applied are shown below. In the fol This invention relates to the cultivation of algae. 5 lowing list, typical examples of species are shown in the More specifically, it pertains to a method for cultivating parentheses after the indication of genera. algae which promotes the growth of the algae, and affords the algae of improved quality in increased 1 Division Cyanophyta yields, and to a covering material used in this method. A. Class Cyanophyceae With a worldwide increase in population in recent 10 A-1. years, the problem of food shortage has come to the Order Chroococcales fore. Since cultivation of terrestrial plants is limited, A-1-1. much interest has been aroused in the cultivation of Family Chroococcaceae algae as one means of overcoming the food shortage. Genus Anacystis (A. nidulance), Resources for the algae are abundant, and there is a Genus Aphanocapsa Nägeli (A. pulchra), great possibility of their mass-production by artificial Genus Aphanothece Nageli (A. Sacrum), means. Some algae, such as Chlorella, Spirulina, and Genus Chroococcus Nageli (C. turgidus), Scenedesmus, have already been cultivated on a com Genus Coelosphaerium Nägeli, , mercial basis. These algae are produced by cultivation Genus Glaucocystis Itzigsohn (G. nostochinearum), in outdoor pools, or in tanks. The former outdoor culti 20 Genus Gloeocapsa Kitzing, vation has the defect that it is restricted in place, the Genus Gloeochaete Lagerheim (G. Wittrockiana), output is affected by weather, and the quality of the Genus Gloeothece Nageli (G. linearis), cultivated algae varies according to such conditions as Genus Gomphosphaeria Kitzing (G. aponina), the place of cultivation and weather. The latter method Genus Merismopedia Meyen (M. elegans), of tank cultivation also has the defect that a large-sized 25 Genus Microcystis Kitzning (M. aeruginosa), equipment is required, and since artificial light rays are Genus Synechococcus Nageli (S. aeruginosus), and used, the output is low and the quality of the algae is not Genus Synechocystis Sauvageau (S. aquatilis). entirely satisfactory. A-1-2. Seaweeds such as laver (genus Porphyra such as P. 30 Family Entophysalidaceae tenera), genus Laminaria (e.g., Laminaria japonica) and Genus Chlorogloea Wille, and genus Undaria (e.g., Undaria pinnetifida) are cultivated Genus Entophysalis Kitzing. in some parts of the world for human consumption, but A-2. no sufficient improvement in the yield and quality of Order Chamaesiphonales these seaweeds has been achieved. 35 A-2-1. In order to cultivate algae which are regarded as Family Dermocarpaceae important food sources, the present inventors have Genus Dermocarpa Grouan. made investigations about the promotion of algal A-2-2. growth, the increase of the yield of the algae and the Family Chamaesiphonaceae improvement of their quality in connection with light 40 Genus Chamaesiphon A. Braun et Grunow (C. in irradiating conditions. These investigations have led to crustans). the surprising discovery that when algae are cultivated A-2-3. in a light field substantially free from light of wave Family Siphononemaceae. . . lengths of not more than 340 nm, the growth of the algae is promoted, and in some types of algae, their 45 Genus Siphononema Geitler. qualities such as appearance, flavor and softness to the Order Pleurocapsales palate can be markedly improved. A-3-1. Thus, according to this invention, there is provided a Family Pleurocapsaceae method for cultivating algae which comprises growing Genus Pleurocapsa Thuret et Hauck, and the algae in a light field substantially free from light of 50 Genus Xenococcus Thuret. wavelengths of not more than 340 nm. A-3-2. The algae to which the method of this invention can Family Hyellaceae be applied denote a kind of Cryptogamae plants which, Genus Hydrococcus Kitzing, and whether one-celled or complex-structured, produce Genus Hyella Bornet. reproductive organs which, in principle, are always 55 A-4. one-celled, bear chlorophyll, and perform photosynthe Order Nostocales sis. In taxonomy, the algae comprise eight divisions of A-4-1. the plant kingdom: Cyanophyta, or blue-green algae; Family Oscillatoriaceae Rhodophyta, or red algae; Chrysophyta, or yellow Genus Arthrospira Stizenverger (A. juneri), green algae; Pyrrhophyta, or dinoflagellates; Phaeo 60 Genus Gomontiella Teodoresco, phyta, or brown algae; Euglenophyta; Chlorophyta, or Genus Lyngbya Agardh (L. contorta), green algae; and Charophyta. Genus Microcoleus Desmazieres (M. vaginatus), Generally, the method of this invention can be ap Genus Oscillatoria Vaucher (O. formosa), plied to algae of any of these divisions, whether they are Genus Phormidium Kitzing (P. autumnale), unicellular algae or huge algae, to achieve varying de- 65 Genus Porphyrosiphon Kitzing, grees of growth promotion, increased output, and/or Genus Schizothrix Kitzing (S. purpurascens), improved quality. These effects are especially outstand Genus Spirulina Turpin (S. princeps), ing when the method is applied to algae of the divisions Genus Symploca Kitzing (S. muscorum), and 4,235,043 3 4. Genus Trichodesmium Ehrenberg (T. lacustre). Genus Cyanidium Geitler (C. cardarium). A-4-2. A-2. Family Nostocaceae Order Goniotrichales Genus Anabaena Bory (A. spiroides), A-2-1. Genus Anabaenopsis Woloszynska (A. arnordii), 5 Family Goniotrichaceae Genus Aphanizomenon Morren (A. flos-aguae), Genus Asterocystis Gobi, Genus Cylindrospermum Kitzing (C. muscicola), Genus Goniotrichum Kitzing (G. alsidii). Genus Nodularia Martens (N. spumigena), A-2-2. Genus Nostoc Vaucher (N. verr cosum, N. commune, Family Pharagmonemataceae N. commune var. flagelliforme), and 10 Genus Kyliniella Skuja (K. latrica), and Genus Wollea Bornet et Flahault. Genus Pharagmonema Zopf (P Sordidum). A-4-3. A-3. Family Microchaetaceae Order Bangiales Genus Microchaete Thuret. A-3-1. A-4-4. 15 Family Erythropeltidaceae Family Rivulariaceae Genus Erythrocladia Rosenvinge (E. subintegra), Genus Amphithrix Kitzing, Genus Erythropeltis Schmitz, Genus Calothrix Agardh (C. braunii), Genus Erythrotrichia Areschoug (E. carnea), and Genus Dichothrix Zanardini, Genus Porphyropsis Rosenvinge (P. coccinea). Genus Gloeotrichia Agardh, 20 A-3-2. Genus Raphidiopsis Fritsch et Rich, and Family Bangiaceae Genus Rivularia Roth (R. globiceps). Genus Bangia Lyngbye (B. fuscopurpurea), and A-4-5. Genus Porphyra Agardh (P. tenera). Family Scytonemataceae A-4. Genus Plectonema Thuret, 25 Order Compsopogonales Genus Scytonema Agardh, and A-4-1. Genus Tolypothrix Kitzing. Family Compsopogonaceae A-4-6. Genus Compsopogon Montagne (C. olishi). Family Brachytrichiaceae A-5. Order Rhodochaetales Genus Brachytrichia Zanardini. 30 A-5-1. A-5. Family Rhodochaetaceae Order Stigonematales Genus Rhodochaete Thuret. A-5-1. B. Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE (FLORIDEAE) Family Pulvinulariaceae Genus Pulvinularia Borzi. 35 B-1. Order Nemaliales A-5-2. B-1-1. Family Acrochaetiaceae Family Capsosiraceae Genus Acrochaetium Nägeli, Genus Capsosira (C. brebissonii). Genus Chantransia Fries (C. secundata), and A-5-3. Genus Rhodochorton Nageli (R. howei). Family Nostochopsidaceae B-1-2. Genus Mastigocoleus Lagerheim, Family Batrachospermaceae Genus Nostochopsis Wood (N. wichmannii). Genus Batrachospermum Roth (B. moniliforme), and A-5-4. Genus Sirodotia Kylin (S. huillense). Family Stigonemataceae B-1-3. 45 Family Lennaneaceae Genus Fischerella Gomont (F. major), Genus Lemanea Bory. Genus Hapalosiphon Nägeli (H. intricatus), B-1-4. Genus Mastigocladus Chon (M. laminosus), Family Naccariaceae Genus Stigonema Agardh (S. ocellatum), and Genus Naccaria Endlicher. Genus Westiella Borzi. 50 B-1-5." In the division Cyanophyta, algaes belonging to the Family Bonnemaisoniaceae genera Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, Anacystis, Micro Genus Asparagopsis Montagne (A. taxifornis), cystis, Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Anabaena and Nostoc are Genus Bonnemaisonia Agardh (B. hamifera), preferred. Those of the genera Anacystis, Microcystis, Genus Delisea Lamouroux (D. fimbriata), and Spirulina, Anabaena and Nostoc are especially pre 55 Genus Ptilonia J. Agardh (P. okadai). ferred. B-1-6. II) Division Rhodophyta Family Thoreaceae Genus Thorea Bory (T. ranosissima). A. Class PROTOFLORIDEOPHYCEAE B-1-7. (PROTOFLORIDEAE, BANGIOPHYCEAE) 60 Family Helminthocladiaceae A-1. Genus Cumagloea Setchel et Gardner, Order Porphyridiales Genus Dermonema (Greville) Harvey (D. frappieri), A-1-1. Genus Helminthocladia J. Agardh (H. australis), Family Porphyrdiaceae Genus Liagora Lamouroux (L. caenomyce), Genus Porphyridium Nägeli (P. cruentum), and 65 Genus Nemalion Targioni-Tozzetti (N. vermiculare), Genus Vanhoeffenia Willie (V. antractica). and A-1-2. Genus Trichogloes Kitzing (T requiemi). Family Cyanidiaceae B-1-8. 5 4,235,043 6. Family Chaetangiaceae . . . . . Genus Pachymenia J. Agardh (P. carnosa), Genus Actinotrichia Decaisne (A. fragilis), Genus Polyopes J. Agardh (P. polyideoides), and Genus Galaxaura Lamouroux (G. fastigiata), Genus Prionitis J. Agardh (P. patens). Genus Gloiophloea J. Agardh (G. okamurai), and B-3-7. Genus Scinaia Bivona (S. japonica). 5 Family Gloiosiphoniaceae B-2. Genus Gloiostiphonia Ceramichael (G. capillaris), Order Gelidiales and B-2-1. Genus Schimmelmannia Schousb (S. plumosa). Family Gelidiaceae B-3-8. Genus Acanthopeltis Okamura (A. japonica), Family Endocladiaceae Genus Gelidiella Feldmann et Hamel (G. acerosa), Genus Endocladia J. Agardh, and Genus Gelidium Lamouroux (G. amansii), Genus Gloeopeltis J. Agardh (G. tenax). Genus Pterocladia J. Agardh (D. tenuis), and B-3-9. Genus Yatabelld Okamura (Y. hirsuta). Family Tichocarpaceae B-3. 15 Genus Tichocarpus Ruprecht (T. crinitus). Order Cryptonemiales B-3-10. B-3-1. Family Callimeniaceae Family Cruoriaceae Genus Callophyllis Kiizing (C. crispate), Genus Cruoria Fries. Genus Callymenia J. Agardh (C. perforata), and B-3-2. - 20 Genus Euthora J. Agardh (E. fruticulosa). Family Dumontiaceae . B-3-1 i. Genus Constantinea Postels et Ruprecht (C. subulif Family choreocolaceae era). Genus Choreocolax Reinsch Genus Dilsea Stackhouse (D. edulis), B-4. Genus Dudresnaya Bonnemaison (D. japonica), 25 Order Gigartinales Genus Dumontia Lamouroux (D. incrassata), B-4-1. Genus Farlowia J. Agardh (F irregularis), Family Calosihoniaceae Genus Hyalosiphonia Okamura (H. caepitosa), Genus, Bertholdia Schmitz (B. japonica), and Genus Neodilsea Tokida (N. vendoana), and Genus Calosiphonia Crouan (C. vermicularis). Genus Pikea Harvey (P. californica). 30 B-4-2. B-3-3. Family Nemastomataceae Family Rhizophyllidaceae Genus Nemastoma J. Agardh (N. nakamurae), Genus Chondrococcus Kizing (C. japonica), Genus Platoma (Schousb.) Schmitz (Pizunosimensis), Genus Contarinia Zanardini (C. okamurai), and and Genus Rhodopeltis (Harv.) Schmitz (R. borealis). 35 Genus Schizymenia J. Agardh (S. dubyi). B-3-4. B-4-3. Family Squamariaceae Family Sebdeniaceae Genus Cruoriopsis Dufour (C. japonica), Genus Sebdenia Berth (S. Yamadai). Genus Hildenbrandia Nardo (H. rosea, H. rivularis), B-4-4. and 40 Family Gracilariaceae Genus Peyssonnelia Decaisne (P. caulifera). Genus Ceratodictyon Zanardini (C spongiosum), B-3-5. Genus Gelidiopsis Schmitz (G. hachijoensis), Family Corallinaceae Genus Gracilaria Greville (G. verrucosa), and Genus Amphiroa Lamouroux (A. dilatata), Genus Tylotus J. Agardh (T. lichienoides). Genus Cheilosporum (Aresch.) Yendo (C. junger 45 B-4-5. mannioides), Family Plocamiaceae Genus Choreonema Schmitz (C. thuretii), Genus Plocamium (Lamour.) Lyngbye (P. telfairiae). Genus Corallina Lamouroux (C. officinalis), B-4-6. Genus Dermatolithon Foslie (D. tumidulum), Family Sphaerococcaceae Genus Fosliella Howe (F. zostericola), 50 Genus Caulacanthus Kitzing (C. okamurai), Genus Goniolithon Foslie (G. sp.), Genus Phacelocarpus Endlicher et Diesing (P. japoni Genus Hydrolithon Foslie (H. reinboldii), cus), and Genus Jania Lamouroux (J. arborescens), Genus Sphaerococcus Stackhouse. Genus Joculator Manza (J. maximus), B-4-7. Genus Lithophyllum Philippi (L. yendoi), 55 Family Stictosporaceae Genus Lithophorella Philippi (L. sp.), Genus Stictosporum Harrey. Genus Lithothamnion Philippi (L. simulans), B-4-8. Genus Mastophora Harvey (M. rosea), Family Sarcodiaceae Genus Melobaria Lamouroux, and Genus. Sarcodia J. Agardh (S. ceylanica), and Genus Pachyarthron Manza (P. cretaceum). 60 Genus Trematocarpus Kitzing (T. pygmaeus). B-3-6. B-4-9. . . . . Family Grateloupiaceae Family Furcellariaceae Genus Aeodes J. Agardh (A. lanceolata), Genus Furcellaria De Toni, and Genus Carpopeltis Schmitz (C. angusata), Genus Halarachnion Kitzing (H. lattissimum). Genus Cryptonemia J. Agardh (C. schmitziana), 65 B-4-10. Genus Cyrtymenia Schmitz (C. sparsa), Family Solieriaceae Genus Grateloupia Agardh (G. filicina), Genus Eucheuma. J. Agardh (E. muricatum), Genus Halymenia. J. Agardh (H. agardhi), Genus Meristotheca J. Agardh (M. papulosa), 4,235,043 7 8 Genus Solieria J. Agardh (S. robusta), and Genus Griffithsia Agardh (G. japonica), Genus Turnerella Schmitz (T. martensiana). Genus Herpochondria Falkenberg (H. corallinae), B-4-1. Genus Microcladia Greville (M. elegans), Family Rissoellaceae Genus Monospora Solier (M. tenuis), Genus Rissoella J. Agardh. Genus. Platythamnion J. Agardh (P. jezoense), B-4-12. Genus Plenosporium Nägeli (P. kobayashi), Family Rhabdoniaceae Genus Plumaria (Stackh.) Schmitz (P. ranosa), Genus Catenella Greville (C. opuntia), and Genus Plumariella Okamura (P. yoshikawai), Genus Rhabdonia Harvey. Genus Psilothalia Schmitz (P. dentata), B-4-13. 10 Genus Ptilota Agardh (P. pectinada), Family Rhodophyllidaceae Genus Reinboldiella De Toni (R. Schmitziana), Genus Rhodophyllis Kitzing. Genus Rhodocallis Kitzing (R. elegans), B-4-14. m Genus Spermothamnion Areschoug (S. endophytica), Family Hypneaceae Genus Spyridia Harvey (S. filamentosa), Genus Hypnea Kitzing (H. charoides). 15 Genus Trailliella Batters (T. intricata), and B-4-15. Genus Wrangelia Agardh (W. argus). Family Mychodeaceae -B-6-2. Genus Mychodea Harvey. Family Delesseriaceae B-4-16. B-6-2-(1) Family Dicranemataceae 20 - Subfamily Delesserioideae Genus Dicranema Sonder. Genus Brachioglossum Kylin (B. ciliatum), B-4-17. Genus Caloglossa (Harv.) J. Agardh (C. leprieuri), Family Acrotylaceae Genus Delesseria (Lamour.) Kylin (D, violacea), Genus Acrotylus J. Agardh. Genus Hemineura Harvey (H. Schmitziana), B-4-18. 25 Genus Holmesia J. Agardh (H. japonica), Family Phyllophoraceae Genus Hyploglossum Kitzing (H. geminatum), Genus Ahnfeltia Fries (A. concinna), Genus Laingia Kylin (L. pacifica), and Genus Gymnogongrus Martius (G. flabellifornis), Genus Membranoptera Stackhouse (M. robbeniensis), Genus Phyllophora Greville, and B-6-2-(2) Genus Stenogramma Harvey (S. interrupta). Subfamily Nitophylloideae B-4-19. Genus Acrosorium (Zan) Kylin (A. yendoi), Family Gigartinaceae Genus Erythroglossum (J. Ag.) Kylin (E. repens), Genus Chondrus Stackhouse (C. ocellatum), Genus Hypophyllum Kylin (H. nidendorfii), Genus Gigartina Stackhouse (G. tenella), and Genus Martensia Hering (M. denticulata), Genus Iridaea Bory (I. cornucopiae). 35 Genus Myriogramme Kylin (M. polyneura), B-5. Genus Nienburgia Kylin (N. japonica), Order Rhodymeniales Genus Nitophyllum Greville (N. stellatocorticatum), B-5-1. Genus Phycodrys (Kitz.) Kylin (P. fimbriata), Family Champiaceae Genus Polycoryne Skottsberg (P. denticulata), and Genus Champia Desvaux (C. parvula), Genus Pseudophycodrys Skottsberg (P. raintaskei). Genus Coeloseira Hollenberg (C. pacifica), and B-6-2(3) Genus Lomentaira Lyngbye (L. catenata). Subfamily Sarcomenioideae B-5-2. Genus Sarcomenia Sond. Family Rhodymeniaceae Genus Taenioma J. Agardh (T. perpusillum), and Genus Botryocladia Kylin (B. leptopoda), 45 Genus Vanvoorstia Harvey (V. coccinea). Genus Chrysymenia J. Agardh (C. wrightii), B-6-3. Genus Coelarthrum Börgesen (C. muelleri), Family Rhodomelaceae Genus Cryptarachne Kylin (C. polyglandulosa), B-6-3-(1) Genus Erythrocolon J. Agardh (E. podagricum), Subfamily Polysiphonioideae Genus Fauchea Montagne et Bory (F. spinulosa), Genus Digenia Agardh (D. simplex), Genus Gloioderma J. Agardh (G. japonica), Genus Polysiphonia Greville (P. morrowi), and Genus Halossaccion Kitzing (H. saccatum), Genus Tolypiocladia Schmitz (T. glomerulata). Genus Rhodymenia Greville (R. palmata), and B-6-3-(2) Genus Weberella Schmitz (W. micans). Subfamily Lophothalioideae B-6. 55 Genus Isoptera Okamura (I. regularis), Order Ceramiales Genus Lophothalia Kitzing, and B-6-1. Genus Wrightiella Schmitz (W. loochooensis). Family Ceramiaceae B-6-3-(3) Genus Acrothamnion J. Agardh (A. pulchellum), Subfamily Bostrychioideae Genus Antithamnion Nageli (A. nipponicum), Genus Bostrychia Montagne (B. tenella, B. flagellif Genus Callithamnion Lyngbye (C. callophyllidicola), era, B. tenuis f. simpliciuscula). Genus Campylaephora J. Agardh (C. hypnaleoides), B-6-3-(4) Genus Centroceras Kitzing (C. clavulatum), Subfamily Rhodomeloideae Genus Ceramium (Roth) Lyngbye (C. kondoi), Genus Odonthalia Lyngbye (O. corymbifera), and Genus Crouania J. Agardh (C. attenuata), 65 Genus Rhodomela Agardh (R. larix). Genus Dasyphila Sonder (D. plunarioides), B-6-3-(5) Genus Dellesseriopsis Okamura (D. elegans), Subfamily Chondrioideae Genus Euptilota Kitzing (E. articulata), Genus Acanthophora Lamouroux (A. orientalis), 4,235,043 9 10 Genus Acrocystis Zanardini (A. nana), and Genus Coccolithus Schwarz, and Genus Chondria Agardh (C. dasyphylla). Genus Hymenomonas Stein. B-6-3-(6) A-1-6. Subfamily Laurencieae Family Synuraceae Genus Laurencia Lamouroux (L. intermedia). 5 Genus Synura Ehrenberg (S. uvelia). B-6-3-(7) A-1-7. Subfamily Pterosiphonioideae Family Ochromonadaceae) Genus Pterosiphonia Falkenberg (P. pennata), and Genus Chrysobotrys Pascher, Genus Symphiocladia Falkenberg (S. latiuscula). Genus Ochromonas Wystozi, and B-6-3-(8) 10 Genus Uroglena Ehrenberg (U. wolvox). Subfamily Herposiphonioideae A-1-8. Genus Herpopteros Falkenberg (H. zonaricola), and Family Monadaceae Genus Herposiphonia Nageli (H. fissidentoides). Genus Monas Miller. B-6-3-(9) A-i-9. Subfamily Lophosiphonioideae 15 Family Lepochromonadaceae Genus Lophosiphonia Falkenberg. Genus Dinobryon Ehrenberg (D. sertularia), B-6-3-(10) Genus Hyalobryon Lauterbon (H. mucicoia), and Subfamily Polyzonioideae Genus Epipyxis Ehrenberg (E. tabellariae). Genus Euzoniella Falkenberg (E. ocellata), A-1-10. Genus Leveillea Decaisne (L. jungermannioides), and 20 Family Prymnesiaceae Genus Polyzonia Suhr. Genus Prymnesium Massart. B-6-3-(11) A-2. Subfamily Amansioideae Order Rhizochrysidales Genus Amansia Lamouroux (A. japonica), A-2-1. Genus Aneura (J. Ag.) W. von Bosse (A. lorenzii), 25 Family Rhizochrysidaceae Genus Enantiocladia Falkenberg (E. okamurai), Genus Rhizochrysis Pascher. Genus Neurymenia J. Agardh (N. fraxinifolia), and A-2-2. Genus Vidalia Lamouroux (V. obtusiloba). Family Laginiaceae B-6-4. Genus Chrysopyxis Stein (C. bipes), and Family Dasyaceae Genus Lagynion Pascher (L. scherffelii). Genus Benzaitenia Yendo (B. venoshimaensis), A-3. Genus Dasya Agardh (D. sessilis), Order Silicoflagellales (Silicoflagellata) Genus Dasyopsis Zanardini (D. plumosa), and A-3-1. Genus Heterostiphonia Montagne (H. pulchra). Family Dictyochaceae 35 Genus Dictyocha Ehrenberg, and In the division Rhodophyta, algae belonging to the Genus Mesocena Ehrenberg. genera Porphyridium, Porphyra, Helminthocladia, A-4. Geidium, Corallina, Mastophora, Grateloupia, Gloiosi Order Chrysocapsales phonia, Gloeopeltis, Nemastoma, Ceratodictyon, Sar A-4-1. codia, Gymnogongrus, Laingia, and Nitophyllum are Family Chrysocapsaceae preferred. Those of the genera Porphyridium, Porphyra Genus Chrysocapsa Pascher (C. planctonica), and and Gelidium are especially preferred. Genus Phaeosphaera W. et G. S. West (P. perforata). III Division Chrysophyta A-4-2. Family Naegeliellaceae A. Class CHRYSOPHYCEAE 45 Genus Naegeliella Correns A-1. A-4-3. Order Chrysomonadales Family Hydruraceae A-1-1. Genus Hydrurus Agardh (H. foetidus). Family Chromulinaceae A-5. Genus Amphichrysis Korshikov, 50 Order Chrysosphaerales Genus Chromulin Cienkowski, (C. rosanoffi), A-5-1. Genus Chrysapsis Pascher, Family Chrysosphaeraceae Genus Chrysococcus Klebs, and Genus Chrysosphaera Pascher, and Genus Kephyrion Pascher. Genus Epichrysis Pascher. A-1-2. 55 A-6. Family Mallomonadaceae Order Chrysotrichales Genus Chrysosphaerella Lauterborn (C. longispina), A-6-1. and Family Nematochrysidaceae Genus Mallomonas Perty (M. caudata). Genus Nematochrysis Paschr. A-1-3. 60 A-6-2. Family Crytophoraceae Family Phaeothamniaceae Genus Crytophora Pascher, Genus Phaeothamnion Lagerheim (P. confervicola). A-1-4. A-6-3. Family Isochrysidaceae Family Thallochrysidaceae Genus Derepyxis Stokes (D. dispar), and 65 Genus Thallochrysis Conrad. Genus Syncrypta Ehrenberg. A-1-5. B. Class XANTHOPHYCEAE (HETEROKONTAE) Family Coccolithophoridaceae B-1. 4,235,043 11. 12 Order Heterochloridales Genus Planktoniella Shiitt (P. sol), B-1-1. Genus Melosira Agardh (M. varians), Family Heterochloridaceae Genus Skeletonema Greville, Genus Heterochloris Pascher, Genus Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg (S. astaea), Genus Rhizochloris Pascher. Genus Stephanopyxis Ehrenberg, and B-2. Genus Thallasiosira Cleve. Order Heterocapsales C-1-(2) B-2-1. Suborder Solenoidineae Family Heterocapsaceae C-1-(2)-1. Genus Botryococcus Kitzing (B. braunii), and O Family Soleniaceae Genus Gloeochloris Pascher. Genus Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg (R. eriensis). B-2-2. C-1-(3) Family Mischococcaceae Suborder Biddulphioidineae Genus Mischococcus Nageli (M. confervicola). C-1-(3)-1. B-3. 15 Family Biddulphiaceae Order Heterococcales Genus Attheya T. West, B-3-1. Genus Bacteriostrum Shadbolt, Family Stipitococcaceae Genus Biddulphia Gray (B. pulchella), Genus Stipitococcus W. et G. S. West (S. urceolatus). Genus Chaetocerus Ehrenberg (C. densus), and B-3-2. 20 Genus Triceratum Ehrenberg. Family Halosphaeraceae C-1-(4) Genus Botrydiopsis Borzi (B. arhiza), and Suborder Rutilarioineae Genus Halosphaera Schmitz. C-1-(4)-1. B-3-3. Family Rutilariaceae Family Myxochloridaceae 25 Genus Rutilaria Greville (R. edentata). Genus Myxochloris Pascher. C-2. B-3-4. Order Pennales Family Chlorobotrydaceae C-2-(1) Genus Centritractus Lemmermann (C. belonophorus), Suborder Araphidineae Genus Chlorobotrys Bohlin, (C. regularis), 30 C-2-(1)-1. Genus Gloeobotrys Pascher, and Family Fragilariaceae Genus Tetraédriella Pascher. Genus Asterionella Hassall (A. formosa), B-3-5. Genus Ceratoneis Ehrenberg, Family Chlorotheciaceae Genus Diatoma De Candole, Genus Characiopsis Borzi (C minima), 35 Genus Fragilaria Lyngbye (F. capucina), Genus Chlorothecium Borzi, and Genus Rhabdonema Kitzing, Genus Peroniella Gobi (P. planctonica). Genus Synedra Ehrenberg (S. gracilis), and B-3-6. Genus Tabellaria Ehrenberg (T. fenestrata). Family Ophiocytiaceae C-2-(2) Genus Ophiocytium Nägeli (O. majus). Suborder Raphidineae B-4. C-2-(2)-1. Order Heterotrichales Family Eunotiaceae B-4-1. Genus Eunotia Ehrenberg (E. chasei). Family Toribonemataceae C-2-(3) Genus Bumilleria Borzi, and 45 Suborder Monoraphidineae Genus Tribonema Derbes et Solier (T. aequale). C-2-(3)-1. B-4-2. Family Achnantheaceae Family Heterocloniaceae Genus Achnanthes Bory (A. inflata), and Genus Heterodendron Steinecke (H. viridis). Genus Cocconeis Ehrenberg (C. placentula). B-5. 50 C-2-(4) Order Heterosiphonales Suborder Biraphidineae B-5-1. C-2-(4)-1. Family Botrydiaceae Family Naviculaceae Genus Botrydium Wallroth (B. granulatum). Genus Amphipleura Kitzing (A. pellucid), B-5-2. 55 Genus Amphiprora Ehrenberg (A. alata), Family Vaucheriaceae Genus Amphora Ehrenberg (A. ovalis), Genus Vaucheria De Candoile (V. sessilis). Genus Cymbella Agardh (C. tumida), Genus Frustulia Rabenhorst (F. rhomboides), C. Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (DIATOMS) Genus Gomphonema Agardh (G. acuminatum), C-1. 60 Genus Navicuta Bory (N. radiosa), Order Centrales Genus Pinnularia Ehrenberg (P. viridis), C-1-(1) Genus Pleurosigma W. Smith, and Suborder Discoidineae Genus Stauroneis Ehrenberg. C-1-(1)-1. C-2-(4)-2. Family Discaceae 65 Family Epithemiaceae Genus Arachnodiscus Bailey, Genus Epithemia Brebisson (E. turgida), and Genus Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg (C. asteromphalus), Genus Rhopalodia O. Mieller (R. gibba). Genus Cyclotella Kitzing, 4,235,043 13 14 Family Nitzschiaceae B-(B)-1. Genus Bacillaria Gmelin, and Order Peridiniales Genus Nitzschia Hassall (N. vitrea). B-(B)-1-1. C-2-(4)-4. Family Pronoctilucaceae Family Surirellaceae 5 Genus Pronoctiluca Fabre-Domerdue. Genus Campylodiscus Ehrenberg, B-(B)-1-2. Genus Cymatopleura W. Smith, and Family Gymnodiniaceae Genus Surirella Turpin (S. biserrata). Genus Amphidinium Claparede et Lackmann, and In the division Chrysophyta, algae belonging to the Genus Gymnodinium Stein (G. neglectum). genera Chromulin, Botryococcus, Mischococcus, Cos O B-(B)-1-3. cinodiscus, Skeletonema, Chaetocerus, Fragilaria, and Family Polykrikaceae Navicula are prepared. Those of the genera Coscinodis Genus Polykrikos Bitschli. cus, Sleletonema, Chaetocerus, and Navicula, are espe B-(B)-1-4. cially preferred. Family Noctilucaceae 15 Genus Noctiluca Suriray (N. scintillans). IV Division Pyrrhophyta B-(B)-1-5. A. Class CRYPTOPHYCEAE Family Warnowiaceae Genus Erythropsis Hertwig, and A-1. Genus Warnowia Lindemann. Order Cryptomonadales 20 B-(B)-1-6. A-1-1. Family Blastodiniaceae . Family Cryptomonadaceae Genus Blastodinium Chatton, and Genus Chroomonas Hansgirg, Genus Oodinium Ohatton. Genus Cryptochrisis Pascher, B-(B)-1-7. Genus Cryptomonas Ehrenberg (C. erosa), 25 Family Glenodiniaceae Genus Cyatomonas Formentel, and Genus Glenodinium Stein (G. cinctum). Genus Rhodomonas Karsten. B-(B)-1-8. A-1-2. Family Protoceratiaceae Family Nephroselmidaceae Genus Protoceratium Bergh. Genus Nephroselmis Stein, and 30 B-(B)-1-9. Genus Protochrysis Pascher. Family Gonyaulaxaceae A-2. Genus Gonyaulax Diesing. Order Cryptocapsales B-(B)-1-10. A-2-1. Family Peridiniaceae Family Phaeococcaceae 35 Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg (P. wisconsinensis). Genus Phaeococcus Borzi. B-(B)-1-11. A-3. Family Ceratiaceae Order Cryptococcales Genus Ceratium Schrank (C. hirundinella). A-3-1. B-(B)-1-12. Family Cryptococcaceae Family Goniodomaceae Genus Tetragonidium Pascher. Genus Goniodoma Stein. B-(B)-1-13. B. Class DINOPHYCEAE Family Ceratocoryaceae B-(A) Genus Ceratocorys Stein. SubciaSS DESMOPHYCIDAE 45 B-(B)-1-14. B-(A)-1. Family Podolampaceae Order Desmomonadales Genus Podolampas Stein. B-(A)-1-1. B-(B)-2. Family Desmocarpaceae Order Dinocapsales Genus Desmocarpa Crouan, and 50 B-(B)-2-1. Genus Desmomastix Pascher. Family Dinocapsaceae B-(A)-2. Genus Glenodinium Klebs (G. montanum), and Crder Thecatales Genus Urococcus Kitzing (U. insignis). B-(A)-2-1. B-(B)-3. Family Prorocentraceae 55 Order Rhizodinales Genus Exuviaella Cienkowski, and B-(B)-3-1. Genus Prorocentrum Ehrenberg. Family Rhizodiniaceae B-(A)-3. Genus Dinamoebidium Pascher. Order Dinophysiales B-(B)-4. B-(A)-3-1. 60 Order Dinococcales Family Dinophysiaceae B-(B)-4-1. Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg, and Family Dinococcaceae Genus Pharacroma Stein. Genus Cystodinium Klebs (C. iners). B-(A)-3-2. Genus Hypnodinium Klebs, Family Amphisoleniaceae 65 Genus Stylodinium Klebs, and Genus Amphisolenia Stein. Genus Tetradinium Klebs (T. javanicum). B-(B) B-(B)-5. Subclass DINOPHYCIDAE Order Dinotrichales 4,235,043 15 16 B-(B)-5-1. A-5-1. Family Dinotrichaceae Family Dictyotaceae Genus Dinothrix Pascher (D. paradoxa). Genus Dictyopteris Lamouroux (D. latiuscula), B-(B)-5-2. Genus Dictyota Lamouroux (D. dichotona), Family Dinocloniaceae Genus Dilophus J. Agardh (D. okamurai), Genus Dinoclonium Pascher (D. conradi). Genus Distromium Levring (D. repens), Genus Homoestrichus J. Agardh (H. flabellatus), C. Class CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAE Genus Pachydictyon J. Agardh (P. coriaceum), C-1. Genus Padina. Adanson (P. arborescens), Order Chloromonadales 10 Genus Pocockiella Papenfuse (P. variegata), C-1-1. Genus Spathoglossum Kitzing (S. pacificum), Family Chloromonadaceae Genus Stypopodium Kitzing (S. zonale), and Genus Gonyostmum Diesing (G. semen), Genus Zonaria J. Agardh (Z. diesingiana). Genus Merotrichia Mereschkowski (M. ca itata), Genus Trentonia Stokes, and 15 B. Class HETEROGENERATAE Genus Vacuolaria Cienkowski. B-1. In the division Pyrrhophyta, algae belonging to the Order Chordariales genera Exuviaella and Amphidinium are preferred. B-1-1. Family Myrionemataceae IV) Division Phaeophyta 20 Genus Compsonema Kuckuck, and A. Class ISOGENERATAE Genus Myrionema Greville. B-1-2. A-l. Order Ectocarpales Family Elachistaceae A-1-1. Genus Elachista Duby (E. tainiaeformis), and 25 Genus Halothrix Reinke (H. ambigua). Family Ectocarpaceae B-1-3. Genus Bodanella W. Zimmermann (B. lauterbornii), Family Leathesiaceae (Corynophloeaceae) Genus Ectocarpus Lyngbye (E. breviarticulatus), Genus Corynophloea Kitzing, Genus Feldmannia Hamel, Genus Leathesia S. F. Gray (L. diffornis), and Genus Pleurocladia Gran, 30 Genus Pterospongium Nageli (P. rugosum). Genus Pylaiella Bory (P. littoralis), and B-1-4. Genus Sorocarpus Pringscheim (S. uyaeformis). Family Chordariaceae (Mesogloiaceae) A-1-2. Genus Chordaria Agardh (C. flagelliformis), Family Ralfsiaceae Genus Cladosiphon Kitzing (C. okamuranus), Genus Heribaudiella Gomont (H. fluviatilis), 35 Genus Eudesme J. Agardh (E. riescens); , Genus Lithoderma Areschoug, and Genus Heterochordaria Setchell et Gardner (H. Genus Ralfsia Berk (R. fugiformis). abietina), A-2. Genus Mesogloia Agardh, Order Sphacelariales Genus Papenfussiella Kylin (P. kuromo), A-2-1. Genus Saundersella Kylin (S. simplex), Family Sphacelariaceae Genus Sphaerotrichia Kylin (S. divaricata), and Genus Chaetopteris Kitzing, Genus Tinocladia Kylin (T. crassa). Genus Sphacelaria Lyngbye (S. furcigera), and B-1-5. Genus Sphacella Reinke. Family Spermatochnaceae A-2-2. 45 Genus Ishige Yendo (I. okamurai), Family Stypocaulaceae Genus Myelophycus Kjellman (M. simplex), and Genus Halopteris Kitzing (H. filicina), and Genus Nemacystus Derbes et Solier (N. decipiens). Genus Stypocaulon Kitzing. B-1-6. A-2-3. Family Acrothricaceae Family Cladostephaceae 50 Genus Acrothrix Kylin (A. pacifica). Genus Cladostephus J. Agardh. B-1-7. A-2-4. Family Chordariopsidaceae Family Choristocarpaceae Genus Chordariopsis Kylin. Genus Choristocarpus Zanardini. B-1-8. A-3. 55 Family Splachnidiaceae Order Cutleriales Genus Splachnidium Greville. A-3-1. B-2. Family Cutleriaceae Order Sporochnales Genus Cutleria Greville (C. cylindrica), and B-2-1. Genus Zanardina Nardo. 60 Family Sporochnaceae A-4. Genus Carpomitra Kitzing (C. cabrerae), Order Tilopteridales Genus Nereia Zanardini (N. intricata), and A-4-1. Genus Sporochnus Agardh (S. scoparius). Family Tilopteridaceae B-3. Genus Haplospora Kjellman, and 65 Order Desmarestiales Genus Tilopteris Kitzing. B-3-1. A-5. Family Arthrocladiaceae Order Dictyotales Genus Arthrocladia Duby. 4,235,043 17 18 B-3-2, . Family Desmarestiaceae C. Class CYCLOSPOREAE Genus Desmarestia Lamouroux (D. ligutat). C-1. B-4. Order Fucales Order Dictyosiphonales C-1-1. B-4-1. Family, Ascoseiraceae Family Striariaceae Genus Ascoseira Skottsberg. Genus Kjellmania Reinke (K. arasaki), C-1-2. Genus Stictyosiphon Kitzing, and Family Durvilleaceae Genus Striaria Greville (S. attenuata). Genus Durvillea Bory. B-4-2. C-1-3. . . . . Family Giraudiaceae Family Notheiaceae (Hormosiraceae) Genus Giraudia Derbes et Solier. Genus Hormosira (Endl.) Meneghini, and B-4-3. Genus Notheia Harvey. Family Myriotrichiaceae 15 C-1-4. Genus Myriotrichia Harvey. Family Fucaceae - B-4-4. Genus Fucus L. (Feyanscens), Family Punctariaceae (Asperococcaceae) Genus Pelvetia Decne (P. wrightii), Genus Asperococcus Lamouroux (A. bullosus), Genus Phyllospora Agardh, and Genus Colpomenia Derbes et Solier (C. sinuosa), 20 Genus Scytothalia Greville. Genus Endarachne.J. Agardh (E. binghamiae), C-1-5. Genus Hydroclathrus Bory (H. clathratus), Family Himanthaliaceae Genus Melanosiphon Wynne (M. intestinales), Genus Himanthalia Lyngbye. Genus Petalonia Derbes et Solier (P. fasia), C-1-6. Genus Punctaria Greville (P. latifolia), 25 Family Cystoseiraceae Genus Scytosiphon Agardh (S. lonentaria), and Genus Cystophyllum J. Agardh (C. sisymbrioides), Genus Soranthera. Postels et Ruprecht (S. ulvoidea). Genus Cystoseira Agardh (C. prolifera), and B-4-5. Genus Halidrys Lyngbye. Family Chinoosporaceae C-1-7. Genus Akkesiphycus Yamada et Tanaka (A. lu 30 Family Sargassaceae bricum), and Genus Acystis Schiffner, Genus Chinoospora.J. Agardh (C. implexa). Genus Coccophora Greville (C. langsdorfii), B-4-6. is .. Genus Hizikia Okamura (H. fusiforme), Family Dictyosiphonaceae Genus Sargassum Agardh (S. fulvellum), and Genus Coilodesme Stroemfelt (C. japonica), and 35 Genus Turvinaria Lamouroux (T. ornata). Genus Dictyosiphon Greville (D. foeniculaceus). In the division Phaeophyta, algae belonging to the B-5...... genera Sphacelaria, Papenfussiella, Nemacystus, Colpo Order Laminariales' . menia, Kjellmaniella, Laminaria, Macrocystis, Eisenia, B-5-1. "...... and Undaria are preferred. Those of the genera Nema Family Chordaceae : cystus, Laminaria and Undaria are especially preferred. Genus Chorda Stackhouse (C. filum). B-5-2. VI Division Euglenophyta Family Laminariaceae Genus Agarum Bory (A. criburosum), A. Class EUGLENOPHYCEAE Genus Arthrothamnus. Ruprecht (A. bifidus), 45 A-l. Genus Costaria Greville. (C. costata), Order Euglenales Genus Cymathere'.J. Agardh (C. triplicata), A-1-1. Genus Hedophyllum Setchell (H. Kuroshioense), Family Euglenaceae Genus Kjellmaniella Miyabe (K. gyrata), Genus Ascoglena Stein, Genus Laminaria Lamouroux (L. japonica), 50 Genus Cryptoglena Ehrenberg, Genus Streptophyllum Kiyabe et Nagai (S. spirae), Genus Euglena Ehrenberg (E. gracilis), and & ; Genus Eutreptia Perty (E. viridis), Genus. Thallassiophyllum Postels et Ruprecht (T. Genus Lepocinclis Perty (L. fusiformis), clathrus). - . Genus Phacus Dujardin (P. acuminatus), and B-5-3. 55 Genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg including Family Lessoniaceae Strobomonas Deflandre (T. volvocina). Genus Lessonia Bory, v A-1-2. . . Genus Macrocystis Agardh (M. pyrifera), and Family Astasiaceae Genus Nereocystis Postels et Ruprecht. Genus Astasia Ehrenberg (A. lagenula), and B-5-4...... 60 Genus Distigma Ehrenberg (D. proteus). Family Alariaceae A-1-3. Genus Alaria Greville (A. crassifolia), Family Rhynchopodaceae Genus Ecklonia Hornemann (E. cava), Genus Rhynchopus Skuja. Genus Eckloniopsis Okamura (E. radicosa), A-1-4. Genus Eisenia Areschoug (E. bicyclis), 65 Family Peranemaceae Genus Pleuropterum Miyabe et Nagai (P. paradis Genus Anisonema Dujardin (A. acinus), eun), and . . . . Genus Entosiphon Stein (E. sulcatum), Genus Undaria Suringar (U. pinnatifida). Genus Euglenopsis Klebs, 4,235,043 19 20 Genus Peranema Dujardin (P. trichophorum), Genus Prasinocladus Kuckuck (P. lubricus), and Genus Petalomonas Stein, and Genus Stylosphaeridium Geitler. Genus Uroceolus Mereschkowsky. A-3. A-1-5. Order Chlorococcales Family Rhizaspidaceae 5 A-3-1. Genus Rhizaspis Skuja. Family Chlorococcaceae A-2. Genus Characium A. Braun (C. ambiguum), Order Colaciales Genus Chlorochytrium Cohn, A-2-1. Genus Chlorococcum Fries (C. echinozygotum), Family Colaciaceae 10 Genus Kentrosphaera Borzi, Genus Colacium Ehrenberg (C. arbuscula). Genus Rhodochytrium Lagerheim, In the division Euglenophyta, algae of the genus Genus Schroederia Lemmermann (S. setigera), and Euglena are preferred. GE Trebouxia De Puymaly (symbiotic algae on 1CCS). VII) Division Chlorophyta 15 A-3-2. ens) A. Class CHLOROPHYCEAE Family Eremosphaeraceae Genus Eremosphaera De Bary. A-1. A-3-3. Order Volvocales Family Chlorellaceae A-1-1. 20 Genus Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, Family Chlamydomonadaceae Genus Chlorella Beijerinck (C. vulgaris), Genus Carteria Diesing (C. miwae), Genus Golenkinia Chodat (G. radiata), Genus Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg (C. nivalis), Genus Micractinium Fresenius (M. pusillum), Genus Eudorina Ehrenberg (E. unicocca), Genus Polyedriopsis Schmidle (P. spinulosa), Genus Gonium Miller (G. pectorale), 25 Genus Radiococcus Schmidle, Genus Pandorina Bory (P. norum), Genus Tetraédron Kitzing (T. regulare), and Genus Pascheriella Korshikov, Genus Trochiscia Kutzing (T. aspera). Genus Platidorina Kofoid (P. caudata), A-3-4. Genus Platymonas G.S. West, Family Oocystaceae Genus Pleodorina Shaw (P. californica), 30 Genus Bohlinia Lemmermann, Genus Polytoma Ehrenberg, and Genus Chodatella Lemmerman, Genus Volvox (L.) Ehrenberg (V. aureus). Genus Desmatractun W. et G.S. West (D. A-1-2. bipyramidatum), Family Haematococcaceae Genus Franceia Lemmermann (F. tuberculata), Genus Haematococcus Agardh (H. lacustris). 35 Genus Gloeotaenium Hansgirg, A-1-3. Genus Lagerheimia Chodat, Family Polyblepharidaceae Genus Makinoella Okada (M. tosaensis), Genus Polyblepharides Dangeard, and Genus Nephrocytium Nägeli (N. lunatus), Genus Pyraminonas Schmarda. Genus Oocystis Nageli (O. borgei), and A-1-4. 40 Genus Scotiella Fritsch (S. nivalis). Family Phacotaceae A-3-5. Genus Coccomonas Stein, Family Selenastraceae Genus Dysmorphococcus Takeda, Genus Actinastrum Lagerheim (A. hantzi), Genus Phacotus Perty (P. lenticularis), and Genus Ankistrodesmus Corda (A. falcatus), Genus Pleromonas Seligo (P. aculeata). 45 Genus Closteriopsis Lemmermann (C. longissima), A-2. Genus Dactylococcus Nageli, Order Tetrasporales Genus Kirchneriella Schmidle (K. lunaris), A-2-1. Genus Quadrigula Printz (Q. chodati), and Family Tetrasporaceae Genus Selenastrum Reinsch (S. gracile). Genus Apiocystis Nägeli (A. brauniana), 50 A-3-6. Genus Collinsiella Setchell et Gardner (C. tuber- Family Dictyosphaeraceae culata), Genus Dictyosphaerium Nägeli (D. ehrenbergianum), Genus Schizochlamys A. Braun, and Genus Dimorphococcus A. Braun (D. lunatus), and Genus Tetraspora Link (E. lubrica). Genus Westella De Wildemann. A-2-2. 55 A-3-7. Family Palmellaceae Family Hydrodictiaceae Genus Askenasyella Schmidle (A. chlamydopus), Genus Euastropsis Lagerheim (E. richteri), Genus Asterococcus Scherffel (A. superbus), Genus Hydrodictyon Roth (H. reticulatum), Genus Coccomyxa Schmidle, Genus Pediastrum Meyen (P. simplex), and Genus Elakatothrix Wille (E. gelatinosa), 60. Genus Sorastrum Kitzing (S. spinulosum). Genus Gloeocystis Nageli (G. annpla), A-3-8. Genus Palmella Lyngbye (P. miniata), Family Coelastraceae Genus Palmodictyon Kitzing (P. viride), and Genus Coelastrum Nägeli (C. reliculatum), Genus Sphaerocystis Chodat (S. schroeteri). Genus Crucigenia Morren (C. tetrapedia), A-2-3. 65 Genus Pseudotetradesmus Hirose et Akiyama, Family Chlorangiaceae Genus Scenedesmus Meyen (S. quadricauda), Genus Chlorangium Stein, Genus Tetradesmus G. M. Smith (T. wisconsinensis), Genus Hormotila Borzi, and 4,235,043 21 22 Genus Tetrastrum Ohiodat (T. elegans). Genus Aphanochaeta A. Braun (A. repens), A-3-9. Genus Chaetonema Nawakowski (C. irregulare), Family Protosiphonaceae Genus Chaetopeltis Berthold, Genus Protosiphon Klebs (P. botryoides). Genus Chaetophora Schrank (C. elegans), A-4. Genus Cloniphora Tiffany (C. plumosa), Order Ulotrichales Genus Draparnaldia Bory (D. glomerata), A-4-(1) Genus Draparnaldiopsis Smith et Klyver (D. alpina), Suborder Ulotrichineae Genus Endoderma Lagerheim, A-4-(1)-1. Genus Fritschiella Lyengar (F. tuberosa), Family Ulotrichaceae Genus Microthamnion Nägeli (M. kuetzingianum), Genus Binuclearia Wittrock (B. tectorum), Genus Protoderma Kitzing, Genus Geminella Turpin (G. mutabilis), Genus Pseudoulvella Wille, Genus Hormidium Kitzing (H. klebsii), Genus Saprochaete Coner et Shanor (saprophytic Genus Radiophilum Schmidle (R. conjunctirum), . algae), Genus Rhaphidonema Lagerheim (R. nivale), 15 Genus Stigeoclonium Kitzing (S. lubricum), and Genus Stichococcus Nageli (S. bacilaris), Genus Thamniochaete Gay (T. huberi). Genus Ulothrix Kitzing (U. fiacca, U. Zonata), and A-6-2. Genus Uronema Lagerheim. Family Trentepohliaceae A-4-(1)-2. Genus Cephaleuros Kunze (C. virescens), Family Microsporaceae 20 Genus Chlorotylium Kitzing, Genus Microspora Thuret (M. willeana). Genus Ctenocladus Borzi, A-4-(1)-3. Genus Fridaea Schmidle, Family Schizomeridaceae Genus Gomontia Bornet et Flahault, Genus Schizomeris Kitzing (S. leibleini). Genus Gongrosira Kitzing (G. debaryana), A-4-(1)-4. 25 Genus Leptosira Borzi (L. terricola), Family Cylindrocapsaceae Genus Phycopeltis Millardet (P. irregularis), Genus Cylindrocapsa Reinsch (C. geminella). Genus Physolium Printz (P. monilia), and A 4-(2) Genus Trentepohlia Martens (T. aurea). Suborder Ulvineae A-6-3. A-4-(2)-l. 30 Family Coleochaetaceae Family Ulvaceae Genus Coleochaete Brebisson (C. pulvinata). Genus Enteromorpha Link (E. prolifera, E. intesti A-6-4. nalis), Family Chaetosphaeridiaceae Genus Letterstedtia Areschoug (L. japonica), Genus Chaetosphaeridium Klebahn (C. globosum), Genus Monostroma Thuret (M. nitidum), and 35 Genus Conochaete Klebahn (C. comosa), Genus Ulva L. (U. pertusa). Genus Dicranochaete Hieronymus (D. renifornis), A-4-(3) and Suborder Prasiolineae Genus Oligochaetophora G. S. West (O. simplex). A-4-(3)-1. A-6-5. Family Prasiolaceae Family Protococcaceae Genus Prasiola (Ag) Meneghini (P. japonica), and Genus Protococcus Agardh Pleurococcus Menegh Genus Schizogonium Kitzing (S. murale). ini (p. viridis adhering to stone hedges or tree A-4-(4) trunks). Suborder Sphaeropleineae A-7. A-4-(4)-1. 45 Order Oedogoniales Family Sphaeropleaceae A-7-1. Genus Sphaeroplea Agardh (S. annulina). Family Oedogoniaceae A-5. Genus Bulbochaete Agardh (B. brebissonii), Order Cladophorales Genus Oedocladium Stahl (O. operculatum), and A-5-1. 50 Genus Oedogonium Link (O. varians). Family Cladophoraceae A-8. Genus Basicladia Hoffmann et Tilden, Order Zygnematales Genus Chaetomorpha Kitzing (C. okamurai, C. A-8-1. cvassa), Family Mesotaeniaceae Genus Cladogonium Hirose et Akiyama (parasitic 55 Genus Cylindrocystis Meneghini (C. crassa), algae), Genus Mesotaenium Nageli (M. greyi), Genus Cladophora Kitzing (C. glomerata, C. (Aega Genus Netrium Nägeli (N. digitus), glopila) sauteri C. wrightiana), Genus Roya W. et G. S. West (R. obtusa), etc. Genus Microdictyon Decne (M. japonicum), Genus Spirotaenia Brebisson (S. condensata). Genus Pithophora Wittrock (P. Zelleri), A-8-2. Genus Rhizoclonium Kitzing (R. tortuosum), Family Gonatozygaceae Genus Spongomorpha Kitzing (S. heterocladia), Genus Genicularia De Bary, and p1 Genus Gona Genus Urospora Areschoug (U. penicilliformis), and tozygon De Bary (G. aculeatum). Genus Willeella Börgesen (W. japonica). A-8-3. A-6. 65 Family Zygnemataceae Order Chaetophorales Genus Debarya Wittrock, A-6-1. Genus Mougeotia Agardh (M. scalaris), Family Chaetophoraceae Genus Mougeotiopsis Palla, 4,235,043 23 24 Genus Mougeotiella Yamagishi (M. droueti), Family Chaetosiphonaceae Genus Neozygnema Yamagishi (N. laevisporum), Genus Chaetosiphon Huber. Genus Sirocladium Randhawa, A-9-7. Genus Sirogonium Kitzing (S. sticticum), Family Phillosiphonaceae Genus Spirogyra Link (S. crassa), 5. Genus. Phyllosiphon Kihn (P. arisari). Genus Temnogametum W. et G. S. West (T. boreale), A-9-8. Genus Temnogyra Lewis (T. collinsii), Family Dichotomosiphonaceae Genus Zygnema Agardh (Z. cruciatum), . Genus Dichotomosiphon Ernst (D. tuberosus), and Genus Zygnemopsis Transeau (Z. quadrata), and Genus Pseudodichotomosiphon Yamada (P. con Genus Zygogonium Kitzing (Z. ericetorum). 10 stricta). A-8-4. In the division Chlorophyta, algae belonging to the Family Desmidiaceae genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Genus Arthrodesmus Ehrenberg (A. triangularis), Protosiphon, Ulothrix, Microspora, Enteromorpha, Genus Closterium Nitzsch (C. moniliforme), Prasiola, Cladophora, Spongomorpha, Chaetophora, Genus Cosmarium Corda (C. cymatopleurum), 15 Trentepohlia, Protococcus, Spirogyra, Desmidium, Genus Cosmocladium Brebisson (C. constrictum), Bryopsis, and Acetabularia are preferred. Those of the Genus Desmidium Agardh (D. aptogonum), genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Genus Docidium Brebisson (D. undulatum), Cladophora are especially preferred. Genus Euastrum Ehrenberg (E. oblongum), Genus Gymnozyga Ehrenberg (G. moniliformis), 20 VIII) Division Charophyta Genus Hyalotheca Ehrenberg (H. dissiliens), A. Class CHAROPHYCEAE Genus Micrasterias Agardh (M. radiata), Genus Onychonema Wallich (O. leave), A-l. Genus Oöcardium Nageli (O. stratum), Order Sycidiales Genus Penium Brebisson (P. margaritaceum), 25 A-2. Genus Pleurotaenium Nägeli (P. ehrenbergii), Order Trochiliscales Genus Sphaerozosma Corda (S. aubertianum), A-3. Genus Spnondylosium Brebisson (S. planum), Order Charales Genus Staurastrum Meyen (S. punctulatum), A-3-1. Genus Tetmemorus Ralfs (T. laevis), and Genus Xan 30 Family Characeae thidium Ehrenberg (X. antilopaeum). Genus Chara I. (C. braunii, C. globularis), A-9. Genus Lamprothamnium Groves (L. papillosum), Order Siphonales Genus Lychnothamnus (Rupr.) Leonhardi, A-0-1. Genus Nitella Agardh (N. flexilis), Family Caulerpaceae 35 Genus Nittellopsis Hy (N. obtusa), and Genus Bryopsis Lamouroux (B. plumosa), Genus Tolypella Leonhardi (T. gracilis). Genus Caulerpa Lamouroux (C. okamurai), A-3-2. Genus Pseudobryopsis Berthold (P. hainanensis). Family Paleocharaceae A-9-2. A-3-3. Family Derbesiaceae Family Clavatoraceae Genus Derbesia Solier (D. lamourouxii). A-3-4. A-9-3. Family Lagynophoraceae Family Dasycladaceae In the division Charophyta, algae belonging to the Genus Acetabularia Lamouroux (A. ryukyuensis), genus Lamprothamnium are preferred. Genus Bornetella Munier-Chalmer (B. ovalis), 45 Especially preferred algae to which the method of Genus Cymopolia Lamouroux (C. vanbossei), this invention is applicable include those of the genera Genus Dasycladus Agardh, Anacystis, Microcystis, Spirulina, Anabaena and Nos Genus Halicoryne Harvery (H. wrighti), and toc (Division Cyanophyta); those of the genera Porphy Genus Neomeris Lamouroux (N. annulata). dridium, Porphyra and Gelidium (Division Rhodo A-9-4. 50 phyta); those of the genera Coscinodiscus, Family Codiaceae Skeletonema, Chaetocerus, and Navicula (Division Genus Avrainvilla Börgesen (A. ryukyuensis), Chrysophyta); those of the genera Exuviaella, Am - Genus Chlorodesmis Bailey et Harvey (C. comosa), phidinium, and Gymnodinium (Division Pyrrhophyta); Genus Codium Stackhouse (C. fragile), those of the genera Nemacystus, Laminaria and Undaria Genus Halimeda Lamouroux (H. opuntia), 55 (Division Phaeophyta); and those of the genera Genus Tydemania W. van Bosse (T. expeditionis), and Chlamydomonus Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Clado Genus Udotea Lamouroux (U. javensis). phora (Division Chlorophyta). A-9-5. The cultivation of the algae in accordance with the Family Valoniaceae method of this invention is carried out in a light field Genus Anacyomena Lamouroux (A. wrightii), 60 which is substantially free from light of wavelengths of Genus Boodlea Murray et De Toni (B. coacta), not more than 340 nm, preferably not more than 360 Genus Ohamaedoris Montagne (C. orientalis), nm, more preferably not more than 380 nm. Genus Cladophoropsis Börgesen (C. Zollingeri), The term "optical field substantially free from light of Genus Dictyosphaeria Decaisne (D. cavernosa), wavelengths of not more than x nm', means that prefer Genus Siphonocladus Schmitz (S. tropicus), 65 ably it is a light field completely free from light of Genus Struvea Sonder (S. delicatula), and wavelengths of not more than x nm, but it does not Genus Valonia Ginnani (V. utricularis). preclude the presence of small amounts of light of A-9-6. wavelengths of not more than x nm which do not ad 4,235,043 25 26 versely affect the cultivation of algae in accordance or pool by a customary method such as filtration. Thus, with this invention. Hence, in cultivation under sun Spirulina algae having good quality, a high protein light, the light field is desirably be the one which inhib content and high nutritional value can be obtained in its the transmission of the light of wavelengths of not high yields. more than x nm by at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, In the cultivation of algae of the genus Chlorella in a more preferably 90 to 100%. In cultivation under arti tank under the irradiation of artificial light rays, the ficial light, the cultivation is desirably carried out under tank is filled with a culture solution containing nitrogen, the irradiation of artificial light in which the amount of phosphoric acid and potassium fertilizers and as trace light of the aforesaid wavelength region is not more constituents, sodium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen than 500 W/cm3, preferably not more than 250 10 phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, so uW/cm3, more preferably 50 to 0 W/cm3. dium chloride and iron chloride, and the Chlorella algae Growth of algae by photosynthesis requires the irra are added. As a light source, those containing substan diation of certain amounts of light in the visible region, tially no light of the aforesaid short wavelength region and generally, it is desirable to perform cultivation in a is used, or such light sources as a xenon lamp are used light field in which light of wavelengths of at least 550 15 nm, preferably at least 450 nm, can be present. The and the light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm is intensity of light of wavelengths of at least 550 nm shut off by means of a spectrograph, an optical filter, varies greatly according to the type of the algae, the etc. Preferably, the cultivation is carried out while depth of water, etc., and cannot be definitely deter maintaining the illuminance of the light at 4000 to 8000 mined. However, suitable quantities and intensities of 20. lux, and irradiating the light for a period of 15 to 18 light would be able to be determined easily by any one hours a day. The temperature of the cultivation liquor is skilled in the art by performing small-scale experiments. preferably 25 C.E.2 C., and the cultivation liquor is Light of wavelengths of 340 nm to 550 nm, i.e. near agitated while blowing carbon dioxide under a pressure ultraviolet to green light, may or may not be present in of 2 to 3 atmospheres into it. As a result, Chlorella algae the light field. There is a general tendency that the 25 of very good quality can be efficiently obtained in high amount of violet to green light having a wavelength yields. region of 400 to 550 nm is preferably minimized for the The method of this invention is specifically illustrated growth of algae. below with reference to the cultivation of laver (genus Except for the use of the specified light field, the Porphyra such as P. tenera) as a typical example, cultivation of algae in accordance with this invention 30 In the conventional cultivation of laver, a so-called does not require any special cultivating conditions, and hardening phenomenon occurs frequently by which the can be performed in accordance with conventional leafportion of the laver grows with a gradual decrease cultivating methods for Chlorella, Spirulina, Scenede in elasticity until finally the growth is retarded and the smus, or conventional operating methods and condi entire body of the laver becomes aged. This phenome tions used in the cultivation of layer, Laminaria japon 35 non is seen especially in the middle and later stages of ica, and Underia pinnatifida. the cultivation. This hardening phenomenon causes a Possible methods for providing the specified light marked decrease in the grade of laver on the market, field include a method which involves irradiating arti and greatly affects the laver producers. ficial light rays free from light of wavelengths of not No clear cause for the hardening phenomenon has more than 340 nm, preferably not more than 360 nm, been determined, and therefore, no effective measure and more preferably not more than 380 nm, and desir for its prevention is available. The only practice now ably containing light of wavelengths of at least 550 nm performed is to cover the laver culture with Victoria (in this case, a source of the artificial light rays may emit lawn, etc. However, this method of cultivation under light having such optical properties, or the light irradi the cover of Victoria lawn is not sufficient for prevent ated from such an artificial light source through a suit 45 ing the hardening, and it is desired to develop a more able filter); a method involving irradiating sunlight effective method for preventing such a hardening phe through a transparent colorless or colored covering OleO. material which substantially inhibits the transmission of It has now been found that when laver is cultivated in light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm, prefera the specified light field in accordance with this inven bly not more than 360 nm, more preferably not more 50 tion, hardening is scarcely seen in the harvested laver, than 380 nm; and a combination of these two methods. and laver of high quality can be obtained, and that the For example, in the cultivation of algae of the genus harvested laver has a high quality with superior color, Spirulina in accordance with the method of this inven flavor and gloss and the yield increases. tion, the above-specified light field is formed on the Thus, according to one preferred embodiment of this water surface of a pool or pond under sunlight by cov 55 invention, there is provided a method for cultivating ering the entire water surface with a specified covering laver which comprises growing the laver under the material to be described hereinbelow, and the cultiva specified optical conditions at least after the initiation of tion is carried out in such pool or pond. As is conven its cultivation after its spore growing period, preferably tional, various fertilizers such as nitrogen, potassium from the spore-growing period onward. (e.g., potassium nitrate) phosphoric acid, acid potassium Laver is a lower plant belonging to the Division phosphate, sodium chloride, traces of iron, magnesium Rhodophyta of the plant kingdom. The practice of are added to the pool or pond, and the water is agitated cultivating laver somewhat differs from place to place. by blowing air or, carbon dioxide into it. The tempera In Japan, spores are usually collected in the beginning ture of water is generally kept at about 20° to 30° C., to middle of October, shell spores released from oyster and the illuminance of the light is preferably maintained 65 shells are incubated on cultivation nets, and the spores at at least 5,000 lux. Under these conditions, the cultiva are grown in a spore-growing area until about the mid tion can be performed for 4 to 10 days. The cultivated dle of November. Then, the cultivation is performed Spirulina algae can be separated from water in the pond from the middle of November to about March the next 4,235,043 27 28 year. During the cultivation period, the laver is har Thus, according to another preferred embodiment of vested about 3 to 5 times per net. this invention, there is provided a method for cultivat The procedure of laver cultivation is briefly shown ing Cladophora sauteri, which comprises growing below. Cladophora sauteri in the above-specified light field at least after the alga has become spherical, preferably (1) Spore collection from the time before it became spherical, and while the This is done from the beginning to middle of October. individual algal cells are in the state of short fibers. Lavor spores in the shells of shellfish are incubated on Cladophorasauteri is a lower plant belonging to Divi cultivation nets in the sea in a plastic bag. The number sion Chlorophyta, and is cultivated throughout the year of nets was 60 per lot. 10 in fresh water through a cycle consisting of the cultiva tion of starting algae, the making of the starting algae (2) Growth of spores into spherical shapes (by the palm, an eddy water cur This is done from the beginning to about November rent, and an automated machine), and the cultivation of 10 for 30 to 40 days. The nets to which spores have been the spherical algae. incubated are transferred to a spore-growing area of the 15 The cultivation of Cladophora sauteri is performed sea, and the laver spores are grown to a height of 1 to 3 usually in a water tank. When the method of the present cm. At this time of the year, the sea is usually gentle invention is to be applied to the cultivation of Clado with weak wind. phora sauteri, it is desirable to spread the covering mate rial of this invention over the water tank so as to cover (3) Storage (refrigeration) 20 it almost entirely. This is started at the end of October for the purpose A suitable procedure of performing the method of of storing the grown laver spores, and sterilizing the this invention is to cultivate algae under a covering nets. The nets with the spores are placed in refrigerators material which substantially inhibits the transmission of and stored at -20° C. As required, the nets are taken light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm, prefera 25 bly not more than 360 nm, especially preferably 380 nm, out from the refrigerators and used in cultivation. and desirably permits the substantial transmission of (4) Cultivation light of wavelengths of at least 550 nm, preferably at This is done from the beginning of November to least 450 nm. March the next year. The grown laver spores are culti The term "covering material which substantially 30 inhibits the transmission of light of the above-specified vated in a cultivation area by a support post method or wavelength region' denotes not only a covering mate a floating method. rial which completely inhibits the transmission of the (5) Harvesting light of the specified wavelength, but also a covering material which permits the transmission of up to 30%, This is done from the beginning of November to 35 preferably up to 20%, more preferably up to 10%, of March the next year. A decrease in quality becomes the light of the specified wavelength. marked in the second to third harvesting. The laver The term "covering material which permits the sub hardens, is without gloss, and is delustered changing stantial transmission of light of the specified wave from black to light brown. length” denotes not only a covering material which When the method of this invention is applied to the permits the 100% transmission of the light of the speci cultivation of laver, the covering material in accor fied wavelength, but also a covering material which dance with this invention to be described hereinbelow is somewhat inhibits the transmission of the light of the spread over laver cultivation nets set in a bay or inlet specified wavelength with the consequent decrease of with relatively gentle waves so that the sunlight which the light transmittance to 50%, preferably 70%, more does not pass through the covering material may not 45 preferably 90%. fall upon the laver cultivation nets. Transmission of the light of wavelengths of from 340 As another specific example of the method of this nm to 550 nm may be substantially permitted or substan invention, the cultivation of ball algae, or Cladophora tially inhibited. Generally, it is advantageous that the sauteri, is described below. average transmittance of the light of the above-specified Since the ball algae are weak to direct sunlight, they wavelength region is 10 to 95%, preferably 30 to 90%. are usually cultivated under shade. Under direct sun According to another aspect of the invention, there is light, the ball algae change to white in color at the provided a covering material having the aforesaid light surface in about 1 to 4 hours, and then further change to transmitting properties for use in the cultivation of al yellow, brown, and to black, and finally die. However, gae. when the ball algae are cultivated under shade, their 55 The material for the covering material of this inven growth is very poor because of the shortage of the tion is not particularly restricted so long as it has the quantity of light, and the amount of their growth is only aforesaid light-transmitting properties. Usually, the about 0.5 to 1.0 cm in diameter. Thus, the cultivaters covering material of this invention may be composed of desire the development of a cultivating technique an inorganic or organic film, plate and other shaped which can grow ball algae at high speeds under a large article. Typical examples of the inorganic film or plate quantity of light while preventing their death. include a glass plate containing a dye or pigment (Emer It has now been found that when ball algae are culti ald Green), and a glass plate having a plastic film con wated in the specified light field, the ball algae do not die taining an ultraviolet absorber of the types exemplified even under sunlight, but photosynthesis become vigor hereinbelow coated or laminated thereon. Plastic films ous and the growth of the ball algae is promoted, thus 65 or plates having an ultraviolet absorber coated thereon affording ball algae having a dark green color and very or incorporated therein are especially preferred. much improved quality. Thus, their merchandise value Box-like, hollow or foamed articles of synthetic resins increases. containing ultraviolet absorbers can also be used as the 4,235,043 29 30 covering material of this invention floating on the water 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-aminophenyl)benzotriazole, surface. In addition to thermoplastic resins to be de 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethylphenyl)benzotriazole, scribed hereinbelow, thermosetting resins such as mela 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethylphenyl)-5-methoxyben mine resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, urea zotriazole, resin, alkyd resin, and allyl phthalate resin can also be 2-(2-methyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, used. 2-(2-stearyloxy-3',5'-dimethylphenyl)-5-methylben Plastic films or plates containing ultraviolet absorbers zotriazole, are especially suitable as the covering material of this 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-phenylcarbonate)benzotriazole invention. These plastic films and plates are described in ethyl ester, detail hereinbelow. O 2-(2'-hydroxy-3-methyl-5'-tert-butylphenyl) benzo Transparent films or plates that can be used in this triazole, invention can be produced, for example, by blending an 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chloro ordinary film-forming thermoplastic resin with a suit benzotriazole, able ultraviolet absorber, and shaping the mixture into a 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyphenyl)benzotriazole, film or sheet. 15 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-phenylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzo Examples of the film-forming thermoplastic synthetic triazole, resins are polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-dichlorohexylphenyl)benzotriazole, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyesters, 2-(2'-hydroxy-4,5'-dimethylphenyl)-5-carboxylic polyamides, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, acid benzotriazole butyl ester, acrylate resins, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, 20 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dichlorophenyl)benzotriazole, fluorine-containing resins, cellulosic resins, ABS resin, 2-(2-hydroxy-4,5'-dichloro)benzotriazole, copolymers consisting mainly (preferably at least 50% 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethylphenyl)-5-ethylsul by weight) of the monomeric units of these polymers, fonebenzotriazole, and blends of these polymers or copolymers. From the 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-phenylphenyl)benzotriazole, viewpoint of light resistance, strength and light trans 25 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'-octoxyphenyl)benzotriazole, mitting property, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyphenyl)-5-methylbenzo polypropylene, fluorine-containing resins, cellulosic triazole, resins and polystyrene are preferred. 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-carboxylic acid Ultraviolet absorbers having the ability to substan ester benzotriazole, tially inhibit the transmission of light of wavelengths of 30 2-(2'-acetoxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, not more than 340 nm when incorporated into the afore 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert.butylphenyl)-5-chloroben said synthetic resins can be selected from a wide range zotriazole, of species according to their ultraviolet absorbing abil 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5- ity, their compatibility with the synthetic resins, etc. chlorobenzotriazole, Examples of such ultraviolet absorbers are listed below. 35 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5,6- dichlorobenzotriazole, and Hydroquinone compounds 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-4,4- Hydroquinone and hydroquinone disalicylate. dichlorobenzotriazole Salicylic acid compounds Among these ultraviolet absorbers, the benzophe none compounds and the benzotriazole compounds are Phenyl salicylate and p-octylphenyl salicylate. preferred. Among the benzophenone compounds, 2,3'- dihydro-xy-4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,2'-dihy Benzophenone compounds droxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2,2',4,4-tetrahy 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, droxybenzophenone are especially preferred. On the 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone, 45 other hand, especially preferred benzotriazole com 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-carboxybenzophenone, pounds are 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzo 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, triazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5,6- 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone, dichlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-tert-butyl 2-hydroxy-4-benzoyloxybenzophenone, phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3-methyl-5'-tert 2,2'-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 50 butylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfonebenzophenone, butylphenyl)-5-chloro-benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'- 2,2',4,4-tetrahydroxybenzophenone, phenylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy 2,2'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-5-sodiumsulfoben 3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(2'- Zophenone, hydroxy-5'-octoxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy 4-dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, and 55 3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzophenone. and 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tert-butyl-5'-methylphenyl)-5,6- dichlorobenzotriazole. Benzotriazole compounds Especially preferred ultraviolet absorbers are benzo 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, triazole derivatives of the following formula 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-butylcarbonate 60 benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5,6-dichlorobenzo HO R (I) triazole, 2-(2-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-ethylsulfonebenzo triazole, 65 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzo triazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-tert-butylphenyl)benzotriazole, Of 4,235,043 31 32 -continued ering material of this invention may be surface-treated HO (II) with a chemical for inhibiting the adhesion of shellfish and algae, or a synthetic resin containing such a chemi cal may be coated or laminated on it. N OR3 / In forming the specified optical field using the cover N ing material of this invention, it is not necessary to shield the entire cultivation system of algae from ultra wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different and each violet rays of the specified wavelength region. Usually, represents a lower alkyl group or an aryl group, espe it is sufficient to cover the cultivation system such that cially a phenyl group, R1 preferably representing a 10 it substantially inhibits the transmission of the light of branched lower alkyl group having not more than 5 the aforesaid wavelength region which may be present carbon atoms or a phenyl group, R3 represents an alkyl in irradiating light (e.g., direct sunlight) falling at least group containing at least 6 carbon atoms, especially 8 to upon the algal bodies in the cultivation system. 10 carbon atoms, and X represents a hydrogen atom or Usually, direct sunlight and indirect scattered light a halogen atom, especially a chlorine atom. 15 exist as the light to be irradiated on algae in their culti The amount of the ultraviolet absorber can be varied vation under sunlight. In the method of this invention, it over a wide range depending upon the type of the ultra is at least necessary to protect the algae from the direct violet absorber, the type of the synthetic resin used, the sunlight. thickness of the film or plate, etc. It has been found that Various methods of covering algae with the covering in order to achieve the substantial inhibition of the 20 material of this invention according, for example, to the transmission of ultraviolet rays having a wavelength of cultivation environment and the stage of growth are not more than 340 nm, preferably not more than 360 available. For example, a frame is built up over the nm, especially preferably not more than 380 nm, the water surface of a cultivating area for algae (e.g., pool, following relation is preferably established between the pond, lake, inlet, bay), and the covering material is amount of the ultraviolet absorber and the thickness of 25 stretched over the frame. Or the covering material is the resulting film or plate. stretched on the water surface in a floating manner. Or supporting posts are provided under the water, and the 15s ABs 600, covering material is stretched over these posts. Combi preferably 30 nations of these methods can also be employed. As is clear from Examples to be given below, the 20s ABs 400 method of this invention can promote algal growth and afford increased yields. It has the advantage that algae in which A is the amount (PHR) of the ultraviolet having superior quality for example, protein content, absorber, and B is the thickness (microns) of the 35 flavor, softness, appearance can be easily obtained. film or plate. The following Examples further illustrate the present PHR denotes the number of parts by weight per 100 invention. parts by weight of the synthetic resin. The suitable amount (A) of the ultraviolet absorber is EXAMPLE A generally 0.001 to 5 PHR, and in the case of a film, Production of films: preferably 0.1 to 5.0 PHR. (1) Polyvinyl chloride (100 parts by weight), 45 parts In addition to the ultraviolet absorber, the synthetic by weight of dioctyl phthalate (plasticizer), 1.5 parts by resin used in this invention may contain small amounts weight of dibutyltin maleate (heat stabilizer), 1.0 part by of other conventional additives such as plasticizers, weight of zinc stearate (heat stabilizer), 0.1 part by lubricants, antioxidants, light stabilizers, antistatic 45 weight of sorbitan monolaurate (anti-clouding agent), agents, moisture-proofing agents, heat stabilizers, dyes, and 1.5 parts by weight of 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert pigments, and agents for preventing adhesion of un butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (ultraviolet ab wanted algae, shellfish, and other fouling materials. sorber) were thoroughly mixed. The mixture was melt The plastic film, plate or other shaped articles can be extruded at 200 C. by an extruder to form a transparent produced by various known methods, for example a 50 film having a thickness of 0.1 mm. This film is desig calendering method, a melt-extrusion method such as nated as "film No. 1', and will be used as a covering inflation, a press method, a solution casting method, or material in the following Examples. an injection molding method. To prevent the deteriora (2) A transparent film having a thickness of 0.1 mm tion of the physical properties of the film, another resin was produced by repeating the procedure described in may be coated on it, or another film my be laminated on 55 (1) above except that the ultraviolet absorber was it. changed to 1.4 parts by weight of 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'- The thickness of the film, plate and other shaped methylphenyl)benzotriazole. The film is designated article can be varied widely. Generally, to achieve the 'film No. 2'. objects of this invention, the suitable thickness is 15 to (3) A yellow film having a thickness of 0.1 mm was 5,000 microns, especially 20 to 3,000 microns. As re 60 produced by the same procedure as described in (1) quired, the film or plate may be laminated on another above except that the amount of the 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'- plastic film or sheet or a glass sheet in order to reinforce di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole WaS it. The plastic film or sheet, especially the former, may changed to 0.6 part by weight, and 0.5 part by weight of also be reinforced with reinforcing fibers such as glass 2,2'-dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzophenone as an addi fibers, wire meshes, or a net-like fibrous structure. 65 tional ultraviolet absorber and 1.2 parts by weight of As required, to prevent the adhesion of shellfish, SYMULER FAST YELLOW 8GTF (made by Dainip algae and fouling materials to the covering material of pon Ink & Chemicals, Co., Ltd.) as a yellow pigment this invention which reduces its transparency, the cov were added. The film is designated as "film No. 3". 33 4,235,043 34 (4) A violet film having a thickness of 0.1 mm was produced by the same procedure as described in (1) Table. 1 above except that 0.03 part by weight of MX-460 (made Absorbance at 665 nm by Dainichi Seika Co., Ltd.) as a blue pigment and 0.3 Time Comparative Growth part by weight MX-4155 (made by Dainichi Seika Co., elapsed Example 1 Example 1 rate Ltd.) as a red pigment were added. (days). (film No. 1) (film No. 5) (%) (5) For comparison, a polyvinyl chloride film O 0.004 0.004 0 ("NOBI ACE", made by Mitsubishi Monsanto Chemi 1 0.009 0.008 13 cal Co., Ltd.; thickness 0.1 mm), marketed agricultural 2 0.022 0.08 22 covering material, was provided. This film is designated 10 3 0.052 0.039 33 as "film No. 5'. 4. 0.120 0.099 21 The light transmission curves at different wave lengths of these films Nos. 1 to 5 are shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. - It is seen from Table 1 that Example 1 showed a far 15 high rate of growth than Comparative Example 1. As a EXAMPLE 1 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 result of visual observation with unaided eyes, a differ Two constant-temperature water tanks with one side ence in color ascribable to the difference in the rate of being a glass plate were provided. The glass surfaces of growth of algae is clearly seen between Example 1 and the tanks were completely covered with films Nos. 1 Comparative Example 1 after a lapse of 1 day, and this and 5, respectively. - 20 difference increased with time. 300 ml. of a cultivation liquor prepared by adding 0.1% of potassium nitrate and 0.01% of sodium citrate While by conventional techniques, much efforts are to an aqueous solution having the composition of the required to increase the growth of algae of the genus Allen-Arnon culture medium was placed into each of Anacystis by 10%, it is surprising that the method of two 500 ml. cl cultivation bottles. Anacystis nidulance 25 this invention showed an effect of increasing the growth (Division Cyanophyta, Class Cyanophyceae, Order by about 10 to 30%. Chroococcales, Family Chroococcaceae, Genus Analystis) was put into the bottles in the concentrations EXAMPLE 2 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 indicated in Table 1 as absorbances in the row of “0” A cultivation liquor was prepared by adding 1,000 ml elapsed time. 30 The bottles were dipped in the constant-temperature of pure water to 5g of potassium nitrate, 0.1 g of potas water tanks, and the temperature of water in the con sium hydrogen phosphate, 0.05 g of magnesium sulfate stant-temperature water tanks was adjusted to 30-1 heptahydrate and 10 drops of a 0.1% aqueous solution C. Air was blown into each of the cultivation bottles at of ammonium iron citrate (the medium of Cambridge a rate of 100 ml/min. Light was irradiated onto the glass 35 Culture Collection). Two 500 ml. beakers were each surface of each water tank by using “Toshiba Yoko charged with 250 ml of the resulting cultivation liquor. Lamp (R)' (made by Toshiba Denzai Co., Ltd.) as a light Microcystis aeruginosa (Division Cyanophyta, Class source. The lamp was lighted for 16 hours and then Cyanophyceae, Order Chroococcales, Family Chroo turned off for 8 hours, and this cycle was repeated for 4 days. The illuminance of the light at the surface of each 40 coccaceae, Genus Microcystis) was placed into the bottle was about 3,000 lux. The amount of light of beakers in a concentration corresponding to an absor wavelengths of not more than 380 nm at the surface of bance at 500 nm of 0.5850. The temperature of the li the cultivation bottle in the water tank covered with quor in the beakers was adjusted to 15 to 25° C. by film No. 1 was 0, and the amount of light of wave using a constant-temperature water tank. Cultivation lengths of not more than 380 nm at the surface of the 45 was performed by irradiating light from a marketed cultivation bottle in the water tank covered with film glow fluorescent lamp covered with film No. 1 onto one No. 5 was 200 uW/cm2. Every 24 hours, 5 ml of the cultivation liquor was of the beakers, and light from a marketed glow fluores sampled from each bottle, and the growth rate of Ana cent lamp covered with film No. 5 onto the other bea cystis nidulance was determined by the following 50 ker. The illuminance at the surface of the cultivation method. The sampled liquor was centrifuged at 2500 liquor in each beaker was 1,600 lux, and the irradiation rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant liquid was was performed continuously. removed. 5 to 10 ml of anhydrous methanol was added The cultivation liquor was periodically sampled, and to the resulting solid layer to dissolve chlorophyll so the absorbance at 500 nm was measured. The growth that the concentration of chlorophyll became optical 55 rate and the growth index for each irradiation time were for measurement of absorbance by a spectrophotome calculated in accordance with the following equations. ter. The absorbance of this solution at 665 nm (the maxi mum absorption \max of chlorophyll-a) was measured The results are shown in Table 2. by a spectrophotometer...... The growth rate (%), was calculated in accordance cultivationAbsorbance liquor of the with the following equation. after irradiation Growth rate (%) 0.5850 - 1 x 100

Growth rate Growth Eas of the cultivation undercoverin rate (%) = iquor covered with film No. 1 X 100 65 Absorbance of the cultivation Growth index = Growth rate x 100 liquor covered with film No. 5 underwith film coverin No. 4,235,043 35 36 Table 2 EXAMPLES5 AND 6 AND COMPARATIVE Comparative EXAMPLE 5 Example 2 Example 2 Irradiation Film No. 1 Film No. 5 Cultivation nets (each having a size of about 120 5 time Growth Growth Growth Growth cmxabout 18 meters) to which spores of laver (genus (hours) rate (%) index rate (%) index Porphyra Agardh such as P. teners) were attached in O O --- 0 - the middle of October were fixed horizontal in an area 24 O 110 92 100 of spore-growing in the sea with gentle waves by means 72 221 110 201 00 of supporting posts usually made of bamboo. Thus, the 10 spores of the laver were grown. During the period of growing the laver spores (for about 30 to 40 days), film EXAMPLE 3 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 No. 1 or No. 2 was stretched at a position about 10 to 50 Two 5-liter beakers were each charged with 3 liters cm above the sea water level at full tide so as to com of a culture liquor having the composition of the me pletely cover the entire cultivation nets. Thus, the sun dium of Cambridge Culture Collection (same as that 15 lightarrived at the nets after passage through the cover used in Example 2), and Microcystis aeruginosa was put ing film. into each of the beaker in a concentration correspond After the spore growing, the nets were transferred to ing to an absorbance at 500 nm of 0.5850. The beakers an area for cultivation in the sea, and set in the same were nearly completely covered with film No. 1 and 20 way as above to perform the cultivation of lavor. The Film No. 5, respectively. Air was blown into each of method of cultivation includes a support post method the beaker at a rate of 3 liters/min. The beakers were and a floating method. Whichever method is used, the arranged side by side in a well-sunlit outdoor place on a way of stretching the film is the same as in the spore clear day in the beginning of August, and the cultiva growing period. In this Example, the post support tion of Microcystis aeruginosa was performed under 25 method is mainly shown. In the case of the post support sunlight from 11 o'clock in the morning to 5 o'clock in method, the difference in sea level between the time of the afternoon. The beakers were water-cooled so that full tide and the time of low tide was about 2 meters. the temperature of the culture liquor in each beaker was Thus, the cultivation nets were set at a position above maintained at 25 C. 30 to 40 cm below the intermediate level between the full tide and low tide, and the nets were moved up and After the cultivation, the growth index was calcu 30 down according to the growing condition of the laver lated in the same way as in Example 2. The results are and the weather condition. shown in Table 3. The film No. 1 or No. 2 was stretched at a position Table 3 about 10 to about 50 cm above the sea level at full tide, Comparative and the position was changed according to the weather Example 3 Example 3 35 and other conditions. Covering film No. 1 No. 5 The film No. 1 or No. 2 may also be stretched on the Quantity of light () sea water surface or below it. In this case, it is preferred 380 nm-650 nm. 70,000-20,00 lux 70,000-20,000 lux 290 mm-380 nm. 0 W/cm2 2500-700 W/cm2 to stretch the film at a position about 10 to 100 cm above Growth index 155 100 40 the cultivation net. ()The quantity of light was the value measured on the surface of the culture liquor In the case of the floating method, the cultivation nets in the beakers. were suspended by buoys so that they were located a predetermined space (20 to 50 cm) below the seasur face. In this case, the film may be stretched on the sea EXAMPLE 4 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLR4 45 water surface or under the water surface. Two liters of sea water from Toyama Bay, Japan During the cultivation for long periods of time, dia were placed in each of two 3-liter beakers. Spirulina toms and other algae living in the sea, salts, dust, sand platensis (Division Cyanophyceae, Class Cyano and other fouling materials adhered to the net. It was phyceae, Order Nostocales, Family Oscillatoriaceae, necessary to remove them occasionally. Small holes Genus Spirulina) was placed in each beaker in a concen 50 were provided in the film so as to remove rain waters tration corresponding to an absorbance at 500 nm of and sea water on the film. 0.2040. The beakers were completely covered with The cultivation was performed by the conventional films Nos. 1 and 2, respectively. Air was blown into method except that the film was stretched over the net each of the beakers at a rate of 2 liters/min. On fine days as described hereinabove. The results are shown in in the beginning of August, the beakers were arranged 55 Table 5. side by side for 48 hours in a well-sunlit outdoor place, Harvesting was performed three times from each net and cultivation was performed under sunlight. The until the end of December. beakers were water-cooled so that the temperature of Table 5 the liquor within the beakers was kept at 21 to 23 C. Harvest After the cultivation, the growth indices were calcu 60 (number Softness Appearance of laver lated in the same way as in Example 2. The results are Examined per net) in eating Blackness Gloss shown in Table 4. Run aea (a) (b) (c) (d) Table 4 Example Area 3000 7 s 8 5 covered Example 4 Comparative Example 4 65 with film Covering film No. 5 No. 1 Growth index 158 100 Example Area 2700 3 4. 2 6 covered with film 4,235,043 38 Table 5-continued uct of Nitto Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) in a concen Harvest tration of 100 g/ton of sea water and “CLEWAT 32” (a (number Softness Appearance of laver trademark for a product of Teikoku Chemical Industry Examined per net) in eating Blackness Gloss Co., Ltd.) in a concentration of 20 g/ton of sea water Run area. (a) (b) (c) (d) 5 were put into each water tank to prepare a culture me No. 2 . dium. Com- Not 2,050 O O O On October 22, Chlorella vulgaris (Division Chloro parative covered phyta, Class Chlorophyceae, Order Chlorococcales, Example Family Chlorellaceae, Genus Chlorella) was added so 5 10 that its concentration in each water tank became 559 cells/cc of culture medium. Air was blown into the The items shown in Table 2 are explained as follows: water tanks at a rate of 10 liters/min, and the water (a) Amount of harvest temperature was maintained at 25 to 20 C. In this The number of laver sheets, 19.1 cm x 17.6 cm in size, manner, the Chlorella algae were grown for 6 days. The which were harvested until the end of December. 15 results of growth are shown in Table 6 and FIG. 2 of the (b) Evaluation of the softness of laver to the palate accompanying drawings. Organoreptically evaluated by a panel often special The number of Chlorella cells was measured by the ists. The result is expressed by the number of panelist method described in Hiroshi Tamiya and Atsushi Wata who gave the best rating to the laver tested. nabe, "Methods of Experiments on Algae' (4th edition, (c) Evaluation of the blackness of the laver published June 20, 1975, Nankodo Press, Tokyo, Japan) Organoreptically evaluated by a panel often special using the Thoma's counting chamber. ists. The result is expressed by the number of panelists who gave the best rating to the laver tested. Table 6 (d) Evaluation of gloss Number of Chlorella cells (X 10/cc) Organoreptically evaluated by a panel often special 25 Comparative Example Growth ists. The result is expressed by the number of panelists Time Example 7 (film No. 1) 6 (film No. 5) rate who gave the best rating to the laver tested. elapsed 1st 2nd 1st 2nd (%) As is clearly seen from Table 5, the amount of harvest (days) area area Average area area Average (*) 0 559 559 559 559 559 559 100 was far larger in the areas covered with films Nos. 1 and 1 849 837 843 74 793 767 O 2 than in the area not covered with these films, and the 30 2 1888 1792 1840 288 600 1444 127 quality of laver harvested from these covered areas was 3 2196. 2267 2232 920 1808 1864 120 very much improved as seen from the softness, color 4. 3216 3072 344 204 2384 2244 140 and gloss of the product. This effect was especially 5 3688 3168. 3428 104.8 2080 1564 220 outstanding in the area covered with film No. 1, and the () The growth rate is calculated as follows: Growth rate = Average in Example X 100 laver harvested from this area could sell at a higher 35 Average in Compara price. tive example 6 Similar results were obtained when the cultivation was performed from December to March using refrig The growth rate increased after a lapse of 1 day, and erated nets. Surprisingly, the period of cultivation of the this was clearly seen also by visual examination. After a laver could be prolonged by about two weeks as com 40 lapse of 4 days, the growth in Example 7 was vigorous, pared with that in the non-covered area. while the growth in Comparative Example 6 stopped, Similar results were obtained when the position of and the death of the Chlorella cells was remarkable. stretching the film No. 1 was always under the sea After a lapse of 5 days, this tendency was strong, and water surface (the floating method), or when it was the number of cells in Comparative Example 6 was less above or below the sea water surface by the effect of 45 than one half of that in Example 7. tide (the support post method). Thus, the method of the present invention could sub EXAMPLE 8 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 stantially completely prevent the hardening of laver Three liters of a culture liquor having the composi against which no effective preventive measure had been tion of the Bristol culture medium (prepared by adding available. 50 0.5 g of sodium nitrate, 0.5 g of potassium dihydrogen Furthermore, by the use of films Nos. 1 and 2 in phosphate, 0.15 g of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, accordance with this invention, the number of laver 0.05 g of calcium chloride, 0.05 g of sodium chloride sheets harvested increased remarkably, and a marked and 0.01 g of ferric chloride hexahydrate to 1,000 ml of effect was produced in the improvement of laver qual pure water) were put into each of two 5-liter beakers. In ity such as its softness to the palate, color, flavor and 55 the same way as in Example 7, Chlorella pyrenoidosa gloss. (300 million cells/cc) was put into each of the beakers. The method of this invention, therefore, contributes The beakers were almost completely covered with films greatly to the laver producers. Nos. 1 and 5, respectively. Air was blown into each of the beakers at a rate of 3 liters/min. EXAMPLE 7 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 On fine days in the beginning of August, the two Films Nos. 1 and 5 were respectively stretched over beakers were arranged side by side in a well-sunlit out two pipe houses each having a width of 4.5 m, a length door place for 48 hours, and the Chlorella cells were of 20 m and a height of 2.2 m. Two 50-liter water tanks cultivated under sunlight. The beakers were water were disposed in each of the houses. cooled so as to maintain the temperature of the liquid at On October 20, each of the water tanks was sterilized 65 about 23 C. with 2 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, and then 30 liters of The number of cells after cultivation was measured neutralized sea water (specific gravity 1.014) and as by the same method as in Example 7, and the rate of fertilizers, "Organic No. 280” (a trademark for a prod growth and the growth index were calculated in accor 4,235,043. 39 40 dance with the following equations. The results are shown in Table 7. EXAMPLES 9 TO 11 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 8 TO 10 Number of Chlorella cells Forty liters of pure water taken from the upstream of Growth rate (%) = beforeifies the experiment - x 100 5 a river was put into each of six 50-liter tanks, and 1.0 g REEEGISL cells of Cladophora Sauteri (Division Chlorophyta, Class Chlorophyceae, Order Cladophorales, Family Clado Growth index - Growth rate in Example 8 x 100 phoraceae, Genus Cladophora) (weighed after centrifu Growthtive Example rate in7 Compara gal separation at 1,500 rpm for 5 minutes) was put into 10 each of the water tanks. Four tanks were entirely cov ered with films Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, and the Table 7 remaining two tanks were not covered. These tanks Comparative were disposed in a well-sunlit outdoor place. The tem Example 7 Example 8 perature of water was maintainedw at 25-10. O C. by a Films used No. 5 No. 1 15 thermostat, and air was blown into each of the water beforeNumber the of experiment Chlorella cells tanksk at a rate o f4 iters/min.in. Th e cultivationti O off CladoClad (millions/cc) 300 300 phora sauteri was continued for 3 days under the sun Number of Chlorella cells light. One non-covered tank was disposed under a tree after the experiment to avoid direct irradiation of the sunlight. (millions/cc)Growth rate (%) 550183 900300 20 Th e resultSlt are SOWh 1in Tableable 99. Table 9 Comparative Comparative Comparative Example 10 Example 9 Example 10 Example 11 Example 8 Example 9 non-covered Film No. 1 Film No. 3 Film No. 4 Film No. 5 non-covered (under a tree) Weight (grams) of Cladophorasauteri At the outset of the ex periment 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 After a lapse of 3 days 1.6 1.8 1.3 - - 1.1 Observation Growth Growth The Color After a lapse of 1 to 2 Growth was was rapid, was very of the days, the alga became scarcely seen and the rapid alga was whitish, then changed to noted. color was very deep yellow, brown and finally deep and became to black, and died. dark green.

Growth ind 100 OW dex 163 EXAMPLES 12 TO 18 AND COMPARATIVE 40 EXAMPLES 11 TO 16 The quantity of sunlight at the water surface during Algae A to F shown in Table 10 were each cultivated the above experiment is shown in Table 8. for 7 days under sunlight while covering the cultivation Table 8 areas with Film No. 1, No. 2 or No. 5. Time of measurement (o'clock) 14 15 16 After the cultivation, the culture liquor was sampled Quality of visible- - - -light - 45 in. an amount of 1 to 3 ml according to the concentra (cal/cm'.Quantity of min) ultraviolet (400–700 light nm) 0.35 0.33 0.13 tions of the algae, and centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 20o to (LW/cm2) (300-400 nm) 2800 2300 1000 40 minutes. The volume or weight of the solid obtained were measured. The volume or weight of the solid from the area covered with film No. 1 was taken as 100, and 50 the volume or weight of the solid from the area covered with film No. 2 or No. 5 was converted on this basis and made a growth index. The results are shown in Table 11. Table 0 Division of the Growth Desig- plant culture nation kingdom Class Order Family Genus Species medium A. Cyanophyta Cyano phyceae Nostocales Nostocaceae Anabaena A. spiroides Allen Arnon B Rhodophyta Protoflori- Porphyri- Porphyri- Porphyri- P. Cruentum Eyster deophyceae diales diaceae dium Brown Hood C Chrysophyta Bacillario- Centrales Discacea Coscino- C. asteron- Sudo phyceae discus phalus D F. Bacillario- Pennales Navic- Navicula N. radiosa Fogg phyceae ulaceae ". . E Chlorophyta Chlorophy- Volvocales Chlamydomo- Chlamydo- C. nivalis Sagger 4,235,043. 41. 42 Table 10-continued Division . of the Growth Desig- plant culture nation kingdom Class Order Family Genus Species medium ceae nadaceae O2S Granick F Chiorophy. Chloroco- Coelastra- Scenedesmus S. guardicauda Pascher Ceae ccales ceae

Table 11 10 Covering Genus Run film No. Growth index surface of the cultivation bottle in the tank covered Anabaena Example 12 1 100 with film No. 5. Example 13 2 96 The temperature of the inside of the water tanks was Eliye 5 77 15 maintained at 27-1 C. Porphyridium Examplexample 14 100 The rate of growth of Anacystis nidulance was deter Comparative mined in the same way as in Example 1, and the results Example. 12 5 84 are shown in Table 12. Coscinodiscus Example 15 1 100 Comparative 20 - Table 12 Example 13 5 69 Elapsed Absorbance at 665 nm (log Io/Io) Rate Navicula Example i6 100 f Comparative tle O Example 14 5 78 (days) Example 19 Comparative Example 17 growth Chlamydomonas Example 17 100 O 0.004 0.004 100 Comparative 1 0.010 0.008 125 Example 15 5 82 25 2 0.030 0.009 333 Scenedesmus Example 18 100 3 0.124 0.02 1033 Comparative 4. 0.254 0.020 1.270 Example 16 5 76 5 0.355 0.031 1.45 Cultivation under covering with film No. 1 or 2 was 30 It is seen from Table 12 that the growth in Example also performed in the same way as in the above Exam 19 was promoted by more than 10 times that in Compar ples with regard to algae belonging to Genus Nostoc, ative Example 17. Family Nostocaceae, Order Nostocales, Class Cyano The cell volume of Anacystis nidulance was measured phyceae, Division Cyanophyta; Genus Skeletonema, in the following manner. 2.5 cc of the culture liquid was Family Discaceae, Order Centrales, Class Bacillario 35 sampled, and centrifuged at 2800 rpm for 20 minutes. phyceae, Division Chrysophyta; Genus Chaetocerus, The packed volume of the sedimented cells was mea Family Biddulphiaceae, Order Centrales, Class Bacil sured in accordance with the method described in lariophyceae, Division Chrysophyta; Genus Exuviaella, "Method of Experiments on Algae', edited by Hiroshi Family Prorocentraceae, Order Thecatales, Class Dino Tamiya, pages 186 to 187 (4th impression, published by phyceae, Division Pyrrhophyta; Genus Amphidinium, Nankodo on June 30, 1975). As a result, on the fifth day Family Gymnodiniaceae, Order Peridiniales, Class of cultivation, the packed volume of the cells of Anacys Dinophyceae, Division Pyrrhophyta; and Genus Lami tis nidulance per ml of the culture liquid was 1.24 Jul in naria, Family Laminariaceae, Order Laminariales, Class Example 19, and 0.20 ul in Comparative Example 17. Heterogeneratae, and Genus Undaria, Family Alaria The grown cells of Anacystis nidulance in Example 19 ceae, Order Laminariales, Class Heterogeneratae, both 45 and Comparative Example 17 were examined by a mi of Division Phaeophyta. croscope. It was found that the cells in Example 19 Similar growth promoting effects as in the above were normal and of high quality, but the cells in Com Examples were obtained. parative Example 17 were generally small and showed EXAMPLE 19 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE an irregular malformed state with several small cells 50 gathering without being able to separate from each 17 other. The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that a black fluorescent lamp FL20S-BLB (a product of EXAMPLE 20 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE Tokyo Shibaura Denki K.K.) was used as a light source 18 in addition to the Toshiba Yoko Lamp (R) so as to cause 55 Two 5-liter glass bottles were covered with films the irriadiating light in the near ultraviolet region Nos. 1 and 5, respectively. A glow fluorescent lamp was (about 300 to 400 nm) to become as close to sunlight as set so that the light illuminated on the surface of each possible. glass bottle had an illuminance of 3,000 lux. Each of the The Toshiba Yoko Lamp (R) was operated in a cyclo glass bottles was charged with 3.5 liters of the Provaso consisting of 16 hours' lighting and 8 hours' turning off, 60 li-Pinter culture medium, and 200 cells/cc of Gym whereas the black fluorescent lamp was lighted contin nodinium breve (Division Pyrrhophyta, Subclass Dino uously for 24 days. phycidae, Order Peridiniales, Family Gymnodiniaceae, The illuminance of light at the surface of each culti Genus Gymnodinium) were added. The culture me vation bottle was 6,000 lux when both of these lamps dium was agitated while blowing air into it at a rate of were lighted. At this time, the quantity of light of a 65 300 ml/min. The temperature of the culture medium wavelength region of not more than 380 nm was 0 at the was maintained at 20 to 25 C., and a cultivation test surface of the cultivation bottle in the water tank cov was performed. The number of cells of breve species ered with film No. 1, and about 2,500 uW/cm2 at the was determined in the same way as in Example 7 after 4,235,043 43 44 irradiating light from the glow fluorescent lamp contin 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the light field is uously for 12 days. The results are shown in Table 13. substantially free from light of wavelengths of not more than 380 nm. Table 13 4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the Degree of alga is cultivated in a light field in which light of wave Example Comparative promotion lengths of at least 550 nm is present. 20 Example 8 of growth 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the cultivation is (I) (II) (I/IE) carried out by passing said light field through a cover Covering film No. 1 No. 5 ing material which substantially inhibits the transmis 10 sion of light of wavelengths of not more than 380 nm Number of cells per cc and substantially permits transmission of light of wave Before irradiation 200 200 lengths of at least 550 nm. After irradiation 35,000 25 400 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the alga belongs to *In Comparative Example 18, the number of the cells did not increase, but with the advance of irradiation, tended to decrease and die. Division Cyanophyta, Division Rhodophyta, Division 15 Chrysophyta, Division Phaeophyta, or Division Chlo rophyta. It is clearly seen from Table 13 that in Example 20, 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the alga belongs to the growth of the breve species was remarkable, but in the genera Anacystis, Microcystis, Spirulina, Anabaena, Comparative Example 18, the cells of the breve species Nostoc, Porphyridium, Porphyra, Gelidium, Cos gradually died. 20 cinodiscus, Skeletonema, Chaetocerus, Navicula, Ex What is claimed is: uviaella, Amphidinium, Gymnodinium, Nemocystus, 1. A method for cultivating an alga, which comprises Laminaria, Undaria, Chlamydomonas, Chiorella, growing the alga in a light field substantially free from Scenedesmus, or Cladophora. 8. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 5 light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm. 25 wherein the source of the light field is sunlight. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said light field is 9. The method of any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 5 substantially free from light of wavelengths of not more wherein the source of the light field is artificial light. than 360 nm. 30

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65 UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. : 4, 235,043 DATED : November 25, 1980 NVENTOR(S) : Harawawa, et al. it is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby Corrected as shown below:

ASSIGNEE : Delete "Kabashiki' and insert --Kabushiki-- . eigned and Sealed this Third Day of March 1981 SEAL Attest:

RENE D. TEGTMEYER Attesting Officer Acting Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PAENT NO. : 4, 235,043 DATED : November 25, 1980 NVENTOR(S) : Harawawa, et al. It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby Corrected as shown below:

ASSIGNEE : Delete "Kabashiki' and insert --Kabushiki--. eigned and sealed this Third Day of March 1981 SEAL Attest:

RENE D. TEGTMEYER Attesting Officer Acting Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks